statsample-ekatena 2.0.2

data/lib/statsample-ekatena/anova/twoway.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+module Statsample
+  module Anova
+    # = Generic Anova two-way.
+    # You could enter the sum of squares or the mean squares for a, b, axb and within. 
+    # You should enter the degrees of freedom for a,b and within, because df_axb=df_a*df_b
+    # == Usage
+    #  anova=Statsample::Anova::TwoWay(:ss_a=>10,:ss_b=>20,:ss_axb=>10, :ss_within=>20, :df_a=>2, :df_b=>3,df_within=100 @name=>"ANOVA for....")
+    class TwoWay
+      include Summarizable
+      attr_reader :df_a, :df_b, :df_axb, :df_within, :df_total
+      attr_reader :ss_a, :ss_b, :ss_axb, :ss_within, :ss_total
+      attr_reader :ms_a, :ms_b, :ms_axb, :ms_within, :ms_total
+      # Name of ANOVA Analisys
+      attr_accessor :name
+      # Name of a factor
+      attr_accessor :name_a
+      # Name of b factor
+      attr_accessor :name_b
+      # Name of within factor
+      attr_accessor :name_within
+      
+      attr_reader :f_a_object, :f_b_object, :f_axb_object
+      def initialize(opts=Hash.new)
+        # First see if sum of squares or mean squares are entered
+        raise ArgumentError, "You should set all d.f." unless [:df_a, :df_b, :df_within].all? {|v| opts.has_key? v}
+        
+        @df_a=opts.delete :df_a
+        @df_b=opts.delete :df_b
+        @df_axb=@df_a*@df_b
+        @df_within=opts.delete :df_within
+        @df_total=@df_a+@df_b+@df_axb+@df_within
+        
+        if [:ss_a, :ss_b, :ss_axb, :ss_within].all? {|v| opts.has_key? v}
+          @ss_a = opts.delete :ss_a
+          @ss_b = opts.delete :ss_b
+          @ss_axb = opts.delete :ss_axb
+          @ss_within = opts.delete :ss_within
+          
+          @ms_a =@ss_a.quo(@df_a)
+          @ms_b =@ss_b.quo(@df_b) 
+          @ms_axb =@ss_axb.quo(@df_axb)
+          @ms_within =@ss_within.quo(@df_within) 
+
+        elsif [:ms_a, :ms_b, :ms_axb, :ms_within].all? {|v| opts.has_key? v}
+          @ms_a = opts.delete :ms_a
+          @ms_b = opts.delete :ms_b
+          @ms_axb = opts.delete :ms_axb
+          @ms_within = opts.delete :ms_within
+          
+          @ss_a =@ms_a*@df_a
+          @ss_b =@ms_b*@df_b 
+          @ss_axb =@ms_axb*@df_axb
+          @ss_within =@ms_within*@df_within
+        else
+          raise "You should set all ss or ss"
+        end
+        @ss_total=@ss_a+@ss_b+@ss_axb+@ss_within
+        @ms_total=@ms_a+@ms_b+@ms_axb+@ms_within
+        opts_default={:name=>_("ANOVA Two-Way"),
+                      :name_a=>_("A"),
+                      :name_b=>_("B"),
+                      :name_within=>_("Within")                      
+        }
+        @opts=opts_default.merge(opts)
+        opts_default.keys.each {|k|
+          send("#{k}=", @opts[k])
+        }
+        @f_a_object=Statsample::Test::F.new(@ms_a,@ms_within,@df_a,@df_within)
+        @f_b_object=Statsample::Test::F.new(@ms_b,@ms_within,@df_b,@df_within)
+        @f_axb_object=Statsample::Test::F.new(@ms_axb,@ms_within,@df_axb,@df_within)
+      end
+      def f_a
+        @f_a_object.f
+      end
+      def f_b
+        @f_b_object.f
+      end
+      def f_axb
+        @f_axb_object.f
+      end
+      def f_a_probability
+        @f_a_object.probability
+      end
+      def f_b_probability
+        @f_b_object.probability
+      end
