second_step 0.1.2 → 0.1.3

data/secondstep-notify-1.0.0-osx/lib/ruby/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/thread_safe-0.3.5/ext/org/jruby/ext/thread_safe/jsr166e/nounsafe/ConcurrentHashMapV8.java

@@ -1,3800 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
- * Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
- * http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
- */
-
-// This is based on the 1.79 version.
-
-package org.jruby.ext.thread_safe.jsr166e.nounsafe;
-
-import org.jruby.RubyClass;
-import org.jruby.RubyNumeric;
-import org.jruby.RubyObject;
-import org.jruby.exceptions.RaiseException;
-import org.jruby.ext.thread_safe.jsr166e.ConcurrentHashMap;
-import org.jruby.ext.thread_safe.jsr166y.ThreadLocalRandom;
-import org.jruby.runtime.ThreadContext;
-import org.jruby.runtime.builtin.IRubyObject;
-
-import java.util.Arrays;
-import java.util.Map;
-import java.util.Set;
-import java.util.Collection;
-import java.util.Hashtable;
-import java.util.HashMap;
-import java.util.Iterator;
-import java.util.Enumeration;
-import java.util.ConcurrentModificationException;
-import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
-import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
-import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater;
-import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReferenceArray;
-import java.util.concurrent.locks.AbstractQueuedSynchronizer;
-
-import java.io.Serializable;
-
-/**
- * A hash table supporting full concurrency of retrievals and
- * high expected concurrency for updates. This class obeys the
- * same functional specification as {@link java.util.Hashtable}, and
- * includes versions of methods corresponding to each method of
- * {@code Hashtable}. However, even though all operations are
- * thread-safe, retrieval operations do <em>not</em> entail locking,
- * and there is <em>not</em> any support for locking the entire table
- * in a way that prevents all access.  This class is fully
- * interoperable with {@code Hashtable} in programs that rely on its
- * thread safety but not on its synchronization details.
- *
- * <p>Retrieval operations (including {@code get}) generally do not
- * block, so may overlap with update operations (including {@code put}
- * and {@code remove}). Retrievals reflect the results of the most
- * recently <em>completed</em> update operations holding upon their
- * onset. (More formally, an update operation for a given key bears a
- * <em>happens-before</em> relation with any (non-null) retrieval for
- * that key reporting the updated value.)  For aggregate operations
- * such as {@code putAll} and {@code clear}, concurrent retrievals may
- * reflect insertion or removal of only some entries.  Similarly,
- * Iterators and Enumerations return elements reflecting the state of
- * the hash table at some point at or since the creation of the
- * iterator/enumeration.  They do <em>not</em> throw {@link
- * ConcurrentModificationException}.  However, iterators are designed
- * to be used by only one thread at a time.  Bear in mind that the
- * results of aggregate status methods including {@code size}, {@code
- * isEmpty}, and {@code containsValue} are typically useful only when
- * a map is not undergoing concurrent updates in other threads.
- * Otherwise the results of these methods reflect transient states
- * that may be adequate for monitoring or estimation purposes, but not
- * for program control.
- *
- * <p>The table is dynamically expanded when there are too many
- * collisions (i.e., keys that have distinct hash codes but fall into
- * the same slot modulo the table size), with the expected average
- * effect of maintaining roughly two bins per mapping (corresponding
- * to a 0.75 load factor threshold for resizing). There may be much
- * variance around this average as mappings are added and removed, but
- * overall, this maintains a commonly accepted time/space tradeoff for
- * hash tables.  However, resizing this or any other kind of hash
- * table may be a relatively slow operation. When possible, it is a
- * good idea to provide a size estimate as an optional {@code
- * initialCapacity} constructor argument. An additional optional
- * {@code loadFactor} constructor argument provides a further means of
- * customizing initial table capacity by specifying the table density
- * to be used in calculating the amount of space to allocate for the
- * given number of elements.  Also, for compatibility with previous
- * versions of this class, constructors may optionally specify an
- * expected {@code concurrencyLevel} as an additional hint for
- * internal sizing.  Note that using many keys with exactly the same
- * {@code hashCode()} is a sure way to slow down performance of any
- * hash table.
- *
- * <p>A {@link Set} projection of a ConcurrentHashMapV8 may be created
- * (using {@link #newKeySet()} or {@link #newKeySet(int)}), or viewed
- * (using {@link #keySet(Object)} when only keys are of interest, and the
- * mapped values are (perhaps transiently) not used or all take the
- * same mapping value.
- *
- * <p>A ConcurrentHashMapV8 can be used as scalable frequency map (a
- * form of histogram or multiset) by using {@link LongAdder} values
- * and initializing via {@link #computeIfAbsent}. For example, to add
- * a count to a {@code ConcurrentHashMapV8<String,LongAdder> freqs}, you
- * can use {@code freqs.computeIfAbsent(k -> new
- * LongAdder()).increment();}
- *
- * <p>This class and its views and iterators implement all of the
- * <em>optional</em> methods of the {@link Map} and {@link Iterator}
- * interfaces.
- *
- * <p>Like {@link Hashtable} but unlike {@link HashMap}, this class
- * does <em>not</em> allow {@code null} to be used as a key or value.
- *
- * <p>ConcurrentHashMapV8s support parallel operations using the {@link
- * ForkJoinPool#commonPool}. (Tasks that may be used in other contexts
- * are available in class {@link ForkJoinTasks}). These operations are
- * designed to be safely, and often sensibly, applied even with maps
- * that are being concurrently updated by other threads; for example,
- * when computing a snapshot summary of the values in a shared
- * registry.  There are three kinds of operation, each with four
- * forms, accepting functions with Keys, Values, Entries, and (Key,
- * Value) arguments and/or return values. (The first three forms are
- * also available via the {@link #keySet()}, {@link #values()} and
- * {@link #entrySet()} views). Because the elements of a
- * ConcurrentHashMapV8 are not ordered in any particular way, and may be
- * processed in different orders in different parallel executions, the
- * correctness of supplied functions should not depend on any
- * ordering, or on any other objects or values that may transiently
- * change while computation is in progress; and except for forEach
- * actions, should ideally be side-effect-free.
- *
- * <ul>
- * <li> forEach: Perform a given action on each element.
- * A variant form applies a given transformation on each element
- * before performing the action.</li>
- *
- * <li> search: Return the first available non-null result of
- * applying a given function on each element; skipping further
- * search when a result is found.</li>
- *
- * <li> reduce: Accumulate each element.  The supplied reduction
- * function cannot rely on ordering (more formally, it should be
- * both associative and commutative).  There are five variants:
- *
- * <ul>
- *
- * <li> Plain reductions. (There is not a form of this method for
- * (key, value) function arguments since there is no corresponding
- * return type.)</li>
- *
- * <li> Mapped reductions that accumulate the results of a given
- * function applied to each element.</li>
- *
- * <li> Reductions to scalar doubles, longs, and ints, using a
- * given basis value.</li>
- *
- * </li>
- * </ul>
- * </ul>
- *
- * <p>The concurrency properties of bulk operations follow
- * from those of ConcurrentHashMapV8: Any non-null result returned
- * from {@code get(key)} and related access methods bears a
- * happens-before relation with the associated insertion or
- * update.  The result of any bulk operation reflects the
- * composition of these per-element relations (but is not
- * necessarily atomic with respect to the map as a whole unless it
- * is somehow known to be quiescent).  Conversely, because keys
- * and values in the map are never null, null serves as a reliable
- * atomic indicator of the current lack of any result.  To
- * maintain this property, null serves as an implicit basis for
- * all non-scalar reduction operations. For the double, long, and
- * int versions, the basis should be one that, when combined with
- * any other value, returns that other value (more formally, it
- * should be the identity element for the reduction). Most common
- * reductions have these properties; for example, computing a sum
- * with basis 0 or a minimum with basis MAX_VALUE.
- *
- * <p>Search and transformation functions provided as arguments
- * should similarly return null to indicate the lack of any result
- * (in which case it is not used). In the case of mapped
- * reductions, this also enables transformations to serve as
- * filters, returning null (or, in the case of primitive
- * specializations, the identity basis) if the element should not
- * be combined. You can create compound transformations and
- * filterings by composing them yourself under this "null means
- * there is nothing there now" rule before using them in search or
- * reduce operations.
