studium 0.16.9

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  1. checksums.yaml +7 -0
  2. data/README.md +3211 -0
  3. data/bin/ask_exam_question +7 -0
  4. data/bin/check_description_of_these_lectures +7 -0
  5. data/bin/curriculum_module_displayer +7 -0
  6. data/bin/cycle +7 -0
  7. data/bin/d10 +7 -0
  8. data/bin/d100 +7 -0
  9. data/bin/d15 +7 -0
  10. data/bin/d20 +7 -0
  11. data/bin/d25 +7 -0
  12. data/bin/d3 +7 -0
  13. data/bin/d30 +7 -0
  14. data/bin/d5 +7 -0
  15. data/bin/determine_curricula +7 -0
  16. data/bin/display_lecture_url +7 -0
  17. data/bin/exam_registration_at +7 -0
  18. data/bin/exam_statistics +7 -0
  19. data/bin/exams_per_month +9 -0
  20. data/bin/finished_exams_at_this_university +7 -0
  21. data/bin/flashcards +7 -0
  22. data/bin/from_curriculum_id_to_university +9 -0
  23. data/bin/location_to_this_exam_topic.rb +7 -0
  24. data/bin/mandatory_continuous_assessment +7 -0
  25. data/bin/mandatory_upcoming_courses +10 -0
  26. data/bin/n_ECTS +7 -0
  27. data/bin/n_exam_questions_already_answered +16 -0
  28. data/bin/nquestions +7 -0
  29. data/bin/nsolved +7 -0
  30. data/bin/open_last_exam_question_asked_file +7 -0
  31. data/bin/passed_exams +7 -0
  32. data/bin/passed_pr/303/274fungsimmanente_courses +7 -0
  33. data/bin/pdf_for +7 -0
  34. data/bin/random_exam_topic +7 -0
  35. data/bin/report_solved_topics +7 -0
  36. data/bin/return_n_ects_from_this_file +7 -0
  37. data/bin/return_n_questions_solved_in_total +7 -0
  38. data/bin/rti_conflict +7 -0
  39. data/bin/search_for_n_ects +7 -0
  40. data/bin/show_lectures_on_the_commandline +7 -0
  41. data/bin/show_passed_exams_having_this_grade +7 -0
  42. data/bin/show_themes +7 -0
  43. data/bin/solved +9 -0
  44. data/bin/solved_ects +7 -0
  45. data/bin/studienkennzahl +7 -0
  46. data/bin/studium +7 -0
  47. data/bin/studium_skeleton +7 -0
  48. data/bin/ufind +7 -0
  49. data/bin/upcoming_exams +7 -0
  50. data/bin/week_parser +7 -0
  51. data/doc/ECTS_CONSIDERATIONS/ECTS_CONSIDERATIONS.md +82 -0
  52. data/doc/HOW_TO_DETERMINE_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_QUESTION_AND_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_ANSWER/HOW_TO_DETERMINE_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_QUESTION_AND_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_ANSWER.md +44 -0
  53. data/doc/README.gen +3164 -0
  54. data/doc/SQL_database_specification/SQL_database_specification.md +46 -0
  55. data/doc/deprecated_components/deprecated_components.md +46 -0
  56. data/doc/documentation_for_the_file_lecture_information/documentation_for_the_file_lecture_information.md +311 -0
  57. data/doc/elegant_colours/elegant_colours.md +21 -0
  58. data/doc/statistics/yearly_statistics.md +8 -0
  59. data/doc/todo/todo_for_the_graphical_parts_of_the_studium_gem_including_www_related_aspects.md +92 -0
  60. data/doc/todo/todo_for_the_studium_gem.md +55 -0
  61. data/img/STUDIES.png +0 -0
  62. data/lib/studium/autoinclude.rb +7 -0
  63. data/lib/studium/base/base.rb +3229 -0
  64. data/lib/studium/base/colours.rb +246 -0
  65. data/lib/studium/base/commandline_arguments_module/commandline_arguments_module.rb +115 -0
  66. data/lib/studium/base/prototype/prototype.rb +230 -0
  67. data/lib/studium/base/runmode_module/runmode_module.rb +103 -0
  68. data/lib/studium/c/README.md +2 -0
  69. data/lib/studium/c/a.out +0 -0
  70. data/lib/studium/c/obtain_random_entry.c +11 -0
  71. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/README.md +15 -0
  72. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_curriculum_for_correct_separation_of_bachelor_and_master.rb +141 -0
  73. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_all_exam_topics_being_registered.rb +118 -0
  74. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_correct_themes_of_each_course.rb +100 -0
  75. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_existing_description_of_this_lecture.rb +194 -0
  76. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_important_exams.rb +132 -0
  77. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_the_lecture_information_file.rb +166 -0
  78. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/find_duplicate_lectures.rb +124 -0
  79. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/missing_priority_entry.rb +44 -0
  80. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/sanitize_lecture_information.rb +427 -0
  81. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/sanitize_this_string_containing_the_lva_dates.rb +79 -0
  82. data/lib/studium/colours/colours.rb +587 -0
  83. data/lib/studium/colours/sfancy.rb +49 -0
  84. data/lib/studium/colours/sfile.rb +39 -0
  85. data/lib/studium/colours/simp.rb +40 -0
  86. data/lib/studium/colours/use_colours.rb +39 -0
  87. data/lib/studium/colours/use_this_colour_for_exam_questions_and_exam_answers.rb +80 -0
  88. data/lib/studium/commandline/commandline.rb +1839 -0
  89. data/lib/studium/constants/colours.rb +16 -0
  90. data/lib/studium/constants/constants.rb +533 -0
  91. data/lib/studium/constants/curricula_related_constants.rb +504 -0
  92. data/lib/studium/constants/exam_topics.rb +156 -0
  93. data/lib/studium/constants/file_lecture_information.rb +55 -0
  94. data/lib/studium/constants/image_constants.rb +272 -0
  95. data/lib/studium/constants/regexes.rb +58 -0
  96. data/lib/studium/constants/roebe_specific_constants.rb +216 -0
  97. data/lib/studium/constants/standalone_constants.rb +372 -0
  98. data/lib/studium/constants/web_constants.rb +28 -0
  99. data/lib/studium/css/project.css +267 -0
  100. data/lib/studium/curricula/attribute_lecture_to_curriculum/attribute_boku_lecture_to_curriculum.rb +384 -0
  101. data/lib/studium/curricula/attribute_lecture_to_curriculum/attribute_lecture_to_curriculum.rb +238 -0
  102. data/lib/studium/curricula/curricula_from_this_website/curricula_from_this_website.rb +141 -0
  103. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum.rb +213 -0
  104. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_as_string.rb +280 -0
  105. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/constants.rb +33 -0
  106. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/curriculum_module_displayer.rb +417 -0
  107. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/initialize.rb +25 -0
  108. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/menu.rb +45 -0
  109. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/reset.rb +74 -0
  110. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/run.rb +20 -0
  111. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/set_use_this_curriculum.rb +93 -0
  112. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/show_and_report.rb +190 -0
  113. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/constants.rb +11 -0
  114. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/determine_curricula.rb +36 -0
  115. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/help.rb +39 -0
  116. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/initialize.rb +48 -0
  117. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/menu.rb +151 -0
  118. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/misc.rb +403 -0
  119. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/report.rb +143 -0
  120. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/reset.rb +59 -0
  121. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/run.rb +19 -0
  122. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_elective_courses_in_this_curriculum.rb +112 -0
  123. data/lib/studium/curricula/display_bachelor_curricula.rb +90 -0
  124. data/lib/studium/curricula/handle_curricula/README.md +9 -0
  125. data/lib/studium/curricula/handle_curricula/handle_curricula.rb +100 -0
  126. data/lib/studium/curricula/handle_curricula/misc.rb +798 -0
  127. data/lib/studium/curricula/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter.rb +323 -0
  128. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/display_on_the_commandline.rb +319 -0
  129. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/return_n_ects_in_this_module.rb +75 -0
  130. data/lib/studium/curricula/n_percent_solved_in_this_curriculum.rb +75 -0
  131. data/lib/studium/curricula/prepare_individual_curriculum.rb +304 -0
  132. data/lib/studium/curricula/random_curriculum_creator/random_curriculum_creator.rb +164 -0
  133. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_all_unfinished_courses_of_this_curriculum/show_all_unfinished_courses_of_this_curriculum.rb +116 -0
  134. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum.rb +114 -0
  135. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id.rb +554 -0
  136. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_solved_percentage_among_the_registered_curricula.rb +87 -0
  137. data/lib/studium/curricula/sorted_individual_curricula.rb +121 -0
  138. data/lib/studium/ects/boku_ects_splitter.rb +128 -0
  139. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_per_university/ects_per_university.rb +179 -0
  140. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_scanner.rb +141 -0
  141. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_to_university_parser.rb +142 -0
  142. data/lib/studium/ects/last_entry_is_curriculum.rb +150 -0
  143. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_in_these_lectures.rb +196 -0
  144. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_points_in_mandatory_presence_courses.rb +50 -0
  145. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_file.rb +59 -0
  146. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_url.rb +197 -0
  147. data/lib/studium/ects/search_for_n_ects/OLD_search_for_n_ects.rb +0 -0
  148. data/lib/studium/ects/search_for_n_ects/search_for_n_ects.rb +719 -0
  149. data/lib/studium/ects/show_completed_ects_in_all_curricula.rb +232 -0
  150. data/lib/studium/ects/show_passed_credits_per_curriculum.rb +276 -0
  151. data/lib/studium/ects/simple_total_ects_points.rb +135 -0
  152. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/constants.rb +19 -0
  153. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/reset.rb +51 -0
  154. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/solved_ects.rb +325 -0
  155. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/reset.rb +25 -0
  156. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/solved_ects_per_university.rb +106 -0
  157. data/lib/studium/ects/still_missing.rb +129 -0
  158. data/lib/studium/ects/sum_of_ects.rb +144 -0
  159. data/lib/studium/encoding/encoding.rb +109 -0
  160. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/RNAi_siRNA_and_miRNA +100 -0
  161. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/abfall_als_ressource +86 -0
  162. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biochemistry +927 -0
  163. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biotechnology +234 -0
