spree 0.2.0 → 0.4.0

data/vendor/rails/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb

@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-  module Associations
-    class HasOneAssociation < BelongsToAssociation #:nodoc:
-      def initialize(owner, reflection)
-        super
-        construct_sql
-      end
-
-      def create(attrs = {}, replace_existing = true)
-        new_record(replace_existing) { |klass| klass.create(attrs) }
-      end
-
-      def create!(attrs = {}, replace_existing = true)
-        new_record(replace_existing) { |klass| klass.create!(attrs) }
-      end
-
-      def build(attrs = {}, replace_existing = true)
-        new_record(replace_existing) { |klass| klass.new(attrs) }
-      end
-
-      def replace(obj, dont_save = false)
-        load_target
-
-        unless @target.nil?
-          if dependent? && !dont_save && @target != obj
-            @target.destroy unless @target.new_record?
-            @owner.clear_association_cache
-          else
-            @target[@reflection.primary_key_name] = nil
-            @target.save unless @owner.new_record? || @target.new_record?
-          end
-        end
-
-        if obj.nil?
-          @target = nil
-        else
-          raise_on_type_mismatch(obj)
-          set_belongs_to_association_for(obj)
-          @target = (AssociationProxy === obj ? obj.target : obj)
-        end
-
-        @loaded = true
-
-        unless @owner.new_record? or obj.nil? or dont_save
-          return (obj.save ? self : false)
-        else
-          return (obj.nil? ? nil : self)
-        end
-      end
-            
-      private
-        def find_target
-          @reflection.klass.find(:first, 
-            :conditions => @finder_sql, 
-            :order      => @reflection.options[:order], 
-            :include    => @reflection.options[:include]
-          )
-        end
-
-        def construct_sql
-          case
-            when @reflection.options[:as]
-              @finder_sql = 
-                "#{@reflection.klass.table_name}.#{@reflection.options[:as]}_id = #{@owner.quoted_id} AND " + 
-                "#{@reflection.klass.table_name}.#{@reflection.options[:as]}_type = #{@owner.class.quote_value(@owner.class.base_class.name.to_s)}"          
-            else
-              @finder_sql = "#{@reflection.table_name}.#{@reflection.primary_key_name} = #{@owner.quoted_id}"
-          end
-          @finder_sql << " AND (#{conditions})" if conditions
-        end
-        
-        def construct_scope
-          create_scoping = {}
-          set_belongs_to_association_for(create_scoping)
-          { :create => create_scoping }
-        end
-
-        def new_record(replace_existing)
-          # Make sure we load the target first, if we plan on replacing the existing
-          # instance. Otherwise, if the target has not previously been loaded
-          # elsewhere, the instance we create will get orphaned.
-          load_target if replace_existing
-          record = @reflection.klass.send(:with_scope, :create => construct_scope[:create]) { yield @reflection.klass }
-
-          if replace_existing
-            replace(record, true) 
-          else
-            record[@reflection.primary_key_name] = @owner.id unless @owner.new_record?
-            self.target = record
-          end
-
-          record
-        end
-    end
-  end
-end

data/vendor/rails/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb

@@ -1,328 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-  module AttributeMethods #:nodoc:
-    DEFAULT_SUFFIXES = %w(= ? _before_type_cast)
-    ATTRIBUTE_TYPES_CACHED_BY_DEFAULT = [:datetime, :timestamp, :time, :date]
-
-    def self.included(base)
-      base.extend ClassMethods
-      base.attribute_method_suffix *DEFAULT_SUFFIXES
-      base.cattr_accessor :attribute_types_cached_by_default, :instance_writer => false
-      base.attribute_types_cached_by_default = ATTRIBUTE_TYPES_CACHED_BY_DEFAULT
-    end
-
-    # Declare and check for suffixed attribute methods.
-    module ClassMethods
-      # Declare a method available for all attributes with the given suffix.
-      # Uses method_missing and respond_to? to rewrite the method
-      #   #{attr}#{suffix}(*args, &block)
-      # to
-      #   attribute#{suffix}(#{attr}, *args, &block)
-      #
-      # An attribute#{suffix} instance method must exist and accept at least
-      # the attr argument.
-      #
-      # For example:
-      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     attribute_method_suffix '_changed?'
-      #
-      #     private
-      #       def attribute_changed?(attr)
-      #         ...
-      #       end
-      #   end
-      #
-      #   person = Person.find(1)
-      #   person.name_changed?    # => false
-      #   person.name = 'Hubert'
-      #   person.name_changed?    # => true
-      def attribute_method_suffix(*suffixes)
-        attribute_method_suffixes.concat suffixes
-        rebuild_attribute_method_regexp
-      end
-
-      # Returns MatchData if method_name is an attribute method.
-      def match_attribute_method?(method_name)
-        rebuild_attribute_method_regexp unless defined?(@@attribute_method_regexp) && @@attribute_method_regexp
-        @@attribute_method_regexp.match(method_name)
-      end
-
-
-      # Contains the names of the generated attribute methods.
-      def generated_methods #:nodoc:
-        @generated_methods ||= Set.new
-      end
-      
-      def generated_methods?
-        !generated_methods.empty?
-      end
-      
-      # generates all the attribute related methods for columns in the database
-      # accessors, mutators and query methods
-      def define_attribute_methods
-        return if generated_methods?
-        columns_hash.each do |name, column|
-          unless instance_method_already_implemented?(name)
-            if self.serialized_attributes[name]
-              define_read_method_for_serialized_attribute(name)
-            else
-              define_read_method(name.to_sym, name, column)
-            end
-          end
-
-          unless instance_method_already_implemented?("#{name}=")
-            define_write_method(name.to_sym)
-          end
-
-          unless instance_method_already_implemented?("#{name}?")
-            define_question_method(name)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Check to see if the method is defined in the model or any of its subclasses that also derive from ActiveRecord.
-      # Raise DangerousAttributeError if the method is defined by ActiveRecord though.
-      def instance_method_already_implemented?(method_name)
-        return true if method_name =~ /^id(=$|\?$|$)/
-        @_defined_class_methods         ||= Set.new(ancestors.first(ancestors.index(ActiveRecord::Base)).collect! { |m| m.public_instance_methods(false) | m.private_instance_methods(false) | m.protected_instance_methods(false) }.flatten)
-        @@_defined_activerecord_methods ||= Set.new(ActiveRecord::Base.public_instance_methods(false) | ActiveRecord::Base.private_instance_methods(false) | ActiveRecord::Base.protected_instance_methods(false))
-        raise DangerousAttributeError, "#{method_name} is defined by ActiveRecord" if @@_defined_activerecord_methods.include?(method_name)
-        @_defined_class_methods.include?(method_name)
-      end
-      
-      alias :define_read_methods :define_attribute_methods
-
-      # +cache_attributes+ allows you to declare which converted attribute values should
-      # be cached. Usually caching only pays off for attributes with expensive conversion
-      # methods, like date columns (e.g. created_at, updated_at).
-      def cache_attributes(*attribute_names)
-        attribute_names.each {|attr| cached_attributes << attr.to_s}
-      end
-
-      # returns the attributes where
-      def cached_attributes
-        @cached_attributes ||=
-          columns.select{|c| attribute_types_cached_by_default.include?(c.type)}.map(&:name).to_set
-      end
-
-      def cache_attribute?(attr_name)
-        cached_attributes.include?(attr_name)
-      end
-
-      private
-        # Suffixes a, ?, c become regexp /(a|\?|c)$/
-        def rebuild_attribute_method_regexp
-          suffixes = attribute_method_suffixes.map { |s| Regexp.escape(s) }
-          @@attribute_method_regexp = /(#{suffixes.join('|')})$/.freeze
-        end
-
-        # Default to =, ?, _before_type_cast
-        def attribute_method_suffixes
-          @@attribute_method_suffixes ||= []
-        end
-        
-        # Define an attribute reader method.  Cope with nil column.
-        def define_read_method(symbol, attr_name, column)
-          cast_code = column.type_cast_code('v') if column
-          access_code = cast_code ? "(v=@attributes['#{attr_name}']) && #{cast_code}" : "@attributes['#{attr_name}']"
-
-          unless attr_name.to_s == self.primary_key.to_s
-            access_code = access_code.insert(0, "missing_attribute('#{attr_name}', caller) unless @attributes.has_key?('#{attr_name}'); ")
-          end
-          
-          if cache_attribute?(attr_name)
-            access_code = "@attributes_cache['#{attr_name}'] ||= (#{access_code})"
-          end
-          evaluate_attribute_method attr_name, "def #{symbol}; #{access_code}; end"
-        end
-
-        # Define read method for serialized attribute.
-        def define_read_method_for_serialized_attribute(attr_name)
-          evaluate_attribute_method attr_name, "def #{attr_name}; unserialize_attribute('#{attr_name}'); end"
-        end
-
-        # Define an attribute ? method.
-        def define_question_method(attr_name)
-          evaluate_attribute_method attr_name, "def #{attr_name}?; query_attribute('#{attr_name}'); end", "#{attr_name}?"
-        end
-
-        def define_write_method(attr_name)
-          evaluate_attribute_method attr_name, "def #{attr_name}=(new_value);write_attribute('#{attr_name}', new_value);end", "#{attr_name}="
-        end
-
-        # Evaluate the definition for an attribute related method
-        def evaluate_attribute_method(attr_name, method_definition, method_name=attr_name)
-
-          unless method_name.to_s == primary_key.to_s
-            generated_methods << method_name
-          end
-
-          begin
-            class_eval(method_definition, __FILE__, __LINE__)
-          rescue SyntaxError => err
-            generated_methods.delete(attr_name)
-            if logger
-              logger.warn "Exception occurred during reader method compilation."
-              logger.warn "Maybe #{attr_name} is not a valid Ruby identifier?"
-              logger.warn "#{err.message}"
-            end
-          end
-        end
-    end #  ClassMethods
-
-
-    # Allows access to the object attributes, which are held in the @attributes hash, as though they
-    # were first-class methods. So a Person class with a name attribute can use Person#name and
-    # Person#name= and never directly use the attributes hash -- except for multiple assigns with
-    # ActiveRecord#attributes=. A Milestone class can also ask Milestone#completed? to test that
-    # the completed attribute is not nil or 0.
-    #
-    # It's also possible to instantiate related objects, so a Client class belonging to the clients
-    # table with a master_id foreign key can instantiate master through Client#master.
-    def method_missing(method_id, *args, &block)
-      method_name = method_id.to_s
-
-      # If we haven't generated any methods yet, generate them, then
-      # see if we've created the method we're looking for.
-      if !self.class.generated_methods?
-        self.class.define_attribute_methods
-        if self.class.generated_methods.include?(method_name)
-          return self.send(method_id, *args, &block)
-        end
-      end
-      
-      if self.class.primary_key.to_s == method_name
-        id
-      elsif md = self.class.match_attribute_method?(method_name)
-        attribute_name, method_type = md.pre_match, md.to_s
-        if @attributes.include?(attribute_name)
-          __send__("attribute#{method_type}", attribute_name, *args, &block)
-        else
-          super
-        end
-      elsif @attributes.include?(method_name)
-        read_attribute(method_name)
-      else
-        super
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Returns the value of the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> after it has been typecast (for example,
-    # "2004-12-12" in a data column is cast to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)).
-    def read_attribute(attr_name)
-      attr_name = attr_name.to_s
-      if !(value = @attributes[attr_name]).nil?
-        if column = column_for_attribute(attr_name)
-          if unserializable_attribute?(attr_name, column)
-            unserialize_attribute(attr_name)
-          else
-            column.type_cast(value)
-          end
-        else
-          value
-        end
-      else
-        nil
-      end
-    end
-
-    def read_attribute_before_type_cast(attr_name)
-      @attributes[attr_name]
-    end
-
-    # Returns true if the attribute is of a text column and marked for serialization.
-    def unserializable_attribute?(attr_name, column)
-      column.text? && self.class.serialized_attributes[attr_name]
-    end
-
-    # Returns the unserialized object of the attribute.
-    def unserialize_attribute(attr_name)
-      unserialized_object = object_from_yaml(@attributes[attr_name])
-
-      if unserialized_object.is_a?(self.class.serialized_attributes[attr_name]) || unserialized_object.nil?
-        @attributes.frozen? ? unserialized_object : @attributes[attr_name] = unserialized_object
-      else
-        raise SerializationTypeMismatch,
-          "#{attr_name} was supposed to be a #{self.class.serialized_attributes[attr_name]}, but was a #{unserialized_object.class.to_s}"
-      end
-    end
-  
-
-    # Updates the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> with the specified +value+. Empty strings for fixnum and float
-    # columns are turned into nil.
-    def write_attribute(attr_name, value)
-      attr_name = attr_name.to_s
-      @attributes_cache.delete(attr_name)
-      if (column = column_for_attribute(attr_name)) && column.number?
-        @attributes[attr_name] = convert_number_column_value(value)
-      else
-        @attributes[attr_name] = value
-      end
-    end
-
-
-    def query_attribute(attr_name)
-      unless value = read_attribute(attr_name)
-        false
-      else
-        column = self.class.columns_hash[attr_name]
-        if column.nil?
-          if Numeric === value || value !~ /[^0-9]/
-            !value.to_i.zero?
-          else
-            !value.blank?
-          end
-        elsif column.number?
-          !value.zero?
-        else
-          !value.blank?
-        end
-      end
-    end
-    
-    # A Person object with a name attribute can ask person.respond_to?("name"), person.respond_to?("name="), and
-    # person.respond_to?("name?") which will all return true.
-    alias :respond_to_without_attributes? :respond_to?
-    def respond_to?(method, include_priv = false)
-      method_name = method.to_s
-      if super
-        return true
-      elsif !self.class.generated_methods?
-        self.class.define_attribute_methods
-        if self.class.generated_methods.include?(method_name)
-          return true
-        end
-      end
-        
-      if @attributes.nil?