- *
- * <p>Methods accepting and/or returning Entry arguments maintain
- * key-value associations. They may be useful for example when
- * finding the key for the greatest value. Note that "plain" Entry
- * arguments can be supplied using {@code new
- * AbstractMap.SimpleEntry(k,v)}.
- *
- * <p>Bulk operations may complete abruptly, throwing an
- * exception encountered in the application of a supplied
- * function. Bear in mind when handling such exceptions that other
- * concurrently executing functions could also have thrown
- * exceptions, or would have done so if the first exception had
- * not occurred.
- *
- * <p>Parallel speedups for bulk operations compared to sequential
- * processing are common but not guaranteed.  Operations involving
- * brief functions on small maps may execute more slowly than
- * sequential loops if the underlying work to parallelize the
- * computation is more expensive than the computation itself.
- * Similarly, parallelization may not lead to much actual parallelism
- * if all processors are busy performing unrelated tasks.
- *
- * <p>All arguments to all task methods must be non-null.
- *
- * <p><em>jsr166e note: During transition, this class
- * uses nested functional interfaces with different names but the
- * same forms as those expected for JDK8.</em>
- *
- * <p>This class is a member of the
- * <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
- * Java Collections Framework</a>.
- *
- * @since 1.5
- * @author Doug Lea
- * @param <K> the type of keys maintained by this map
- * @param <V> the type of mapped values
- */
-public class ConcurrentHashMapV8<K, V>
-        implements ConcurrentMap<K, V>, Serializable, ConcurrentHashMap<K, V> {
-    private static final long serialVersionUID = 7249069246763182397L;
-
-    /**
-     * A partitionable iterator. A Spliterator can be traversed
-     * directly, but can also be partitioned (before traversal) by
-     * creating another Spliterator that covers a non-overlapping
-     * portion of the elements, and so may be amenable to parallel
-     * execution.
-     *
-     * <p>This interface exports a subset of expected JDK8
-     * functionality.
-     *
-     * <p>Sample usage: Here is one (of the several) ways to compute
-     * the sum of the values held in a map using the ForkJoin
-     * framework. As illustrated here, Spliterators are well suited to
-     * designs in which a task repeatedly splits off half its work
-     * into forked subtasks until small enough to process directly,
-     * and then joins these subtasks. Variants of this style can also
-     * be used in completion-based designs.
-     *
-     * <pre>
-     * {@code ConcurrentHashMapV8<String, Long> m = ...
-     * // split as if have 8 * parallelism, for load balance
-     * int n = m.size();
-     * int p = aForkJoinPool.getParallelism() * 8;
-     * int split = (n < p)? n : p;
-     * long sum = aForkJoinPool.invoke(new SumValues(m.valueSpliterator(), split, null));
-     * // ...
-     * static class SumValues extends RecursiveTask<Long> {
-     *   final Spliterator<Long> s;
-     *   final int split;             // split while > 1
-     *   final SumValues nextJoin;    // records forked subtasks to join
-     *   SumValues(Spliterator<Long> s, int depth, SumValues nextJoin) {
-     *     this.s = s; this.depth = depth; this.nextJoin = nextJoin;
-     *   }
-     *   public Long compute() {
-     *     long sum = 0;
-     *     SumValues subtasks = null; // fork subtasks
-     *     for (int s = split >>> 1; s > 0; s >>>= 1)
-     *       (subtasks = new SumValues(s.split(), s, subtasks)).fork();
-     *     while (s.hasNext())        // directly process remaining elements
-     *       sum += s.next();
-     *     for (SumValues t = subtasks; t != null; t = t.nextJoin)
-     *       sum += t.join();         // collect subtask results
-     *     return sum;
-     *   }
-     * }
-     * }</pre>
-     */
-    public static interface Spliterator<T> extends Iterator<T> {
-        /**
-         * Returns a Spliterator covering approximately half of the
-         * elements, guaranteed not to overlap with those subsequently
-         * returned by this Spliterator.  After invoking this method,
-         * the current Spliterator will <em>not</em> produce any of
-         * the elements of the returned Spliterator, but the two
-         * Spliterators together will produce all of the elements that
-         * would have been produced by this Spliterator had this
-         * method not been called. The exact number of elements
-         * produced by the returned Spliterator is not guaranteed, and
-         * may be zero (i.e., with {@code hasNext()} reporting {@code
-         * false}) if this Spliterator cannot be further split.
-         *
-         * @return a Spliterator covering approximately half of the
-         * elements
-         * @throws IllegalStateException if this Spliterator has
-         * already commenced traversing elements
-         */
-        Spliterator<T> split();
-    }
-
-
-    /*
-     * Overview:
-     *
-     * The primary design goal of this hash table is to maintain
-     * concurrent readability (typically method get(), but also
-     * iterators and related methods) while minimizing update
-     * contention. Secondary goals are to keep space consumption about
-     * the same or better than java.util.HashMap, and to support high
-     * initial insertion rates on an empty table by many threads.
-     *
-     * Each key-value mapping is held in a Node.  Because Node fields
-     * can contain special values, they are defined using plain Object
-     * types. Similarly in turn, all internal methods that use them
-     * work off Object types. And similarly, so do the internal
-     * methods of auxiliary iterator and view classes.  All public
-     * generic typed methods relay in/out of these internal methods,
-     * supplying null-checks and casts as needed. This also allows
-     * many of the public methods to be factored into a smaller number
-     * of internal methods (although sadly not so for the five
-     * variants of put-related operations). The validation-based
-     * approach explained below leads to a lot of code sprawl because
-     * retry-control precludes factoring into smaller methods.
-     *
-     * The table is lazily initialized to a power-of-two size upon the
-     * first insertion.  Each bin in the table normally contains a
-     * list of Nodes (most often, the list has only zero or one Node).
-     * Table accesses require volatile/atomic reads, writes, and
-     * CASes.  Because there is no other way to arrange this without
-     * adding further indirections, we use intrinsics
-     * (sun.misc.Unsafe) operations.  The lists of nodes within bins
-     * are always accurately traversable under volatile reads, so long
-     * as lookups check hash code and non-nullness of value before
-     * checking key equality.
-     *
-     * We use the top two bits of Node hash fields for control
-     * purposes -- they are available anyway because of addressing
-     * constraints.  As explained further below, these top bits are
-     * used as follows:
-     *  00 - Normal
-     *  01 - Locked
-     *  11 - Locked and may have a thread waiting for lock
-     *  10 - Node is a forwarding node
-     *
-     * The lower 30 bits of each Node's hash field contain a
-     * transformation of the key's hash code, except for forwarding
-     * nodes, for which the lower bits are zero (and so always have
-     * hash field == MOVED).
-     *
-     * Insertion (via put or its variants) of the first node in an
-     * empty bin is performed by just CASing it to the bin.  This is
-     * by far the most common case for put operations under most
-     * key/hash distributions.  Other update operations (insert,
-     * delete, and replace) require locks.  We do not want to waste
-     * the space required to associate a distinct lock object with
-     * each bin, so instead use the first node of a bin list itself as
-     * a lock. Blocking support for these locks relies on the builtin
-     * "synchronized" monitors.  However, we also need a tryLock
-     * construction, so we overlay these by using bits of the Node
-     * hash field for lock control (see above), and so normally use
-     * builtin monitors only for blocking and signalling using
-     * wait/notifyAll constructions. See Node.tryAwaitLock.
-     *
-     * Using the first node of a list as a lock does not by itself
-     * suffice though: When a node is locked, any update must first
-     * validate that it is still the first node after locking it, and
-     * retry if not. Because new nodes are always appended to lists,
-     * once a node is first in a bin, it remains first until deleted
-     * or the bin becomes invalidated (upon resizing).  However,
-     * operations that only conditionally update may inspect nodes
-     * until the point of update. This is a converse of sorts to the
-     * lazy locking technique described by Herlihy & Shavit.
