unicorn 4.8.0 → 6.1.0

data/man/man1/unicorn_rails.1

@@ -1,208 +1,187 @@
-.TH UNICORN_RAILS 1 "September 17, 2009" "Unicorn User Manual"
+.TH "UNICORN_RAILS" "1" "September 17, 2009" "Unicorn User Manual" ""
+.hy
 .SH NAME
 .PP
-unicorn_rails - a script/server-like command to launch the Unicorn
-HTTP server
+unicorn_rails \- unicorn launcher for Rails 1.x and 2.x users
 .SH SYNOPSIS
 .PP
-unicorn_rails [-c CONFIG_FILE] [-E RAILS_ENV] [-D] [RACKUP_FILE]
+unicorn_rails [\-c CONFIG_FILE] [\-E RAILS_ENV] [\-D] [RACKUP_FILE]
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 .PP
-A rackup(1)-like command to launch Rails applications using
-Unicorn.
-It is expected to be started in your Rails application root
-(RAILS_ROOT), but the \[lq]working_directory\[rq] directive may be
-used in the CONFIG_FILE.
+A rackup(1)\-like command to launch ancient Rails (2.x and earlier)
+applications using Unicorn.  Rails 3 (and later) support Rack natively,
+so users are encouraged to use unicorn(1) instead of unicorn_rails(1).
 .PP
-It is designed to help Rails 1.x and 2.y users transition to Rack,
-but it is NOT needed for Rails 3 applications.
-Rails 3 users are encouraged to use unicorn(1) instead of
-unicorn_rails(1).
-Users of Rails 1.x/2.y may also use unicorn(1) instead of
-unicorn_rails(1).
+It is expected to be started in your Rails application root (RAILS_ROOT),
+but the "working_directory" directive may be used in the CONFIG_FILE.
 .PP
-The outward interface resembles rackup(1), the internals and
-default middleware loading is designed like the
-\f[B]script/server\f[] command distributed with Rails.
+The outward interface resembles rackup(1), the internals and default
+middleware loading is designed like the \f[C]script/server\f[] command
+distributed with Rails.
 .PP
-While Unicorn takes a myriad of command-line options for
-compatibility with ruby(1) and rackup(1), it is recommended to
-stick to the few command-line options specified in the SYNOPSIS and
-use the CONFIG_FILE as much as possible.
+While Unicorn takes a myriad of command\-line options for compatibility
+with ruby(1) and rackup(1), it is recommended to stick to the few
+command\-line options specified in the SYNOPSIS and use the CONFIG_FILE
+as much as possible.
 .SH UNICORN OPTIONS
 .TP
-.B -c, --config-file CONFIG_FILE
-Path to the Unicorn-specific config file.
-The config file is implemented as a Ruby DSL, so Ruby code may
-executed.
-See the RDoc/ri for the \f[I]Unicorn::Configurator\f[] class for
-the full list of directives available from the DSL.
+.B \-c, \-\-config\-file CONFIG_FILE
+Path to the Unicorn\-specific config file.  The config file is
+implemented as a Ruby DSL, so Ruby code may executed.
+See the RDoc/ri for the \f[I]Unicorn::Configurator\f[] class for the full
+list of directives available from the DSL.
 Using an absolute path for for CONFIG_FILE is recommended as it
 makes multiple instances of Unicorn easily distinguishable when
 viewing ps(1) output.
 .RS
 .RE
 .TP
-.B -D, --daemonize
-Run daemonized in the background.
-The process is detached from the controlling terminal and stdin is
-redirected to \[lq]/dev/null\[rq].
+.B \-D, \-\-daemonize
+Run daemonized in the background.  The process is detached from
+the controlling terminal and stdin is redirected to "/dev/null".
 Unlike many common UNIX daemons, we do not chdir to "/" upon