  164. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_cellbiology +219 -0
  165. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_chemistry +527 -0
  166. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_immunology +152 -0
  167. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_microbiology +44 -0
  168. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_topics_in_plant_sciences +109 -0
  169. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_virology +245 -0
  170. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ageing +153 -0
  171. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrar_ecology +67 -0
  172. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarmarkt +73 -0
  173. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarphysik +35 -0
  174. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/alcohols +31 -0
  175. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/algorithms +77 -0
  176. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allergie +76 -0
  177. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_genetik +1006 -0
  178. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_mikrobiologie +1008 -0
  179. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/aminoacids +464 -0
  180. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_1 +133 -0
  181. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_2 +31 -0
  182. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anatomie +295 -0
  183. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anorganische_chemie +350 -0
  184. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anthropologie +138 -0
  185. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/antibodies_and_antigens +791 -0
  186. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/apoptosis +35 -0
  187. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaea +112 -0
  188. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaeo_viruses +7 -0
  189. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/architecture +8 -0
  190. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/artificial_intelligence +89 -0
  191. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/atomemissionsspektrometrie +6 -0
  192. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/audio +11 -0
  193. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bacteriophages +266 -0
  194. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biochemistry +1008 -0
  195. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biotechnology +1011 -0
  196. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_chemistry +1007 -0
  197. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_virology +1007 -0
  198. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bauwesen +6 -0
  199. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebssysteme +128 -0
  200. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebswirtschaftslehre +29 -0
  201. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioanalytik_und_biosensoren +391 -0
  202. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biochips +79 -0
  203. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioelektrochemie +57 -0
  204. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biofilms +54 -0
  205. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioinformatics +511 -0
  206. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biological_therapeutics +156 -0
  207. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biologie +149 -0
  208. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomarkers +137 -0
  209. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomaterials +90 -0
  210. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomembranes +6 -0
  211. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bionik +65 -0
  212. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biophysik +34 -0
  213. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biopolymers +10 -0
  214. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioprozesstechnik +149 -0
  215. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioressourcenmanagement +78 -0
  216. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/birds +5 -0
  217. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenkunde +384 -0
  218. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenmikrobiologie +40 -0
  219. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cancerbiology +484 -0
  220. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cell_cultures +229 -0
  221. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellbiology +1011 -0
  222. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellular_transport_and_protein_secretion +27 -0
  223. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellular_vesicles +11 -0
  224. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellulose +6 -0
  225. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_anorganischer_stoffe +209 -0
  226. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_organischer_stoffe +25 -0
  227. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemisches_labor +60 -0
  228. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemokines_and_cytokines +45 -0
  229. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemotaxis_quorum_sensing_and_motility_in_prokaryotes +116 -0
  230. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/citric_acid_cycle +84 -0
  231. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/clinical_microbiology +516 -0
  232. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_science +308 -0
  233. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_vision_and_computer_graphics +13 -0
  234. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/crispr +51 -0
  235. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cyanobacteria +44 -0
  236. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cytogenetics_and_chromosome_biology +579 -0
  237. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/databases_and_sql +126 -0
  238. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_mutation_and_dna_repair +70 -0
  239. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_replication +67 -0
  240. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecogenetics +26 -0
  241. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecological_agriculture +12 -0
  242. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecology +330 -0
  243. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/economy +218 -0
  244. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/electron_microscopy +7 -0
  245. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektronenmikroskopie +356 -0
  246. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrophorese +132 -0
  247. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrotechnik_und_elektrizit/303/244t +42 -0
  248. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elisa +55 -0
  249. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/embryologie_und_entwicklung +650 -0
  250. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/endospores_and_spores +104 -0
  251. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/enzymes_and_cofactors +393 -0
  252. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/epigenetik +187 -0
  253. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/erste_hilfe +174 -0
  254. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ethik +143 -0
  255. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/evolution_and_evolutionary_genetics +367 -0
  256. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/excel +7 -0
  257. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fish +19 -0
  258. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fluorescence_microscopy +10 -0
  259. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/food_microbiology_and_food_biotechnology +92 -0
  260. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forensik +11 -0
  261. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forstwirtschaft +53 -0
  262. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_genetik +643 -0
  263. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_gentechnik +218 -0
  264. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_physik +6 -0
  265. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fungi +119 -0
  266. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genetische_krankheiten +198 -0
  267. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genexpression +1008 -0
  268. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genomics_and_metagenomics +280 -0
  269. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gentechnik_und_praktische_biochemie +954 -0
  270. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geochemistry +67 -0
  271. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geography +9 -0
  272. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geologie_und_mineralogie +624 -0
  273. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geometrie +56 -0
  274. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geschichte +95 -0
  275. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gluconeogenesis +72 -0
  276. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycogen +45 -0
  277. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycolysis +118 -0
  278. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glykomik +121 -0
  279. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glyoxylatzyklus +31 -0
  280. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/grassland_cultivation +32 -0
  281. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hormone +148 -0
  282. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/html +8 -0
  283. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/human_ecology +8 -0
  284. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hygiene +224 -0
  285. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/imaging_and_microscopy +267 -0
  286. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunanalytik +94 -0
  287. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunologie +1011 -0
  288. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/informatik +117 -0
  289. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/innate_immunity +42 -0
  290. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insekten +64 -0
  291. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insulin_and_diabetes +57 -0
  292. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/java +618 -0
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@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === Advanced topics in immunology
3
+ # =========================================================================== #
4
+
5
+ - Are <one>superantigens</one> <two>exotoxins</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
6
+ - TH17-Zellen entwickeln sich unter dem Einfluss verschiedener Zytokine aus ... ? <one>naiven T-Zellen</one>.