-     *
-     * The main disadvantage of per-bin locks is that other update
-     * operations on other nodes in a bin list protected by the same
-     * lock can stall, for example when user equals() or mapping
-     * functions take a long time.  However, statistically, under
-     * random hash codes, this is not a common problem.  Ideally, the
-     * frequency of nodes in bins follows a Poisson distribution
-     * (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_distribution) with a
-     * parameter of about 0.5 on average, given the resizing threshold
-     * of 0.75, although with a large variance because of resizing
-     * granularity. Ignoring variance, the expected occurrences of
-     * list size k are (exp(-0.5) * pow(0.5, k) / factorial(k)). The
-     * first values are:
-     *
-     * 0:    0.60653066
-     * 1:    0.30326533
-     * 2:    0.07581633
-     * 3:    0.01263606
-     * 4:    0.00157952
-     * 5:    0.00015795
-     * 6:    0.00001316
-     * 7:    0.00000094
-     * 8:    0.00000006
-     * more: less than 1 in ten million
-     *
-     * Lock contention probability for two threads accessing distinct
-     * elements is roughly 1 / (8 * #elements) under random hashes.
-     *
-     * Actual hash code distributions encountered in practice
-     * sometimes deviate significantly from uniform randomness.  This
-     * includes the case when N > (1<<30), so some keys MUST collide.
-     * Similarly for dumb or hostile usages in which multiple keys are
-     * designed to have identical hash codes. Also, although we guard
-     * against the worst effects of this (see method spread), sets of
-     * hashes may differ only in bits that do not impact their bin
-     * index for a given power-of-two mask.  So we use a secondary
-     * strategy that applies when the number of nodes in a bin exceeds
-     * a threshold, and at least one of the keys implements
-     * Comparable.  These TreeBins use a balanced tree to hold nodes
-     * (a specialized form of red-black trees), bounding search time
-     * to O(log N).  Each search step in a TreeBin is around twice as
-     * slow as in a regular list, but given that N cannot exceed
-     * (1<<64) (before running out of addresses) this bounds search
-     * steps, lock hold times, etc, to reasonable constants (roughly
-     * 100 nodes inspected per operation worst case) so long as keys
-     * are Comparable (which is very common -- String, Long, etc).
-     * TreeBin nodes (TreeNodes) also maintain the same "next"
-     * traversal pointers as regular nodes, so can be traversed in
-     * iterators in the same way.
-     *
-     * The table is resized when occupancy exceeds a percentage
-     * threshold (nominally, 0.75, but see below).  Only a single
-     * thread performs the resize (using field "sizeCtl", to arrange
-     * exclusion), but the table otherwise remains usable for reads
-     * and updates. Resizing proceeds by transferring bins, one by
-     * one, from the table to the next table.  Because we are using
-     * power-of-two expansion, the elements from each bin must either
-     * stay at same index, or move with a power of two offset. We
-     * eliminate unnecessary node creation by catching cases where old
-     * nodes can be reused because their next fields won't change.  On
-     * average, only about one-sixth of them need cloning when a table
-     * doubles. The nodes they replace will be garbage collectable as
-     * soon as they are no longer referenced by any reader thread that
-     * may be in the midst of concurrently traversing table.  Upon
-     * transfer, the old table bin contains only a special forwarding
-     * node (with hash field "MOVED") that contains the next table as
-     * its key. On encountering a forwarding node, access and update
-     * operations restart, using the new table.
-     *
-     * Each bin transfer requires its bin lock. However, unlike other
-     * cases, a transfer can skip a bin if it fails to acquire its
-     * lock, and revisit it later (unless it is a TreeBin). Method
-     * rebuild maintains a buffer of TRANSFER_BUFFER_SIZE bins that
-     * have been skipped because of failure to acquire a lock, and
-     * blocks only if none are available (i.e., only very rarely).
-     * The transfer operation must also ensure that all accessible
-     * bins in both the old and new table are usable by any traversal.
-     * When there are no lock acquisition failures, this is arranged
-     * simply by proceeding from the last bin (table.length - 1) up
-     * towards the first.  Upon seeing a forwarding node, traversals
-     * (see class Iter) arrange to move to the new table
-     * without revisiting nodes.  However, when any node is skipped
-     * during a transfer, all earlier table bins may have become
-     * visible, so are initialized with a reverse-forwarding node back
-     * to the old table until the new ones are established. (This
-     * sometimes requires transiently locking a forwarding node, which
-     * is possible under the above encoding.) These more expensive
-     * mechanics trigger only when necessary.
-     *
-     * The traversal scheme also applies to partial traversals of
-     * ranges of bins (via an alternate Traverser constructor)
-     * to support partitioned aggregate operations.  Also, read-only
-     * operations give up if ever forwarded to a null table, which
-     * provides support for shutdown-style clearing, which is also not
-     * currently implemented.
-     *
-     * Lazy table initialization minimizes footprint until first use,
-     * and also avoids resizings when the first operation is from a
-     * putAll, constructor with map argument, or deserialization.
-     * These cases attempt to override the initial capacity settings,
-     * but harmlessly fail to take effect in cases of races.
-     *
-     * The element count is maintained using a LongAdder, which avoids
-     * contention on updates but can encounter cache thrashing if read
-     * too frequently during concurrent access. To avoid reading so
-     * often, resizing is attempted either when a bin lock is
-     * contended, or upon adding to a bin already holding two or more
-     * nodes (checked before adding in the xIfAbsent methods, after
-     * adding in others). Under uniform hash distributions, the
-     * probability of this occurring at threshold is around 13%,
-     * meaning that only about 1 in 8 puts check threshold (and after
-     * resizing, many fewer do so). But this approximation has high
-     * variance for small table sizes, so we check on any collision
-     * for sizes <= 64. The bulk putAll operation further reduces
-     * contention by only committing count updates upon these size
-     * checks.
-     *
-     * Maintaining API and serialization compatibility with previous
-     * versions of this class introduces several oddities. Mainly: We
-     * leave untouched but unused constructor arguments refering to
-     * concurrencyLevel. We accept a loadFactor constructor argument,
-     * but apply it only to initial table capacity (which is the only
-     * time that we can guarantee to honor it.) We also declare an
-     * unused "Segment" class that is instantiated in minimal form
-     * only when serializing.
-     */
-
-    /* ---------------- Constants -------------- */
-
-    /**
-     * The largest possible table capacity.  This value must be
-     * exactly 1<<30 to stay within Java array allocation and indexing
-     * bounds for power of two table sizes, and is further required
-     * because the top two bits of 32bit hash fields are used for
-     * control purposes.
-     */
-    private static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;
-
-    /**
-     * The default initial table capacity.  Must be a power of 2
-     * (i.e., at least 1) and at most MAXIMUM_CAPACITY.
-     */
-    private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 16;
-
-    /**
-     * The largest possible (non-power of two) array size.
-     * Needed by toArray and related methods.
-     */
-    static final int MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;
-
-    /**
-     * The default concurrency level for this table. Unused but
-     * defined for compatibility with previous versions of this class.
-     */
-    private static final int DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL = 16;
-
-    /**
-     * The load factor for this table. Overrides of this value in
-     * constructors affect only the initial table capacity.  The
-     * actual floating point value isn't normally used -- it is
-     * simpler to use expressions such as {@code n - (n >>> 2)} for
-     * the associated resizing threshold.
-     */
-    private static final float LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
-
-    /**
-     * The buffer size for skipped bins during transfers. The
-     * value is arbitrary but should be large enough to avoid
-     * most locking stalls during resizes.
-     */
-    private static final int TRANSFER_BUFFER_SIZE = 32;
-
-    /**
-     * The bin count threshold for using a tree rather than list for a
-     * bin.  The value reflects the approximate break-even point for
-     * using tree-based operations.
-     * Note that Doug's version defaults to 8, but when dealing with
-     * Ruby objects it is actually beneficial to avoid TreeNodes
-     * as long as possible as it usually means going into Ruby land.
-     */
-    private static final int TREE_THRESHOLD = 16;
-
-    /*
-     * Encodings for special uses of Node hash fields. See above for
-     * explanation.
-     */
-    static final int MOVED     = 0x80000000; // hash field for forwarding nodes
-    static final int LOCKED    = 0x40000000; // set/tested only as a bit
-    static final int WAITING   = 0xc0000000; // both bits set/tested together
-    static final int HASH_BITS = 0x3fffffff; // usable bits of normal node hash
-
-    /* ---------------- Fields -------------- */
-
-    /**
-     * The array of bins. Lazily initialized upon first insertion.