+      def f_axb_probability
+        @f_axb_object.probability
+      end
+            
+
+      def report_building(builder) #:nodoc:
+        builder.section(:name=>@name) do |b|
+          report_building_table(b)
+        end
+      end
+      def report_building_table(builder) #:nodoc:
+        builder.table(:name=>_("%s Table") % @name, :header=>%w{source ss df ms f p}.map {|v| _(v)}) do |t|
+          t.row([@name_a, "%0.3f" % @ss_a,   @df_a, "%0.3f" % @ms_a , "%0.3f" % f_a, "%0.4f" % f_a_probability] )
+          t.row([@name_b, "%0.3f" % @ss_b,   @df_b, "%0.3f" % @ms_b , "%0.3f" % f_b, "%0.4f" % f_b_probability] )
+          t.row(["%s X %s" % [@name_a, @name_b], "%0.3f" % @ss_axb,   @df_axb, "%0.3f" % @ms_axb , "%0.3f" % f_axb, "%0.4f" % f_axb_probability] )          
+          t.row([@name_within, "%0.3f" % @ss_within,   @df_within, nil,nil,nil] )
+          t.row([_("Total"), "%0.3f" % @ss_total,   @df_total, nil,nil,nil] )          
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    
+    # Two Way Anova with vectors
+    # Example:
+    #   v1 = Daru::Vector.new([1,1,2,2])
+    #   v2 = Daru::Vector.new([1,2,1,2])
+    #   v3 = Daru::Vector.new([5,3,1,5])
+    #   anova=Statsample::Anova::TwoWayWithVectors.new(:a=>v1,:b=>v2, :dependent=>v3)
+    #
+    class TwoWayWithVectors < TwoWay
+       # Show summary Levene test
+      attr_accessor :summary_levene
+      # Show summary descriptives for variables (means)
+      attr_accessor :summary_descriptives
+      attr_reader :a_var, :b_var, :dep_var
+      # For now, only equal sample cells allowed
+      def initialize(opts=Hash.new)
+        raise "You should insert at least :a, :b and :dependent" unless  [:a, :b, :dependent].all? {|v| opts.has_key? v}
+        @a_var   = :a
+        @b_var   = :b
+        @dep_var = :dependent
+        @a_vector, @b_vector, @dep_vector = 
+          Statsample.only_valid_clone opts[:a], opts[:b], opts[:dependent]
+        
+        ds  = Daru::DataFrame.new({@a_var=>@a_vector, @b_var=>@b_vector, @dep_var=>@dep_vector})
+        @ds = ds.clone_only_valid
+        _p  = @a_vector.factors.size
+        _q  = @b_vector.factors.size
+        @x_general = @dep_vector.mean
+        @axb_means = {}
+        @axb_sd    = {}
+        @vectors   = []
+        n=nil
+        @ds.to_multiset_by_split(a_var,b_var).each_vector(dep_var) {|k,v|
+          @axb_means[k] = v.mean
+          @axb_sd[k]    = v.sd
+          @vectors << v
+          n ||= v.size
+          raise "All cell sizes should be equal" if n!=v.size
+        }
+
+        @a_means={}
+        @ds.to_multiset_by_split(a_var).each_vector(dep_var) {|k,v|
+          @a_means[k]=v.mean
+        }
+        @b_means={}
+        @ds.to_multiset_by_split(b_var).each_vector(dep_var) {|k,v|
+          @b_means[k]=v.mean
+        }
+        ss_a = n*_q*@ds[a_var].factors.inject(0) {|ac,v|
+          ac + (@a_means[v]-@x_general)**2
+        }
+        ss_b=n*_p*@ds[b_var].factors.inject(0) {|ac,v|
+          ac+(@b_means[v]-@x_general)**2
+        }
+        ss_within = @ds.collect(:row) { |row|
+          (row[dep_var]-@axb_means[[row[a_var],row[b_var]]])**2
+        }.sum
+        ss_axb = n*@axb_means.inject(0) {|ac,v|
+          j,k=v[0]
+          xjk=v[1]
+          ac+(xjk-@a_means[j]-@b_means[k]+@x_general)**2
+        }
+
+        df_a=_p-1
+        df_b=_q-1