7
+ - TH1-Zellen entwickeln sich aus ... ? <one>naiven T-Helfer-Zellen</one>.
8
+ - TH1-Zellen interagieren vor allem mit ... ? <one>antigenpräsentierenden Makrophagen</one>.
9
+ - <one>Neutrophile Granulocyten</one> machen bis zu n% der zirkulierenden weißen Blutkörperchen im Menschen aus? Bis zu <one>75%</one>.
10
+ - Warum haben die Blutgefäßwände Adhäsionsmoleküle? Dies unterstützt die <one>Rekrutierung der Immunzellen</one>.
11
+ - <one>Welches Zytokin</one> ist wesentlich für die T-Zellproliferation und damit für die klonale Expansion der T-Zellen verantwortlich? <one>Interleukin-2</one>.
12
+ - <one>B7</one> is a type of integral membrane protein found on ... ? activated <one>antigen-presenting cells</one> (APC).
13
+ - Was ist <one>Lymphopoese</one>? Dies ist Entstehung und Reifung von Lymphozyten.
14
+ - Nenne <one>vier antigenpräsentierende Zelltypen</one>. A: (1) Monozyten (2) Makrophagen (3) B-Zellen (4) <one>dendritische Zellen</one>
15
+ - Der Membranangriffskomplex besteht aus bis zu n C9-Proteinen die den Kanal bilden. A: Aus bis zu 16 <two>C9-Proteinen</two>.
16
+ - Beim <one>C-reaktiven Protein</one>: warum das C? Da es mit dem C-Polysaccharid von Pneumokokken reagiert.
17
+ - Das wohl bekannteste Akute-Phase-Proteine ist ... ? <one>CRP</one>: <two>C-reaktives Protein</two>.
18
+ - Welches proinflammatorisch Cytokin aktiviert Akute-Phase-Proteine insbesonders? <one>IL-6</one>.
19
+ - Lysozym wirkt vor allem gegen welche Bakterien? Gegen <one>grampositive Bakterien</one>.
20
+ - Defensine besitzen in etwa wieviele Aminosäuren? In etwa <one>29–34 Aminosäuren</one>.
21
+ - Die bekanntesten Vertreter der antimikrobiellen Peptide im menschlichen Körper sind ... ? die <one>Defensine</one>.
22
+ - <one>IFN-γ</one> is the major activator of ... ? <one>macrophages</one>.
23
+ - Nenne ein Zytokin das anti-inflammatorisch wirkt. A: <one>IL-10</one>.
24
+ - Bezogen auf den menschlichen Körper: wo können Beta-Defensine gefunden werden? Auf der Haut.
25
+ - Gehören die <one>dendritischen Zellen</one> zur erworbenen Immunantwort? Nein. Dendritische Zellen gehören zu der angeborenen Immunantwort.
26
+ - Welche Zellen im Körper produzieren α-Defensine? Die <one>Paneth-Körnerzellen</one>.
27
+ - Zeigen Cytokine eine parakrine Signalübertragung? <one>Ja</one>.
28
+ - Im Zuge der Komplementaktivierung: welches Enzym spaltet C3 in C3a und C3b? Die <one>C3-Konvertase</one>.
29
+ - The <one>final effect of the natural immune response</one> is ... ? To get rid of the antigens, that is, to get rid of mirobes and viruses.
30
+ - <one>Production of neutrophils</one> <two>is stimulated by which factor</two>? Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor: <two>G-CSF</two>.
31
+ - MHC-Klasse-I versus MHC-Klasse-II: welche dieser beiden Klassen kommt auf mehr Zellen vor? MHC-Klasse-I - sie kommen auf allen kernhaltigen Zellen vor.
32
+ - Sind <one>MHC-Moleküle</one> <two>Glykoproteine</two>? <one>Ja</one>.
33
+ - Die stärksten und wichtigsten Antigene sind ... ? <one>Eiweiße</one>.
34
+ - Werden <one>Lektine</one> zu den PRRs ("Mustererkennungsrezeptoren") gezählt? <one>Ja</one>.
35
+ - Besitzen Phagocyten PRRs auf ihrer Oberfläche? Ja. Ohne diese könnten sie Pathogene nicht erkennen und phagozytieren.
36
+ - <one>Where</one> <two>in a lymph node</two> can we find the B cells? In the <one>follicle</one>; also known as <two>the B cell zone</two>.
37
+ - Gehört CD4 zur Immunglobulin-Superfamilie? <one>Ja</one>.
38
+ - <one>Cytotoxische T-Zellen</one> verwenden zuerst Perforin; danach ... um in der Zielzelle die Caspasen zu aktivieren. A: <one>Granzyme</one>.
39
+ - Fördert <one>TNF-alpha</one> die Freisetzung von Akute-Phase-Proteinen? Ja.
40
+ - Die Aufgabe der primären Immunorgane ist ... ? die Lymphopoese.
41
+ - <one>Cytotoxische T-Zellen</one> verwenden auch Perforin. Wie wirkt Perforin? Perforin macht die Zellmembran der Zielzelle durchlässiger.
42
+ - Die Tc-Zelle besitzt cytotoxische Proteine. Nenne drei davon. A: (1) Perforin (2) Granzyme (3) Granulysin
43
+ - Die primäre Rolle der zytotoxischen T-Zellen ist ... ? Die Abwehr von Viren respektive Virenbefall von Zellen.
44
+ - Zu den <one>MALTs</one> (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue) gehören welche zwei Bereiche im menschlichen Körper? (1) Tonsillen (2) Peyer-Plaques
45
+ - Can macrophages be found in MALT? Yes.
46
+ - <one>TREG Zellen</one> zeichnen sich durch die Expression welchen Transkriptionsfaktors aus? <one>FOXP3</one>.
47
+ - Zu den <one>Lymphozyten</one> zählen ... ? (1) B-Lymphozyten (B-Zellen) (2) T-Lymphozyten (T-Zellen) (3) Natürliche Killerzellen (NK-Zellen)
48
+ - Goblet cells produce ... ? Mucus, aka the mucus layer of the gut.
49
+ - Ein <one>Fab-Fragment</one> <two>besteht aus ... </two>? aus einer kompletten leichten Kette und einem Fragment der schweren Kette
50
+ - Entstehen neutrophile Granulozyten aus myeloischen Vorläuferzellen? Ja.