-     * Size is always a power of two. Accessed directly by iterators.
-     */
-    transient volatile AtomicReferenceArray<Node> table;
-
-    /**
-     * The counter maintaining number of elements.
-     */
-    private transient LongAdder counter;
-
-    /**
-     * Table initialization and resizing control.  When negative, the
-     * table is being initialized or resized. Otherwise, when table is
-     * null, holds the initial table size to use upon creation, or 0
-     * for default. After initialization, holds the next element count
-     * value upon which to resize the table.
-     */
-    private transient volatile int sizeCtl;
-
-    // views
-    private transient KeySetView<K,V> keySet;
-    private transient ValuesView<K,V> values;
-    private transient EntrySetView<K,V> entrySet;
-
-    /** For serialization compatibility. Null unless serialized; see below */
-    private Segment<K,V>[] segments;
-
-    static AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater SIZE_CTRL_UPDATER = AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater.newUpdater(ConcurrentHashMapV8.class, "sizeCtl");
-
-    /* ---------------- Table element access -------------- */
-
-    /*
-     * Volatile access methods are used for table elements as well as
-     * elements of in-progress next table while resizing.  Uses are
-     * null checked by callers, and implicitly bounds-checked, relying
-     * on the invariants that tab arrays have non-zero size, and all
-     * indices are masked with (tab.length - 1) which is never
-     * negative and always less than length. Note that, to be correct
-     * wrt arbitrary concurrency errors by users, bounds checks must
-     * operate on local variables, which accounts for some odd-looking
-     * inline assignments below.
-     */
-
-    static final Node tabAt(AtomicReferenceArray<Node> tab, int i) { // used by Iter
-        return tab.get(i);
-    }
-
-    private static final boolean casTabAt(AtomicReferenceArray<Node> tab, int i, Node c, Node v) {
-        return tab.compareAndSet(i, c, v);
-    }
-
-    private static final void setTabAt(AtomicReferenceArray<Node> tab, int i, Node v) {
-        tab.set(i, v);
-    }
-
-    /* ---------------- Nodes -------------- */
-
-    /**
-     * Key-value entry. Note that this is never exported out as a
-     * user-visible Map.Entry (see MapEntry below). Nodes with a hash
-     * field of MOVED are special, and do not contain user keys or
-     * values.  Otherwise, keys are never null, and null val fields
-     * indicate that a node is in the process of being deleted or
-     * created. For purposes of read-only access, a key may be read
-     * before a val, but can only be used after checking val to be
-     * non-null.
-     */
-    static class Node {
-        volatile int hash;
-        final Object key;
-        volatile Object val;
-        volatile Node next;
-
-        static AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater HASH_UPDATER = AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater.newUpdater(Node.class, "hash");
-
-        Node(int hash, Object key, Object val, Node next) {
-            this.hash = hash;
-            this.key = key;
-            this.val = val;
-            this.next = next;
-        }
-
-        /** CompareAndSet the hash field */
-        final boolean casHash(int cmp, int val) {
-            return HASH_UPDATER.compareAndSet(this, cmp, val);
-        }
-
-        /** The number of spins before blocking for a lock */
-        static final int MAX_SPINS =
-                Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() > 1 ? 64 : 1;
-
-        /**
-         * Spins a while if LOCKED bit set and this node is the first
-         * of its bin, and then sets WAITING bits on hash field and
-         * blocks (once) if they are still set.  It is OK for this
-         * method to return even if lock is not available upon exit,
-         * which enables these simple single-wait mechanics.
-         *
-         * The corresponding signalling operation is performed within
-         * callers: Upon detecting that WAITING has been set when
-         * unlocking lock (via a failed CAS from non-waiting LOCKED
-         * state), unlockers acquire the sync lock and perform a
-         * notifyAll.
-         *
-         * The initial sanity check on tab and bounds is not currently
-         * necessary in the only usages of this method, but enables
-         * use in other future contexts.
-         */
-        final void tryAwaitLock(AtomicReferenceArray<Node> tab, int i) {
-            if (tab != null && i >= 0 && i < tab.length()) { // sanity check
-                int r = ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(); // randomize spins
-                int spins = MAX_SPINS, h;
-                while (tabAt(tab, i) == this && ((h = hash) & LOCKED) != 0) {
-                    if (spins >= 0) {
-                        r ^= r << 1; r ^= r >>> 3; r ^= r << 10; // xorshift
-                        if (r >= 0 && --spins == 0)
-                            Thread.yield();  // yield before block
-                    }
-                    else if (casHash(h, h | WAITING)) {
-                        synchronized (this) {
-                            if (tabAt(tab, i) == this &&
-                                    (hash & WAITING) == WAITING) {
-                                try {
-                                    wait();
-                                } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
-                                    Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
-                                }
-                            }
-                            else
-                                notifyAll(); // possibly won race vs signaller
-                        }
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* ---------------- TreeBins -------------- */
-
-    /**
-     * Nodes for use in TreeBins
-     */
-    static final class TreeNode extends Node {
-        TreeNode parent;  // red-black tree links
-        TreeNode left;
-        TreeNode right;
-        TreeNode prev;    // needed to unlink next upon deletion
-        boolean red;
-
-        TreeNode(int hash, Object key, Object val, Node next, TreeNode parent) {
-            super(hash, key, val, next);
-            this.parent = parent;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * A specialized form of red-black tree for use in bins
-     * whose size exceeds a threshold.
-     *
-     * TreeBins use a special form of comparison for search and
-     * related operations (which is the main reason we cannot use
-     * existing collections such as TreeMaps). TreeBins contain
-     * Comparable elements, but may contain others, as well as
-     * elements that are Comparable but not necessarily Comparable<T>
-     * for the same T, so we cannot invoke compareTo among them. To
-     * handle this, the tree is ordered primarily by hash value, then
-     * by getClass().getName() order, and then by Comparator order
-     * among elements of the same class.  On lookup at a node, if
-     * elements are not comparable or compare as 0, both left and
-     * right children may need to be searched in the case of tied hash
-     * values. (This corresponds to the full list search that would be
-     * necessary if all elements were non-Comparable and had tied
-     * hashes.)  The red-black balancing code is updated from
-     * pre-jdk-collections
-     * (http://gee.cs.oswego.edu/dl/classes/collections/RBCell.java)
-     * based in turn on Cormen, Leiserson, and Rivest "Introduction to
-     * Algorithms" (CLR).
-     *
-     * TreeBins also maintain a separate locking discipline than
-     * regular bins. Because they are forwarded via special MOVED
-     * nodes at bin heads (which can never change once established),
-     * we cannot use those nodes as locks. Instead, TreeBin
-     * extends AbstractQueuedSynchronizer to support a simple form of
-     * read-write lock. For update operations and table validation,
-     * the exclusive form of lock behaves in the same way as bin-head
-     * locks. However, lookups use shared read-lock mechanics to allow
-     * multiple readers in the absence of writers.  Additionally,
-     * these lookups do not ever block: While the lock is not
-     * available, they proceed along the slow traversal path (via
-     * next-pointers) until the lock becomes available or the list is
-     * exhausted, whichever comes first. (These cases are not fast,
-     * but maximize aggregate expected throughput.)  The AQS mechanics
-     * for doing this are straightforward.  The lock state is held as
-     * AQS getState().  Read counts are negative; the write count (1)
-     * is positive.  There are no signalling preferences among readers
-     * and writers. Since we don't need to export full Lock API, we
-     * just override the minimal AQS methods and use them directly.
