sskirby-activerecord 3.2.1

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+require 'date'
+require 'bigdecimal'
+require 'bigdecimal/util'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/benchmark'
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache'
+require 'monitor'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters # :nodoc:
+    extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
+
+    autoload :Column
+
+    autoload_under 'abstract' do
+      autoload :IndexDefinition,  'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions'
+      autoload :ColumnDefinition, 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions'
+      autoload :TableDefinition,  'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions'
+      autoload :Table,            'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions'
+
+      autoload :SchemaStatements
+      autoload :DatabaseStatements
+      autoload :DatabaseLimits
+      autoload :Quoting
+
+      autoload :ConnectionPool
+      autoload :ConnectionHandler,       'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool'
+      autoload :ConnectionManagement,    'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool'
+      autoload :ConnectionSpecification
+
+      autoload :QueryCache
+    end
+
+    # Active Record supports multiple database systems. AbstractAdapter and
+    # related classes form the abstraction layer which makes this possible.
+    # An AbstractAdapter represents a connection to a database, and provides an
+    # abstract interface for database-specific functionality such as establishing
+    # a connection, escaping values, building the right SQL fragments for ':offset'
+    # and ':limit' options, etc.
+    #
+    # All the concrete database adapters follow the interface laid down in this class.
+    # ActiveRecord::Base.connection returns an AbstractAdapter object, which
+    # you can use.
+    #
+    # Most of the methods in the adapter are useful during migrations. Most
+    # notably, the instance methods provided by SchemaStatement are very useful.
+    class AbstractAdapter
+      include Quoting, DatabaseStatements, SchemaStatements
+      include DatabaseLimits
+      include QueryCache
+      include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
+      include MonitorMixin
+
+      define_callbacks :checkout, :checkin
+
+      attr_accessor :visitor, :pool
+      attr_reader :schema_cache, :last_use, :in_use
+      alias :in_use? :in_use
+
+      def initialize(connection, logger = nil, pool = nil) #:nodoc:
+        super()
+
+        @active              = nil
+        @connection          = connection
+        @in_use              = false
+        @instrumenter        = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrumenter
+        @last_use            = false
+        @logger              = logger
+        @open_transactions   = 0
+        @pool                = pool
+        @query_cache         = Hash.new { |h,sql| h[sql] = {} }
+        @query_cache_enabled = false
+        @schema_cache        = SchemaCache.new self
+        @visitor             = nil
+      end
+
+      def lease
+        synchronize do
+          unless in_use
+            @in_use   = true
+            @last_use = Time.now
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def expire
+        @in_use = false
+      end
+
+      # Returns the human-readable name of the adapter. Use mixed case - one
+      # can always use downcase if needed.
+      def adapter_name
+        'Abstract'
+      end
+
+      # Does this adapter support migrations? Backend specific, as the
+      # abstract adapter always returns +false+.
+      def supports_migrations?
+        false
+      end
+
+      # Can this adapter determine the primary key for tables not attached
+      # to an Active Record class, such as join tables? Backend specific, as
+      # the abstract adapter always returns +false+.
+      def supports_primary_key?
+        false
+      end
+
+      # Does this adapter support using DISTINCT within COUNT? This is +true+
+      # for all adapters except sqlite.
+      def supports_count_distinct?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # Does this adapter support DDL rollbacks in transactions? That is, would
+      # CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE get rolled back by a transaction? PostgreSQL,
+      # SQL Server, and others support this. MySQL and others do not.
+      def supports_ddl_transactions?
+        false
+      end
+
+      def supports_bulk_alter?
+        false
+      end
+
+      # Does this adapter support savepoints? PostgreSQL and MySQL do,
+      # SQLite < 3.6.8 does not.
+      def supports_savepoints?
+        false
+      end
+
+      # Should primary key values be selected from their corresponding
+      # sequence before the insert statement? If true, next_sequence_value
+      # is called before each insert to set the record's primary key.
+      # This is false for all adapters but Firebird.
+      def prefetch_primary_key?(table_name = nil)
+        false
+      end
+
+      # Does this adapter support index sort order?
+      def supports_index_sort_order?
+        false
+      end
+
+      # Does this adapter support explain? As of this writing sqlite3,
+      # mysql2, and postgresql are the only ones that do.
+      def supports_explain?
+        false
+      end
+
+      # QUOTING ==================================================
+
+      # Override to return the quoted table name. Defaults to column quoting.