-        return super
-      elsif @attributes.include?(method_name)
-        return true
-      elsif md = self.class.match_attribute_method?(method_name)
-        return true if @attributes.include?(md.pre_match)
-      end
-      super
-    end
-    
-
-    private
-    
-      def missing_attribute(attr_name, stack)
-        raise ActiveRecord::MissingAttributeError, "missing attribute: #{attr_name}", stack
-      end
-      
-      # Handle *? for method_missing.
-      def attribute?(attribute_name)
-        query_attribute(attribute_name)
-      end
-
-      # Handle *= for method_missing.
-      def attribute=(attribute_name, value)
-        write_attribute(attribute_name, value)
-      end
-
-      # Handle *_before_type_cast for method_missing.
-      def attribute_before_type_cast(attribute_name)
-        read_attribute_before_type_cast(attribute_name)
-      end
-  end
-end

data/vendor/rails/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb

@@ -1,2471 +0,0 @@
-require 'base64'
-require 'yaml'
-require 'set'
-
-module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
-  # Generic ActiveRecord exception class.
-  class ActiveRecordError < StandardError
-  end
-
-  # Raised when the single-table inheritance mechanism failes to locate the subclass
-  # (for example due to improper usage of column that +inheritance_column+ points to).
-  class SubclassNotFound < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-  end
-
-  # Raised when object assigned to association is of incorrect type.
-  #
-  # Example:
-  #
-  # class Ticket < ActiveRecord::Base
-  #   has_many :patches
-  # end
-  #
-  # class Patch < ActiveRecord::Base
-  #   belongs_to :ticket
-  # end
-  #
-  # and somewhere in the code:
-  #
-  # @ticket.patches << Comment.new(:content => "Please attach tests to your patch.")
-  # @ticket.save
-  class AssociationTypeMismatch < ActiveRecordError
-  end
-
-  # Raised when unserialized object's type mismatches one specified for serializable field.
-  class SerializationTypeMismatch < ActiveRecordError
-  end
-
-  # Raised when adapter not specified on connection (or configuration file config/database.yml misses adapter field).
-  class AdapterNotSpecified < ActiveRecordError
-  end
-
-  # Raised when ActiveRecord cannot find database adapter specified in config/database.yml or programmatically.
-  class AdapterNotFound < ActiveRecordError
-  end
-
-  # Raised when connection to the database could not been established (for example when connection= is given a nil object).
-  class ConnectionNotEstablished < ActiveRecordError
-  end
-
-  # Raised when ActiveRecord cannot find record by given id or set of ids.
-  class RecordNotFound < ActiveRecordError
-  end
-
-  # Raised by ActiveRecord::Base.save! and ActiveRecord::Base.create! methods when record cannot be
-  # saved because record is invalid.
-  class RecordNotSaved < ActiveRecordError
-  end
-
-  # Raised when SQL statement cannot be executed by the database (for example, it's often the case for MySQL when Ruby driver used is too old).
-  class StatementInvalid < ActiveRecordError
-  end
-
-  # Raised when number of bind variables in statement given to :condition key (for example, when using +find+ method)
-  # does not match number of expected variables.
-  #
-  # Example:
-  #
-  # Location.find :all, :conditions => ["lat = ? AND lng = ?", 53.7362]
-  #
-  # in example above two placeholders are given but only one variable to fill them.
-  class PreparedStatementInvalid < ActiveRecordError
-  end
-
-  # Raised on attempt to save stale record. Record is stale when it's being saved in another query after
-  # instantiation, for example, when two users edit the same wiki page and one starts editing and saves
-  # the page before the other.
-  #
-  # Read more about optimistic locking in +ActiveRecord::Locking+ module RDoc.
-  class StaleObjectError < ActiveRecordError
-  end
-
-  # Raised when association is being configured improperly or
-  # user tries to use offset and limit together with has_many or has_and_belongs_to_many associations.
-  class ConfigurationError < ActiveRecordError
-  end
-
-  # Raised on attempt to update record that is instantiated as read only.
-  class ReadOnlyRecord < ActiveRecordError
-  end
-
-  # Used by ActiveRecord transaction mechanism to distinguish rollback from other exceptional situations.
-  # You can use it to roll your transaction back explicitly in the block passed to +transaction+ method.
-  class Rollback < ActiveRecordError
-  end
-
-  # Raised when attribute has a name reserved by ActiveRecord (when attribute has name of one of ActiveRecord instance methods).
-  class DangerousAttributeError < ActiveRecordError
-  end
-
-  # Raised when you've tried to access a column which wasn't
-  # loaded by your finder.  Typically this is because :select
-  # has been specified
-  class MissingAttributeError < NoMethodError
-  end
-
-  class AttributeAssignmentError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    attr_reader :exception, :attribute
-    def initialize(message, exception, attribute)
-      @exception = exception
-      @attribute = attribute
-      @message = message
-    end
-  end
-
-  class MultiparameterAssignmentErrors < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    attr_reader :errors
-    def initialize(errors)
-      @errors = errors
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Active Record objects don't specify their attributes directly, but rather infer them from the table definition with
-  # which they're linked. Adding, removing, and changing attributes and their type is done directly in the database. Any change
-  # is instantly reflected in the Active Record objects. The mapping that binds a given Active Record class to a certain
-  # database table will happen automatically in most common cases, but can be overwritten for the uncommon ones.
-  #
-  # See the mapping rules in table_name and the full example in link:files/README.html for more insight.
-  #
-  # == Creation
-  #
-  # Active Records accept constructor parameters either in a hash or as a block. The hash method is especially useful when
-  # you're receiving the data from somewhere else, like an HTTP request. It works like this:
-  #
-  #   user = User.new(:name => "David", :occupation => "Code Artist")
-  #   user.name # => "David"
-  #
-  # You can also use block initialization:
-  #
-  #   user = User.new do |u|
-  #     u.name = "David"
-  #     u.occupation = "Code Artist"
-  #   end
-  #
-  # And of course you can just create a bare object and specify the attributes after the fact:
-  #
-  #   user = User.new
-  #   user.name = "David"
-  #   user.occupation = "Code Artist"
-  #
-  # == Conditions
-  #
-  # Conditions can either be specified as a string, array, or hash representing the WHERE-part of an SQL statement.
-  # The array form is to be used when the condition input is tainted and requires sanitization. The string form can
-  # be used for statements that don't involve tainted data. The hash form works much like the array form, except
-  # only equality and range is possible. Examples:
-  #
-  #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-  #     def self.authenticate_unsafely(user_name, password)
-  #       find(:first, :conditions => "user_name = '#{user_name}' AND password = '#{password}'")
-  #     end
-  #
-  #     def self.authenticate_safely(user_name, password)
-  #       find(:first, :conditions => [ "user_name = ? AND password = ?", user_name, password ])
-  #     end
-  #
-  #     def self.authenticate_safely_simply(user_name, password)
-  #       find(:first, :conditions => { :user_name => user_name, :password => password })
-  #     end
-  #   end
-  #
-  # The <tt>authenticate_unsafely</tt> method inserts the parameters directly into the query and is thus susceptible to SQL-injection
-  # attacks if the <tt>user_name</tt> and +password+ parameters come directly from an HTTP request. The <tt>authenticate_safely</tt>  and
-  # <tt>authenticate_safely_simply</tt> both will sanitize the <tt>user_name</tt> and +password+ before inserting them in the query,
-  # which will ensure that an attacker can't escape the query and fake the login (or worse).
-  #
-  # When using multiple parameters in the conditions, it can easily become hard to read exactly what the fourth or fifth
-  # question mark is supposed to represent. In those cases, you can resort to named bind variables instead. That's done by replacing
-  # the question marks with symbols and supplying a hash with values for the matching symbol keys:
-  #
-  #   Company.find(:first, :conditions => [
-  #     "id = :id AND name = :name AND division = :division AND created_at > :accounting_date",
-  #     { :id => 3, :name => "37signals", :division => "First", :accounting_date => '2005-01-01' }
-  #   ])
-  #
-  # Similarly, a simple hash without a statement will generate conditions based on equality with the SQL AND
-  # operator. For instance:
-  #
-  #   Student.find(:all, :conditions => { :first_name => "Harvey", :status => 1 })
-  #   Student.find(:all, :conditions => params[:student])
-  #
-  # A range may be used in the hash to use the SQL BETWEEN operator:
-  #
-  #   Student.find(:all, :conditions => { :grade => 9..12 })
-  #
-  # == Overwriting default accessors
-  #
-  # All column values are automatically available through basic accessors on the Active Record object, but sometimes you
-  # want to specialize this behavior. This can be done by overwriting the default accessors (using the same
-  # name as the attribute) and calling read_attribute(attr_name) and write_attribute(attr_name, value) to actually change things.
-  # Example:
-  #
-  #   class Song < ActiveRecord::Base
-  #     # Uses an integer of seconds to hold the length of the song
-  #
-  #     def length=(minutes)
-  #       write_attribute(:length, minutes * 60)
-  #     end
-  #
-  #     def length
-  #       read_attribute(:length) / 60
-  #     end
-  #   end
-  #
-  # You can alternatively use self[:attribute]=(value) and self[:attribute] instead of write_attribute(:attribute, value) and
-  # read_attribute(:attribute) as a shorter form.
-  #
-  # == Attribute query methods
-  #
-  # In addition to the basic accessors, query methods are also automatically available on the Active Record object.
-  # Query methods allow you to test whether an attribute value is present.
-  #
-  # For example, an Active Record User with the <tt>name</tt> attribute has a <tt>name?</tt> method that you can call
-  # to determine whether the user has a name:
-  #
-  #   user = User.new(:name => "David")
-  #   user.name? # => true
-  #
-  #   anonymous = User.new(:name => "")
-  #   anonymous.name? # => false
-  #
-  # == Accessing attributes before they have been typecasted
-  #
-  # Sometimes you want to be able to read the raw attribute data without having the column-determined typecast run its course first.
-  # That can be done by using the <attribute>_before_type_cast accessors that all attributes have. For example, if your Account model
-  # has a balance attribute, you can call account.balance_before_type_cast or account.id_before_type_cast.
-  #
-  # This is especially useful in validation situations where the user might supply a string for an integer field and you want to display
-  # the original string back in an error message. Accessing the attribute normally would typecast the string to 0, which isn't what you
-  # want.
-  #
-  # == Dynamic attribute-based finders
-  #
-  # Dynamic attribute-based finders are a cleaner way of getting (and/or creating) objects by simple queries without turning to SQL. They work by
-  # appending the name of an attribute to <tt>find_by_</tt> or <tt>find_all_by_</tt>, so you get finders like Person.find_by_user_name,
-  # Person.find_all_by_last_name, Payment.find_by_transaction_id. So instead of writing
-  # <tt>Person.find(:first, :conditions => ["user_name = ?", user_name])</tt>, you just do <tt>Person.find_by_user_name(user_name)</tt>.
-  # And instead of writing <tt>Person.find(:all, :conditions => ["last_name = ?", last_name])</tt>, you just do <tt>Person.find_all_by_last_name(last_name)</tt>.
-  #
-  # It's also possible to use multiple attributes in the same find by separating them with "_and_", so you get finders like
-  # <tt>Person.find_by_user_name_and_password</tt> or even <tt>Payment.find_by_purchaser_and_state_and_country</tt>. So instead of writing
-  # <tt>Person.find(:first, :conditions => ["user_name = ? AND password = ?", user_name, password])</tt>, you just do
-  # <tt>Person.find_by_user_name_and_password(user_name, password)</tt>.
-  #
-  # It's even possible to use all the additional parameters to find. For example, the full interface for Payment.find_all_by_amount
-  # is actually Payment.find_all_by_amount(amount, options). And the full interface to Person.find_by_user_name is
-  # actually Person.find_by_user_name(user_name, options). So you could call <tt>Payment.find_all_by_amount(50, :order => "created_on")</tt>.
-  #
-  # The same dynamic finder style can be used to create the object if it doesn't already exist. This dynamic finder is called with
-  # <tt>find_or_create_by_</tt> and will return the object if it already exists and otherwise creates it, then returns it. Example:
-  #
-  #   # No 'Summer' tag exists
-  #   Tag.find_or_create_by_name("Summer") # equal to Tag.create(:name => "Summer")
-  #
-  #   # Now the 'Summer' tag does exist
-  #   Tag.find_or_create_by_name("Summer") # equal to Tag.find_by_name("Summer")
-  #
-  # Use the <tt>find_or_initialize_by_</tt> finder if you want to return a new record without saving it first. Example:
-  #
-  #   # No 'Winter' tag exists
-  #   winter = Tag.find_or_initialize_by_name("Winter")
-  #   winter.new_record? # true
-  #
-  # To find by a subset of the attributes to be used for instantiating a new object, pass a hash instead of
-  # a list of parameters. For example:
-  #
-  #   Tag.find_or_create_by_name(:name => "rails", :creator => current_user)
-  #
-  # That will either find an existing tag named "rails", or create a new one while setting the user that created it.
-  #
-  # == Saving arrays, hashes, and other non-mappable objects in text columns
-  #
-  # Active Record can serialize any object in text columns using YAML. To do so, you must specify this with a call to the class method +serialize+.