-     */
-    static final class TreeBin extends AbstractQueuedSynchronizer {
-        private static final long serialVersionUID = 2249069246763182397L;
-        transient TreeNode root;  // root of tree
-        transient TreeNode first; // head of next-pointer list
-
-        /* AQS overrides */
-        public final boolean isHeldExclusively() { return getState() > 0; }
-        public final boolean tryAcquire(int ignore) {
-            if (compareAndSetState(0, 1)) {
-                setExclusiveOwnerThread(Thread.currentThread());
-                return true;
-            }
-            return false;
-        }
-        public final boolean tryRelease(int ignore) {
-            setExclusiveOwnerThread(null);
-            setState(0);
-            return true;
-        }
-        public final int tryAcquireShared(int ignore) {
-            for (int c;;) {
-                if ((c = getState()) > 0)
-                    return -1;
-                if (compareAndSetState(c, c -1))
-                    return 1;
-            }
-        }
-        public final boolean tryReleaseShared(int ignore) {
-            int c;
-            do {} while (!compareAndSetState(c = getState(), c + 1));
-            return c == -1;
-        }
-
-        /** From CLR */
-        private void rotateLeft(TreeNode p) {
-            if (p != null) {
-                TreeNode r = p.right, pp, rl;
-                if ((rl = p.right = r.left) != null)
-                    rl.parent = p;
-                if ((pp = r.parent = p.parent) == null)
-                    root = r;
-                else if (pp.left == p)
-                    pp.left = r;
-                else
-                    pp.right = r;
-                r.left = p;
-                p.parent = r;
-            }
-        }
-
-        /** From CLR */
-        private void rotateRight(TreeNode p) {
-            if (p != null) {
-                TreeNode l = p.left, pp, lr;
-                if ((lr = p.left = l.right) != null)
-                    lr.parent = p;
-                if ((pp = l.parent = p.parent) == null)
-                    root = l;
-                else if (pp.right == p)
-                    pp.right = l;
-                else
-                    pp.left = l;
-                l.right = p;
-                p.parent = l;
-            }
-        }
-
-        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") final TreeNode getTreeNode
-        (int h, Object k, TreeNode p) {
-            return getTreeNode(h, (RubyObject)k, p);
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Returns the TreeNode (or null if not found) for the given key
-         * starting at given root.
-         */
-        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") final TreeNode getTreeNode
-        (int h, RubyObject k, TreeNode p) {
-            RubyClass c = k.getMetaClass(); boolean kNotComparable = !k.respondsTo("<=>");
-            while (p != null) {
-                int dir, ph;  RubyObject pk; RubyClass pc;
-                if ((ph = p.hash) == h) {
-                    if ((pk = (RubyObject)p.key) == k || k.equals(pk))
-                        return p;
-                    if (c != (pc = (RubyClass)pk.getMetaClass()) ||
-                            kNotComparable ||
-                            (dir = rubyCompare(k, pk)) == 0) {
-                        dir = (c == pc) ? 0 : c.getName().compareTo(pc.getName());
-                        if (dir == 0) { // if still stuck, need to check both sides
-                            TreeNode r = null, pl, pr;
-                            // try to recurse on the right
-                            if ((pr = p.right) != null && h >= pr.hash && (r = getTreeNode(h, k, pr)) != null)
-                                return r;
-                            // try to continue iterating on the left side
-                            else if ((pl = p.left) != null && h <= pl.hash)
-                                dir = -1;
-                            else // no matching node found
-                                return null;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                else
-                    dir = (h < ph) ? -1 : 1;
-                p = (dir > 0) ? p.right : p.left;
-            }
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        int rubyCompare(RubyObject l, RubyObject r) {
-            ThreadContext context = l.getMetaClass().getRuntime().getCurrentContext();
-            IRubyObject result;
-            try {
-                result = l.callMethod(context, "<=>", r);
-            } catch (RaiseException e) {
-                // handle objects "lying" about responding to <=>, ie: an Array containing non-comparable keys
-                if (context.runtime.getNoMethodError().isInstance(e.getException())) {
-                    return 0;
-                }
-                throw e;
-            }
-
-            return result.isNil() ? 0 : RubyNumeric.num2int(result.convertToInteger());
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Wrapper for getTreeNode used by CHM.get. Tries to obtain
-         * read-lock to call getTreeNode, but during failure to get
-         * lock, searches along next links.
-         */
-        final Object getValue(int h, Object k) {
-            Node r = null;
-            int c = getState(); // Must read lock state first
-            for (Node e = first; e != null; e = e.next) {
-                if (c <= 0 && compareAndSetState(c, c - 1)) {
-                    try {
-                        r = getTreeNode(h, k, root);
-                    } finally {
-                        releaseShared(0);
-                    }
-                    break;
-                }
-                else if ((e.hash & HASH_BITS) == h && k.equals(e.key)) {
-                    r = e;
-                    break;
-                }
-                else
-                    c = getState();
-            }
-            return r == null ? null : r.val;
-        }
-
-        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") final TreeNode putTreeNode
-                (int h, Object k, Object v) {
-            return putTreeNode(h, (RubyObject)k, v);
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Finds or adds a node.
-         * @return null if added
-         */
-        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") final TreeNode putTreeNode
-        (int h, RubyObject k, Object v) {
-            RubyClass c = k.getMetaClass();
-            boolean kNotComparable = !k.respondsTo("<=>");
-            TreeNode pp = root, p = null;
-            int dir = 0;
-            while (pp != null) { // find existing node or leaf to insert at
-                int ph;  RubyObject pk; RubyClass pc;
-                p = pp;
-                if ((ph = p.hash) == h) {
-                    if ((pk = (RubyObject)p.key) == k || k.equals(pk))
-                        return p;
-                    if (c != (pc = pk.getMetaClass()) ||
-                            kNotComparable ||
-                            (dir = rubyCompare(k, pk)) == 0) {
-                        dir = (c == pc) ? 0 : c.getName().compareTo(pc.getName());
-                        if (dir == 0) { // if still stuck, need to check both sides
-                            TreeNode r = null, pr;
-                            // try to recurse on the right
-                            if ((pr = p.right) != null && h >= pr.hash && (r = getTreeNode(h, k, pr)) != null)
-                                return r;
-                            else // continue descending down the left subtree
-                                dir = -1;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                else
-                    dir = (h < ph) ? -1 : 1;
-                pp = (dir > 0) ? p.right : p.left;
-            }
-
-            TreeNode f = first;
-            TreeNode x = first = new TreeNode(h, (Object)k, v, f, p);
-            if (p == null)
-                root = x;
-            else { // attach and rebalance; adapted from CLR
-                TreeNode xp, xpp;
-                if (f != null)
-                    f.prev = x;
-                if (dir <= 0)
-                    p.left = x;
-                else
-                    p.right = x;
-                x.red = true;
-                while (x != null && (xp = x.parent) != null && xp.red &&
-                        (xpp = xp.parent) != null) {
-                    TreeNode xppl = xpp.left;
-                    if (xp == xppl) {
-                        TreeNode y = xpp.right;
-                        if (y != null && y.red) {
-                            y.red = false;
-                            xp.red = false;
-                            xpp.red = true;
-                            x = xpp;
-                        }
-                        else {
-                            if (x == xp.right) {
-                                rotateLeft(x = xp);
-                                xpp = (xp = x.parent) == null ? null : xp.parent;
-                            }
-                            if (xp != null) {
-                                xp.red = false;
-                                if (xpp != null) {
-                                    xpp.red = true;
-                                    rotateRight(xpp);
-                                }
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        TreeNode y = xppl;
-                        if (y != null && y.red) {
-                            y.red = false;
-                            xp.red = false;
-                            xpp.red = true;
-                            x = xpp;
-                        }
-                        else {
-                            if (x == xp.left) {
-                                rotateRight(x = xp);
-                                xpp = (xp = x.parent) == null ? null : xp.parent;
-                            }
-                            if (xp != null) {
-                                xp.red = false;
-                                if (xpp != null) {
-                                    xpp.red = true;
-                                    rotateLeft(xpp);
-                                }
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                TreeNode r = root;
-                if (r != null && r.red)
-                    r.red = false;
-            }
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Removes the given node, that must be present before this
-         * call.  This is messier than typical red-black deletion code
-         * because we cannot swap the contents of an interior node
-         * with a leaf successor that is pinned by "next" pointers
-         * that are accessible independently of lock. So instead we
-         * swap the tree linkages.