51
+ - Insbesondere wichtig für den Erhalt des Mucus beim Menschen ist ... ? eine <one>ballaststoffreiche Ernährung</one>.
52
+ - Ist die Aufgabe der primären Lymphorganen die Lymphopoese? Ja.
53
+ - Does an antiserum contain antibodies? Yes. These antibodies all bind the same antigen, but have a different structure.
54
+ - Sind <one>Makrophagen</one> gewebsständige Zellen? <one>Ja</one>.
55
+ - <one>Pattern-Recognition-Rezeptoren</one> sind Rezeptoren, die Pathogene anhand ihrer spezifischen PAMPs erkennen. Aber welchen Sinn hat dies? Dies leitet anschließend die Immunantwort ein.
56
+ - <one>What happens</one> <two>in a germinal center</two> of a lymph node? This is where <one>B cells proliferate</one>.
57
+ - Welche drei Zelltypen entstehen aus der lymphatischen Vorläuferzelle? (1) B-Zelle (2) T-Zelle (3) NK-Zelle
58
+ - Zirkulieren Monocyten im Blut? Ja, wenngleich in geringer Zahl (im Normalzustand).
59
+ - Possibly the most famous example of autoimmunity in humans is ... ? Type 1 diabetes (T1D).
60
+ - The <one>major function of macrophages is ... </one>? Related to host defense: to ingest and kill microbes.
61
+ - The superantigen responsible for scarlet fever is ... ? <one>Erythrogenic toxic</one>, produced by Streptococcus pyogenes.
62
+ - Name a symptom of the toxic shock syndrome caused by a Staphylococcus aureus superantigen. A: The <one>strawberry tongue</one>.
63
+ - Some superantigens can bind up to n% of all T cells in the body. A: Up to 25% of all T cells in the body.
64
+ - Are <one>superantigens</one> <two>proteins</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
65
+ - Can superantigen poisoning be triggered by food poisoning? Yes - in particular the one caused by the enterotoxins of S. aureus.
66
+ - Name the two gram-positive bacteria that are major producers of exotoxin superantigens. A: (1) Staphylococcus aureus (2) Streptococcus pyogenes
67
+ - Superantigens binding to the MHC class II as well as to the Vβ region of many T-cell receptors causes a massive production of cytokines by which cells? By <one>CD4 T cells</one>.
68
+ - Can superantigens bind to the MHC class II? <one>Yes</one>.
69
+ - Do <one>superantigens</one> have to be processed in order to be recognized by T cells? No.
70
+ - Do <one>superantigens</one> rather bind to T-cells or to B-cells? They bind to <one>T-cells</one>.
71
+ - In general: <one>lymphocytes</one> <two>recognize foreign material</two> <three>how</three>? By making use of specific cell-surface antigen receptors.
72
+ - <one>Phosphorylated STING</one> <two>recruits IRF3</two>. <three>What does the abbreviation IRF3 stand for</three>? <one>Interferon regulatory factor 3</one>.
73
+ - Name <one>two examples</one> for <two>incorrect reactions of the immune system leading to autoimmune diseases</two>. A: (1) <one>type I diabetes</one> (2) <one>multiple sclerosis</one>
74
+ - What is <one>immunogenic cell death</one>? <one>Immunogenic cell death</one> is any type of cell death that induces an immune response.
75
+ - How do we call <one>the macrophages in Drosophila</one>? <one>Hemocytes</one>.
76
+ - What is <one>pyroptosis</one>? <one>Pyroptosis</one> is <two>an inflammatory mode of regulated cell death</two>.
77
+ - Is <one>CAR T-cell</one> <two>dependent on the MHC</two>? <one>No</one> it is not.
78
+ - <one>Which process</one> <two>generates the cells of the immune system</two>? <one>Hematopoiesis</one>.
79
+ - What is <one>the primary function</one> <two>of regulatory T cells</two>? To <one>inhibit immune responses</one>.
80
+ - <one>Welche Zellen</one> erkennen virusinfizierte Zellen und zerstören diese? <one>Killer-T-Zellen</one>.
81
+ - <one>T cells</one> <two>can bind to HEV</two> (High endothelial venules). <three>Which homing receptor do they themselves use</three>? <one>T cells</one> use the <two>L-selectin receptor</two>.
82
+ - The <one>two most important types</one> of <two>dendritic cells</two> are probably ... ? (1) <one>conventional DC</one> (2) <one>plasmcytoid DC</one>
83
+ - Name <one>an interesting phenomenon</one> <two>displayed by activated macrophages</two>. A: Macrophages <two>can fuse</two> in order to <three>form multinucleate giant cells</three>.
84
+ - Does the <one>spleen</one> <two>have a role in regards to immunology</two>? <one>Yes</one>: it also filters the blood for antigens.
85
+ - Name <one>a master regulator</one> <two>of T cell development</two>. A: <one>BCL11b</one>.
86
+ - The <one>largest fraction of blood leukocytes</one> <two>is yielded by ... </two>? The <one>neutrophils</one>.
87
+ - Was ist das Ziel der nach Transplantation lebenslang erfolgenden Unterdrückung des Immunsystems? Die <one>Verhinderung von Abstoßungsreaktionen</one>.
88
+ - What is meant when we say that <one>immunity is systemic</one>? This means that <one>protective mechanisms can act anywhere in the body</one>.
89
+ - <one>Naive lymphocytes</one> <two>reside mainly in ... </two>? <one>Secondary lymphoid organs</one>, such as lymph node or the spleen.
90
+ - <one>Welche T-Helferzellen-Subklasse</one> aktiviert Epithelzellen und lockt neutrophile Granulozyten an? <one>TH17</one>.
91
+ - Der <one>MHC-Klasse-II-Komplex</one> <two>besteht aus wievielen membranverankerten Proteinuntereinheiten</two>? Aus zwei: der α- und der β-Untereinheit.
92
+ - What holds a <one>lymph node</one> together, anatomatically speaking? The <one>capsule</one>.
93
+ - The <one>guard</one> of the immune system is, in general ... ? The so-called <one>memory cells</one>.
94
+ - <one>B-lymphocytes</one> <two>derive from ... cells</two>. A: From <one>lymphoid progenitor cells</one>.
95
+ - <one>STING</one> is <two>an abbreviation for ... </two>? <one>Stimulator of interferon genes</one>.
96
+ - <one>Dectin-1</one> <two>binds beta-glucan</two>. <three>Why is this of relevance in immunology</three>? Because <one>beta-glucan</one> is the major component of the yeast form of <three>Candida albicans</three>.
97
+ - The <one>cellular component of the adaptive immune system</one> are ... ? <one>Lymphocytes</one>.
98
+ - The <one>T cell response</one> <two>is restricted to ... </two>? <one>proteins</one>.
99
+ - <one>Jawless fish</one> <two>have evolved a unique adaptive immune system</two>. The antigen receptors on these cells are variable ... receptors. A: <one>Variable Leucine-rich receptors</one>. These can recognize many antigens.
100
+ - A <one>cell</one> that will become a B-cell eventually not only has to be committed to the B lineage, but what also has to happen concomittantly? The program to differentiate the cell into another lineage has to be <one>repressed</one>.
101
+ - The <one>immune synapse</one> closely <two>pairs together which two cells</two>? (1) a <one>T cell</one> (2) an <one>APC</one>
102
+ - <one>Macrophages</one> <two>in the pulmonary airways</two> are called ... ? <one>Alveolar macrophages</one>.