-  # This makes it possible to store arrays, hashes, and other non-mappable objects without doing any additional work. Example:
-  #
-  #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-  #     serialize :preferences
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   user = User.create(:preferences => { "background" => "black", "display" => large })
-  #   User.find(user.id).preferences # => { "background" => "black", "display" => large }
-  #
-  # You can also specify a class option as the second parameter that'll raise an exception if a serialized object is retrieved as a
-  # descendent of a class not in the hierarchy. Example:
-  #
-  #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-  #     serialize :preferences, Hash
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   user = User.create(:preferences => %w( one two three ))
-  #   User.find(user.id).preferences    # raises SerializationTypeMismatch
-  #
-  # == Single table inheritance
-  #
-  # Active Record allows inheritance by storing the name of the class in a column that by default is named "type" (can be changed
-  # by overwriting <tt>Base.inheritance_column</tt>). This means that an inheritance looking like this:
-  #
-  #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base; end
-  #   class Firm < Company; end
-  #   class Client < Company; end
-  #   class PriorityClient < Client; end
-  #
-  # When you do Firm.create(:name => "37signals"), this record will be saved in the companies table with type = "Firm". You can then
-  # fetch this row again using Company.find(:first, "name = '37signals'") and it will return a Firm object.
-  #
-  # If you don't have a type column defined in your table, single-table inheritance won't be triggered. In that case, it'll work just
-  # like normal subclasses with no special magic for differentiating between them or reloading the right type with find.
-  #
-  # Note, all the attributes for all the cases are kept in the same table. Read more:
-  # http://www.martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/singleTableInheritance.html
-  #
-  # == Connection to multiple databases in different models
-  #
-  # Connections are usually created through ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection and retrieved by ActiveRecord::Base.connection.
-  # All classes inheriting from ActiveRecord::Base will use this connection. But you can also set a class-specific connection.
-  # For example, if Course is an ActiveRecord::Base, but resides in a different database, you can just say Course.establish_connection
-  # and Course *and all its subclasses* will use this connection instead.
-  #
-  # This feature is implemented by keeping a connection pool in ActiveRecord::Base that is a Hash indexed by the class. If a connection is
-  # requested, the retrieve_connection method will go up the class-hierarchy until a connection is found in the connection pool.
-  #
-  # == Exceptions
-  #
-  # * +ActiveRecordError+ -- generic error class and superclass of all other errors raised by Active Record
-  # * +AdapterNotSpecified+ -- the configuration hash used in <tt>establish_connection</tt> didn't include an
-  #   <tt>:adapter</tt> key.
-  # * +AdapterNotFound+ -- the <tt>:adapter</tt> key used in <tt>establish_connection</tt> specified a non-existent adapter
-  #   (or a bad spelling of an existing one).
-  # * +AssociationTypeMismatch+ -- the object assigned to the association wasn't of the type specified in the association definition.
-  # * +SerializationTypeMismatch+ -- the serialized object wasn't of the class specified as the second parameter.
-  # * +ConnectionNotEstablished+ -- no connection has been established. Use <tt>establish_connection</tt> before querying.
-  # * +RecordNotFound+ -- no record responded to the find* method.
-  #   Either the row with the given ID doesn't exist or the row didn't meet the additional restrictions.
-  # * +StatementInvalid+ -- the database server rejected the SQL statement. The precise error is added in the  message.
-  #   Either the record with the given ID doesn't exist or the record didn't meet the additional restrictions.
-  # * +MultiparameterAssignmentErrors+ -- collection of errors that occurred during a mass assignment using the
-  #   +attributes=+ method. The +errors+ property of this exception contains an array of +AttributeAssignmentError+
-  #   objects that should be inspected to determine which attributes triggered the errors.
-  # * +AttributeAssignmentError+ -- an error occurred while doing a mass assignment through the +attributes=+ method.
-  #   You can inspect the +attribute+ property of the exception object to determine which attribute triggered the error.
-  #
-  # *Note*: The attributes listed are class-level attributes (accessible from both the class and instance level).
-  # So it's possible to assign a logger to the class through Base.logger= which will then be used by all
-  # instances in the current object space.
-  class Base
-    # Accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby 1.8+ Logger class, which is then passed
-    # on to any new database connections made and which can be retrieved on both a class and instance level by calling +logger+.
-    cattr_accessor :logger, :instance_writer => false
-
-    def self.inherited(child) #:nodoc:
-      @@subclasses[self] ||= []
-      @@subclasses[self] << child
-      super
-    end
-
-    def self.reset_subclasses #:nodoc:
-      nonreloadables = []
-      subclasses.each do |klass|
-        unless Dependencies.autoloaded? klass
-          nonreloadables << klass
-          next
-        end
-        klass.instance_variables.each { |var| klass.send(:remove_instance_variable, var) }
-        klass.instance_methods(false).each { |m| klass.send :undef_method, m }
-      end
-      @@subclasses = {}
-      nonreloadables.each { |klass| (@@subclasses[klass.superclass] ||= []) << klass }
-    end
-
-    @@subclasses = {}
-
-    cattr_accessor :configurations, :instance_writer => false
-    @@configurations = {}
-
-    # Accessor for the prefix type that will be prepended to every primary key column name. The options are :table_name and
-    # :table_name_with_underscore. If the first is specified, the Product class will look for "productid" instead of "id" as
-    # the primary column. If the latter is specified, the Product class will look for "product_id" instead of "id". Remember
-    # that this is a global setting for all Active Records.
-    cattr_accessor :primary_key_prefix_type, :instance_writer => false
-    @@primary_key_prefix_type = nil
-
-    # Accessor for the name of the prefix string to prepend to every table name. So if set to "basecamp_", all
-    # table names will be named like "basecamp_projects", "basecamp_people", etc. This is a convenient way of creating a namespace
-    # for tables in a shared database. By default, the prefix is the empty string.
-    cattr_accessor :table_name_prefix, :instance_writer => false
-    @@table_name_prefix = ""
-
-    # Works like +table_name_prefix+, but appends instead of prepends (set to "_basecamp" gives "projects_basecamp",
-    # "people_basecamp"). By default, the suffix is the empty string.
-    cattr_accessor :table_name_suffix, :instance_writer => false
-    @@table_name_suffix = ""
-
-    # Indicates whether table names should be the pluralized versions of the corresponding class names.
-    # If true, the default table name for a +Product+ class will be +products+. If false, it would just be +product+.
-    # See table_name for the full rules on table/class naming. This is true, by default.
-    cattr_accessor :pluralize_table_names, :instance_writer => false
-    @@pluralize_table_names = true
-
-    # Determines whether to use ANSI codes to colorize the logging statements committed by the connection adapter. These colors
-    # make it much easier to overview things during debugging (when used through a reader like +tail+ and on a black background), but
-    # may complicate matters if you use software like syslog. This is true, by default.
-    cattr_accessor :colorize_logging, :instance_writer => false
-    @@colorize_logging = true
-
-    # Determines whether to use Time.local (using :local) or Time.utc (using :utc) when pulling dates and times from the database.
-    # This is set to :local by default.
-    cattr_accessor :default_timezone, :instance_writer => false
-    @@default_timezone = :local
-
-    # Determines whether to use a connection for each thread, or a single shared connection for all threads.
-    # Defaults to false. Set to true if you're writing a threaded application.
-    cattr_accessor :allow_concurrency, :instance_writer => false
-    @@allow_concurrency = false
-
-    # Specifies the format to use when dumping the database schema with Rails'
-    # Rakefile.  If :sql, the schema is dumped as (potentially database-
-    # specific) SQL statements.  If :ruby, the schema is dumped as an
-    # ActiveRecord::Schema file which can be loaded into any database that
-    # supports migrations.  Use :ruby if you want to have different database
-    # adapters for, e.g., your development and test environments.
-    cattr_accessor :schema_format , :instance_writer => false
-    @@schema_format = :ruby
-
-    class << self # Class methods
-      # Find operates with three different retrieval approaches:
-      #
-      # * Find by id: This can either be a specific id (1), a list of ids (1, 5, 6), or an array of ids ([5, 6, 10]).
-      #   If no record can be found for all of the listed ids, then RecordNotFound will be raised.
-      # * Find first: This will return the first record matched by the options used. These options can either be specific
-      #   conditions or merely an order. If no record can be matched, nil is returned.
-      # * Find all: This will return all the records matched by the options used. If no records are found, an empty array is returned.
-      #
-      # All approaches accept an options hash as their last parameter. The options are:
-      #
-      # * <tt>:conditions</tt>: An SQL fragment like "administrator = 1" or [ "user_name = ?", username ]. See conditions in the intro.
-      # * <tt>:order</tt>: An SQL fragment like "created_at DESC, name".
-      # * <tt>:group</tt>: An attribute name by which the result should be grouped. Uses the GROUP BY SQL-clause.
-      # * <tt>:limit</tt>: An integer determining the limit on the number of rows that should be returned.
-      # * <tt>:offset</tt>: An integer determining the offset from where the rows should be fetched. So at 5, it would skip rows 0 through 4.
-      # * <tt>:joins</tt>: Either an SQL fragment for additional joins like "LEFT JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = id" (rarely needed)
-      #   or named associations in the same form used for the :include option, which will perform an INNER JOIN on the associated table(s).
-      #   If the value is a string, then the records will be returned read-only since they will have attributes that do not correspond to the table's columns.
-      #   Pass :readonly => false to override.
-      # * <tt>:include</tt>: Names associations that should be loaded alongside using LEFT OUTER JOINs. The symbols named refer
-      #   to already defined associations. See eager loading under Associations.
-      # * <tt>:select</tt>: By default, this is * as in SELECT * FROM, but can be changed if you, for example, want to do a join but not
-      #   include the joined columns.
-      # * <tt>:from</tt>: By default, this is the table name of the class, but can be changed to an alternate table name (or even the name
-      #   of a database view).
-      # * <tt>:readonly</tt>: Mark the returned records read-only so they cannot be saved or updated.
-      # * <tt>:lock</tt>: An SQL fragment like "FOR UPDATE" or "LOCK IN SHARE MODE".
-      #   :lock => true gives connection's default exclusive lock, usually "FOR UPDATE".
-      #
-      # Examples for find by id:
-      #   Person.find(1)       # returns the object for ID = 1
-      #   Person.find(1, 2, 6) # returns an array for objects with IDs in (1, 2, 6)
-      #   Person.find([7, 17]) # returns an array for objects with IDs in (7, 17)
-      #   Person.find([1])     # returns an array for the object with ID = 1
-      #   Person.find(1, :conditions => "administrator = 1", :order => "created_on DESC")
-      #
-      # Note that returned records may not be in the same order as the ids you
-      # provide since database rows are unordered. Give an explicit :order
-      # to ensure the results are sorted.
-      #
-      # Examples for find first:
-      #   Person.find(:first) # returns the first object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
-      #   Person.find(:first, :conditions => [ "user_name = ?", user_name])
-      #   Person.find(:first, :order => "created_on DESC", :offset => 5)
-      #
-      # Examples for find all:
-      #   Person.find(:all) # returns an array of objects for all the rows fetched by SELECT * FROM people
-      #   Person.find(:all, :conditions => [ "category IN (?)", categories], :limit => 50)
-      #   Person.find(:all, :offset => 10, :limit => 10)
-      #   Person.find(:all, :include => [ :account, :friends ])
-      #   Person.find(:all, :group => "category")
-      #
-      # Example for find with a lock. Imagine two concurrent transactions:
-      # each will read person.visits == 2, add 1 to it, and save, resulting
-      # in two saves of person.visits = 3.  By locking the row, the second
-      # transaction has to wait until the first is finished; we get the
-      # expected person.visits == 4.
-      #   Person.transaction do
-      #     person = Person.find(1, :lock => true)
-      #     person.visits += 1
-      #     person.save!
-      #   end
-      def find(*args)
-        options = args.extract_options!
-        validate_find_options(options)
-        set_readonly_option!(options)
-
-        case args.first
-          when :first then find_initial(options)
-          when :all   then find_every(options)
-          else             find_from_ids(args, options)
-        end
-      end
-
-      #
-      # Executes a custom sql query against your database and returns all the results.  The results will
-      # be returned as an array with columns requested encapsulated as attributes of the model you call
-      # this method from.  If you call +Product.find_by_sql+ then the results will be returned in a Product
-      # object with the attributes you specified in the SQL query.
-      #
-      # If you call a complicated SQL query which spans multiple tables the columns specified by the
-      # SELECT will be attributes of the model, whether or not they are columns of the corresponding
-      # table.
-      #
-      # The +sql+ parameter is a full sql query as a string.  It will be called as is, there will be
-      # no database agnostic conversions performed.  This should be a last resort because using, for example,
-      # MySQL specific terms will lock you to using that particular database engine or require you to
-      # change your call if you switch engines
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   # A simple sql query spanning multiple tables
-      #   Post.find_by_sql "SELECT p.title, c.author FROM posts p, comments c WHERE p.id = c.post_id"
-      #   > [#<Post:0x36bff9c @attributes={"title"=>"Ruby Meetup", "first_name"=>"Quentin"}>, ...]
-      #
-      #   # You can use the same string replacement techniques as you can with ActiveRecord#find
-      #   Post.find_by_sql ["SELECT title FROM posts WHERE author = ? AND created > ?", author_id, start_date]
-      #   > [#<Post:0x36bff9c @attributes={"first_name"=>"The Cheap Man Buys Twice"}>, ...]
-      def find_by_sql(sql)
-        connection.select_all(sanitize_sql(sql), "#{name} Load").collect! { |record| instantiate(record) }
-      end
-
-      # Checks whether a record exists in the database that matches conditions given.  These conditions
-      # can either be a single integer representing a primary key id to be found, or a condition to be
-      # matched like using ActiveRecord#find.
-      #
-      # The +id_or_conditions+ parameter can be an Integer or a String if you want to search the primary key
-      # column of the table for a matching id, or if you're looking to match against a condition you can use
-      # an Array or a Hash.
-      #
-      # Possible gotcha: You can't pass in a condition as a string e.g. "name = 'Jamie'", this would be
-      # sanitized and then queried against the primary key column as "id = 'name = \'Jamie"
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   Person.exists?(5)
-      #   Person.exists?('5')
-      #   Person.exists?(:name => "David")
-      #   Person.exists?(['name LIKE ?', "%#{query}%"])
-      def exists?(id_or_conditions)
-        !find(:first, :select => "#{quoted_table_name}.#{primary_key}",
-              :conditions => expand_id_conditions(id_or_conditions)).nil?