-         */
-        final void deleteTreeNode(TreeNode p) {
-            TreeNode next = (TreeNode)p.next; // unlink traversal pointers
-            TreeNode pred = p.prev;
-            if (pred == null)
-                first = next;
-            else
-                pred.next = next;
-            if (next != null)
-                next.prev = pred;
-            TreeNode replacement;
-            TreeNode pl = p.left;
-            TreeNode pr = p.right;
-            if (pl != null && pr != null) {
-                TreeNode s = pr, sl;
-                while ((sl = s.left) != null) // find successor
-                    s = sl;
-                boolean c = s.red; s.red = p.red; p.red = c; // swap colors
-                TreeNode sr = s.right;
-                TreeNode pp = p.parent;
-                if (s == pr) { // p was s's direct parent
-                    p.parent = s;
-                    s.right = p;
-                }
-                else {
-                    TreeNode sp = s.parent;
-                    if ((p.parent = sp) != null) {
-                        if (s == sp.left)
-                            sp.left = p;
-                        else
-                            sp.right = p;
-                    }
-                    if ((s.right = pr) != null)
-                        pr.parent = s;
-                }
-                p.left = null;
-                if ((p.right = sr) != null)
-                    sr.parent = p;
-                if ((s.left = pl) != null)
-                    pl.parent = s;
-                if ((s.parent = pp) == null)
-                    root = s;
-                else if (p == pp.left)
-                    pp.left = s;
-                else
-                    pp.right = s;
-                replacement = sr;
-            }
-            else
-                replacement = (pl != null) ? pl : pr;
-            TreeNode pp = p.parent;
-            if (replacement == null) {
-                if (pp == null) {
-                    root = null;
-                    return;
-                }
-                replacement = p;
-            }
-            else {
-                replacement.parent = pp;
-                if (pp == null)
-                    root = replacement;
-                else if (p == pp.left)
-                    pp.left = replacement;
-                else
-                    pp.right = replacement;
-                p.left = p.right = p.parent = null;
-            }
-            if (!p.red) { // rebalance, from CLR
-                TreeNode x = replacement;
-                while (x != null) {
-                    TreeNode xp, xpl;
-                    if (x.red || (xp = x.parent) == null) {
-                        x.red = false;
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    if (x == (xpl = xp.left)) {
-                        TreeNode sib = xp.right;
-                        if (sib != null && sib.red) {
-                            sib.red = false;
-                            xp.red = true;
-                            rotateLeft(xp);
-                            sib = (xp = x.parent) == null ? null : xp.right;
-                        }
-                        if (sib == null)
-                            x = xp;
-                        else {
-                            TreeNode sl = sib.left, sr = sib.right;
-                            if ((sr == null || !sr.red) &&
-                                    (sl == null || !sl.red)) {
-                                sib.red = true;
-                                x = xp;
-                            }
-                            else {
-                                if (sr == null || !sr.red) {
-                                    if (sl != null)
-                                        sl.red = false;
-                                    sib.red = true;
-                                    rotateRight(sib);
-                                    sib = (xp = x.parent) == null ? null : xp.right;
-                                }
-                                if (sib != null) {
-                                    sib.red = (xp == null) ? false : xp.red;
-                                    if ((sr = sib.right) != null)
-                                        sr.red = false;
-                                }
-                                if (xp != null) {
-                                    xp.red = false;
-                                    rotateLeft(xp);
-                                }
-                                x = root;
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                    else { // symmetric
-                        TreeNode sib = xpl;
-                        if (sib != null && sib.red) {
-                            sib.red = false;
-                            xp.red = true;
-                            rotateRight(xp);
-                            sib = (xp = x.parent) == null ? null : xp.left;
-                        }
-                        if (sib == null)
-                            x = xp;
-                        else {
-                            TreeNode sl = sib.left, sr = sib.right;
-                            if ((sl == null || !sl.red) &&
-                                    (sr == null || !sr.red)) {
-                                sib.red = true;
-                                x = xp;
-                            }
-                            else {
-                                if (sl == null || !sl.red) {
-                                    if (sr != null)
-                                        sr.red = false;
-                                    sib.red = true;
-                                    rotateLeft(sib);
-                                    sib = (xp = x.parent) == null ? null : xp.left;
-                                }
-                                if (sib != null) {
-                                    sib.red = (xp == null) ? false : xp.red;
-                                    if ((sl = sib.left) != null)
-                                        sl.red = false;
-                                }
-                                if (xp != null) {
-                                    xp.red = false;
-                                    rotateRight(xp);
-                                }
-                                x = root;
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            if (p == replacement && (pp = p.parent) != null) {
-                if (p == pp.left) // detach pointers
-                    pp.left = null;
-                else if (p == pp.right)
-                    pp.right = null;
-                p.parent = null;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* ---------------- Collision reduction methods -------------- */
-
-    /**
-     * Spreads higher bits to lower, and also forces top 2 bits to 0.
-     * Because the table uses power-of-two masking, sets of hashes
-     * that vary only in bits above the current mask will always
-     * collide. (Among known examples are sets of Float keys holding
-     * consecutive whole numbers in small tables.)  To counter this,
-     * we apply a transform that spreads the impact of higher bits
-     * downward. There is a tradeoff between speed, utility, and
-     * quality of bit-spreading. Because many common sets of hashes
-     * are already reasonably distributed across bits (so don't benefit
-     * from spreading), and because we use trees to handle large sets
-     * of collisions in bins, we don't need excessively high quality.
-     */
-    private static final int spread(int h) {
-        h ^= (h >>> 18) ^ (h >>> 12);
-        return (h ^ (h >>> 10)) & HASH_BITS;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Replaces a list bin with a tree bin. Call only when locked.
-     * Fails to replace if the given key is non-comparable or table
-     * is, or needs, resizing.
-     */
-    private final void replaceWithTreeBin(AtomicReferenceArray<Node> tab, int index, Object key) {
-        if ((key instanceof Comparable) &&
-                (tab.length() >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY || counter.sum() < (long)sizeCtl)) {
-            TreeBin t = new TreeBin();
-            for (Node e = tabAt(tab, index); e != null; e = e.next)
-                t.putTreeNode(e.hash & HASH_BITS, e.key, e.val);
-            setTabAt(tab, index, new Node(MOVED, t, null, null));
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* ---------------- Internal access and update methods -------------- */
-
-    /** Implementation for get and containsKey */
-    private final Object internalGet(Object k) {
-        int h = spread(k.hashCode());
-        retry: for (AtomicReferenceArray<Node> tab = table; tab != null;) {
-            Node e, p; Object ek, ev; int eh;      // locals to read fields once
-            for (e = tabAt(tab, (tab.length() - 1) & h); e != null; e = e.next) {
-                if ((eh = e.hash) == MOVED) {
-                    if ((ek = e.key) instanceof TreeBin)  // search TreeBin
-                        return ((TreeBin)ek).getValue(h, k);
-                    else {                        // restart with new table
-                        tab = (AtomicReferenceArray<Node>)ek;
-                        continue retry;
-                    }
-                }
-                else if ((eh & HASH_BITS) == h && (ev = e.val) != null &&
-                        ((ek = e.key) == k || k.equals(ek)))
-                    return ev;
-            }
-            break;
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Implementation for the four public remove/replace methods:
-     * Replaces node value with v, conditional upon match of cv if
-     * non-null.  If resulting value is null, delete.