+      def quote_table_name(name)
+        quote_column_name(name)
+      end
+
+      # Returns a bind substitution value given a +column+ and list of current
+      # +binds+
+      def substitute_at(column, index)
+        Arel.sql '?'
+      end
+
+      # REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY ====================================
+
+      # Override to turn off referential integrity while executing <tt>&block</tt>.
+      def disable_referential_integrity
+        yield
+      end
+
+      # CONNECTION MANAGEMENT ====================================
+
+      # Checks whether the connection to the database is still active. This includes
+      # checking whether the database is actually capable of responding, i.e. whether
+      # the connection isn't stale.
+      def active?
+        @active != false
+      end
+
+      # Disconnects from the database if already connected, and establishes a
+      # new connection with the database.
+      def reconnect!
+        @active = true
+      end
+
+      # Disconnects from the database if already connected. Otherwise, this
+      # method does nothing.
+      def disconnect!
+        @active = false
+      end
+
+      # Reset the state of this connection, directing the DBMS to clear
+      # transactions and other connection-related server-side state. Usually a
+      # database-dependent operation.
+      #
+      # The default implementation does nothing; the implementation should be
+      # overridden by concrete adapters.
+      def reset!
+        # this should be overridden by concrete adapters
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Clear any caching the database adapter may be doing, for example
+      # clearing the prepared statement cache. This is database specific.
+      def clear_cache!
+        # this should be overridden by concrete adapters
+      end
+
+      # Returns true if its required to reload the connection between requests for development mode.
+      # This is not the case for Ruby/MySQL and it's not necessary for any adapters except SQLite.
+      def requires_reloading?
+        false
+      end
+
+      # Checks whether the connection to the database is still active (i.e. not stale).
+      # This is done under the hood by calling <tt>active?</tt>. If the connection
+      # is no longer active, then this method will reconnect to the database.
+      def verify!(*ignored)
+        reconnect! unless active?
+      end
+
+      # Provides access to the underlying database driver for this adapter. For
+      # example, this method returns a Mysql object in case of MysqlAdapter,
+      # and a PGconn object in case of PostgreSQLAdapter.
+      #
+      # This is useful for when you need to call a proprietary method such as
+      # PostgreSQL's lo_* methods.
+      def raw_connection
+        @connection
+      end
+
+      attr_reader :open_transactions
+
+      def increment_open_transactions
+        @open_transactions += 1
+      end
+
+      def decrement_open_transactions
+        @open_transactions -= 1
+      end
+
+      def transaction_joinable=(joinable)
+        @transaction_joinable = joinable
+      end
+
+      def create_savepoint
+      end
+
+      def rollback_to_savepoint
+      end
+
+      def release_savepoint
+      end
+
+      def case_sensitive_modifier(node)
+        node
+      end
+
+      def case_insensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
+        table[attribute].lower.eq(table.lower(value))
+      end
+
+      def current_savepoint_name
+        "active_record_#{open_transactions}"
+      end
+
+      # Check the connection back in to the connection pool
+      def close
+        pool.checkin self
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+        def log(sql, name = "SQL", binds = [])
+          @instrumenter.instrument(
+            "sql.active_record",
+            :sql           => sql,
+            :name          => name,
+            :connection_id => object_id,
+            :binds         => binds) { yield }
+        rescue Exception => e
+          message = "#{e.class.name}: #{e.message}: #{sql}"
+          @logger.debug message if @logger
+          exception = translate_exception(e, message)
+          exception.set_backtrace e.backtrace
+          raise exception
+        end
+
+        def translate_exception(e, message)
+          # override in derived class
+          ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid.new(message)
+        end
+
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,653 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class AbstractMysqlAdapter < AbstractAdapter
+      class Column < ConnectionAdapters::Column # :nodoc:
+        attr_reader :collation
+
+        def initialize(name, default, sql_type = nil, null = true, collation = nil)
+          super(name, default, sql_type, null)
+          @collation = collation
+        end
+
+        def extract_default(default)
+          if sql_type =~ /blob/i || type == :text
+            if default.blank?
+              return null ? nil : ''
+            else
+              raise ArgumentError, "#{type} columns cannot have a default value: #{default.inspect}"
+            end
+          elsif missing_default_forged_as_empty_string?(default)
+            nil
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        def has_default?
+          return false if sql_type =~ /blob/i || type == :text #mysql forbids defaults on blob and text columns
+          super
+        end
+
+        # Must return the relevant concrete adapter
+        def adapter
+          raise NotImplementedError
+        end
+
+        def case_sensitive?