 daemonization to allow more control over the startup/upgrade
 process.
-Unless specified in the CONFIG_FILE, stderr and stdout will also be
-redirected to \[lq]/dev/null\[rq].
+Unless specified in the CONFIG_FILE, stderr and stdout will
+also be redirected to "/dev/null".
 Daemonization will \f[I]skip\f[] loading of the
-\f[I]Rails::Rack::LogTailer\f[] middleware under Rails >= 2.3.x.
+\f[I]Rails::Rack::LogTailer\f[]
+middleware under Rails >= 2.3.x.
 By default, unicorn_rails(1) will create a PID file in
-\f[I]"RAILS_ROOT/tmp/pids/unicorn.pid"\f[].
-You may override this by specifying the \[lq]pid\[rq] directive to
-override this Unicorn config file.
+\f[I]"RAILS_ROOT/tmp/pids/unicorn.pid"\f[].  You may override this
+by specifying the "pid" directive to override this Unicorn config file.
 .RS
 .RE
 .TP
-.B -E, --env RAILS_ENV
-Run under the given RAILS_ENV.
-This sets the RAILS_ENV environment variable.
-Acceptable values are exactly those you expect in your Rails
-application, typically \[lq]development\[rq] or
-\[lq]production\[rq].
+.B \-E, \-\-env RAILS_ENV
+Run under the given RAILS_ENV.  This sets the RAILS_ENV environment
+variable.  Acceptable values are exactly those you expect in your Rails
+application, typically "development" or "production".
 .RS
 .RE
 .TP
-.B -l, --listen ADDRESS
-Listens on a given ADDRESS.
-ADDRESS may be in the form of HOST:PORT or PATH, HOST:PORT is taken
-to mean a TCP socket and PATH is meant to be a path to a UNIX
-domain socket.
-Defaults to \[lq]0.0.0.0:8080\[rq] (all addresses on TCP port
-8080).
-For production deployments, specifying the \[lq]listen\[rq]
-directive in CONFIG_FILE is recommended as it allows fine-tuning of
-socket options.
+.B \-l, \-\-listen ADDRESS
+Listens on a given ADDRESS.  ADDRESS may be in the form of
+HOST:PORT or PATH, HOST:PORT is taken to mean a TCP socket
+and PATH is meant to be a path to a UNIX domain socket.
+Defaults to "0.0.0.0:8080" (all addresses on TCP port 8080).
+For production deployments, specifying the "listen" directive in
+CONFIG_FILE is recommended as it allows fine\-tuning of socket
+options.
 .RS
 .RE
 .SH RACKUP COMPATIBILITY OPTIONS
 .TP
-.B -o, --host HOST
+.B \-o, \-\-host HOST
 Listen on a TCP socket belonging to HOST, default is
-\[lq]0.0.0.0\[rq] (all addresses).
-If specified multiple times on the command-line, only the
-last-specified value takes effect.
-This option only exists for compatibility with the rackup(1)
-command, use of \[lq]-l\[rq]/\[lq]--listen\[rq] switch is
-recommended instead.
+"0.0.0.0" (all addresses).
+If specified multiple times on the command\-line, only the
+last\-specified value takes effect.
+This option only exists for compatibility with the rackup(1) command,
+use of "\-l"/"\-\-listen" switch is recommended instead.
 .RS
 .RE
 .TP
-.B -p, --port PORT
+.B \-p, \-\-port PORT
 Listen on the specified TCP PORT, default is 8080.
-If specified multiple times on the command-line, only the
-last-specified value takes effect.
-This option only exists for compatibility with the rackup(1)
-command, use of \[lq]-l\[rq]/\[lq]--listen\[rq] switch is
-recommended instead.
+If specified multiple times on the command\-line, only the last\-specified
+value takes effect.
+This option only exists for compatibility with the rackup(1) command,
+use of "\-l"/"\-\-listen" switch is recommended instead.
 .RS
 .RE
 .TP
-.B --path PATH