-     */
-    private final Object internalReplace(Object k, Object v, Object cv) {
-        int h = spread(k.hashCode());
-        Object oldVal = null;
-        for (AtomicReferenceArray<Node> tab = table;;) {
-            Node f; int i, fh; Object fk;
-            if (tab == null ||
-                    (f = tabAt(tab, i = (tab.length() - 1) & h)) == null)
-                break;
-            else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED) {
-                if ((fk = f.key) instanceof TreeBin) {
-                    TreeBin t = (TreeBin)fk;
-                    boolean validated = false;
-                    boolean deleted = false;
-                    t.acquire(0);
-                    try {
-                        if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
-                            validated = true;
-                            TreeNode p = t.getTreeNode(h, k, t.root);
-                            if (p != null) {
-                                Object pv = p.val;
-                                if (cv == null || cv == pv || cv.equals(pv)) {
-                                    oldVal = pv;
-                                    if ((p.val = v) == null) {
-                                        deleted = true;
-                                        t.deleteTreeNode(p);
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            }
-                        }
-                    } finally {
-                        t.release(0);
-                    }
-                    if (validated) {
-                        if (deleted)
-                            counter.add(-1L);
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-                else
-                    tab = (AtomicReferenceArray<Node>)fk;
-            }
-            else if ((fh & HASH_BITS) != h && f.next == null) // precheck
-                break;                          // rules out possible existence
-            else if ((fh & LOCKED) != 0) {
-                checkForResize();               // try resizing if can't get lock
-                f.tryAwaitLock(tab, i);
-            }
-            else if (f.casHash(fh, fh | LOCKED)) {
-                boolean validated = false;
-                boolean deleted = false;
-                try {
-                    if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
-                        validated = true;
-                        for (Node e = f, pred = null;;) {
-                            Object ek, ev;
-                            if ((e.hash & HASH_BITS) == h &&
-                                    ((ev = e.val) != null) &&
-                                    ((ek = e.key) == k || k.equals(ek))) {
-                                if (cv == null || cv == ev || cv.equals(ev)) {
-                                    oldVal = ev;
-                                    if ((e.val = v) == null) {
-                                        deleted = true;
-                                        Node en = e.next;
-                                        if (pred != null)
-                                            pred.next = en;
-                                        else
-                                            setTabAt(tab, i, en);
-                                    }
-                                }
-                                break;
-                            }
-                            pred = e;
-                            if ((e = e.next) == null)
-                                break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                } finally {
-                    if (!f.casHash(fh | LOCKED, fh)) {
-                        f.hash = fh;
-                        synchronized (f) { f.notifyAll(); };
-                    }
-                }
-                if (validated) {
-                    if (deleted)
-                        counter.add(-1L);
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return oldVal;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Internal versions of the six insertion methods, each a
-     * little more complicated than the last. All have
-     * the same basic structure as the first (internalPut):
-     *  1. If table uninitialized, create
-     *  2. If bin empty, try to CAS new node
-     *  3. If bin stale, use new table
-     *  4. if bin converted to TreeBin, validate and relay to TreeBin methods
-     *  5. Lock and validate; if valid, scan and add or update
-     *
-     * The others interweave other checks and/or alternative actions:
-     *  * Plain put checks for and performs resize after insertion.
-     *  * putIfAbsent prescans for mapping without lock (and fails to add
-     *    if present), which also makes pre-emptive resize checks worthwhile.
-     *  * computeIfAbsent extends form used in putIfAbsent with additional
-     *    mechanics to deal with, calls, potential exceptions and null
-     *    returns from function call.
-     *  * compute uses the same function-call mechanics, but without
-     *    the prescans
-     *  * merge acts as putIfAbsent in the absent case, but invokes the
-     *    update function if present
-     *  * putAll attempts to pre-allocate enough table space
-     *    and more lazily performs count updates and checks.
-     *
-     * Someday when details settle down a bit more, it might be worth
-     * some factoring to reduce sprawl.
-     */
-
-    /** Implementation for put */
-    private final Object internalPut(Object k, Object v) {
-        int h = spread(k.hashCode());
-        int count = 0;
-        for (AtomicReferenceArray<Node> tab = table;;) {
-            int i; Node f; int fh; Object fk;
-            if (tab == null)
-                tab = initTable();
-            else if ((f = tabAt(tab, i = (tab.length() - 1) & h)) == null) {
-                if (casTabAt(tab, i, null, new Node(h, k, v, null)))
-                    break;                   // no lock when adding to empty bin
-            }
-            else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED) {
-                if ((fk = f.key) instanceof TreeBin) {
-                    TreeBin t = (TreeBin)fk;
-                    Object oldVal = null;
-                    t.acquire(0);
-                    try {
-                        if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
-                            count = 2;
-                            TreeNode p = t.putTreeNode(h, k, v);
-                            if (p != null) {
-                                oldVal = p.val;
-                                p.val = v;
-                            }
-                        }
-                    } finally {
-                        t.release(0);
-                    }
-                    if (count != 0) {
-                        if (oldVal != null)
-                            return oldVal;
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-                else
-                    tab = (AtomicReferenceArray<Node>)fk;
-            }
-            else if ((fh & LOCKED) != 0) {
-                checkForResize();
-                f.tryAwaitLock(tab, i);
-            }
-            else if (f.casHash(fh, fh | LOCKED)) {
-                Object oldVal = null;
-                try {                        // needed in case equals() throws
-                    if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
-                        count = 1;
-                        for (Node e = f;; ++count) {
-                            Object ek, ev;
-                            if ((e.hash & HASH_BITS) == h &&
-                                    (ev = e.val) != null &&
-                                    ((ek = e.key) == k || k.equals(ek))) {
-                                oldVal = ev;
-                                e.val = v;
-                                break;
-                            }
-                            Node last = e;
-                            if ((e = e.next) == null) {
-                                last.next = new Node(h, k, v, null);
-                                if (count >= TREE_THRESHOLD)
-                                    replaceWithTreeBin(tab, i, k);
-                                break;
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                } finally {                  // unlock and signal if needed
-                    if (!f.casHash(fh | LOCKED, fh)) {
-                        f.hash = fh;
-                        synchronized (f) { f.notifyAll(); };
-                    }
-                }
-                if (count != 0) {
-                    if (oldVal != null)
-                        return oldVal;
-                    if (tab.length() <= 64)
-                        count = 2;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        counter.add(1L);
-        if (count > 1)
-            checkForResize();
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    /** Implementation for putIfAbsent */
-    private final Object internalPutIfAbsent(Object k, Object v) {
-        int h = spread(k.hashCode());
-        int count = 0;
-        for (AtomicReferenceArray<Node> tab = table;;) {
-            int i; Node f; int fh; Object fk, fv;
-            if (tab == null)
-                tab = initTable();
-            else if ((f = tabAt(tab, i = (tab.length() - 1) & h)) == null) {
-                if (casTabAt(tab, i, null, new Node(h, k, v, null)))
-                    break;
-            }
-            else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED) {
-                if ((fk = f.key) instanceof TreeBin) {
-                    TreeBin t = (TreeBin)fk;
-                    Object oldVal = null;
-                    t.acquire(0);
-                    try {
-                        if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
-                            count = 2;
-                            TreeNode p = t.putTreeNode(h, k, v);
-                            if (p != null)
-                                oldVal = p.val;
-                        }
-                    } finally {
-                        t.release(0);
-                    }
-                    if (count != 0) {
-                        if (oldVal != null)
-                            return oldVal;
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-                else
-                    tab = (AtomicReferenceArray<Node>)fk;
-            }
-            else if ((fh & HASH_BITS) == h && (fv = f.val) != null &&
-                    ((fk = f.key) == k || k.equals(fk)))
-                return fv;
-            else {
-                Node g = f.next;
-                if (g != null) { // at least 2 nodes -- search and maybe resize
-                    for (Node e = g;;) {
-                        Object ek, ev;
-                        if ((e.hash & HASH_BITS) == h && (ev = e.val) != null &&
-                                ((ek = e.key) == k || k.equals(ek)))
-                            return ev;
-                        if ((e = e.next) == null) {
-                            checkForResize();
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                if (((fh = f.hash) & LOCKED) != 0) {
-                    checkForResize();
-                    f.tryAwaitLock(tab, i);
-                }
-                else if (tabAt(tab, i) == f && f.casHash(fh, fh | LOCKED)) {
-                    Object oldVal = null;
-                    try {
-                        if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
-                            count = 1;
-                            for (Node e = f;; ++count) {
-                                Object ek, ev;
-                                if ((e.hash & HASH_BITS) == h &&
-                                        (ev = e.val) != null &&
-                                        ((ek = e.key) == k || k.equals(ek))) {
-                                    oldVal = ev;
-                                    break;
-                                }
-                                Node last = e;
-                                if ((e = e.next) == null) {
-                                    last.next = new Node(h, k, v, null);