+          collation && !collation.match(/_ci$/)
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def simplified_type(field_type)
+          return :boolean if adapter.emulate_booleans && field_type.downcase.index("tinyint(1)")
+
+          case field_type
+          when /enum/i, /set/i then :string
+          when /year/i         then :integer
+          when /bit/i          then :binary
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        def extract_limit(sql_type)
+          case sql_type
+          when /blob|text/i
+            case sql_type
+            when /tiny/i
+              255
+            when /medium/i
+              16777215
+            when /long/i
+              2147483647 # mysql only allows 2^31-1, not 2^32-1, somewhat inconsistently with the tiny/medium/normal cases
+            else
+              super # we could return 65535 here, but we leave it undecorated by default
+            end
+          when /^bigint/i;    8
+          when /^int/i;       4
+          when /^mediumint/i; 3
+          when /^smallint/i;  2
+          when /^tinyint/i;   1
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        # MySQL misreports NOT NULL column default when none is given.
+        # We can't detect this for columns which may have a legitimate ''
+        # default (string) but we can for others (integer, datetime, boolean,
+        # and the rest).
+        #
+        # Test whether the column has default '', is not null, and is not
+        # a type allowing default ''.
+        def missing_default_forged_as_empty_string?(default)
+          type != :string && !null && default == ''
+        end
+      end
+
+      ##
+      # :singleton-method:
+      # By default, the MysqlAdapter will consider all columns of type <tt>tinyint(1)</tt>
+      # as boolean. If you wish to disable this emulation (which was the default
+      # behavior in versions 0.13.1 and earlier) you can add the following line
+      # to your application.rb file:
+      #
+      #   ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Mysql[2]Adapter.emulate_booleans = false
+      class_attribute :emulate_booleans
+      self.emulate_booleans = true
+
+      LOST_CONNECTION_ERROR_MESSAGES = [
+        "Server shutdown in progress",
+        "Broken pipe",
+        "Lost connection to MySQL server during query",
+        "MySQL server has gone away" ]
+
+      QUOTED_TRUE, QUOTED_FALSE = '1', '0'
+
+      NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES = {
+        :primary_key => "int(11) DEFAULT NULL auto_increment PRIMARY KEY",
+        :string      => { :name => "varchar", :limit => 255 },
+        :text        => { :name => "text" },
+        :integer     => { :name => "int", :limit => 4 },
+        :float       => { :name => "float" },
+        :decimal     => { :name => "decimal" },
+        :datetime    => { :name => "datetime" },
+        :timestamp   => { :name => "datetime" },
+        :time        => { :name => "time" },
+        :date        => { :name => "date" },
+        :binary      => { :name => "blob" },
+        :boolean     => { :name => "tinyint", :limit => 1 }
+      }
+
+      # FIXME: Make the first parameter more similar for the two adapters
+      def initialize(connection, logger, connection_options, config)
+        super(connection, logger)
+        @connection_options, @config = connection_options, config
+        @quoted_column_names, @quoted_table_names = {}, {}
+        @visitor = Arel::Visitors::MySQL.new self
+      end
+
+      def adapter_name #:nodoc:
+        self.class::ADAPTER_NAME
+      end
+
+      # Returns true, since this connection adapter supports migrations.
+      def supports_migrations?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_primary_key?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # Returns true, since this connection adapter supports savepoints.
+      def supports_savepoints?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_bulk_alter? #:nodoc:
+        true
+      end
+
+      # Technically MySQL allows to create indexes with the sort order syntax
+      # but at the moment (5.5) it doesn't yet implement them
+      def supports_index_sort_order?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def native_database_types
+        NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES
+      end
+
+      # HELPER METHODS ===========================================
+
+      # The two drivers have slightly different ways of yielding hashes of results, so
+      # this method must be implemented to provide a uniform interface.
+      def each_hash(result) # :nodoc:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+      end
+
+      # Overridden by the adapters to instantiate their specific Column type.
+      def new_column(field, default, type, null, collation) # :nodoc:
+        Column.new(field, default, type, null, collation)
+      end
+
+      # Must return the Mysql error number from the exception, if the exception has an
+      # error number.