103
+ - Does a <one>B cell</one> <two>respond to protein antigens on its own</two>? <one>No</one> - <two>it requires the activating signal from CD4⁺ T helper cells</two>.
104
+ - Are <one>haptens</one> immunogenic by themselves? <one>No</one>.
105
+ - <one>Bei welchem Phänomen</one> werden die Leukozyten so stark aktiviert, dass sich die Immunreaktion nicht wieder von selbst beruhigt? Bei einem <one>Cytokin-Sturm</one>.
106
+ - Give an example for next-generation CAR-T cell. A: The <one>Universal CAR</one>.
107
+ - Does a <one>CAR T-cell</one> make use of CD28? Yes, inside of the cell.
108
+ - <one>CD28</one> is expressed on which cells? On <one>T cells</one>.
109
+ - <one>Welche Zellen</one> sind mit dem Begriff <two>autoreaktive T-Zellen</two> gemeint? <one>Treg</one>.
110
+ - Findet <one>V(D)J-Rekombination</one> <two>in T-Zellen</two> statt? <one>Ja</one> - und zwar bei den <two>T-Zell-Rezeptoren</two>.
111
+ - <one>TLR4</one> <two>is composed of n chains</two>? <one>Two</one>.
112
+ - <one>Toll-like receptors</one> are membrane receptors that may start a signal transduction cascade ending up with the activation of which transcription factor? <one>NFκB</one> (<two>nuclear factor κB</two>).
113
+ - Activated <one>helper T lymphocytes</one> <two>carry which important CD molecule on their surface</two>? <one>CD4⁺</one>.
114
+ - What does the <one>clonal selection hypothesis</one> stipulate? That lymphcytes that are specific for a large number of antigens already exist before exposue to the antigen. When an antigen is encountered, it selects the specific cells and thus activates them.
115
+ - What are <one>opsonins</one>? Opsonins are substances that coat particles for phagocytosis.
116
+ - Does <one>lymphocyte maturation</one> also occur in the cortext of the thymus? Yes - in the cortex as well as in the medulla.
117
+ - Can <one>helper T cells</one> <two>enhance the microbicidal abilities of phagocytes</two>? <one>Yes</one>.
118
+ - <one>Why</one> do <two>macrophages</two> <three>ingest and engulf apoptotic cells</three>? This is necessary to <one>avoid inducing an inflammatory response</one>.
119
+ - The <one>direct predecessor of the monocyte</one> is the ... ? <one>Monoblast</one>.
120
+ - The <one>precursors of tissue macrophages</one> are ... ? <one>Monocytes</one>.
121
+ - Nenne ein anderes Wort für die <one>somatische Rekombination</one>. A: <one>V(D)J-Rekombination</one>.
122
+ - Name <one>two phagocyte types</one> that express receptors for the tails of IgG, and use that to digest IgG-coated microbes. A: (1) <one>neutrophils</one> (2) <one>macropahges</one>
123
+ - Why are <one>helper T cells</one> called helper? Because these CD4+ T Cells help activate B cells respond to protein antigens.
124
+ - Die Effektorzellen der ADCC sind ... ? <one>NK-Zellen</one>.
125
+ - Contraction in immunology happens primarily by which mechanism? Apoptosis.
126
+ - The <one>three main sites</one> of interaction between individuals and their environment are ... ? (1) the <one>skin</one> (2) the <one>gastrointestinal tract</one> (3) the <one>respiratory tract</one>
127
+ - Which immune cell is renowned for secreting cytokines? The <one>T helper cell</one>.
128
+ - An adult human that is healthy, will generate how many granulocytes per day? About <one>70 billion granulocytes per day</one>.
129
+ - VDJ recombination in B cells depends on which proteins? On RAG proteins: Recombinating activating gene proteins.
130
+ - Befinden sich <one>PRR</one> <two>in der Zellmembran</two>? <one>Ja</one>. []
131
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>bessere Phagozytose von Krankheitserregern</one>? <one>Opsonierung</one>. []
132
+ - Can <one>macrophages</one> <two>undergo cell division at an inflammatory site</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
133
+ - Are there <one>more neutrophils</one> <two>in the blood</two> <three>than lymphocytes</three>? <one>Yes</one> - <two>almost twice as many</two>. []
134
+ - Name <one>a process</one> <two>that improves the quality of the humoral immune respone</two>. A: <one>Affinity maturation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_maturation []
135
+ - Can <one>macrophages</one> <two>serve as an APC</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
136
+ - Can the <one>BCR</one> <two>bind glycoproteins</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
137
+ - Do we have to <one>produce CAR T-cells individually for each patient</one>? <one>Yes</one>. []
138
+ - <one>Which two types of inflammation</one> can be distinguished, in general? (1) acute inflammation (2) chronic inflammation []
139
+ - The <one>most classical example of a PAMP</one> is ... ? <one>LPS</one>: <two>Lipopolysaccharide</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide []
140
+ - <one>Which cells</one> typically <two>destroy virus-infected cells</two>? <one>NK cells</one> will do that. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_killer_cell []
141
+ - Do <one>monocytes</one> and <one>macrophages</one> <two>represent the same cell lineage</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
142
+ - Does <one>a secreted form of the T-cell receptor</one> exist? <one>No</one> - <two>all TCRs are membrane-bound</two>. []
143
+ - Do <one>phagocyte-like cells</one> <two>exist in plants</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
144
+ - Do <one>macrophages</one> <two>ingest dead cells</two>? <one>Yes</one>, <two>as part of the cleaning up process after infection</two>. []
145
+ - Once entering tissues, <one>monocytes</one> <two>mature and become ... </two>? <one>Macrophages</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage []
146
+ - The <one>most specialized antigen-presenting cell</one> <two>is ... </two>? The <one>dendritic cell</one>. <two>This cell will capture microbial antigens that enter from the external environment</two>. []
147
+ - Does <one>class switching</one> <two>require the action of helper T cells</two>? <one>Yes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_class_switching []
148
+ - <one>In a given lymph node</one>: which cell should ideally first see an incoming antigen? The <one>dendritic cell</one>. []
149
+ - The <one>monocytes</one> <two>consist of how many distinct subsets</two>? <one>Two</one>. []
150
+ - Do <one>NK cells</one> <two>belong to the adaptive immune system</two>? <one>No</one>. They belong to the innate immune system, largely because they lack antigen-specific cell surface receptors. []
151
+ - The <one>immune system</one> <two>must be tolerant ... </two>? <one>against self</one>. []
152
+ - Give another name for <one>the elimination of antigen</one>. A: The <one>effector phase</one>.
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === Advanced microbiology
3
+ #
4
+ # Schäffer tag. Schäff tag. Sch tag. ADVANCED MICROBIOLOGY tag.
5
+ # =========================================================================== #
6
+
7
+ - Wer ist der <one>Lipidcarrier</one> für Peptidoglykanbausteine? <one>Bactoprenol</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactoprenol
8
+ - Der <one>Kalilauge</one>-Test (<two>3%-ige KOH Lösung</two>) wird zum <three>Nachweis welcher Bakteriengruppe verwendet</three>? <one>Gram-negative Bakterien</one> <two>da diese eine dünne Zellwand besitzen</two>. Der Nachweis erfolgt mittels einer Nadel.