+        df_within=(_p*_q)*(n-1)
+        
+        opts_default={:name=>_("Anova Two-Way on %s") % @ds[dep_var].name, 
+          :name_a=>@ds[a_var].name,
+            :name_b=>@ds[b_var].name,
+            :summary_descriptives=>true,
+            :summary_levene=>false}
+            
+        @opts=opts_default.merge(opts).merge({:ss_a=>ss_a,:ss_b=>ss_b, :ss_axb=>ss_axb, :ss_within=>ss_within, :df_a=>df_a, :df_b=>df_b, :df_within=>df_within})
+        
+        
+        super(@opts)
+      end
+      def levene
+        Statsample::Test.levene(@vectors, :name=>_("Test of Homogeneity of variances (Levene)"))
+      end      
+      def report_building(builder) #:nodoc:#
+        builder.section(:name=>@name) do |s|
+          if summary_descriptives
+            s.table(:header =>['']+@ds[a_var].factors.map {|a| @ds[a_var].index_of(a)}+[_("%s Mean") % @name_b]) do |t|
+              @ds[b_var].factors.each do |b|
+                t.row([@ds[b_var].index_of(b)]+@ds[a_var].factors.map {|a| "%0.3f" % @axb_means[[a,b]] } + ["%0.3f" % @b_means[b]])
+              end
+              t.row([_("%s Mean") % @name_a]+@ds[a_var].factors.map {|a| "%0.3f" % @a_means[a]}+ ["%0.3f" % @x_general])
+            end
+          end
+          if summary_levene
+            s.parse_element(levene)
+          end
+          report_building_table(s)
+
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/statsample-ekatena/bivariate.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,406 @@
+require 'statsample/bivariate/pearson'
+module Statsample
+  # Diverse methods and classes to calculate bivariate relations
+  # Specific classes: 
+  # * Statsample::Bivariate::Pearson : Pearson correlation coefficient (r)
+  # * Statsample::Bivariate::Tetrachoric : Tetrachoric correlation
+  # * Statsample::Bivariate::Polychoric  : Polychoric correlation (using joint, two-step and polychoric series)
+  module Bivariate
+    autoload(:Polychoric, 'statsample/bivariate/polychoric')
+    autoload(:Tetrachoric, 'statsample/bivariate/tetrachoric')
+    class << self
+      # Covariance between two vectors
+      def covariance(v1,v2)
+        v1a,v2a=Statsample.only_valid_clone(v1,v2)
+
+        return nil if v1a.size==0
+        if Statsample.has_gsl?
+          GSL::Stats::covariance(v1a.to_gsl, v2a.to_gsl)
+        else
+          covariance_slow(v1a,v2a)
+        end
+      end
+      # Estimate the ML between two dichotomic vectors
+      def maximum_likehood_dichotomic(pred,real)
+        preda,reala=Statsample.only_valid_clone(pred,real)                
+        sum=0
+        preda.each_index{|i|
+           sum+=(reala[i]*Math::log(preda[i])) + ((1-reala[i])*Math::log(1-preda[i]))
+        }
+        sum
+      end
+      
+      def covariance_slow(v1,v2) # :nodoc:
+        v1a,v2a=Statsample.only_valid(v1,v2)
+        sum_of_squares(v1a,v2a) / (v1a.size-1)
+      end
+      def sum_of_squares(v1,v2)
+        v1a,v2a=Statsample.only_valid_clone(v1,v2)
+        v1a.reset_index!
+        v2a.reset_index!        
+        m1=v1a.mean
+        m2=v2a.mean
+        (v1a.size).times.inject(0) {|ac,i| ac+(v1a[i]-m1)*(v2a[i]-m2)}
+      end
+      # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between 2 vectors
+      def pearson(v1,v2)
+        v1a,v2a=Statsample.only_valid_clone(v1,v2)
+        return nil if v1a.size ==0
+        if Statsample.has_gsl?