-Mounts the Rails application at the given PATH (instead of
-\[lq]/\[rq]).
+.B \-\-path PATH
+Mounts the Rails application at the given PATH (instead of "/").
 This is equivalent to setting the RAILS_RELATIVE_URL_ROOT
-environment variable.
-This is only supported under Rails 2.3 or later at the moment.
+environment variable.  This is only supported under Rails 2.3
+or later at the moment.
 .RS
 .RE
 .SH RUBY OPTIONS
 .TP
-.B -e, --eval LINE
-Evaluate a LINE of Ruby code.
-This evaluation happens immediately as the command-line is being
-parsed.
+.B \-e, \-\-eval LINE
+Evaluate a LINE of Ruby code.  This evaluation happens
+immediately as the command\-line is being parsed.
 .RS
 .RE
 .TP
-.B -d, --debug
+.B \-d, \-\-debug
 Turn on debug mode, the $DEBUG variable is set to true.
 For Rails >= 2.3.x, this loads the \f[I]Rails::Rack::Debugger\f[]
 middleware.
 .RS
 .RE
 .TP
-.B -w, --warn
+.B \-w, \-\-warn
 Turn on verbose warnings, the $VERBOSE variable is set to true.
 .RS
 .RE
 .TP
-.B -I, --include PATH
-specify $LOAD_PATH.
-PATH will be prepended to $LOAD_PATH.
-The \[aq]:\[aq] character may be used to delimit multiple
-directories.
-This directive may be used more than once.
-Modifications to $LOAD_PATH take place immediately and in the order
-they were specified on the command-line.
+.B \-I, \-\-include PATH
+specify $LOAD_PATH.  PATH will be prepended to $LOAD_PATH.
+The \[aq]:\[aq] character may be used to delimit multiple directories.
+This directive may be used more than once.  Modifications to
+$LOAD_PATH take place immediately and in the order they were
+specified on the command\-line.
 .RS
 .RE
 .TP
-.B -r, --require LIBRARY
-require a specified LIBRARY before executing the application.
-The "require" statement will be executed immediately and in the
-order they were specified on the command-line.
+.B \-r, \-\-require LIBRARY
+require a specified LIBRARY before executing the application.  The
+"require" statement will be executed immediately and in the order
+they were specified on the command\-line.
 .RS
 .RE
 .SH RACKUP FILE
 .PP
-This defaults to "config.ru" in RAILS_ROOT.
-It should be the same file used by rackup(1) and other Rack
-launchers, it uses the \f[I]Rack::Builder\f[] DSL.
-Unlike many other Rack applications, RACKUP_FILE is completely
-\f[I]optional\f[] for Rails, but may be used to disable some of the
-default middleware for performance.
+This defaults to "config.ru" in RAILS_ROOT.  It should be the same
+file used by rackup(1) and other Rack launchers, it uses the
+\f[I]Rack::Builder\f[] DSL.  Unlike many other Rack applications, RACKUP_FILE
+is completely \f[I]optional\f[] for Rails, but may be used to disable
+some of the default middleware for performance.
 .PP
-Embedded command-line options are mostly parsed for compatibility
+Embedded command\-line options are mostly parsed for compatibility
 with rackup(1) but strongly discouraged.
 .SH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
 .PP
-The RAILS_ENV variable is set by the aforementioned -E switch.
-The RAILS_RELATIVE_URL_ROOT is set by the aforementioned --path
-switch.
-Either of these variables may also be set in the shell or the
-Unicorn CONFIG_FILE.
-All application or library-specific environment variables (e.g.
-TMPDIR, RAILS_ASSET_ID) may always be set in the Unicorn
-CONFIG_FILE in addition to the spawning shell.
-When transparently upgrading Unicorn, all environment variables set