9
+ - Nenne die <one>vier Temperaturklassen in Mikroorganismen</one>. A: (1) <one>psychrophile</one> (2) <one>mesophile</one> (3) <one>thermophile</one> (4) <one>hyperthermophile</one>
10
+ - <one>Wo</one> findet man <two>DAP</two> (<three>Diaminopimelinsäure</three>)? <one>DAP</one> ist ein Baustein der Peptidoglycane.
11
+ - <one>Peptidoglycane</one> bestehen woraus? Aus Strängen glycosidisch miteinander verknüpfter Zuckerderivatmoleküle <one>N-Acetylglucosamin</one> und <one>N-Acetylmuraminsäure</one>.
12
+ - Nenne ein Protein in <one>Sulfolobus</one> das <two>die Integrität der dsDNA</two> erhält. A: Das DNA-Bindungsprotein <one>Sacd7</one>.
13
+ - Nenne <one>drei Methoden in der mikrobiellen Taxonomie</one>, die Verwendung finden. A: (1) <one>Ribotyping</one> (2) <one>Lipidanalyse</one> (3) <one>DNA:DNA Hybridisierung</noe>
14
+ - <one>Lysozym</one> ist <two>gegen welches Peptidoglycan unwirksam</two>? Lysozym ist unwirksam gegenüber <one>Pseudo-Peptidoglycan</one>.
15
+ - <one>Wo</one> kann <two>Pseudopeptidoglycan</two> gefunden werden? Bei <one>Archaea</one>.
16
+ - Was bevorzugen <one>Osmophile</one>? <one>Osmophile Mikroorganismen</one> bevorzugen einen <two>hohen Zuckergehalt</two>.
17
+ - Nenne alle Enzyme, die beim Entfernen des <one>docking strand</one> im Peptidoglycan beteiligt sind. A: Lytische Transglykosylase, sowie Endopeptidasen und <one>Amidasen</one>.
18
+ - <one>Capsules</one> (<two>in bacteria</two>) are formed by the excretion of ... ? <one>Polysaccharides</one>.
19
+ - <one>Capsules</one> (in bacteria) carry which antigen? The <one>Vi-antigen</one>.
20
+ - In der molekularen Taxonomie kommt <two>FAME</two> zur Anwendung. Wofür steht <one>FAME</one>? <one>Fatty acid methyl ester</one>.
21
+ - <one>Which protein</one> normally keeps <two>sigmafactor Sigma-F</two> inactive, in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>? <one>SpoIIAB</one>, a so-called <two>anti-sigma factor</two>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC46079/
22
+ - Sind <one>Psychrotolerante</one> <two>hitzelabil</two>? <one>Nein</one>.
23
+ - <one>Wieso</one> verwenden Bakterien <two>Gasvesikel</two>? <one>Gasvesikel</one> dienen dem Auftrieb von im Wasser lebenden Bakterien.
24
+ - Trivialname für <one>Gallionella</one>? <one>Eisenbakterium</one>.
25
+ - Name a <one>key biomarker</one> <two>for Bacteria</two>, but not for Archaea. A: <one>Peptidoglycan</one>.
26
+ - Name a famous example of a bacterium that is capable of <one>bioluminescence</one>. A: The marine bacterium <one>Vibrio fischeri</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliivibrio_fischeri
27
+ - Beim <one>Ribotyping</one>: <two>welches molekulare Werkzeug ist hier sehr wichtig</two>? Die <one>PCR</one>.
28
+ - <one>Which component</one> of the <two>bacterial peptidoglycan</two> is common to both Bacteria and Archaea? <one>N-Acetylglucosamin</one>.
29
+ - <one>Why</one> may a bacterium <two>require a hydrolase for growth</two>? A conditional mutant lacking certain hydrolases, are no longer able to to incorporate new murein into their cell wall, most likely because the cross-link step is essential for enlargement of the murein sacculus.
30
+ - <one>Welche Struktur</one> hat das Pseudopeptidoglycan der Archaea? N-Acetylglucosamin und N-Acetyltalosaminuronsäure, die Beta-1,3-verknüpft sind.
31
+ - <one>Welche Bakteriengruppe</one> benötigt vor allem <two>Natrium</two>? Jene die im Meer leben, da der Salzgehalt im Meerwasser hoch ist.
32
+ - Name a problem with <one>mixed-culture growth</one>. A: Some strain tend to dominate over others.
33
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für das Enzym <one>Lysozym</one>? <one>Muramidase</one>.
34
+ - In bacteria: the <one>regulation of these bioluminescence genes</one> is <two>often inherently linked with ... </two>? <one>Quorum sensing</one>.
35
+ - Warum ist das <one>Peptidoglycan</one> so wichtig für ein Bakterium? Es gibt dem Bakterium seine Form und schützt es dergestalt vor <one>osmotischer Lyse</one>.
36
+ - Bei den <one>hyperthermophilen Proteinen</one> der Archaea. Nenne eine Besonderheit. A: Sie haben ein <one>hydrophobes Core</one>; <two>dies verringert die Entfaltungstendenz</two>.
37
+ - Die <one>Teichonsäuren</one> sind typisch für welche Bakteriengruppe? <one>Gram⁺ Bakterien</one>.
38
+ - What is <one<the lipid carrier used in the Biosynthesis of Peptidoglycan</one>? <one>Bactoprenol</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactoprenol
39
+ - Nenne <one>eine Bakteriengattung</one>, die den KDPG-Weg für den Glucoseabbau verwendet. A: <one>Pseudomonadas</one>.
40
+ - <one>Wo</one> werden <two>Autolysine</two> eingesetzt? Bei der <one>Biosynthese von Peptidoglykan</one>.
41
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>Cytoplasmamembran</one> der Bakterien? <one>Phospholipiddoppelschicht</one>.
42
+ - <one>Peptidoglycan</one> besteht aus <two>welchen zwei Zuckerderivaten</two>? <one>N-Acetylglucosamin</one> und <one>N-Acetylmuraminsäure</one>.
43
+ - <one>Bactoprenol</one> besitzt <two>wieviele C-Atome</two>? <one>55</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactoprenol
44
+ - Name a specific example for a biological entity that would fall under <one>biosafety level 4</one>. A: The <one>Ebola virus</one>.
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === Advanced topics in plant sciences
3
+ # =========================================================================== #
4
+
5
+ - Mammutbäume werden auch ... genannt. A: <one>Sequoias</one>.
6
+ - Does <one>Carum Carvi</one> belong to the Apiaceae? <one>Yes</one>.
7
+ - Trivialname der Apiaceae? <one>Doldenblütler</one>.
8
+ - Animal cells make use of gap junctions. How are the similar structures to gap junctions in plants called? <one>Plasmodesmata</one>.
9
+ - Das <one>Längenwachstum</one> wird während des gesamten Lebens einer Landpflanze durch ... aufrechterhalten. A: die <one>Apikalmeristeme</one>.
10
+ - Sind die <one>Pteridophyten</one> eine monophyletische Gruppe? Nein - sie sind eine paraphyletische Gruppe.
11
+ - Nenne ein allgemeines Beispiel für <one>gefäßlose Pflanzen</one>. A: Die Moose, wie die <two>Laubmoose</two>.
12
+ - Was meinen wir mit <one>Protoplastenkulturen</one>? Dies sind <one>Pflanzenzellen ohne Zellwand</one>.
13
+ - The <one>flowering plants</one> are also called ... ? <one>Angiosperms</one>.
14
+ - <one>Tracheophyten</one> sind die ... ? <one>Gefäßpflanzen</one>.