+          GSL::Stats::correlation(v1a.to_gsl, v2a.to_gsl)
+        else
+          pearson_slow(v1a,v2a)
+        end
+      end
+      def pearson_slow(v1,v2) # :nodoc:
+        v1a,v2a=Statsample.only_valid_clone(v1,v2)
+
+        # Calculate sum of squares
+        ss=sum_of_squares(v1a,v2a)
+        ss.quo(Math::sqrt(v1a.sum_of_squares) * Math::sqrt(v2a.sum_of_squares))
+      end
+      alias :correlation :pearson
+      # Retrieves the value for t test for a pearson correlation
+      # between two vectors to test the null hipothesis of r=0
+      def t_pearson(v1,v2)
+        v1a,v2a=Statsample.only_valid_clone(v1,v2)
+        r=pearson(v1a,v2a)
+        if(r==1.0) 
+          0
+        else
+          t_r(r,v1a.size)
+        end
+      end
+      # Retrieves the value for t test for a pearson correlation
+      # giving r and vector size
+      # Source : http://faculty.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/PA765/correl.htm
+      def t_r(r,size)
+        r * Math::sqrt(((size)-2).to_f / (1 - r**2))
+      end
+      # Retrieves the probability value (a la SPSS)
+      # for a given t, size and number of tails.
+      # Uses a second parameter 
+      # * :both  or 2  : for r!=0 (default)
+      # * :right, :positive or 1  : for r > 0
+      # * :left, :negative        : for r < 0
+      
+      def prop_pearson(t, size, tails=:both)
+        tails=:both if tails==2
+        tails=:right if tails==1 or tails==:positive
+        tails=:left if tails==:negative
+        
+        n_tails=case tails
+          when :both then 2
+          else 1
+        end
+        t=-t if t>0 and (tails==:both)
+        cdf=Distribution::T.cdf(t, size-2)
+        if(tails==:right)
+          1.0-(cdf*n_tails)
+        else
+          cdf*n_tails
+        end
+      end
+      
+      
+      # Predicted time for pairwise correlation matrix, in miliseconds
+      # See benchmarks/correlation_matrix.rb to see mode of calculation
+      
+      def prediction_pairwise(vars,cases)
+        ((-0.518111-0.000746*cases+1.235608*vars+0.000740*cases*vars)**2) / 100
+      end
+      # Predicted time for optimized correlation matrix, in miliseconds
+      # See benchmarks/correlation_matrix.rb to see mode of calculation
+      
+      def prediction_optimized(vars,cases)
+        ((4+0.018128*cases+0.246871*vars+0.001169*vars*cases)**2) / 100
+      end
+      # Returns residual score after delete variance
+      # from another variable
+      # 
+      def residuals(from,del)
+        r=Statsample::Bivariate.pearson(from,del)
+        froms, dels = from.vector_standarized, del.vector_standarized
+        nv=[]
+        froms.reset_index!
+        dels.reset_index!
+        froms.each_index do |i|
+          if froms[i].nil? or dels[i].nil?
+            nv.push(nil)
+          else
+            nv.push(froms[i]-r*dels[i])
+          end
+        end
+        Daru::Vector.new(nv)
+      end
+      # Correlation between v1 and v2, controling the effect of
+      # control on both.
+      def partial_correlation(v1,v2,control)
+        v1a,v2a,cona=Statsample.only_valid_clone(v1,v2,control)
+        rv1v2=pearson(v1a,v2a)
+        rv1con=pearson(v1a,cona)
+        rv2con=pearson(v2a,cona)        
+        (rv1v2-(rv1con*rv2con)).quo(Math::sqrt(1-rv1con**2) * Math::sqrt(1-rv2con**2))
+      end
+      
+      def covariance_matrix_optimized(ds)
+        x=ds.to_gsl
+        n=x.row_size
+        m=x.column_size
+        means=((1/n.to_f)*GSL::Matrix.ones(1,n)*x).row(0)
+        centered=x-(GSL::Matrix.ones(n,m)*GSL::Matrix.diag(means))
+        ss=centered.transpose*centered
+        s=((1/(n-1).to_f))*ss
+        s
+      end
+      
+      # Covariance matrix.
+      # Order of rows and columns depends on Dataset#fields order
+      
+      def covariance_matrix(ds)
+        vars,cases = ds.ncols, ds.nrows
+        if !ds.include_values?(*Daru::MISSING_VALUES) and Statsample.has_gsl? and prediction_optimized(vars,cases) < prediction_pairwise(vars,cases)
+          cm=covariance_matrix_optimized(ds)
+        else
+          cm=covariance_matrix_pairwise(ds)
+        end
+        cm.extend(Statsample::CovariateMatrix)
+        cm.fields = ds.vectors.to_a
+        cm
+      end
+      
+      
+      def covariance_matrix_pairwise(ds)
+        cache={}
+        vectors = ds.vectors.to_a
+        mat_rows = vectors.collect do |row|
+          vectors.collect do |col|
+            if (ds[row].type!=:numeric or ds[col].type!=:numeric)
+              nil
+            elsif row==col
+              ds[row].variance
+            else
+              if cache[[col,row]].nil?