-in the old master process are inherited by the new master process.
-Unicorn only uses (and will overwrite) the UNICORN_FD environment
-variable internally when doing transparent upgrades.
+The RAILS_ENV variable is set by the aforementioned \-E switch.  The
+RAILS_RELATIVE_URL_ROOT is set by the aforementioned \-\-path switch.
+Either of these variables may also be set in the shell or the Unicorn
+CONFIG_FILE.  All application or library\-specific environment variables
+(e.g. TMPDIR, RAILS_ASSET_ID) may always be set in the Unicorn
+CONFIG_FILE in addition to the spawning shell.  When transparently
+upgrading Unicorn, all environment variables set in the old master
+process are inherited by the new master process.  Unicorn only uses (and
+will overwrite) the UNICORN_FD environment variable internally when
+doing transparent upgrades.
 .SH SIGNALS
 .PP
 The following UNIX signals may be sent to the master process:
 .IP \[bu] 2
-HUP - reload config file, app, and gracefully restart all workers
+HUP \- reload config file, app, and gracefully restart all workers
 .IP \[bu] 2
-INT/TERM - quick shutdown, kills all workers immediately
+INT/TERM \- quick shutdown, kills all workers immediately
 .IP \[bu] 2
-QUIT - graceful shutdown, waits for workers to finish their current
+QUIT \- graceful shutdown, waits for workers to finish their current
 request before finishing.
 .IP \[bu] 2
-USR1 - reopen all logs owned by the master and all workers See
-Unicorn::Util.reopen_logs for what is considered a log.
+USR1 \- reopen all logs owned by the master and all workers
+See Unicorn::Util.reopen_logs for what is considered a log.
 .IP \[bu] 2
-USR2 - reexecute the running binary.
-A separate QUIT should be sent to the original process once the
-child is verified to be up and running.
+USR2 \- reexecute the running binary.  A separate QUIT
+should be sent to the original process once the child is verified to
+be up and running.
 .IP \[bu] 2
-WINCH - gracefully stops workers but keep the master running.
+WINCH \- gracefully stops workers but keep the master running.
 This will only work for daemonized processes.
 .IP \[bu] 2
-TTIN - increment the number of worker processes by one
+TTIN \- increment the number of worker processes by one
 .IP \[bu] 2
-TTOU - decrement the number of worker processes by one
+TTOU \- decrement the number of worker processes by one
 .PP
-See the SIGNALS (http://unicorn.bogomips.org/SIGNALS.html) document
-for full description of all signals used by Unicorn.
+See the SIGNALS (https://yhbt.net/unicorn/SIGNALS.html) document for
+full description of all signals used by Unicorn.
 .SH SEE ALSO
 .IP \[bu] 2
 unicorn(1)
@@ -210,12 +189,19 @@ unicorn(1)
 \f[I]Rack::Builder\f[] ri/RDoc
 .IP \[bu] 2
 \f[I]Unicorn::Configurator\f[] ri/RDoc
+.UR https://yhbt.net/unicorn/Unicorn/Configurator.html
+.UE
 .IP \[bu] 2
-Unicorn RDoc (http://unicorn.bogomips.org/)
+unicorn RDoc
+.UR https://yhbt.net/unicorn/
+.UE
 .IP \[bu] 2
-Rack RDoc (http://rack.rubyforge.org/doc/)
+Rack RDoc
+.UR https://www.rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/
+.UE
 .IP \[bu] 2
-Rackup HowTo (http://wiki.github.com/rack/rack/tutorial-rackup-howto)
+Rackup HowTo
+.UR https://github.com/rack/rack/wiki/(tutorial)-rackup-howto
+.UE
 .SH AUTHORS
-The Unicorn Community <mongrel-unicorn@rubyforge.org>.
-
+The Unicorn Community <unicorn-public@yhbt.net>.