-      end
-
-      # Creates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database, if validations pass.
-      # The resulting object is returned whether the object was saved successfully to the database or not.
-      #
-      # The +attributes+ parameter can be either be a Hash or an Array of Hashes.  These Hashes describe the
-      # attributes on the objects that are to be created.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   # Create a single new object
-      #   User.create(:first_name => 'Jamie')
-      #   # Create an Array of new objects
-      #   User.create([{:first_name => 'Jamie'}, {:first_name => 'Jeremy'}])
-      def create(attributes = nil)
-        if attributes.is_a?(Array)
-          attributes.collect { |attr| create(attr) }
-        else
-          object = new(attributes)
-          object.save
-          object
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Updates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database, if validations pass.
-      # The resulting object is returned whether the object was saved successfully to the database or not.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      #
-      # +id+          This should be the id or an array of ids to be updated
-      # +attributes+  This should be a Hash of attributes to be set on the object, or an array of Hashes.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   # Updating one record:
-      #   Person.update(15, {:user_name => 'Samuel', :group => 'expert'})
-      #
-      #   # Updating multiple records:
-      #   people = { 1 => { "first_name" => "David" }, 2 => { "first_name" => "Jeremy"} }
-      #   Person.update(people.keys, people.values)
-      def update(id, attributes)
-        if id.is_a?(Array)
-          idx = -1
-          id.collect { |id| idx += 1; update(id, attributes[idx]) }
-        else
-          object = find(id)
-          object.update_attributes(attributes)
-          object
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Delete an object (or multiple objects) where the +id+ given matches the primary_key.  A SQL +DELETE+ command
-      # is executed on the database which means that no callbacks are fired off running this.  This is an efficient method
-      # of deleting records that don't need cleaning up after or other actions to be taken.
-      #
-      # Objects are _not_ instantiated with this method.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      #
-      # +id+  Can be either an Integer or an Array of Integers
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   # Delete a single object
-      #   Todo.delete(1)
-      #
-      #   # Delete multiple objects
-      #   todos = [1,2,3]
-      #   Todo.delete(todos)
-      def delete(id)
-        delete_all([ "#{connection.quote_column_name(primary_key)} IN (?)", id ])
-      end
-
-      # Destroy an object (or multiple objects) that has the given id, the object is instantiated first,
-      # therefore all callbacks and filters are fired off before the object is deleted.  This method is
-      # less efficient than ActiveRecord#delete but allows cleanup methods and other actions to be run.
-      #
-      # This essentially finds the object (or multiple objects) with the given id, creates a new object
-      # from the attributes, and then calls destroy on it.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      #
-      # +id+  Can be either an Integer or an Array of Integers
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   # Destroy a single object
-      #   Todo.destroy(1)
-      #
-      #   # Destroy multiple objects
-      #   todos = [1,2,3]
-      #   Todo.destroy(todos)
-      def destroy(id)
-        id.is_a?(Array) ? id.each { |id| destroy(id) } : find(id).destroy
-      end
-
-      # Updates all records with details given if they match a set of conditions supplied, limits and order can
-      # also be supplied.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      #
-      # +updates+     A String of column and value pairs that will be set on any records that match conditions
-      # +conditions+  An SQL fragment like "administrator = 1" or [ "user_name = ?", username ].
-      #               See conditions in the intro for more info.
-      # +options+     Additional options are :limit and/or :order, see the examples for usage.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   # Update all billing objects with the 3 different attributes given
-      #   Billing.update_all( "category = 'authorized', approved = 1, author = 'David'" )
-      #
-      #   # Update records that match our conditions
-      #   Billing.update_all( "author = 'David'", "title LIKE '%Rails%'" )
-      #
-      #   # Update records that match our conditions but limit it to 5 ordered by date
-      #   Billing.update_all( "author = 'David'", "title LIKE '%Rails%'",
-      #                         :order => 'created_at', :limit => 5 )
-      def update_all(updates, conditions = nil, options = {})
-        sql  = "UPDATE #{table_name} SET #{sanitize_sql_for_assignment(updates)} "
-        scope = scope(:find)
-        add_conditions!(sql, conditions, scope)
-        add_order!(sql, options[:order], scope)
-        add_limit!(sql, options, scope)
-        connection.update(sql, "#{name} Update")
-      end
-
-      # Destroys the records matching +conditions+ by instantiating each record and calling the destroy method.
-      # This means at least 2*N database queries to destroy N records, so avoid destroy_all if you are deleting
-      # many records. If you want to simply delete records without worrying about dependent associations or
-      # callbacks, use the much faster +delete_all+ method instead.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      #
-      # +conditions+   Conditions are specified the same way as with +find+ method.
-      #
-      # ==== Example
-      #
-      #   Person.destroy_all "last_login < '2004-04-04'"
-      #
-      # This loads and destroys each person one by one, including its dependent associations and before_ and
-      # after_destroy callbacks.
-      def destroy_all(conditions = nil)
-        find(:all, :conditions => conditions).each { |object| object.destroy }
-      end
-
-      # Deletes the records matching +conditions+ without instantiating the records first, and hence not
-      # calling the destroy method and invoking callbacks. This is a single SQL query, much more efficient
-      # than destroy_all.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      #
-      # +conditions+   Conditions are specified the same way as with +find+ method.
-      #
-      # ==== Example
-      #
-      #   Post.delete_all "person_id = 5 AND (category = 'Something' OR category = 'Else')"
-      #
-      # This deletes the affected posts all at once with a single DELETE query. If you need to destroy dependent
-      # associations or call your before_ or after_destroy callbacks, use the +destroy_all+ method instead.
-      def delete_all(conditions = nil)
-        sql = "DELETE FROM #{quoted_table_name} "
-        add_conditions!(sql, conditions, scope(:find))
-        connection.delete(sql, "#{name} Delete all")
-      end
-
-      # Returns the result of an SQL statement that should only include a COUNT(*) in the SELECT part.
-      # The use of this method should be restricted to complicated SQL queries that can't be executed
-      # using the ActiveRecord::Calculations class methods.  Look into those before using this.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      #
-      # +sql+: An SQL statement which should return a count query from the database, see the example below
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   Product.count_by_sql "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sales s, customers c WHERE s.customer_id = c.id"
-      def count_by_sql(sql)
-        sql = sanitize_conditions(sql)
-        connection.select_value(sql, "#{name} Count").to_i
-      end
-
-      # A generic "counter updater" implementation, intended primarily to be
-      # used by increment_counter and decrement_counter, but which may also
-      # be useful on its own. It simply does a direct SQL update for the record
-      # with the given ID, altering the given hash of counters by the amount
-      # given by the corresponding value:
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      #
-      # +id+        The id of the object you wish to update a counter on
-      # +counters+  An Array of Hashes containing the names of the fields
-      #             to update as keys and the amount to update the field by as
-      #             values
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   # For the Post with id of 5, decrement the comment_count by 1, and
-      #   # increment the action_count by 1
-      #   Post.update_counters 5, :comment_count => -1, :action_count => 1
-      #   # Executes the following SQL:
-      #   # UPDATE posts
-      #   #    SET comment_count = comment_count - 1,
-      #   #        action_count = action_count + 1
-      #   #  WHERE id = 5
-      def update_counters(id, counters)
-        updates = counters.inject([]) { |list, (counter_name, increment)|
-          sign = increment < 0 ? "-" : "+"
-          list << "#{connection.quote_column_name(counter_name)} = #{connection.quote_column_name(counter_name)} #{sign} #{increment.abs}"
-        }.join(", ")
-        update_all(updates, "#{connection.quote_column_name(primary_key)} = #{quote_value(id)}")
-      end
-
-      # Increment a number field by one, usually representing a count.
-      #
-      # This is used for caching aggregate values, so that they don't need to be computed every time.
-      # For example, a DiscussionBoard may cache post_count and comment_count otherwise every time the board is
-      # shown it would have to run an SQL query to find how many posts and comments there are.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      #
-      # +counter_name+  The name of the field that should be incremented
-      # +id+            The id of the object that should be incremented
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   # Increment the post_count column for the record with an id of 5
-      #   DiscussionBoard.increment_counter(:post_count, 5)
-      def increment_counter(counter_name, id)
-        update_counters(id, counter_name => 1)
-      end
-
-      # Decrement a number field by one, usually representing a count.
-      #
-      # This works the same as increment_counter but reduces the column value by 1 instead of increasing it.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      #
-      # +counter_name+  The name of the field that should be decremented
-      # +id+            The id of the object that should be decremented
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   # Decrement the post_count column for the record with an id of 5
-      #   DiscussionBoard.decrement_counter(:post_count, 5)
-      def decrement_counter(counter_name, id)
-        update_counters(id, counter_name => -1)
-      end
-
-
-      # Attributes named in this macro are protected from mass-assignment, such as <tt>new(attributes)</tt> and
-      # <tt>attributes=(attributes)</tt>. Their assignment will simply be ignored. Instead, you can use the direct writer
-      # methods to do assignment. This is meant to protect sensitive attributes from being overwritten by URL/form hackers. Example:
-      #
-      #   class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     attr_protected :credit_rating
-      #   end
-      #
-      #   customer = Customer.new("name" => David, "credit_rating" => "Excellent")
-      #   customer.credit_rating # => nil
-      #   customer.attributes = { "description" => "Jolly fellow", "credit_rating" => "Superb" }
-      #   customer.credit_rating # => nil
-      #
-      #   customer.credit_rating = "Average"
-      #   customer.credit_rating # => "Average"
-      #
-      # To start from an all-closed default and enable attributes as needed, have a look at attr_accessible.
-      def attr_protected(*attributes)
-        write_inheritable_attribute("attr_protected", Set.new(attributes.map(&:to_s)) + (protected_attributes || []))
-      end
-
-      # Returns an array of all the attributes that have been protected from mass-assignment.
-      def protected_attributes # :nodoc:
-        read_inheritable_attribute("attr_protected")
-      end
-
-      # Similar to the attr_protected macro, this protects attributes of your model from mass-assignment,
-      # such as <tt>new(attributes)</tt> and <tt>attributes=(attributes)</tt>
-      # however, it does it in the opposite way.  This locks all attributes and only allows access to the
-      # attributes specified.  Assignment to attributes not in this list will be ignored and need to be set
-      # using the direct writer methods instead.  This is meant to protect sensitive attributes from being
-      # overwritten by URL/form hackers. If you'd rather start from an all-open default and restrict
-      # attributes as needed, have a look at attr_protected.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      #
-      # <tt>*attributes</tt>   A comma separated list of symbols that represent columns _not_ to be protected
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     attr_accessible :name, :nickname
-      #   end
-      #
-      #   customer = Customer.new(:name => "David", :nickname => "Dave", :credit_rating => "Excellent")
-      #   customer.credit_rating # => nil
-      #   customer.attributes = { :name => "Jolly fellow", :credit_rating => "Superb" }
-      #   customer.credit_rating # => nil
-      #
-      #   customer.credit_rating = "Average"
-      #   customer.credit_rating # => "Average"
-      def attr_accessible(*attributes)
-        write_inheritable_attribute("attr_accessible", Set.new(attributes.map(&:to_s)) + (accessible_attributes || []))
-      end
-
-      # Returns an array of all the attributes that have been made accessible to mass-assignment.
-      def accessible_attributes # :nodoc:
-        read_inheritable_attribute("attr_accessible")
-      end
-
-       # Attributes listed as readonly can be set for a new record, but will be ignored in database updates afterwards.
-       def attr_readonly(*attributes)
-         write_inheritable_attribute("attr_readonly", Set.new(attributes.map(&:to_s)) + (readonly_attributes || []))
-       end
-
-       # Returns an array of all the attributes that have been specified as readonly.
-       def readonly_attributes
-         read_inheritable_attribute("attr_readonly")
-       end
-
-      # If you have an attribute that needs to be saved to the database as an object, and retrieved as the same object,
-      # then specify the name of that attribute using this method and it will be handled automatically.
-      # The serialization is done through YAML. If +class_name+ is specified, the serialized object must be of that
-      # class on retrieval or +SerializationTypeMismatch+ will be raised.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      #
-      # +attr_name+   The field name that should be serialized
-      # +class_name+  Optional, class name that the object type should be equal to
-      #
-      # ==== Example
-      #   # Serialize a preferences attribute
-      #   class User
-      #     serialize :preferences
-      #   end
-      def serialize(attr_name, class_name = Object)
-        serialized_attributes[attr_name.to_s] = class_name
-      end
-
-      # Returns a hash of all the attributes that have been specified for serialization as keys and their class restriction as values.
-      def serialized_attributes
-        read_inheritable_attribute("attr_serialized") or write_inheritable_attribute("attr_serialized", {})
-      end
-
-
-      # Guesses the table name (in forced lower-case) based on the name of the class in the inheritance hierarchy descending
-      # directly from ActiveRecord. So if the hierarchy looks like: Reply < Message < ActiveRecord, then Message is used
-      # to guess the table name even when called on Reply. The rules used to do the guess are handled by the Inflector class
-      # in Active Support, which knows almost all common English inflections. You can add new inflections in config/initializers/inflections.rb.
-      #
-      # Nested classes are given table names prefixed by the singular form of
-      # the parent's table name. Enclosing modules are not considered. Examples:
-      #
-      #   class Invoice < ActiveRecord::Base; end;
-      #   file                  class               table_name
-      #   invoice.rb            Invoice             invoices
-      #
-      #   class Invoice < ActiveRecord::Base; class Lineitem < ActiveRecord::Base; end; end;
-      #   file                  class               table_name
-      #   invoice.rb            Invoice::Lineitem   invoice_lineitems
-      #
-      #   module Invoice; class Lineitem < ActiveRecord::Base; end; end;
-      #   file                  class               table_name
-      #   invoice/lineitem.rb   Invoice::Lineitem   lineitems
-      #
-      # Additionally, the class-level table_name_prefix is prepended and the
-      # table_name_suffix is appended.  So if you have "myapp_" as a prefix,
-      # the table name guess for an Invoice class becomes "myapp_invoices".