+      def error_number(exception) # :nodoc:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+      end
+
+      # QUOTING ==================================================
+
+      def quote(value, column = nil)
+        if value.kind_of?(String) && column && column.type == :binary && column.class.respond_to?(:string_to_binary)
+          s = column.class.string_to_binary(value).unpack("H*")[0]
+          "x'#{s}'"
+        elsif value.kind_of?(BigDecimal)
+          value.to_s("F")
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      def quote_column_name(name) #:nodoc:
+        @quoted_column_names[name] ||= "`#{name.to_s.gsub('`', '``')}`"
+      end
+
+      def quote_table_name(name) #:nodoc:
+        @quoted_table_names[name] ||= quote_column_name(name).gsub('.', '`.`')
+      end
+
+      def quoted_true
+        QUOTED_TRUE
+      end
+
+      def quoted_false
+        QUOTED_FALSE
+      end
+
+      # REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY ====================================
+
+      def disable_referential_integrity(&block) #:nodoc:
+        old = select_value("SELECT @@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS")
+
+        begin
+          update("SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0")
+          yield
+        ensure
+          update("SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = #{old}")
+        end
+      end
+
+      # DATABASE STATEMENTS ======================================
+
+      # Executes the SQL statement in the context of this connection.
+      def execute(sql, name = nil)
+        if name == :skip_logging
+          @connection.query(sql)
+        else
+          log(sql, name) { @connection.query(sql) }
+        end
+      rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid => exception
+        if exception.message.split(":").first =~ /Packets out of order/
+          raise ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid, "'Packets out of order' error was received from the database. Please update your mysql bindings (gem install mysql) and read http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/password-hashing.html for more information. If you're on Windows, use the Instant Rails installer to get the updated mysql bindings."
+        else
+          raise
+        end
+      end
+
+      # MysqlAdapter has to free a result after using it, so we use this method to write
+      # stuff in a abstract way without concerning ourselves about whether it needs to be
+      # explicitly freed or not.
+      def execute_and_free(sql, name = nil) #:nodoc:
+        yield execute(sql, name)
+      end
+
+      def update_sql(sql, name = nil) #:nodoc:
+        super
+        @connection.affected_rows
+      end
+
+      def begin_db_transaction
+        execute "BEGIN"
+      rescue Exception
+        # Transactions aren't supported
+      end
+
+      def commit_db_transaction #:nodoc:
+        execute "COMMIT"
+      rescue Exception
+        # Transactions aren't supported
+      end
+
+      def rollback_db_transaction #:nodoc:
+        execute "ROLLBACK"
+      rescue Exception
+        # Transactions aren't supported
+      end
+
+      def create_savepoint
+        execute("SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
+      end
+
+      def rollback_to_savepoint
+        execute("ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
+      end
+
+      def release_savepoint
+        execute("RELEASE SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
+      end
+
+      # In the simple case, MySQL allows us to place JOINs directly into the UPDATE
+      # query. However, this does not allow for LIMIT, OFFSET and ORDER. To support
+      # these, we must use a subquery. However, MySQL is too stupid to create a
+      # temporary table for this automatically, so we have to give it some prompting
+      # in the form of a subsubquery. Ugh!
+      def join_to_update(update, select) #:nodoc:
+        if select.limit || select.offset || select.orders.any?
+          subsubselect = select.clone
+          subsubselect.projections = [update.key]
+
+          subselect = Arel::SelectManager.new(select.engine)
+          subselect.project Arel.sql(update.key.name)
+          subselect.from subsubselect.as('__active_record_temp')
+
+          update.where update.key.in(subselect)
+        else
+          update.table select.source
+          update.wheres = select.constraints
+        end
+      end
+
+      # SCHEMA STATEMENTS ========================================
+
+      def structure_dump #:nodoc:
+        if supports_views?
+          sql = "SHOW FULL TABLES WHERE Table_type = 'BASE TABLE'"
+        else
+          sql = "SHOW TABLES"
+        end
+
+        select_all(sql).map { |table|
+          table.delete('Table_type')
+          sql = "SHOW CREATE TABLE #{quote_table_name(table.to_a.first.last)}"
+          exec_without_stmt(sql).first['Create Table'] + ";\n\n"
+        }.join
+      end
+
+      # Drops the database specified on the +name+ attribute
+      # and creates it again using the provided +options+.
+      def recreate_database(name, options = {})
+        drop_database(name)
+        create_database(name, options)
+      end
+
+      # Create a new MySQL database with optional <tt>:charset</tt> and <tt>:collation</tt>.
+      # Charset defaults to utf8.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #   create_database 'charset_test', :charset => 'latin1', :collation => 'latin1_bin'
+      #   create_database 'matt_development'
+      #   create_database 'matt_development', :charset => :big5
+      def create_database(name, options = {})
+        if options[:collation]
+          execute "CREATE DATABASE `#{name}` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `#{options[:charset] || 'utf8'}` COLLATE `#{options[:collation]}`"
+        else
+          execute "CREATE DATABASE `#{name}` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `#{options[:charset] || 'utf8'}`"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Drops a MySQL database.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #   drop_database('sebastian_development')
+      def drop_database(name) #:nodoc:
+        execute "DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS `#{name}`"
+      end
+
+      def current_database
+        select_value 'SELECT DATABASE() as db'
+      end
+
+      # Returns the database character set.