data/t/.gitignore

@@ -2,4 +2,3 @@
 /.dep+*
 /*.crt
 /*.key
-/ssl-stamp

data/t/GNUmakefile

@@ -1,82 +1,5 @@
-# we can run tests in parallel with GNU make
+# there used to be more, here, but we stopped relying on recursive make
 all::
+	$(MAKE) -C .. test-integration
 
-pid := $(shell echo $$PPID)
-
-RUBY = ruby
-RAKE = rake
--include ../local.mk
-ifeq ($(RUBY_VERSION),)
-  RUBY_VERSION := $(shell $(RUBY) -e 'puts RUBY_VERSION')
-endif
-
-ifeq ($(RUBY_VERSION),)
-  $(error unable to detect RUBY_VERSION)
-endif
-
-RUBY_ENGINE := $(shell $(RUBY) -e 'puts((RUBY_ENGINE rescue "ruby"))')
-export RUBY_ENGINE
-
-isolate_libs := ../tmp/isolate/$(RUBY_ENGINE)-$(RUBY_VERSION).mk
-$(isolate_libs): ../script/isolate_for_tests
-	@cd .. && $(RUBY) script/isolate_for_tests
--include $(isolate_libs)
-MYLIBS := $(RUBYLIB):$(ISOLATE_LIBS)
-
-T = $(wildcard t[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]-*.sh)
-
-all:: $(T)
-
-# can't rely on "set -o pipefail" since we don't require bash or ksh93 :<
-t_pfx = trash/$@-$(RUBY_ENGINE)-$(RUBY_VERSION)
-TEST_OPTS =
-# TRACER = strace -f -o $(t_pfx).strace -s 100000
-# TRACER = /usr/bin/time -o $(t_pfx).time
-
-ifdef V
-  ifeq ($(V),2)
-    TEST_OPTS += --trace
-  else
-    TEST_OPTS += --verbose
-  endif
-endif
-
-random_blob:
-	dd if=/dev/urandom bs=1M count=30 of=$@.$(pid)
-	mv $@.$(pid) $@
-
-ssl-stamp:
-	./sslgen.sh
-	> $@
-
-$(T): random_blob ssl-stamp
-
-dependencies := socat curl
-deps := $(addprefix .dep+,$(dependencies))
-$(deps): dep_bin = $(lastword $(subst +, ,$@))
-$(deps):
-	@which $(dep_bin) > $@.$(pid) 2>/dev/null || :
-	@test -s $@.$(pid) || \
-	  { echo >&2 "E '$(dep_bin)' not found in PATH=$(PATH)"; exit 1; }
-	@mv $@.$(pid) $@
-dep: $(deps)
-
-test_prefix := $(CURDIR)/../test/$(RUBY_ENGINE)-$(RUBY_VERSION)
-$(test_prefix)/.stamp:
-	$(MAKE) -C .. test-install
-
-$(T): export RUBY := $(RUBY)
-$(T): export RAKE := $(RAKE)
-$(T): export PATH := $(test_prefix)/bin:$(PATH)
-$(T): export RUBYLIB := $(test_prefix)/lib:$(MYLIBS)
-$(T): dep $(test_prefix)/.stamp trash/.gitignore
-	$(TRACER) $(SHELL) $(SH_TEST_OPTS) $@ $(TEST_OPTS)
-
-trash/.gitignore:
-	mkdir -p $(@D)
-	echo '*' > $@
-
-clean:
-	$(RM) -r trash/*
-
-.PHONY: $(T) clean
+.PHONY: all

data/t/README

@@ -10,17 +10,17 @@ comfortable writing integration tests with.
 
 == Requirements
 
-* {Ruby 1.8 or 1.9}[http://www.ruby-lang.org/] (duh!)
-* {GNU make}[http://www.gnu.org/software/make/]
+* {Ruby 2.0.0+}[https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/] (duh!)
+* {GNU make}[https://www.gnu.org/software/make/]
 * {socat}[http://www.dest-unreach.org/socat/]
-* {curl}[http://curl.haxx.se/]
+* {curl}[https://curl.haxx.se/]
 * standard UNIX shell utilities (Bourne sh, awk, sed, grep, ...)
 