-      # Invoice::Lineitem becomes "myapp_invoice_lineitems".
-      #
-      # You can also overwrite this class method to allow for unguessable
-      # links, such as a Mouse class with a link to a "mice" table. Example:
-      #
-      #   class Mouse < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     set_table_name "mice"
-      #   end
-      def table_name
-        reset_table_name
-      end
-
-      def reset_table_name #:nodoc:
-        base = base_class
-
-        name =
-          # STI subclasses always use their superclass' table.
-          unless self == base
-            base.table_name
-          else
-            # Nested classes are prefixed with singular parent table name.
-            if parent < ActiveRecord::Base && !parent.abstract_class?
-              contained = parent.table_name
-              contained = contained.singularize if parent.pluralize_table_names
-              contained << '_'
-            end
-            name = "#{table_name_prefix}#{contained}#{undecorated_table_name(base.name)}#{table_name_suffix}"
-          end
-
-        set_table_name(name)
-        name
-      end
-
-      # Defines the primary key field -- can be overridden in subclasses. Overwriting will negate any effect of the
-      # primary_key_prefix_type setting, though.
-      def primary_key
-        reset_primary_key
-      end
-
-      def reset_primary_key #:nodoc:
-        key = 'id'
-        case primary_key_prefix_type
-          when :table_name
-            key = Inflector.foreign_key(base_class.name, false)
-          when :table_name_with_underscore
-            key = Inflector.foreign_key(base_class.name)
-        end
-        set_primary_key(key)
-        key
-      end
-
-      # Defines the column name for use with single table inheritance
-      # -- can be set in subclasses like so: self.inheritance_column = "type_id"
-      def inheritance_column
-        @inheritance_column ||= "type".freeze
-      end
-
-      # Lazy-set the sequence name to the connection's default.  This method
-      # is only ever called once since set_sequence_name overrides it.
-      def sequence_name #:nodoc:
-        reset_sequence_name
-      end
-
-      def reset_sequence_name #:nodoc:
-        default = connection.default_sequence_name(table_name, primary_key)
-        set_sequence_name(default)
-        default
-      end
-
-      # Sets the table name to use to the given value, or (if the value
-      # is nil or false) to the value returned by the given block.
-      #
-      # Example:
-      #
-      #   class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     set_table_name "project"
-      #   end
-      def set_table_name(value = nil, &block)
-        define_attr_method :table_name, value, &block
-      end
-      alias :table_name= :set_table_name
-
-      # Sets the name of the primary key column to use to the given value,
-      # or (if the value is nil or false) to the value returned by the given
-      # block.
-      #
-      # Example:
-      #
-      #   class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     set_primary_key "sysid"
-      #   end
-      def set_primary_key(value = nil, &block)
-        define_attr_method :primary_key, value, &block
-      end
-      alias :primary_key= :set_primary_key
-
-      # Sets the name of the inheritance column to use to the given value,
-      # or (if the value # is nil or false) to the value returned by the
-      # given block.
-      #
-      # Example:
-      #
-      #   class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     set_inheritance_column do
-      #       original_inheritance_column + "_id"
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      def set_inheritance_column(value = nil, &block)
-        define_attr_method :inheritance_column, value, &block
-      end
-      alias :inheritance_column= :set_inheritance_column
-
-      # Sets the name of the sequence to use when generating ids to the given
-      # value, or (if the value is nil or false) to the value returned by the
-      # given block. This is required for Oracle and is useful for any
-      # database which relies on sequences for primary key generation.
-      #
-      # If a sequence name is not explicitly set when using Oracle or Firebird,
-      # it will default to the commonly used pattern of: #{table_name}_seq
-      #
-      # If a sequence name is not explicitly set when using PostgreSQL, it
-      # will discover the sequence corresponding to your primary key for you.
-      #
-      # Example:
-      #
-      #   class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     set_sequence_name "projectseq"   # default would have been "project_seq"
-      #   end
-      def set_sequence_name(value = nil, &block)
-        define_attr_method :sequence_name, value, &block
-      end
-      alias :sequence_name= :set_sequence_name
-
-      # Turns the +table_name+ back into a class name following the reverse rules of +table_name+.
-      def class_name(table_name = table_name) # :nodoc:
-        # remove any prefix and/or suffix from the table name
-        class_name = table_name[table_name_prefix.length..-(table_name_suffix.length + 1)].camelize
-        class_name = class_name.singularize if pluralize_table_names
-        class_name
-      end
-
-      # Indicates whether the table associated with this class exists
-      def table_exists?
-        if connection.respond_to?(:tables)
-          connection.tables.include? table_name
-        else
-          # if the connection adapter hasn't implemented tables, there are two crude tests that can be
-          # used - see if getting column info raises an error, or if the number of columns returned is zero
-          begin
-            reset_column_information
-            columns.size > 0
-          rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
-            false
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Returns an array of column objects for the table associated with this class.
-      def columns
-        unless @columns
-          @columns = connection.columns(table_name, "#{name} Columns")
-          @columns.each {|column| column.primary = column.name == primary_key}
-        end
-        @columns
-      end
-
-      # Returns a hash of column objects for the table associated with this class.
-      def columns_hash
-        @columns_hash ||= columns.inject({}) { |hash, column| hash[column.name] = column; hash }
-      end
-
-      # Returns an array of column names as strings.
-      def column_names
-        @column_names ||= columns.map { |column| column.name }
-      end
-
-      # Returns an array of column objects where the primary id, all columns ending in "_id" or "_count",
-      # and columns used for single table inheritance have been removed.
-      def content_columns
-        @content_columns ||= columns.reject { |c| c.primary || c.name =~ /(_id|_count)$/ || c.name == inheritance_column }
-      end
-
-      # Returns a hash of all the methods added to query each of the columns in the table with the name of the method as the key
-      # and true as the value. This makes it possible to do O(1) lookups in respond_to? to check if a given method for attribute
-      # is available.
-      def column_methods_hash #:nodoc:
-        @dynamic_methods_hash ||= column_names.inject(Hash.new(false)) do |methods, attr|
-          attr_name = attr.to_s
-          methods[attr.to_sym]       = attr_name
-          methods["#{attr}=".to_sym] = attr_name
-          methods["#{attr}?".to_sym] = attr_name
-          methods["#{attr}_before_type_cast".to_sym] = attr_name
-          methods
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Resets all the cached information about columns, which will cause them to be reloaded on the next request.
-      def reset_column_information
-        generated_methods.each { |name| undef_method(name) }
-        @column_names = @columns = @columns_hash = @content_columns = @dynamic_methods_hash = @generated_methods = @inheritance_column = nil
-      end
-
-      def reset_column_information_and_inheritable_attributes_for_all_subclasses#:nodoc:
-        subclasses.each { |klass| klass.reset_inheritable_attributes; klass.reset_column_information }
-      end
-
-      # Transforms attribute key names into a more humane format, such as "First name" instead of "first_name". Example:
-      #   Person.human_attribute_name("first_name") # => "First name"
-      # Deprecated in favor of just calling "first_name".humanize
-      def human_attribute_name(attribute_key_name) #:nodoc:
-        attribute_key_name.humanize
-      end
-
-      # True if this isn't a concrete subclass needing a STI type condition.
-      def descends_from_active_record?
-        if superclass.abstract_class?
-          superclass.descends_from_active_record?
-        else
-          superclass == Base || !columns_hash.include?(inheritance_column)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def finder_needs_type_condition? #:nodoc:
-        # This is like this because benchmarking justifies the strange :false stuff
-        :true == (@finder_needs_type_condition ||= descends_from_active_record? ? :false : :true)
-      end
-
-      # Returns a string like 'Post id:integer, title:string, body:text'
-      def inspect
-        if self == Base
-          super
-        elsif abstract_class?
-          "#{super}(abstract)"
-        elsif table_exists?
-          attr_list = columns.map { |c| "#{c.name}: #{c.type}" } * ', '
-          "#{super}(#{attr_list})"
-        else
-          "#{super}(Table doesn't exist)"
-        end
-      end
-
-
-      def quote_value(value, column = nil) #:nodoc:
-        connection.quote(value,column)
-      end
-
-      # Used to sanitize objects before they're used in an SQL SELECT statement. Delegates to <tt>connection.quote</tt>.
-      def sanitize(object) #:nodoc:
-        connection.quote(object)
-      end
-
-      # Log and benchmark multiple statements in a single block. Example:
-      #
-      #   Project.benchmark("Creating project") do
-      #     project = Project.create("name" => "stuff")
-      #     project.create_manager("name" => "David")
-      #     project.milestones << Milestone.find(:all)
-      #   end
-      #
-      # The benchmark is only recorded if the current level of the logger matches the <tt>log_level</tt>, which makes it
-      # easy to include benchmarking statements in production software that will remain inexpensive because the benchmark
-      # will only be conducted if the log level is low enough.
-      #
-      # The logging of the multiple statements is turned off unless <tt>use_silence</tt> is set to false.
-      def benchmark(title, log_level = Logger::DEBUG, use_silence = true)
-        if logger && logger.level == log_level
-          result = nil
-          seconds = Benchmark.realtime { result = use_silence ? silence { yield } : yield }
-          logger.add(log_level, "#{title} (#{'%.5f' % seconds})")
-          result
-        else
-          yield
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Silences the logger for the duration of the block.
-      def silence
-        old_logger_level, logger.level = logger.level, Logger::ERROR if logger
-        yield
-      ensure
-        logger.level = old_logger_level if logger
-      end
-
-      # Overwrite the default class equality method to provide support for association proxies.
-      def ===(object)
-        object.is_a?(self)
-      end
-
-      # Returns the base AR subclass that this class descends from. If A
-      # extends AR::Base, A.base_class will return A. If B descends from A
-      # through some arbitrarily deep hierarchy, B.base_class will return A.
-      def base_class
-        class_of_active_record_descendant(self)
-      end
-
-      # Set this to true if this is an abstract class (see #abstract_class?).
-      attr_accessor :abstract_class
-
-      # Returns whether this class is a base AR class.  If A is a base class and
-      # B descends from A, then B.base_class will return B.
-      def abstract_class?
-        abstract_class == true
-      end
-
-      private
-        def find_initial(options)
-          options.update(:limit => 1) unless options[:include]
-          find_every(options).first
-        end
-
-        def find_every(options)
-          records = scoped?(:find, :include) || options[:include] ?
-            find_with_associations(options) :
-            find_by_sql(construct_finder_sql(options))
-
-          records.each { |record| record.readonly! } if options[:readonly]
-
-          records
-        end
-
-        def find_from_ids(ids, options)
-          expects_array = ids.first.kind_of?(Array)
-          return ids.first if expects_array && ids.first.empty?
-
-          ids = ids.flatten.compact.uniq
-
-          case ids.size
-            when 0
-              raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{name} without an ID"
-            when 1
-              result = find_one(ids.first, options)
-              expects_array ? [ result ] : result
-            else
-              find_some(ids, options)
-          end
-        end
-
-        def find_one(id, options)
-          conditions = " AND (#{sanitize_sql(options[:conditions])})" if options[:conditions]
-          options.update :conditions => "#{quoted_table_name}.#{connection.quote_column_name(primary_key)} = #{quote_value(id,columns_hash[primary_key])}#{conditions}"
-
-          # Use find_every(options).first since the primary key condition
-          # already ensures we have a single record. Using find_initial adds
-          # a superfluous :limit => 1.
-          if result = find_every(options).first
-            result
-          else
-            raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{name} with ID=#{id}#{conditions}"
-          end
-        end
-
-        def find_some(ids, options)
-          conditions = " AND (#{sanitize_sql(options[:conditions])})" if options[:conditions]
-          ids_list   = ids.map { |id| quote_value(id,columns_hash[primary_key]) }.join(',')
-          options.update :conditions => "#{quoted_table_name}.#{connection.quote_column_name(primary_key)} IN (#{ids_list})#{conditions}"
-
-          result = find_every(options)
-
-          # Determine expected size from limit and offset, not just ids.size.
-          expected_size =
-            if options[:limit] && ids.size > options[:limit]
-              options[:limit]
-            else
-              ids.size
-            end
-
-          # 11 ids with limit 3, offset 9 should give 2 results.
-          if options[:offset] && (ids.size - options[:offset] < expected_size)
-            expected_size = ids.size - options[:offset]
-          end
-
-          if result.size == expected_size
-            result
-          else
-            raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find all #{name.pluralize} with IDs (#{ids_list})#{conditions} (found #{result.size} results, but was looking for #{expected_size})"
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Finder methods must instantiate through this method to work with the
-        # single-table inheritance model that makes it possible to create
-        # objects of different types from the same table.
-        def instantiate(record)
-          object =
-            if subclass_name = record[inheritance_column]
-              # No type given.
-              if subclass_name.empty?
-                allocate
-
-              else
-                # Ignore type if no column is present since it was probably
-                # pulled in from a sloppy join.
-                unless columns_hash.include?(inheritance_column)
-                  allocate
-
-                else
-                  begin
-                    compute_type(subclass_name).allocate
-                  rescue NameError
-                    raise SubclassNotFound,
-                      "The single-table inheritance mechanism failed to locate the subclass: '#{record[inheritance_column]}'. " +
-                      "This error is raised because the column '#{inheritance_column}' is reserved for storing the class in case of inheritance. " +
-                      "Please rename this column if you didn't intend it to be used for storing the inheritance class " +
-                      "or overwrite #{self.to_s}.inheritance_column to use another column for that information."