+      def charset
+        show_variable 'character_set_database'
+      end
+
+      # Returns the database collation strategy.
+      def collation
+        show_variable 'collation_database'
+      end
+
+      def tables(name = nil, database = nil, like = nil) #:nodoc:
+        sql = "SHOW TABLES "
+        sql << "IN #{database} " if database
+        sql << "LIKE #{quote(like)}" if like
+
+        execute_and_free(sql, 'SCHEMA') do |result|
+          result.collect { |field| field.first }
+        end
+      end
+
+      def table_exists?(name)
+        return false unless name
+        return true if tables(nil, nil, name).any?
+
+        name          = name.to_s
+        schema, table = name.split('.', 2)
+
+        unless table # A table was provided without a schema
+          table  = schema
+          schema = nil
+        end
+
+        tables(nil, schema, table).any?
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of indexes for the given table.
+      def indexes(table_name, name = nil) #:nodoc:
+        indexes = []
+        current_index = nil
+        execute_and_free("SHOW KEYS FROM #{quote_table_name(table_name)}", 'SCHEMA') do |result|
+          each_hash(result) do |row|
+            if current_index != row[:Key_name]
+              next if row[:Key_name] == 'PRIMARY' # skip the primary key
+              current_index = row[:Key_name]
+              indexes << IndexDefinition.new(row[:Table], row[:Key_name], row[:Non_unique].to_i == 0, [], [])
+            end
+
+            indexes.last.columns << row[:Column_name]
+            indexes.last.lengths << row[:Sub_part]
+          end
+        end
+
+        indexes
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of +Column+ objects for the table specified by +table_name+.
+      def columns(table_name, name = nil)#:nodoc:
+        sql = "SHOW FULL FIELDS FROM #{quote_table_name(table_name)}"
+        execute_and_free(sql, 'SCHEMA') do |result|
+          each_hash(result).map do |field|
+            new_column(field[:Field], field[:Default], field[:Type], field[:Null] == "YES", field[:Collation])
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def create_table(table_name, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+        super(table_name, options.reverse_merge(:options => "ENGINE=InnoDB"))
+      end
+
+      def bulk_change_table(table_name, operations) #:nodoc:
+        sqls = operations.map do |command, args|
+          table, arguments = args.shift, args
+          method = :"#{command}_sql"
+
+          if respond_to?(method)
+            send(method, table, *arguments)
+          else
+            raise "Unknown method called : #{method}(#{arguments.inspect})"
+          end
+        end.flatten.join(", ")
+
+        execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{sqls}")
+      end
+
+      # Renames a table.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #   rename_table('octopuses', 'octopi')
+      def rename_table(table_name, new_name)
+        execute "RENAME TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
+      end
+
+      def add_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
+        execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{add_column_sql(table_name, column_name, type, options)}")
+      end
+
+      def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default)
+        column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+        change_column table_name, column_name, column.sql_type, :default => default
+      end
+
+      def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)
+        column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+
+        unless null || default.nil?
+          execute("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote(default)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL")
+        end
+
+        change_column table_name, column_name, column.sql_type, :null => null
+      end
+
+      def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+        execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{change_column_sql(table_name, column_name, type, options)}")
+      end
+
+      def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name) #:nodoc:
+        execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{rename_column_sql(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)}")
+      end
+
+      # Maps logical Rails types to MySQL-specific data types.
+      def type_to_sql(type, limit = nil, precision = nil, scale = nil)
+        return super unless type.to_s == 'integer'
+
+        case limit
+        when 1; 'tinyint'
+        when 2; 'smallint'
+        when 3; 'mediumint'
+        when nil, 4, 11; 'int(11)'  # compatibility with MySQL default
+        when 5..8; 'bigint'
+        else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No integer type has byte size #{limit}")
+        end
+      end
+
+      def add_column_position!(sql, options)
+        if options[:first]
+          sql << " FIRST"
+        elsif options[:after]
+          sql << " AFTER #{quote_column_name(options[:after])}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'name'
+      def show_variable(name)
+        variables = select_all("SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '#{name}'")
+        variables.first['Value'] unless variables.empty?