 We do not use bashisms or any non-portable, non-POSIX constructs
 in our shell code.  We use the "pipefail" option if available and
 mainly test with {ksh}[http://kornshell.com/], but occasionally
 with {dash}[http://gondor.apana.org.au/~herbert/dash/] and
-{bash}[http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/], too.
+{bash}[https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/], too.
 
 == Running Tests
 

data/t/t0002-parser-error.sh

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ t_begin "send a huge Request URI (REQUEST_PATH > (12 * 1024))" && {
 }
 
 t_begin "response should be a 414 (REQUEST_PATH)" && {
-	grep -F 'HTTP/1.1 414 Request-URI Too Long' $tmp
+	grep -F 'HTTP/1.1 414 ' $tmp
 }
 
 t_begin "send a huge Request URI (QUERY_STRING > (10 * 1024))" && {
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ t_begin "send a huge Request URI (QUERY_STRING > (10 * 1024))" && {
 }
 
 t_begin "response should be a 414 (QUERY_STRING)" && {
-	grep -F 'HTTP/1.1 414 Request-URI Too Long' $tmp
+	grep -F 'HTTP/1.1 414 ' $tmp
 }
 
 t_begin "send a huge Request URI (FRAGMENT > 1024)" && {
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ t_begin "send a huge Request URI (FRAGMENT > 1024)" && {
 }
 
 t_begin "response should be a 414 (FRAGMENT)" && {
-	grep -F 'HTTP/1.1 414 Request-URI Too Long' $tmp
+	grep -F 'HTTP/1.1 414 ' $tmp
 }
 
 t_begin "server stderr should be clean" && check_stderr

data/t/t0011-active-unix-socket.sh

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ t_begin "worker pid unchanged (again)" && {
 }
 
 t_begin "nuking the existing Unicorn succeeds" && {
-	kill -9 $unicorn_pid $worker_pid
+	kill -9 $unicorn_pid
 	while kill -0 $unicorn_pid
 	do
 		sleep 1

data/t/t0012-reload-empty-config.sh

@@ -18,7 +18,8 @@ after_fork { |s,w| }
     next if key =~ %r{\Astd(?:err|out)_path\z}
     key = key.to_sym
     def_value = defaults[key]
-    srv_value = srv.__send__(key)
+    srv_value = srv.respond_to?(key) ? srv.__send__(key)
+                                     : srv.instance_variable_get("@#{key}")
     fp << "#{key}|#{srv_value}|#{def_value}\\n"
   end
 }

data/t/t0301-no-default-middleware-ignored-in-config.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+. ./test-lib.sh
+t_plan 3 "-N / --no-default-middleware option not supported in config.ru"
+
+t_begin "setup and start" && {
+	unicorn_setup
+	RACK_ENV=development unicorn -D -c $unicorn_config t0301.ru
+	unicorn_wait_start
+}
+
+t_begin "check switches parsed as expected and -N ignored for Rack::Lint" && {
+	debug=false
+	lint=
+	eval "$(curl -sf http://$listen/vars)"
+	test x"$debug" = xtrue
+	test x"$lint" != x
+	test -f "$lint"
+}
+
+t_begin "killing succeeds" && {
+	kill $unicorn_pid
+	check_stderr
+}
+
+t_done

data/t/t0301.ru

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#\-N --debug
+run(lambda do |env|
+  case env['PATH_INFO']
+  when '/vars'
+    b = "debug=#{$DEBUG.inspect}\n" \
+        "lint=#{caller.grep(%r{rack/lint\.rb})[0].split(':')[0]}\n"
+  end
+  h = {
+    'Content-Length' => b.size.to_s,
+    'Content-Type' => 'text/plain',
+  }
+  [ 200, h, [ b ] ]
+end)