-                  end
-                end
-              end
-            else
-              allocate
-            end
-
-          object.instance_variable_set("@attributes", record)
-          object.instance_variable_set("@attributes_cache", Hash.new)
-
-          if object.respond_to_without_attributes?(:after_find)
-            object.send(:callback, :after_find)
-          end
-
-          if object.respond_to_without_attributes?(:after_initialize)
-            object.send(:callback, :after_initialize)
-          end
-
-          object
-        end
-
-        # Nest the type name in the same module as this class.
-        # Bar is "MyApp::Business::Bar" relative to MyApp::Business::Foo
-        def type_name_with_module(type_name)
-          (/^::/ =~ type_name) ? type_name : "#{parent.name}::#{type_name}"
-        end
-
-        def construct_finder_sql(options)
-          scope = scope(:find)
-          sql  = "SELECT #{(scope && scope[:select]) || options[:select] || (options[:joins] && quoted_table_name + '.*') || '*'} "
-          sql << "FROM #{(scope && scope[:from]) || options[:from] || quoted_table_name} "
-
-          add_joins!(sql, options, scope)
-          add_conditions!(sql, options[:conditions], scope)
-
-          add_group!(sql, options[:group], scope)
-          add_order!(sql, options[:order], scope)
-          add_limit!(sql, options, scope)
-          add_lock!(sql, options, scope)
-
-          sql
-        end
-
-        # Merges includes so that the result is a valid +include+
-        def merge_includes(first, second)
-         (safe_to_array(first) + safe_to_array(second)).uniq
-        end
-
-        # Object#to_a is deprecated, though it does have the desired behavior
-        def safe_to_array(o)
-          case o
-          when NilClass
-            []
-          when Array
-            o
-          else
-            [o]
-          end
-        end
-
-        def add_order!(sql, order, scope = :auto)
-          scope = scope(:find) if :auto == scope
-          scoped_order = scope[:order] if scope
-          if order
-            sql << " ORDER BY #{order}"
-            sql << ", #{scoped_order}" if scoped_order
-          else
-            sql << " ORDER BY #{scoped_order}" if scoped_order
-          end
-        end
-
-        def add_group!(sql, group, scope = :auto)
-          if group
-            sql << " GROUP BY #{group}"
-          else
-            scope = scope(:find) if :auto == scope
-            if scope && (scoped_group = scope[:group])
-              sql << " GROUP BY #{scoped_group}"
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        # The optional scope argument is for the current :find scope.
-        def add_limit!(sql, options, scope = :auto)
-          scope = scope(:find) if :auto == scope
-
-          if scope
-            options[:limit] ||= scope[:limit]
-            options[:offset] ||= scope[:offset]
-          end
-
-          connection.add_limit_offset!(sql, options)
-        end
-
-        # The optional scope argument is for the current :find scope.
-        # The :lock option has precedence over a scoped :lock.
-        def add_lock!(sql, options, scope = :auto)
-          scope = scope(:find) if :auto == scope
-          options = options.reverse_merge(:lock => scope[:lock]) if scope
-          connection.add_lock!(sql, options)
-        end
-
-        # The optional scope argument is for the current :find scope.
-        def add_joins!(sql, options, scope = :auto)
-          scope = scope(:find) if :auto == scope
-          join = (scope && scope[:joins]) || options[:joins]
-          case join
-          when Symbol, Hash, Array
-            join_dependency = ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods::InnerJoinDependency.new(self, join, nil)
-            sql << " #{join_dependency.join_associations.collect{|join| join.association_join }.join} "
-          else
-            sql << " #{join} "
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Adds a sanitized version of +conditions+ to the +sql+ string. Note that the passed-in +sql+ string is changed.
-        # The optional scope argument is for the current :find scope.
-        def add_conditions!(sql, conditions, scope = :auto)
-          scope = scope(:find) if :auto == scope
-          segments = []
-          segments << sanitize_sql(scope[:conditions]) if scope && !scope[:conditions].blank?
-          segments << sanitize_sql(conditions) unless conditions.blank?
-          segments << type_condition if finder_needs_type_condition?
-          segments.delete_if{|s| s.blank?}
-          sql << "WHERE (#{segments.join(") AND (")}) " unless segments.empty?
-        end
-
-        def type_condition
-          quoted_inheritance_column = connection.quote_column_name(inheritance_column)
-          type_condition = subclasses.inject("#{quoted_table_name}.#{quoted_inheritance_column} = '#{name.demodulize}' ") do |condition, subclass|
-            condition << "OR #{quoted_table_name}.#{quoted_inheritance_column} = '#{subclass.name.demodulize}' "
-          end
-
-          " (#{type_condition}) "
-        end
-
-        # Guesses the table name, but does not decorate it with prefix and suffix information.
-        def undecorated_table_name(class_name = base_class.name)
-          table_name = Inflector.underscore(Inflector.demodulize(class_name))
-          table_name = Inflector.pluralize(table_name) if pluralize_table_names
-          table_name
-        end
-
-        # Enables dynamic finders like find_by_user_name(user_name) and find_by_user_name_and_password(user_name, password) that are turned into
-        # find(:first, :conditions => ["user_name = ?", user_name]) and  find(:first, :conditions => ["user_name = ? AND password = ?", user_name, password])
-        # respectively. Also works for find(:all) by using find_all_by_amount(50) that is turned into find(:all, :conditions => ["amount = ?", 50]).
-        #
-        # It's even possible to use all the additional parameters to find. For example, the full interface for find_all_by_amount
-        # is actually find_all_by_amount(amount, options).
-        #
-        # This also enables you to initialize a record if it is not found, such as find_or_initialize_by_amount(amount)
-        # or find_or_create_by_user_and_password(user, password).
-        #
-        # Each dynamic finder or initializer/creator is also defined in the class after it is first invoked, so that future
-        # attempts to use it do not run through method_missing.
-        def method_missing(method_id, *arguments)
-          if match = /^find_(all_by|by)_([_a-zA-Z]\w*)$/.match(method_id.to_s)
-            finder = determine_finder(match)
-
-            attribute_names = extract_attribute_names_from_match(match)
-            super unless all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
-
-            self.class_eval %{
-              def self.#{method_id}(*args)
-                options = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
-                attributes = construct_attributes_from_arguments([:#{attribute_names.join(',:')}], args)
-                finder_options = { :conditions => attributes }
-                validate_find_options(options)
-                set_readonly_option!(options)
-
-                if options[:conditions]
-                  with_scope(:find => finder_options) do
-                    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { send(:#{finder}, options) }
-                  end
-                else
-                  ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { send(:#{finder}, options.merge(finder_options)) }
-                end
-              end
-            }, __FILE__, __LINE__
-            send(method_id, *arguments)
-          elsif match = /^find_or_(initialize|create)_by_([_a-zA-Z]\w*)$/.match(method_id.to_s)
-            instantiator = determine_instantiator(match)
-            attribute_names = extract_attribute_names_from_match(match)
-            super unless all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
-
-            self.class_eval %{
-              def self.#{method_id}(*args)
-                if args[0].is_a?(Hash)
-                  attributes = args[0].with_indifferent_access
-                  find_attributes = attributes.slice(*[:#{attribute_names.join(',:')}])
-                else
-                  find_attributes = attributes = construct_attributes_from_arguments([:#{attribute_names.join(',:')}], args)
-                end
-
-                options = { :conditions => find_attributes }
-                set_readonly_option!(options)
-
-                record = find_initial(options)
-                if record.nil?
-                  record = self.new { |r| r.send(:attributes=, attributes, false) }
-                  #{'record.save' if instantiator == :create}
-                  record
-                else
-                  record
-                end
-              end
-            }, __FILE__, __LINE__
-            send(method_id, *arguments)
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        def determine_finder(match)
-          match.captures.first == 'all_by' ? :find_every : :find_initial
-        end
-
-        def determine_instantiator(match)
-          match.captures.first == 'initialize' ? :new : :create
-        end
-
-        def extract_attribute_names_from_match(match)
-          match.captures.last.split('_and_')
-        end
-
-        def construct_attributes_from_arguments(attribute_names, arguments)
-          attributes = {}
-          attribute_names.each_with_index { |name, idx| attributes[name] = arguments[idx] }
-          attributes
-        end
-
-        def all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
-          attribute_names.all? { |name| column_methods_hash.include?(name.to_sym) }
-        end
-
-        def attribute_condition(argument)
-          case argument
-            when nil   then "IS ?"
-            when Array, ActiveRecord::Associations::AssociationCollection then "IN (?)"
-            when Range then "BETWEEN ? AND ?"
-            else            "= ?"
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Interpret Array and Hash as conditions and anything else as an id.
-        def expand_id_conditions(id_or_conditions)
-          case id_or_conditions
-            when Array, Hash then id_or_conditions
-            else sanitize_sql(primary_key => id_or_conditions)
-          end
-        end
-
-
-        # Defines an "attribute" method (like #inheritance_column or
-        # #table_name). A new (class) method will be created with the
-        # given name. If a value is specified, the new method will
-        # return that value (as a string). Otherwise, the given block
-        # will be used to compute the value of the method.
-        #
-        # The original method will be aliased, with the new name being
-        # prefixed with "original_". This allows the new method to
-        # access the original value.
-        #
-        # Example:
-        #
-        #   class A < ActiveRecord::Base
-        #     define_attr_method :primary_key, "sysid"
-        #     define_attr_method( :inheritance_column ) do
-        #       original_inheritance_column + "_id"
-        #     end
-        #   end
-        def define_attr_method(name, value=nil, &block)
-          sing = class << self; self; end
-          sing.send :alias_method, "original_#{name}", name
-          if block_given?
-            sing.send :define_method, name, &block
-          else
-            # use eval instead of a block to work around a memory leak in dev
-            # mode in fcgi
-            sing.class_eval "def #{name}; #{value.to_s.inspect}; end"
-          end
-        end
-
-      protected
-        # Scope parameters to method calls within the block.  Takes a hash of method_name => parameters hash.
-        # method_name may be :find or :create. :find parameters may include the <tt>:conditions</tt>, <tt>:joins</tt>,
-        # <tt>:include</tt>, <tt>:offset</tt>, <tt>:limit</tt>, and <tt>:readonly</tt> options. :create parameters are an attributes hash.
-        #
-        #   class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
-        #     def self.create_with_scope
-        #       with_scope(:find => { :conditions => "blog_id = 1" }, :create => { :blog_id => 1 }) do
-        #         find(1) # => SELECT * from articles WHERE blog_id = 1 AND id = 1
-        #         a = create(1)
-        #         a.blog_id # => 1
-        #       end
-        #     end
-        #   end
-        #
-        # In nested scopings, all previous parameters are overwritten by the innermost rule, with the exception of
-        # :conditions and :include options in :find, which are merged.
-        #
-        #   class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
-        #     def self.find_with_scope
-        #       with_scope(:find => { :conditions => "blog_id = 1", :limit => 1 }, :create => { :blog_id => 1 }) do
-        #         with_scope(:find => { :limit => 10})
-        #           find(:all) # => SELECT * from articles WHERE blog_id = 1 LIMIT 10
-        #         end
-        #         with_scope(:find => { :conditions => "author_id = 3" })
-        #           find(:all) # => SELECT * from articles WHERE blog_id = 1 AND author_id = 3 LIMIT 1
-        #         end
-        #       end
-        #     end
-        #   end
-        #
-        # You can ignore any previous scopings by using the <tt>with_exclusive_scope</tt> method.
-        #
-        #   class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
-        #     def self.find_with_exclusive_scope
-        #       with_scope(:find => { :conditions => "blog_id = 1", :limit => 1 }) do
-        #         with_exclusive_scope(:find => { :limit => 10 })
-        #           find(:all) # => SELECT * from articles LIMIT 10
-        #         end
-        #       end
-        #     end
-        #   end
-        def with_scope(method_scoping = {}, action = :merge, &block)
-          method_scoping = method_scoping.method_scoping if method_scoping.respond_to?(:method_scoping)
-
-          # Dup first and second level of hash (method and params).
-          method_scoping = method_scoping.inject({}) do |hash, (method, params)|
-            hash[method] = (params == true) ? params : params.dup
-            hash
-          end
-
-          method_scoping.assert_valid_keys([ :find, :create ])
-
-          if f = method_scoping[:find]
-            f.assert_valid_keys(VALID_FIND_OPTIONS)
-            set_readonly_option! f
-          end
-
-          # Merge scopings
-          if action == :merge && current_scoped_methods
-            method_scoping = current_scoped_methods.inject(method_scoping) do |hash, (method, params)|
-              case hash[method]
-                when Hash
-                  if method == :find
-                    (hash[method].keys + params.keys).uniq.each do |key|
-                      merge = hash[method][key] && params[key] # merge if both scopes have the same key
-                      if key == :conditions && merge
-                        hash[method][key] = [params[key], hash[method][key]].collect{ |sql| "( %s )" % sanitize_sql(sql) }.join(" AND ")
-                      elsif key == :include && merge
-                        hash[method][key] = merge_includes(hash[method][key], params[key]).uniq
-                      else
-                        hash[method][key] = hash[method][key] || params[key]
-                      end
-                    end
-                  else
-                    hash[method] = params.merge(hash[method])
-                  end
-                else
-                  hash[method] = params
-              end
-              hash
-            end
-          end
-
-          self.scoped_methods << method_scoping
-
-          begin
-            yield
-          ensure
-            self.scoped_methods.pop
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Works like with_scope, but discards any nested properties.
-        def with_exclusive_scope(method_scoping = {}, &block)
-          with_scope(method_scoping, :overwrite, &block)
-        end
-
-        def subclasses #:nodoc:
-          @@subclasses[self] ||= []
-          @@subclasses[self] + extra = @@subclasses[self].inject([]) {|list, subclass| list + subclass.subclasses }
-        end
-
-        # Test whether the given method and optional key are scoped.