+      end
+
+      # Returns a table's primary key and belonging sequence.
+      def pk_and_sequence_for(table)
+        execute_and_free("SHOW CREATE TABLE #{quote_table_name(table)}", 'SCHEMA') do |result|
+          create_table = each_hash(result).first[:"Create Table"]
+          if create_table.to_s =~ /PRIMARY KEY\s+\((.+)\)/
+            keys = $1.split(",").map { |key| key.gsub(/[`"]/, "") }
+            keys.length == 1 ? [keys.first, nil] : nil
+          else
+            nil
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns just a table's primary key
+      def primary_key(table)
+        pk_and_sequence = pk_and_sequence_for(table)
+        pk_and_sequence && pk_and_sequence.first
+      end
+
+      def case_sensitive_modifier(node)
+        Arel::Nodes::Bin.new(node)
+      end
+
+      def case_insensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
+        if column.case_sensitive?
+          super
+        else
+          table[attribute].eq(value)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def limited_update_conditions(where_sql, quoted_table_name, quoted_primary_key)
+        where_sql
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      def add_index_length(option_strings, column_names, options = {})
+        if options.is_a?(Hash) && length = options[:length]
+          case length
+          when Hash
+            column_names.each {|name| option_strings[name] += "(#{length[name]})" if length.has_key?(name)}
+          when Fixnum
+            column_names.each {|name| option_strings[name] += "(#{length})"}
+          end
+        end
+
+        return option_strings
+      end
+
+      def quoted_columns_for_index(column_names, options = {})
+        option_strings = Hash[column_names.map {|name| [name, '']}]
+
+        # add index length
+        option_strings = add_index_length(option_strings, column_names, options)
+
+        # add index sort order
+        option_strings = add_index_sort_order(option_strings, column_names, options)
+
+        column_names.map {|name| quote_column_name(name) + option_strings[name]}
+      end
+
+      def translate_exception(exception, message)
+        case error_number(exception)
+        when 1062
+          RecordNotUnique.new(message, exception)
+        when 1452
+          InvalidForeignKey.new(message, exception)
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      def add_column_sql(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
+        add_column_sql = "ADD #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])}"
+        add_column_options!(add_column_sql, options)
+        add_column_position!(add_column_sql, options)
+        add_column_sql
+      end
+
+      def change_column_sql(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
+        column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+
+        unless options_include_default?(options)
+          options[:default] = column.default
+        end
+
+        unless options.has_key?(:null)
+          options[:null] = column.null
+        end
+
+        change_column_sql = "CHANGE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])}"
+        add_column_options!(change_column_sql, options)
+        add_column_position!(change_column_sql, options)
+        change_column_sql
+      end
+
+      def rename_column_sql(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
+        options = {}
+
+        if column = columns(table_name).find { |c| c.name == column_name.to_s }
+          options[:default] = column.default
+          options[:null] = column.null
+        else
+          raise ActiveRecordError, "No such column: #{table_name}.#{column_name}"
+        end
+
+        current_type = select_one("SHOW COLUMNS FROM #{quote_table_name(table_name)} LIKE '#{column_name}'")["Type"]
+        rename_column_sql = "CHANGE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{quote_column_name(new_column_name)} #{current_type}"
+        add_column_options!(rename_column_sql, options)
+        rename_column_sql
+      end
+
+      def remove_column_sql(table_name, *column_names)
+        columns_for_remove(table_name, *column_names).map {|column_name| "DROP #{column_name}" }
+      end
+      alias :remove_columns_sql :remove_column
+
+      def add_index_sql(table_name, column_name, options = {})
+        index_name, index_type, index_columns = add_index_options(table_name, column_name, options)
+        "ADD #{index_type} INDEX #{index_name} (#{index_columns})"
+      end
+
+      def remove_index_sql(table_name, options = {})
+        index_name = index_name_for_remove(table_name, options)
+        "DROP INDEX #{index_name}"
+      end
+
+      def add_timestamps_sql(table_name)
+        [add_column_sql(table_name, :created_at, :datetime), add_column_sql(table_name, :updated_at, :datetime)]
+      end
+
+      def remove_timestamps_sql(table_name)
+        [remove_column_sql(table_name, :updated_at), remove_column_sql(table_name, :created_at)]
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def supports_views?
+        version[0] >= 5
+      end
+
+      def column_for(table_name, column_name)
+        unless column = columns(table_name).find { |c| c.name == column_name.to_s }
+          raise "No such column: #{table_name}.#{column_name}"
+        end
+        column
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end