data/t/test-lib.sh

@@ -94,7 +94,8 @@ check_stderr () {
 	set +u
 	_r_err=${1-${r_err}}
 	set -u
-	if grep -v $T $_r_err | grep -i Error
+	if grep -v $T $_r_err | grep -i Error | \
+		grep -v NameError.*Unicorn::Waiter
 	then
 		die "Errors found in $_r_err"
 	elif grep SIGKILL $_r_err
@@ -106,8 +107,8 @@ check_stderr () {
 # unicorn_setup
 unicorn_setup () {
 	eval $(unused_listen)
-	port=$(expr $listen : '[^:]*:\([0-9]\+\)')
-	host=$(expr $listen : '\([^:]*\):[0-9]\+')
+	port=$(expr $listen : '[^:]*:\([0-9]*\)')
+	host=$(expr $listen : '\([^:][^:]*\):[0-9][0-9]*')
 
 	rtmpfiles unicorn_config pid r_err r_out fifo tmp ok
 	cat > $unicorn_config <<EOF

data/test/benchmark/README

@@ -42,9 +42,19 @@ The benchmark client is usually httperf.
 Another gentle reminder: performance with slow networks/clients
 is NOT our problem.  That is the job of nginx (or similar).
 
+== ddstream.ru
+
+Standalone Rack app intended to show how BAD we are at slow clients.
+See usage in comments.
+
+== readinput.ru
+
+Standalone Rack app intended to show how bad we are with slow uploaders.
+See usage in comments.
+
 == Contributors
 
-This directory is maintained independently in the "benchmark" branch
-based against v0.1.0.  Only changes to this directory (test/benchmarks)
-are committed to this branch although the master branch may merge this
-branch occassionaly.
+This directory is intended to remain stable.  Do not make changes
+to benchmarking code which can change performance and invalidate
+results across revisions.  Instead, write new benchmarks and update
+coments/documentation as necessary.

data/test/benchmark/ddstream.ru

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+# This app is intended to test large HTTP responses with or without
+# a fully-buffering reverse proxy such as nginx. Without a fully-buffering
+# reverse proxy, unicorn will be unresponsive when client count exceeds
+# worker_processes.
+#
+# To demonstrate how bad unicorn is at slowly reading clients:
+#
+#   # in one terminal, start unicorn with one worker:
+#   unicorn -E none -l 127.0.0.1:8080 test/benchmark/ddstream.ru
+#
+#   # in a different terminal, start more slow curl processes than
+#   # unicorn workers and watch time outputs
+#   curl --limit-rate 8K --trace-time -vsN http://127.0.0.1:8080/ >/dev/null &
+#   curl --limit-rate 8K --trace-time -vsN http://127.0.0.1:8080/ >/dev/null &
+#   wait
+#
+# The last client won't see a response until the first one is done reading
+#
+# nginx note: do not change the default "proxy_buffering" behavior.
+# Setting "proxy_buffering off" prevents nginx from protecting unicorn.
+
+# totally standalone rack app to stream a giant response
+class BigResponse
+  def initialize(bs, count)
+    @buf = "#{bs.to_s(16)}\r\n#{' ' * bs}\r\n"
+    @count = count
+    @res = [ 200,
+      { 'Transfer-Encoding' => -'chunked', 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' },
+      self
+    ]
+  end
+
+  # rack response body iterator
+  def each
+    (1..@count).each { yield @buf }
+    yield -"0\r\n\r\n"
+  end
+
+  # rack app entry endpoint
+  def call(_env)
+    @res
+  end
+end
+
+# default to a giant (128M) response because kernel socket buffers
+# can be ridiculously large on some systems
+bs = ENV['bs'] ? ENV['bs'].to_i : 65536
+count = ENV['count'] ? ENV['count'].to_i : 2048
+warn "serving response with bs=#{bs} count=#{count} (#{bs*count} bytes)"
+run BigResponse.new(bs, count)