-        def scoped?(method, key = nil) #:nodoc:
-          if current_scoped_methods && (scope = current_scoped_methods[method])
-            !key || scope.has_key?(key)
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Retrieve the scope for the given method and optional key.
-        def scope(method, key = nil) #:nodoc:
-          if current_scoped_methods && (scope = current_scoped_methods[method])
-            key ? scope[key] : scope
-          end
-        end
-
-        def thread_safe_scoped_methods #:nodoc:
-          scoped_methods = (Thread.current[:scoped_methods] ||= {})
-          scoped_methods[self] ||= []
-        end
-
-        def single_threaded_scoped_methods #:nodoc:
-          @scoped_methods ||= []
-        end
-
-        # pick up the correct scoped_methods version from @@allow_concurrency
-        if @@allow_concurrency
-          alias_method :scoped_methods, :thread_safe_scoped_methods
-        else
-          alias_method :scoped_methods, :single_threaded_scoped_methods
-        end
-
-        def current_scoped_methods #:nodoc:
-          scoped_methods.last
-        end
-
-        # Returns the class type of the record using the current module as a prefix. So descendents of
-        # MyApp::Business::Account would appear as MyApp::Business::AccountSubclass.
-        def compute_type(type_name)
-          modularized_name = type_name_with_module(type_name)
-          begin
-            class_eval(modularized_name, __FILE__, __LINE__)
-          rescue NameError
-            class_eval(type_name, __FILE__, __LINE__)
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Returns the class descending directly from ActiveRecord in the inheritance hierarchy.
-        def class_of_active_record_descendant(klass)
-          if klass.superclass == Base || klass.superclass.abstract_class?
-            klass
-          elsif klass.superclass.nil?
-            raise ActiveRecordError, "#{name} doesn't belong in a hierarchy descending from ActiveRecord"
-          else
-            class_of_active_record_descendant(klass.superclass)
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Returns the name of the class descending directly from ActiveRecord in the inheritance hierarchy.
-        def class_name_of_active_record_descendant(klass) #:nodoc:
-          klass.base_class.name
-        end
-
-        # Accepts an array, hash, or string of sql conditions and sanitizes
-        # them into a valid SQL fragment for a WHERE clause.
-        #   ["name='%s' and group_id='%s'", "foo'bar", 4]  returns  "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'"
-        #   { :name => "foo'bar", :group_id => 4 }  returns "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'"
-        #   "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'" returns "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'"
-        def sanitize_sql_for_conditions(condition)
-          case condition
-            when Array; sanitize_sql_array(condition)
-            when Hash;  sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions(condition)
-            else        condition
-          end
-        end
-        alias_method :sanitize_sql, :sanitize_sql_for_conditions
-
-        # Accepts an array, hash, or string of sql conditions and sanitizes
-        # them into a valid SQL fragment for a SET clause.
-        #   { :name => nil, :group_id => 4 }  returns "name = NULL , group_id='4'"
-        def sanitize_sql_for_assignment(assignments)
-          case assignments
-            when Array; sanitize_sql_array(assignments)
-            when Hash;  sanitize_sql_hash_for_assignment(assignments)
-            else        assignments
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Sanitizes a hash of attribute/value pairs into SQL conditions for a WHERE clause.
-        #   { :name => "foo'bar", :group_id => 4 }
-        #     # => "name='foo''bar' and group_id= 4"
-        #   { :status => nil, :group_id => [1,2,3] }
-        #     # => "status IS NULL and group_id IN (1,2,3)"
-        #   { :age => 13..18 }
-        #     # => "age BETWEEN 13 AND 18"
-        #   { 'other_records.id' => 7 }
-        #     # => "`other_records`.`id` = 7"
-        def sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions(attrs)
-          conditions = attrs.map do |attr, value|
-            attr = attr.to_s
-
-            # Extract table name from qualified attribute names.
-            if attr.include?('.')
-              table_name, attr = attr.split('.', 2)
-              table_name = connection.quote_table_name(table_name)
-            else
-              table_name = quoted_table_name
-            end
-
-            "#{table_name}.#{connection.quote_column_name(attr)} #{attribute_condition(value)}"
-          end.join(' AND ')
-
-          replace_bind_variables(conditions, expand_range_bind_variables(attrs.values))
-        end
-        alias_method :sanitize_sql_hash, :sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions
-
-        # Sanitizes a hash of attribute/value pairs into SQL conditions for a SET clause.
-        #   { :status => nil, :group_id => 1 }
-        #     # => "status = NULL , group_id = 1"
-        def sanitize_sql_hash_for_assignment(attrs)
-          conditions = attrs.map do |attr, value|
-            "#{connection.quote_column_name(attr)} = #{quote_bound_value(value)}"
-          end.join(', ')
-        end
-
-        # Accepts an array of conditions.  The array has each value
-        # sanitized and interpolated into the sql statement.
-        #   ["name='%s' and group_id='%s'", "foo'bar", 4]  returns  "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'"
-        def sanitize_sql_array(ary)
-          statement, *values = ary
-          if values.first.is_a?(Hash) and statement =~ /:\w+/
-            replace_named_bind_variables(statement, values.first)
-          elsif statement.include?('?')
-            replace_bind_variables(statement, values)
-          else
-            statement % values.collect { |value| connection.quote_string(value.to_s) }
-          end
-        end
-
-        alias_method :sanitize_conditions, :sanitize_sql
-
-        def replace_bind_variables(statement, values) #:nodoc:
-          raise_if_bind_arity_mismatch(statement, statement.count('?'), values.size)
-          bound = values.dup
-          statement.gsub('?') { quote_bound_value(bound.shift) }
-        end
-
-        def replace_named_bind_variables(statement, bind_vars) #:nodoc:
-          statement.gsub(/:(\w+)/) do
-            match = $1.to_sym
-            if bind_vars.include?(match)
-              quote_bound_value(bind_vars[match])
-            else
-              raise PreparedStatementInvalid, "missing value for :#{match} in #{statement}"
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        def expand_range_bind_variables(bind_vars) #:nodoc:
-          bind_vars.each_with_index do |var, index|
-            bind_vars[index, 1] = [var.first, var.last] if var.is_a?(Range)
-          end
-          bind_vars
-        end
-
-        def quote_bound_value(value) #:nodoc:
-          if value.respond_to?(:map) && !value.is_a?(String)
-            if value.respond_to?(:empty?) && value.empty?
-              connection.quote(nil)
-            else
-              value.map { |v| connection.quote(v) }.join(',')
-            end
-          else
-            connection.quote(value)
-          end
-        end
-
-        def raise_if_bind_arity_mismatch(statement, expected, provided) #:nodoc:
-          unless expected == provided
-            raise PreparedStatementInvalid, "wrong number of bind variables (#{provided} for #{expected}) in: #{statement}"
-          end
-        end
-
-        VALID_FIND_OPTIONS = [ :conditions, :include, :joins, :limit, :offset,
-                               :order, :select, :readonly, :group, :from, :lock ]
-
-        def validate_find_options(options) #:nodoc:
-          options.assert_valid_keys(VALID_FIND_OPTIONS)
-        end
-
-        def set_readonly_option!(options) #:nodoc:
-          # Inherit :readonly from finder scope if set.  Otherwise,
-          # if :joins is not blank then :readonly defaults to true.
-          unless options.has_key?(:readonly)
-            if scoped_readonly = scope(:find, :readonly)
-              options[:readonly] = scoped_readonly
-            elsif !options[:joins].blank? && !options[:select]
-              options[:readonly] = true
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        def encode_quoted_value(value) #:nodoc:
-          quoted_value = connection.quote(value)
-          quoted_value = "'#{quoted_value[1..-2].gsub(/\'/, "\\\\'")}'" if quoted_value.include?("\\\'") # (for ruby mode) "
-          quoted_value
-        end
-    end
-
-    public
-      # New objects can be instantiated as either empty (pass no construction parameter) or pre-set with
-      # attributes but not yet saved (pass a hash with key names matching the associated table column names).
-      # In both instances, valid attribute keys are determined by the column names of the associated table --
-      # hence you can't have attributes that aren't part of the table columns.
-      def initialize(attributes = nil)
-        @attributes = attributes_from_column_definition
-        @attributes_cache = {}
-        @new_record = true
-        ensure_proper_type
-        self.attributes = attributes unless attributes.nil?
-        self.class.send(:scope, :create).each { |att,value| self.send("#{att}=", value) } if self.class.send(:scoped?, :create)
-        result = yield self if block_given?
-        callback(:after_initialize) if respond_to_without_attributes?(:after_initialize)
-        result
-      end
-
-      # A model instance's primary key is always available as model.id
-      # whether you name it the default 'id' or set it to something else.
-      def id
-        attr_name = self.class.primary_key
-        column = column_for_attribute(attr_name)
-
-        self.class.send(:define_read_method, :id, attr_name, column)
-        # now that the method exists, call it
-        self.send attr_name.to_sym
-
-      end
-
-      # Enables Active Record objects to be used as URL parameters in Action Pack automatically.
-      def to_param
-        # We can't use alias_method here, because method 'id' optimizes itself on the fly.
-        (id = self.id) ? id.to_s : nil # Be sure to stringify the id for routes
-      end
-
-      def id_before_type_cast #:nodoc:
-        read_attribute_before_type_cast(self.class.primary_key)
-      end
-
-      def quoted_id #:nodoc:
-        quote_value(id, column_for_attribute(self.class.primary_key))
-      end
-
-      # Sets the primary ID.
-      def id=(value)
-        write_attribute(self.class.primary_key, value)
-      end
-
-      # Returns true if this object hasn't been saved yet -- that is, a record for the object doesn't exist yet.
-      def new_record?
-        @new_record
-      end
-
-      # * No record exists: Creates a new record with values matching those of the object attributes.
-      # * A record does exist: Updates the record with values matching those of the object attributes.
-      def save
-        create_or_update
-      end
-
-      # Attempts to save the record, but instead of just returning false if it couldn't happen, it raises a
-      # RecordNotSaved exception
-      def save!
-        create_or_update || raise(RecordNotSaved)
-      end
-
-      # Deletes the record in the database and freezes this instance to reflect that no changes should
-      # be made (since they can't be persisted).
-      def destroy
-        unless new_record?
-          connection.delete <<-end_sql, "#{self.class.name} Destroy"
-            DELETE FROM #{self.class.quoted_table_name}
-            WHERE #{connection.quote_column_name(self.class.primary_key)} = #{quoted_id}
-          end_sql
-        end
-
-        freeze
-      end
-
-      # Returns a clone of the record that hasn't been assigned an id yet and
-      # is treated as a new record.  Note that this is a "shallow" clone:
-      # it copies the object's attributes only, not its associations.
-      # The extent of a "deep" clone is application-specific and is therefore
-      # left to the application to implement according to its need.
-      def clone
-        attrs = self.attributes_before_type_cast
-        attrs.delete(self.class.primary_key)
-        record = self.class.new
-        record.send :instance_variable_set, '@attributes', attrs
-        record
-      end
-
-      # Returns an instance of the specified klass with the attributes of the current record. This is mostly useful in relation to
-      # single-table inheritance structures where you want a subclass to appear as the superclass. This can be used along with record
-      # identification in Action Pack to allow, say, Client < Company to do something like render :partial => @client.becomes(Company)
-      # to render that instance using the companies/company partial instead of clients/client.
-      #
-      # Note: The new instance will share a link to the same attributes as the original class. So any change to the attributes in either
-      # instance will affect the other.
-      def becomes(klass)
-        returning klass.new do |became|
-          became.instance_variable_set("@attributes", @attributes)
-          became.instance_variable_set("@attributes_cache", @attributes_cache)
-          became.instance_variable_set("@new_record", new_record?)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Updates a single attribute and saves the record. This is especially useful for boolean flags on existing records.
-      # Note: This method is overwritten by the Validation module that'll make sure that updates made with this method
-      # aren't subjected to validation checks. Hence, attributes can be updated even if the full object isn't valid.
-      def update_attribute(name, value)
-        send(name.to_s + '=', value)
-        save
-      end
-
-      # Updates all the attributes from the passed-in Hash and saves the record. If the object is invalid, the saving will
-      # fail and false will be returned.
-      def update_attributes(attributes)
-        self.attributes = attributes
-        save
-      end
-
-      # Updates an object just like Base.update_attributes but calls save! instead of save so an exception is raised if the record is invalid.
-      def update_attributes!(attributes)
-        self.attributes = attributes
-        save!
-      end
-
-      # Initializes the +attribute+ to zero if nil and adds one. Only makes sense for number-based attributes. Returns self.
-      def increment(attribute)
-        self[attribute] ||= 0
-        self[attribute] += 1
-        self
-      end
-
-      # Increments the +attribute+ and saves the record.
-      def increment!(attribute)
-        increment(attribute).update_attribute(attribute, self[attribute])
-      end
-
-      # Initializes the +attribute+ to zero if nil and subtracts one. Only makes sense for number-based attributes. Returns self.
-      def decrement(attribute)
-        self[attribute] ||= 0
-        self[attribute] -= 1
-        self
-      end
-
-      # Decrements the +attribute+ and saves the record.
-      def decrement!(attribute)
-        decrement(attribute).update_attribute(attribute, self[attribute])
-      end
-
-      # Turns an +attribute+ that's currently true into false and vice versa. Returns self.
-      def toggle(attribute)
-        self[attribute] = !send("#{attribute}?")
-        self
-      end
-
-      # Toggles the +attribute+ and saves the record.
-      def toggle!(attribute)
-        toggle(attribute).update_attribute(attribute, self[attribute])
-      end
-
-      # Reloads the attributes of this object from the database.
-      # The optional options argument is passed to find when reloading so you
-      # may do e.g. record.reload(:lock => true) to reload the same record with
-      # an exclusive row lock.