15
+ - Nenne <one>zwei Gründe</one> wieso Pflanzen <two>Kalium</two> benötigen. A: (1) für die <one>Regulierung des Wasserhaushalts</one> (2) für den <one>Aufbau von Zellwänden</one>
16
+ - <one>Volvox</one> belongs to which algae? To the <one>green alga</one>.
17
+ - Die Cuticula der Landpflanzen wirkt wasserabweisend und verhindert dadurch einen übermäßigen Wasserverlust aus den tiefer gelegenen Geweben. Gleichzeitig bietet die Cuticula jedoch noch einen weiteren Vorteil, wenngleich dieser nicht so wichtig ist wie der Schutz gegen Wasserverlust. A: Die Cuticula bietet einen gewissen Schutz vor Angriffen durch Mikroorganismen.
18
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für einen Sekundärstoff der Pflanzen der mit dem Buchstaben '<one>A</one>' beginnt. A: <one>Alkaloide</one>.
19
+ - <one>Was fehlte</one> den ersten Landpflanzen? (1) Sie hatten <one>keine echten Wurzeln</one>. (2) Auch <one>Blätter</one> fehlten ihnen.
20
+ - Wie lösen Landpflanzen das Problem des ständigen Wasserverlustes? Sie verwenden eine wasserabweisende <one>Cuticula</one>.
21
+ - Die männlichen Gametangien, die Antheridien, bilden bei manchen Pflanzen begeißelte Spermatozoiden. Nenne eine Pflanzengruppe als Beispiel hierzu. A: Die <one>Bryophyten</one> aka <two>Moose</two>.
22
+ - Der <one>Sporophyt</one> trägt vielzellige Organe, die ... , in denen Sporen produziert werden. A: <one>Sporangien</one>.
23
+ - Was ist die <one>Transpiration</one>? <one>Transpiration</one> ist die Abgabe von Wasserdampf aus Blättern und anderen oberirdischen Pflanzenteilen.
24
+ - Eine andere Bezeichnung für die <one>Landpflanzen</one> ist <two>E...........</two>. A: <one>Embryophyten</one>.
25
+ - In <one>bryophytes</one> such as mosses, liverworts, and hornworts: is the gametophyte or the sporophyte the most visible stage of the life cycle? The <one>gametophyte</one>.
26
+ - Die engsten lebenden Verwandten der Landpflanzen sind ... ? Die Vertreter der Grünalgen.
27
+ - Eigentlich sollten wie Pflanzen eher als ... bezeichnen. A: <one>Landpflanzen</one>.
28
+ - Leben die meisten rezenten Pflanzentaxa in terrestrischen Lebensräumen? <one>Ja</one>.
29
+ - Im Jahre 2015 waren in etwa wieviele Pflanzenarten bekannt? Etwa <one>290.000 Pflanzenarten</one>.
30
+ - Besitzen <one>Embryophyten</one> sowohl einen Gametophyten als auch einen Sporophyten? <one>Ja</one>.
31
+ - Kommt <one>Cellulose</noe> verzweigt vor? <one>Nein</one>, nie.
32
+ - Nenne eine Pflanze, die relativ viel Ameisensäure besitzt. A: Die <one>Brennessel</one>.
33
+ - As part of the <one>phloem</one>: why are the <two>sieve tube elements</two> <three>not capable of synthesizing proteins</three>? Because <one>they have lost their nucleus</one>.
34
+ - Say that a fungus attacks a plant. Which gas could be used to decrease the severity of this fungal infection? <one>Ethylene</one>.
35
+ - Welche 'Zelle' dient als Modell zum Verständnis des osmotischen Potentials? Die <one>Pfeffersche Zelle</one>.
36
+ - Das <one>Wasserpotential</one> kann benutzt werden um zu bestimmen wie Wasser fließt. Wie geht dies? Allgemein gilt: Wasser fließt immer von Orten mit höherem zu Orten mit niedrigerem Wasserpotential.
37
+ - Das <one>Wasserpotential</one> ist ein Maß für ... ? Für die <one>Verfügbarkeit von Wasser</one>.
38
+ - Nenne drei verschiedene Gase die in einer Pflanze transportiert werden. A: (1) <one>CO₂</one> (2) <one>O₂</one> (3) <one>H₂O</one>
39
+ - Eine <one>Mykorrhiza</one> ist eine symbiontische Assoziation zwischen Pilzen und ... ? <one>Pflanzenwurzeln</one>.
40
+ - Bei der grünen Revolution: höhere ... durch Zwergwuchs. A: <one>höhere Kornerträge</one>.
41
+ - Bei der berühmten <one>grünen Revolution</one>: welches Phytohormon war hier besonders wichtig? <one>Gibberellin</one>.
42
+ - Bei der Selektion von Getreide: ist es eher besser wenn die Rachis zerbrechlich ist oder wenn die Rachis starr ist, aus Sicht der Menschen? Es ist, aufgrund der Ernte, eher besser wen die Rachis starr ist.
43
+ - Die <one>Guttationsflüssigkeit</one> ist nicht das gleiche wie <two>Tau</two> - aber was ist <two>Tau</two>? <two>Tau</two> ist <one>kondensierter Wasserdampf aus der Luft</one>.
44
+ - Was ist <one>photoatrop</one>? Dies bedeutet <one>nicht auf Licht reagierend</one>.
45
+ - Thanks to <one>root nodules</one>, plants obtain ... ? <one>Nitrogen</one>.
46
+ - <two>n% der US Maisproduktion</two> geht in <one>Bioethanol</one>? Etwa <one>40%</one>.
47
+ - Der <one>Protoplast</one> wird nach außen begrenzt durch ... ? <one>Plasmalemma</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellmembran
48
+ - Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>hypogäisch</one> gemeint? Dies ist dann der Fall wenn der Same unter der Erde verbleibt.
49
+ - Die <one>Samenverbreitung durch Tiere</one> wird wie genannt? <one>Zoochorie</one>.
50
+ - In a given plant cell: does <one>ice forming</one> outside the cell membrane <two>withdraw water from the protoplast</two>? Yes.
51
+ - Angenommen eine Pflanze kann sowohl große als auch kleine Samen produzieren. Welchen Vorteil mag sich durch kleine Samen ergeben (abgesehen von der Energie, die investiert muss für deren Produktion)? Kleine Samen sind <one>leicht zu verbreiten</one>.
52
+ - In Pflanzen: verläuft die <one>Massenströmung</one> schneller als Diffusion? Ja.
53
+ - Nenne den prominentesten Vertreter des <one>C4-Typs</one> bei der Photosynthese. A: Der <one>Mais</one>.
54
+ - <two>Plants</two> use which substance for <one>transpiration</one>? <one>H₂O</one>.
55
+ - What are <one>helophytes</one>? These are <one>plants</one> that hibernate under water or in water-saturaded sediments. They die during winter.
56
+ - <two>Wieviele sukkulente Blätter</two> finden wir bei den <one>lebenden Steinen</one>? <one>Zwei</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithops
57
+ - Is <one>cork</one> softer than <two>wood</two>? In general <one>yes</one>.
58
+ - Das <one>Pilzmyzel</one> rund um Mykorrhiza hat (meistens) welche Farbe? <one>Weiß</one>.
59
+ - Give an example for <one>plant-animal mutualism</one>. A: <one>Plant-ant mutualism</one>, where the <two>ants protect the plants</two>.