+                cov=covariance(ds[row],ds[col])
+                cache[[row,col]]=cov
+                cov
+              else
+                cache[[col,row]]
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        
+        Matrix.rows mat_rows
+      end
+      
+      # Correlation matrix.
+      # Order of rows and columns depends on Dataset#fields order
+      def correlation_matrix(ds)
+        vars, cases = ds.ncols, ds.nrows
+        if !ds.include_values?(*Daru::MISSING_VALUES) and Statsample.has_gsl? and prediction_optimized(vars,cases) < prediction_pairwise(vars,cases)
+          cm=correlation_matrix_optimized(ds)
+        else
+          cm=correlation_matrix_pairwise(ds)
+        end
+        cm.extend(Statsample::CovariateMatrix)
+        cm.fields = ds.vectors.to_a
+        cm
+      end
+
+      def correlation_matrix_optimized(ds)
+        s=covariance_matrix_optimized(ds)
+        sds=GSL::Matrix.diagonal(s.diagonal.sqrt.pow(-1))
+        cm=sds*s*sds
+        # Fix diagonal
+        s.row_size.times {|i|
+          cm[i,i]=1.0
+        }
+        cm
+      end
+      def correlation_matrix_pairwise(ds)
+        cache={}
+        vectors = ds.vectors.to_a
+        cm = vectors.collect do |row|
+          vectors.collect do |col|
+            if row==col
+              1.0
+            elsif (ds[row].type!=:numeric or ds[col].type!=:numeric)
+              nil
+            else
+              if cache[[col,row]].nil?
+                r=pearson(ds[row],ds[col])
+                cache[[row,col]]=r
+                r
+              else
+                cache[[col,row]]
+              end 
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        Matrix.rows cm
+      end
+      
+      # Retrieves the n valid pairwise.
+      def n_valid_matrix(ds)
+        vectors = ds.vectors.to_a
+        m = vectors.collect do |row|
+          vectors.collect do |col|
+            if row==col
+              ds[row].reject_values(*Daru::MISSING_VALUES).size
+            else
+              rowa,rowb = Statsample.only_valid_clone(ds[row],ds[col])
+              rowa.size
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        Matrix.rows m
+      end
+      
+      # Matrix of correlation probabilities.
+      # Order of rows and columns depends on Dataset#fields order
+      
+      def correlation_probability_matrix(ds, tails=:both)
+        rows=ds.fields.collect do |row|
+          ds.fields.collect do |col|
+            v1a,v2a=Statsample.only_valid_clone(ds[row],ds[col])
+            (row==col or ds[row].type!=:numeric or ds[col].type!=:numeric) ? nil : prop_pearson(t_pearson(ds[row],ds[col]), v1a.size, tails)
+          end
+        end
+        Matrix.rows(rows)
+      end
+      
+      # Spearman ranked correlation coefficient (rho) between 2 vectors
+      def spearman(v1,v2)
+        v1a,v2a = Statsample.only_valid_clone(v1,v2)
+        v1r,v2r = v1a.ranked, v2a.ranked
+        pearson(v1r,v2r)
+      end
+      # Calculate Point biserial correlation. Equal to Pearson correlation, with
+      # one dichotomous value replaced by "0" and the other by "1"
+      def point_biserial(dichotomous,continous)
+        ds = Daru::DataFrame.new({:d=>dichotomous,:c=>continous}).reject_values(*Daru::MISSING_VALUES)
+        raise(TypeError, "First vector should be dichotomous") if ds[:d].factors.size != 2
+        raise(TypeError, "Second vector should be continous") if ds[:c].type != :numeric
+        f0=ds[:d].factors.sort.to_a[0]
+        m0=ds.filter_vector(:c) {|c| c[:d] == f0}
+        m1=ds.filter_vector(:c) {|c| c[:d] != f0}
+        ((m1.mean-m0.mean).to_f / ds[:c].sdp) * Math::sqrt(m0.size*m1.size.to_f / ds.nrows**2)
+      end
+      # Kendall Rank Correlation Coefficient (Tau a)
+      # Based on Hervé Adbi article
+      def tau_a(v1,v2)
+        v1a,v2a=Statsample.only_valid_clone(v1,v2)
+        n=v1.size
+        v1r,v2r=v1a.ranked,v2a.ranked
+        o1=ordered_pairs(v1r)
+        o2=ordered_pairs(v2r)
+        delta= o1.size*2-(o2  & o1).size*2
+        1-(delta * 2 / (n*(n-1)).to_f)
+      end
+      # Calculates Goodman and Kruskal’s Tau b correlation.