-      def reload(options = nil)
-        clear_aggregation_cache
-        clear_association_cache
-        @attributes.update(self.class.find(self.id, options).instance_variable_get('@attributes'))
-        @attributes_cache = {}
-        self
-      end
-
-      # Returns the value of the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> after it has been typecast (for example,
-      # "2004-12-12" in a data column is cast to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)).
-      # (Alias for the protected read_attribute method).
-      def [](attr_name)
-        read_attribute(attr_name)
-      end
-
-      # Updates the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> with the specified +value+.
-      # (Alias for the protected write_attribute method).
-      def []=(attr_name, value)
-        write_attribute(attr_name, value)
-      end
-
-      # Allows you to set all the attributes at once by passing in a hash with keys
-      # matching the attribute names (which again matches the column names). Sensitive attributes can be protected
-      # from this form of mass-assignment by using the +attr_protected+ macro. Or you can alternatively
-      # specify which attributes *can* be accessed with the +attr_accessible+ macro. Then all the
-      # attributes not included in that won't be allowed to be mass-assigned.
-      def attributes=(new_attributes, guard_protected_attributes = true)
-        return if new_attributes.nil?
-        attributes = new_attributes.dup
-        attributes.stringify_keys!
-
-        multi_parameter_attributes = []
-        attributes = remove_attributes_protected_from_mass_assignment(attributes) if guard_protected_attributes
-
-        attributes.each do |k, v|
-          k.include?("(") ? multi_parameter_attributes << [ k, v ] : send(k + "=", v)
-        end
-
-        assign_multiparameter_attributes(multi_parameter_attributes)
-      end
-
-
-      # Returns a hash of all the attributes with their names as keys and clones of their objects as values.
-      def attributes(options = nil)
-        attributes = clone_attributes :read_attribute
-
-        if options.nil?
-          attributes
-        else
-          if except = options[:except]
-            except = Array(except).collect { |attribute| attribute.to_s }
-            except.each { |attribute_name| attributes.delete(attribute_name) }
-            attributes
-          elsif only = options[:only]
-            only = Array(only).collect { |attribute| attribute.to_s }
-            attributes.delete_if { |key, value| !only.include?(key) }
-            attributes
-          else
-            raise ArgumentError, "Options does not specify :except or :only (#{options.keys.inspect})"
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Returns a hash of cloned attributes before typecasting and deserialization.
-      def attributes_before_type_cast
-        clone_attributes :read_attribute_before_type_cast
-      end
-
-      # Format attributes nicely for inspect.
-      def attribute_for_inspect(attr_name)
-        value = read_attribute(attr_name)
-
-        if value.is_a?(String) && value.length > 50
-          "#{value[0..50]}...".inspect
-        elsif value.is_a?(Date) || value.is_a?(Time)
-          %("#{value.to_s(:db)}")
-        else
-          value.inspect
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Returns true if the specified +attribute+ has been set by the user or by a database load and is neither
-      # nil nor empty? (the latter only applies to objects that respond to empty?, most notably Strings).
-      def attribute_present?(attribute)
-        value = read_attribute(attribute)
-        !value.blank?
-      end
-
-      # Returns true if the given attribute is in the attributes hash
-      def has_attribute?(attr_name)
-        @attributes.has_key?(attr_name.to_s)
-      end
-
-      # Returns an array of names for the attributes available on this object sorted alphabetically.
-      def attribute_names
-        @attributes.keys.sort
-      end
-
-      # Returns the column object for the named attribute.
-      def column_for_attribute(name)
-        self.class.columns_hash[name.to_s]
-      end
-
-      # Returns true if the +comparison_object+ is the same object, or is of the same type and has the same id.
-      def ==(comparison_object)
-        comparison_object.equal?(self) ||
-          (comparison_object.instance_of?(self.class) &&
-            comparison_object.id == id &&
-            !comparison_object.new_record?)
-      end
-
-      # Delegates to ==
-      def eql?(comparison_object)
-        self == (comparison_object)
-      end
-
-      # Delegates to id in order to allow two records of the same type and id to work with something like:
-      #   [ Person.find(1), Person.find(2), Person.find(3) ] & [ Person.find(1), Person.find(4) ] # => [ Person.find(1) ]
-      def hash
-        id.hash
-      end
-
-      # Freeze the attributes hash such that associations are still accessible, even on destroyed records.
-      def freeze
-        @attributes.freeze; self
-      end
-
-      # Returns +true+ if the attributes hash has been frozen.
-      def frozen?
-        @attributes.frozen?
-      end
-
-      # Returns +true+ if the record is read only. Records loaded through joins with piggy-back
-      # attributes will be marked as read only since they cannot be saved.
-      def readonly?
-        @readonly == true
-      end
-
-      # Marks this record as read only.
-      def readonly!
-        @readonly = true
-      end
-
-      # Returns the contents of the record as a nicely formatted string.
-      def inspect
-        attributes_as_nice_string = self.class.column_names.collect { |name|
-          if has_attribute?(name) || new_record?
-            "#{name}: #{attribute_for_inspect(name)}"
-          end
-        }.compact.join(", ")
-        "#<#{self.class} #{attributes_as_nice_string}>"
-      end
-
-    private
-      def create_or_update
-        raise ReadOnlyRecord if readonly?
-        result = new_record? ? create : update
-        result != false
-      end
-
-      # Updates the associated record with values matching those of the instance attributes.
-      # Returns the number of affected rows.
-      def update
-        quoted_attributes = attributes_with_quotes(false, false)
-        return 0 if quoted_attributes.empty?
-        connection.update(
-          "UPDATE #{self.class.quoted_table_name} " +
-          "SET #{quoted_comma_pair_list(connection, quoted_attributes)} " +
-          "WHERE #{connection.quote_column_name(self.class.primary_key)} = #{quote_value(id)}",
-          "#{self.class.name} Update"
-        )
-      end
-
-      # Creates a record with values matching those of the instance attributes
-      # and returns its id.
-      def create
-        if self.id.nil? && connection.prefetch_primary_key?(self.class.table_name)
-          self.id = connection.next_sequence_value(self.class.sequence_name)
-        end
-
-        quoted_attributes = attributes_with_quotes
-
-        statement = if quoted_attributes.empty?
-          connection.empty_insert_statement(self.class.table_name)
-        else
-          "INSERT INTO #{self.class.quoted_table_name} " +
-          "(#{quoted_column_names.join(', ')}) " +
-          "VALUES(#{quoted_attributes.values.join(', ')})"
-        end
-
-        self.id = connection.insert(statement, "#{self.class.name} Create",
-          self.class.primary_key, self.id, self.class.sequence_name)
-
-        @new_record = false
-        id
-      end
-
-      # Sets the attribute used for single table inheritance to this class name if this is not the ActiveRecord descendent.
-      # Considering the hierarchy Reply < Message < ActiveRecord, this makes it possible to do Reply.new without having to
-      # set Reply[Reply.inheritance_column] = "Reply" yourself. No such attribute would be set for objects of the
-      # Message class in that example.
-      def ensure_proper_type
-        unless self.class.descends_from_active_record?
-          write_attribute(self.class.inheritance_column, Inflector.demodulize(self.class.name))
-        end
-      end
-
-      def convert_number_column_value(value)
-        case value
-          when FalseClass; 0
-          when TrueClass;  1
-          when '';         nil
-          else value
-        end
-      end
-
-      def remove_attributes_protected_from_mass_assignment(attributes)
-        safe_attributes =
-          if self.class.accessible_attributes.nil? && self.class.protected_attributes.nil?
-            attributes.reject { |key, value| attributes_protected_by_default.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/, "")) }
-          elsif self.class.protected_attributes.nil?
-            attributes.reject { |key, value| !self.class.accessible_attributes.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/, "")) || attributes_protected_by_default.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/, "")) }
-          elsif self.class.accessible_attributes.nil?
-            attributes.reject { |key, value| self.class.protected_attributes.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/,"")) || attributes_protected_by_default.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/, "")) }
-          else
-            raise "Declare either attr_protected or attr_accessible for #{self.class}, but not both."
-          end
-
-        removed_attributes = attributes.keys - safe_attributes.keys
-
-        if removed_attributes.any?
-          logger.debug "WARNING: Can't mass-assign these protected attributes: #{removed_attributes.join(', ')}"
-        end
-
-        safe_attributes
-      end
-
-      # Removes attributes which have been marked as readonly.
-      def remove_readonly_attributes(attributes)
-        unless self.class.readonly_attributes.nil?
-          attributes.delete_if { |key, value| self.class.readonly_attributes.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/,"")) }
-        else
-          attributes
-        end
-      end
-
-      # The primary key and inheritance column can never be set by mass-assignment for security reasons.
-      def attributes_protected_by_default
-        default = [ self.class.primary_key, self.class.inheritance_column ]
-        default << 'id' unless self.class.primary_key.eql? 'id'
-        default
-      end
-
-      # Returns a copy of the attributes hash where all the values have been safely quoted for use in
-      # an SQL statement.
-      def attributes_with_quotes(include_primary_key = true, include_readonly_attributes = true)
-        quoted = attributes.inject({}) do |quoted, (name, value)|
-          if column = column_for_attribute(name)
-            quoted[name] = quote_value(value, column) unless !include_primary_key && column.primary
-          end
-          quoted
-        end
-        include_readonly_attributes ? quoted : remove_readonly_attributes(quoted)
-      end
-
-      # Quote strings appropriately for SQL statements.
-      def quote_value(value, column = nil)
-        self.class.connection.quote(value, column)
-      end
-
-      # Interpolate custom sql string in instance context.
-      # Optional record argument is meant for custom insert_sql.
-      def interpolate_sql(sql, record = nil)
-        instance_eval("%@#{sql.gsub('@', '\@')}@")
-      end
-
-      # Initializes the attributes array with keys matching the columns from the linked table and
-      # the values matching the corresponding default value of that column, so
-      # that a new instance, or one populated from a passed-in Hash, still has all the attributes
-      # that instances loaded from the database would.
-      def attributes_from_column_definition
-        self.class.columns.inject({}) do |attributes, column|
-          attributes[column.name] = column.default unless column.name == self.class.primary_key
-          attributes
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Instantiates objects for all attribute classes that needs more than one constructor parameter. This is done
-      # by calling new on the column type or aggregation type (through composed_of) object with these parameters.
-      # So having the pairs written_on(1) = "2004", written_on(2) = "6", written_on(3) = "24", will instantiate
-      # written_on (a date type) with Date.new("2004", "6", "24"). You can also specify a typecast character in the
-      # parentheses to have the parameters typecasted before they're used in the constructor. Use i for Fixnum, f for Float,
-      # s for String, and a for Array. If all the values for a given attribute are empty, the attribute will be set to nil.
-      def assign_multiparameter_attributes(pairs)
-        execute_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(
-          extract_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(pairs)
-        )
-      end
-
-      # Includes an ugly hack for Time.local instead of Time.new because the latter is reserved by Time itself.
-      def execute_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(callstack)
-        errors = []
-        callstack.each do |name, values|
-          klass = (self.class.reflect_on_aggregation(name.to_sym) || column_for_attribute(name)).klass
-          if values.empty?
-            send(name + "=", nil)
-          else
-            begin
-              send(name + "=", Time == klass ? (@@default_timezone == :utc ? klass.utc(*values) : klass.local(*values)) : klass.new(*values))
-            rescue => ex
-              errors << AttributeAssignmentError.new("error on assignment #{values.inspect} to #{name}", ex, name)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-        unless errors.empty?
-          raise MultiparameterAssignmentErrors.new(errors), "#{errors.size} error(s) on assignment of multiparameter attributes"
-        end
-      end
-
-      def extract_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(pairs)
-        attributes = { }
-
-        for pair in pairs
-          multiparameter_name, value = pair
-          attribute_name = multiparameter_name.split("(").first
-          attributes[attribute_name] = [] unless attributes.include?(attribute_name)
-
-          unless value.empty?
-            attributes[attribute_name] <<
-              [ find_parameter_position(multiparameter_name), type_cast_attribute_value(multiparameter_name, value) ]
-          end
-        end
-
-        attributes.each { |name, values| attributes[name] = values.sort_by{ |v| v.first }.collect { |v| v.last } }
-      end
-
-      def type_cast_attribute_value(multiparameter_name, value)
-        multiparameter_name =~ /\([0-9]*([a-z])\)/ ? value.send("to_" + $1) : value
-      end
-
-      def find_parameter_position(multiparameter_name)
-        multiparameter_name.scan(/\(([0-9]*).*\)/).first.first
-      end
-
-      # Returns a comma-separated pair list, like "key1 = val1, key2 = val2".
-      def comma_pair_list(hash)
-        hash.inject([]) { |list, pair| list << "#{pair.first} = #{pair.last}" }.join(", ")
-      end
-
-      def quoted_column_names(attributes = attributes_with_quotes)
-        attributes.keys.collect do |column_name|
-          self.class.connection.quote_column_name(column_name)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def self.quoted_table_name
-        self.connection.quote_table_name(self.table_name)
-      end
-
-      def quote_columns(quoter, hash)
-        hash.inject({}) do |quoted, (name, value)|
-          quoted[quoter.quote_column_name(name)] = value
-          quoted
-        end
-      end
-
-      def quoted_comma_pair_list(quoter, hash)
-        comma_pair_list(quote_columns(quoter, hash))
-      end
-
-      def object_from_yaml(string)
-        return string unless string.is_a?(String)
-        YAML::load(string) rescue string
-      end
-
-      def clone_attributes(reader_method = :read_attribute, attributes = {})
-        self.attribute_names.inject(attributes) do |attributes, name|
-          attributes[name] = clone_attribute_value(reader_method, name)
-          attributes
-        end
-      end
-
-      def clone_attribute_value(reader_method, attribute_name)
-        value = send(reader_method, attribute_name)
-        value.duplicable? ? value.clone : value
-      rescue TypeError, NoMethodError
-        value
-      end
-  end
-end