60
+ - Nenne <one>eine photosynthetisch aktive, mehrzellige Alge</one>. A: Der <one>Seetang</one>.
61
+ - Some <one>orchids</one> resemble female ... in shape? <one>Wasps.</one>
62
+ - Bei den Pflanzen: <one>Sauerstoff</one> 'entsteht' im Zuge der ... ? der <one>Lichtreaktion</one>.
63
+ - <one>Mechanical protection</one> of a plant's epidermis often occurs primarily through ... ? A <one>thick cell wall</one>.
64
+ - Bei Pflanzen findet sich das <one>Hydrenchym</one> meist unter dem ... ? <one>Assimilationsparenchym</one>.
65
+ - <one>Ug99</one> ist ein virulenter Rostpilz der Weizen befällt. Er stammte aus welchem Land? Aus <one>Uganda</one>.
66
+ - <one>Guard cells</one> can be found near/at the stomata. Do they contain <two>chloroplasts</two>? No.
67
+ - Welche Pflanzen vor allem verwenden ein <one>Hydrenchym</one>? Pflanzen die <one>in Trockengebieten</one> beheimatet sind.
68
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für den <one>Milchsaft tropischer Bäume</one>? <one>Latex</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milchsaft
69
+ - How do we call <one>plant seeds</one> that do not need any help when it comes to seed dispersal? <one>Autochorous seeds</one>.
70
+ - Die <one>Kokosnuss</one> ist keine Nuss sondern ... ? Eine <one>Steinfrucht</one>.
71
+ - Die <one>Stärkespeicherung</one> in Pflanzen erfolgt üblicherweise oberirdisch oder unterirdisch? Eher <one>unterirdisch</one>.
72
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für eine <one>Kulturpflanzensorte</one>? <one>Cultivar</one>.
73
+ - Was wird unter dem Begriff <one>Massenströmung</one> verstanden? Dies bezeichnet <one>die durch Druck angetriebene Bewegung einer Flüssigkeit</one>.
74
+ - Das <one>O₂</one> bei der Photosynthese entsteht aus ... ? <one>H₂O</one>.
75
+ - <one>Mais</one> hat, in Bezug auf die Ernährung, einen Mangel an ... ? <one>Niacin</one>; sowie den Aminosäuren Tryptophan und Lysin.
76
+ - Can the <one>bark</one> of the trees be used to identify said tree? Yes.
77
+ - <one>Aerenchyma</one> (in plants) are especially important under which condition? When the plant resides under water yet still requires oxygen (O₂) supply.
78
+ - Do <one>shrubs</one> have an <two>advantage</two> over <one>trees</one> in snow? Well, it depends - <one>dwarf shrubs may be covered by snow</one>, which protects them against some of the cold, whereas a young tree seedling faces a challenge here.
79
+ - Nenne eine Pflanze, deren Blätter bis zu 20 Meter lang werden können. A: Die <one>Mehlpalme</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffia_palm
80
+ - Wie können wir den Begriff <one>Transpiration</one> übersetzen? Mit <one>Wasserverlust aus den Blättern</one>.
81
+ - Lebende Steine aus der Gattung <one>Lithops</one> haben Vorteile und Nachteile. Nenne einen interessanten Nachteil. A: Lebende Steine wachsen nur sehr langsam, da sie <one>weitgehend unterirdisch leben</one>.
82
+ - Die Färbung im <one>Chromoplast</one> entsteht durch ... ? <one>Carotinoiden</one>.
83
+ - Was wird mit dem Begriff <one>Protophyten</one> gemeint? Dies bezieht sich auf <one>einzellige Algen und Pilze</one>.
84
+ - Name a very important difference between cultivated bananas and their wild relatives. A: <one>Cultivated bananas are seedless</one> - which <two>makes them more edible</two>.
85
+ - In plants: give another name for <one>embryonic tissue</one>. A: A <one>meristem</one>.
86
+ - Are <one>tracheids</one> single cells? Yes - <one>elongated single cells</one>.
87
+ - Plants often have <one>trichomes</one>. Name three different types of trichomes here. A: (1) <one>Aerial surface hairs</one> (2) <one>Glandular trichomes</one> (3) <one>Non-glandular trichomes</one>
88
+ - Die <one>Kokosnuss</one> ist ein Same, der zumindest einen Nachteil hat. Welchen? Die Palme kann nur sehr wenige Kokosnüssen produzieren.
89
+ - <one>Begonia</one> produces very small seeds, but plenty of them. This has some disadvantages, but also at the least one large advantage if a plant is to produce very small seeds. Name such an advantage. A: Small seeds are easily dispersed by wind.
90
+ - <one>Seeds of plants</one> contain which two very important components? (1) the <one>embryo</one> (2) <one>storage facilities</one> (such as nutrients)
91
+ - What is <one>anemochory</one>? This is <one>seed dispersal by wind</one>- the hairs on seeds can function as flight hairs.
92
+ - Give another (english) name for the <one>trichomes</one>. A: <one>Trichomes</one> are also called <two>stinging hairs</two>.
93
+ - <one>cork</one> is water-and gas-tight. It also contains <two>antimicrobial substances</two>, in particular ... ? <one>Tannins</one>.
94
+ - Do the <one>epidermal cells in plants</one> have <two>intercellular space</two>? No - except for the <one>stomata</one>.
95
+ - <one>Cormophytes</one> contain which three elements? (1) <one>shoots</one> (2) <one>roots</one> (3) <one>leaves</one>
96
+ - In the <one>xylem</one> of plants: water is transported by <two>positive pressure</two> or by <two>negative pressure</two>? It is transported by <one>negative pressure</one>, from the <two>water loss by the leaves</two>.
97
+ - Name <one>a plant family</one> that absolutely depends on the presence of a fungus. A: The <one>orchids</one>. They form a tight symbiosis with a certain fungus.
98
+ - The <one>fungal partners</one> in <two>endomycorrhiza</two> are from a small group of fungi called the ... ? <one>Glomeromycota</one>.
99
+ - In plants: <one>Ectomycorrhizae</one> suppress the production of ... ? <one>Root hairs</one>.
100
+ - Give an example for <one>Eusymbiosis</one> in plants. A: <one>Pollination</one>.
101
+ - Have <one>humans</one> entered a <two>symbiosis</two> with <one>plants</one>? Yes - modern human society and cultivated plants could not exist without one another.
102
+ - Give another name for the <one>spermatophytes</one>. A: <one>Seed plants</one>.
103
+ - What is the primary role of <one>apical meristems</one> in plants? Apical meristems serve for <one>growth in length</one>.
104
+ - <one>Isodiametric plant cells</one> have what general shape? They are <one>approximately round</one>.
105
+ - Name a <one>succulent plant</one> that begins with the letter <two>A</two>. A: <one>Aloe</one>.
106
+ - <one>Idioblasts</one> in plants often include ... ? <one>Crystals</one>, such as <two>calcium oxalate</two>.
107
+ - Why may some plants make use of <one>intracellular calcium oxalate</one>? Because this <one>may protect from herbivores</one>; may also damage the kidneys in the long run. (Another lesser reason is that the formation of oxalate crystals relieves the plant of this toxic substance).
108
+ - Give two examples for <one>Thallophytes</one>. A: (1) <one>mosses</one> (2) <one>algae</one>
109
+ - The <one>phloem</one> and the <one>xylem</one> are arranged in vascular ... ? <one>bundles</one>.