+      # Tb is an asymmetric P-R-E measure of association for nominal scales 
+      # (Mielke, X)
+      # 
+      # Tau-b defines perfect association as strict monotonicity. Although it
+      # requires strict monotonicity to reach 1.0, it does not penalize ties as
+      # much as some other measures.
+      # == Reference
+      # Mielke, P. GOODMAN–KRUSKAL TAU AND GAMMA. 
+      # Source: http://faculty.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/PA765/assocordinal.htm
+      def tau_b(matrix)
+        v=pairs(matrix)
+        ((v['P']-v['Q']).to_f / Math::sqrt((v['P']+v['Q']+v['Y'])*(v['P']+v['Q']+v['X'])).to_f)
+      end
+      # Calculates Goodman and Kruskal's gamma.
+      #
+      # Gamma is the surplus of concordant pairs over discordant pairs, as a
+      # percentage of all pairs ignoring ties.
+      #
+      # Source: http://faculty.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/PA765/assocordinal.htm
+      def gamma(matrix)
+        v=pairs(matrix)
+        (v['P']-v['Q']).to_f / (v['P']+v['Q']).to_f
+      end
+      # Calculate indexes for a matrix the rows and cols has to be ordered
+      def pairs(matrix)
+        # calculate concordant #p matrix
+        rs=matrix.row_size
+        cs=matrix.column_size
+        conc=disc=ties_x=ties_y=0
+        (0...(rs-1)).each do |x|
+          (0...(cs-1)).each do |y|
+            ((x+1)...rs).each do |x2|
+              ((y+1)...cs).each do |y2|
+                # #p sprintf("%d:%d,%d:%d",x,y,x2,y2)
+                conc+=matrix[x,y]*matrix[x2,y2]
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        (0...(rs-1)).each {|x|
+          (1...(cs)).each{|y|
+            ((x+1)...rs).each{|x2|
+              (0...y).each{|y2|
+                # #p sprintf("%d:%d,%d:%d",x,y,x2,y2)
+                disc+=matrix[x,y]*matrix[x2,y2]
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        (0...(rs-1)).each {|x|
+          (0...(cs)).each{|y|
+            ((x+1)...(rs)).each{|x2|
+              ties_x+=matrix[x,y]*matrix[x2,y]
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        (0...rs).each {|x|
+          (0...(cs-1)).each{|y|
+            ((y+1)...(cs)).each{|y2|
+              ties_y+=matrix[x,y]*matrix[x,y2]
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        {'P'=>conc,'Q'=>disc,'Y'=>ties_y,'X'=>ties_x}
+      end
+
+      def ordered_pairs(vector)
+        d = vector.to_a
+        a = []
+        (0...(d.size-1)).each do |i|
+          ((i+1)...(d.size)).each do |j|
+            a.push([d[i],d[j]])
+          end
+        end
+        a
+      end
+=begin      
+      def sum_of_codeviated(v1,v2)
+        v1a,v2a=Statsample.only_valid(v1,v2)
+        sum=0
+        (0...v1a.size).each{|i|
+          sum+=v1a[i]*v2a[i]
+        }
+        sum-((v1a.sum*v2a.sum) / v1a.size.to_f)
+      end
+=end
+      # Report the minimum number of cases valid of a covariate matrix
+      # based on a dataset
+      def min_n_valid(ds)
+        min = ds.nrows
+        m   = n_valid_matrix(ds)
+        for x in 0...m.row_size
+          for y in 0...m.column_size
+            min=m[x,y] if m[x,y] < min
+          end
+        end
+        min
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+