-                                    if (count >= TREE_THRESHOLD)
-                                        replaceWithTreeBin(tab, i, k);
-                                    break;
-                                }
-                            }
-                        }
-                    } finally {
-                        if (!f.casHash(fh | LOCKED, fh)) {
-                            f.hash = fh;
-                            synchronized (f) { f.notifyAll(); };
-                        }
-                    }
-                    if (count != 0) {
-                        if (oldVal != null)
-                            return oldVal;
-                        if (tab.length() <= 64)
-                            count = 2;
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        counter.add(1L);
-        if (count > 1)
-            checkForResize();
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    /** Implementation for computeIfAbsent */
-    private final Object internalComputeIfAbsent(K k,
-                                                 Fun<? super K, ?> mf) {
-        int h = spread(k.hashCode());
-        Object val = null;
-        int count = 0;
-        for (AtomicReferenceArray<Node> tab = table;;) {
-            Node f; int i, fh; Object fk, fv;
-            if (tab == null)
-                tab = initTable();
-            else if ((f = tabAt(tab, i = (tab.length() - 1) & h)) == null) {
-                Node node = new Node(fh = h | LOCKED, k, null, null);
-                if (casTabAt(tab, i, null, node)) {
-                    count = 1;
-                    try {
-                        if ((val = mf.apply(k)) != null)
-                            node.val = val;
-                    } finally {
-                        if (val == null)
-                            setTabAt(tab, i, null);
-                        if (!node.casHash(fh, h)) {
-                            node.hash = h;
-                            synchronized (node) { node.notifyAll(); };
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                if (count != 0)
-                    break;
-            }
-            else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED) {
-                if ((fk = f.key) instanceof TreeBin) {
-                    TreeBin t = (TreeBin)fk;
-                    boolean added = false;
-                    t.acquire(0);
-                    try {
-                        if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
-                            count = 1;
-                            TreeNode p = t.getTreeNode(h, k, t.root);
-                            if (p != null)
-                                val = p.val;
-                            else if ((val = mf.apply(k)) != null) {
-                                added = true;
-                                count = 2;
-                                t.putTreeNode(h, k, val);
-                            }
-                        }
-                    } finally {
-                        t.release(0);
-                    }
-                    if (count != 0) {
-                        if (!added)
-                            return val;
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-                else
-                    tab = (AtomicReferenceArray<Node>)fk;
-            }
-            else if ((fh & HASH_BITS) == h && (fv = f.val) != null &&
-                    ((fk = f.key) == k || k.equals(fk)))
-                return fv;
-            else {
-                Node g = f.next;
-                if (g != null) {
-                    for (Node e = g;;) {
-                        Object ek, ev;
-                        if ((e.hash & HASH_BITS) == h && (ev = e.val) != null &&
-                                ((ek = e.key) == k || k.equals(ek)))
-                            return ev;
-                        if ((e = e.next) == null) {
-                            checkForResize();
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                if (((fh = f.hash) & LOCKED) != 0) {
-                    checkForResize();
-                    f.tryAwaitLock(tab, i);
-                }
-                else if (tabAt(tab, i) == f && f.casHash(fh, fh | LOCKED)) {
-                    boolean added = false;
-                    try {
-                        if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
-                            count = 1;
-                            for (Node e = f;; ++count) {
-                                Object ek, ev;
-                                if ((e.hash & HASH_BITS) == h &&
-                                        (ev = e.val) != null &&
-                                        ((ek = e.key) == k || k.equals(ek))) {
-                                    val = ev;
-                                    break;
-                                }
-                                Node last = e;
-                                if ((e = e.next) == null) {
-                                    if ((val = mf.apply(k)) != null) {
-                                        added = true;
-                                        last.next = new Node(h, k, val, null);
-                                        if (count >= TREE_THRESHOLD)
-                                            replaceWithTreeBin(tab, i, k);
-                                    }
-                                    break;
-                                }
-                            }
-                        }
-                    } finally {
-                        if (!f.casHash(fh | LOCKED, fh)) {
-                            f.hash = fh;
-                            synchronized (f) { f.notifyAll(); };
-                        }
-                    }
-                    if (count != 0) {
-                        if (!added)
-                            return val;
-                        if (tab.length() <= 64)
-                            count = 2;
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if (val != null) {
-            counter.add(1L);
-            if (count > 1)
-                checkForResize();
-        }
-        return val;
-    }
-
-    /** Implementation for compute */
-    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") private final Object internalCompute
-    (K k, boolean onlyIfPresent, BiFun<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> mf) {
-        int h = spread(k.hashCode());
-        Object val = null;
-        int delta = 0;
-        int count = 0;
-        for (AtomicReferenceArray<Node> tab = table;;) {
-            Node f; int i, fh; Object fk;
-            if (tab == null)
-                tab = initTable();
-            else if ((f = tabAt(tab, i = (tab.length() - 1) & h)) == null) {
-                if (onlyIfPresent)
-                    break;
-                Node node = new Node(fh = h | LOCKED, k, null, null);
-                if (casTabAt(tab, i, null, node)) {
-                    try {
-                        count = 1;
-                        if ((val = mf.apply(k, null)) != null) {
-                            node.val = val;
-                            delta = 1;
-                        }
-                    } finally {
-                        if (delta == 0)
-                            setTabAt(tab, i, null);
-                        if (!node.casHash(fh, h)) {
-                            node.hash = h;
-                            synchronized (node) { node.notifyAll(); };
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                if (count != 0)
-                    break;
-            }
-            else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED) {
-                if ((fk = f.key) instanceof TreeBin) {
-                    TreeBin t = (TreeBin)fk;
-                    t.acquire(0);
-                    try {
-                        if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
-                            count = 1;
-                            TreeNode p = t.getTreeNode(h, k, t.root);
-                            Object pv;
-                            if (p == null) {
-                                if (onlyIfPresent)
-                                    break;
-                                pv = null;
-                            } else
-                                pv = p.val;
-                            if ((val = mf.apply(k, (V)pv)) != null) {
-                                if (p != null)
-                                    p.val = val;
-                                else {
-                                    count = 2;
-                                    delta = 1;
-                                    t.putTreeNode(h, k, val);
-                                }
-                            }
-                            else if (p != null) {
-                                delta = -1;
-                                t.deleteTreeNode(p);
-                            }
-                        }
-                    } finally {
-                        t.release(0);
-                    }
-                    if (count != 0)
-                        break;
-                }
-                else
-                    tab = (AtomicReferenceArray<Node>)fk;
-            }
-            else if ((fh & LOCKED) != 0) {
-                checkForResize();
-                f.tryAwaitLock(tab, i);
-            }
-            else if (f.casHash(fh, fh | LOCKED)) {
-                try {
-                    if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
-                        count = 1;
-                        for (Node e = f, pred = null;; ++count) {
-                            Object ek, ev;
-                            if ((e.hash & HASH_BITS) == h &&
-                                    (ev = e.val) != null &&
-                                    ((ek = e.key) == k || k.equals(ek))) {
-                                val = mf.apply(k, (V)ev);
-                                if (val != null)
-                                    e.val = val;
-                                else {
-                                    delta = -1;
-                                    Node en = e.next;
-                                    if (pred != null)
-                                        pred.next = en;
-                                    else
-                                        setTabAt(tab, i, en);
-                                }
-                                break;
-                            }
-                            pred = e;
-                            if ((e = e.next) == null) {
-                                if (!onlyIfPresent && (val = mf.apply(k, null)) != null) {
-                                    pred.next = new Node(h, k, val, null);
-                                    delta = 1;
-                                    if (count >= TREE_THRESHOLD)
-                                        replaceWithTreeBin(tab, i, k);
-                                }
-                                break;
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                } finally {
-                    if (!f.casHash(fh | LOCKED, fh)) {
-                        f.hash = fh;
-                        synchronized (f) { f.notifyAll(); };
-                    }
-                }
-                if (count != 0) {
-                    if (tab.length() <= 64)
-                        count = 2;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if (delta != 0) {
-            counter.add((long)delta);
-            if (count > 1)
-                checkForResize();
-        }
-        return val;
-    }
-
-    /** Implementation for merge */
-    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") private final Object internalMerge
-    (K k, V v, BiFun<? super V, ? super V, ? extends V> mf) {
-        int h = spread(k.hashCode());
-        Object val = null;
-        int delta = 0;
-        int count = 0;
-        for (AtomicReferenceArray<Node> tab = table;;) {
-            int i; Node f; int fh; Object fk, fv;
-            if (tab == null)
-                tab = initTable();
-            else if ((f = tabAt(tab, i = (tab.length() - 1) & h)) == null) {
-                if (casTabAt(tab, i, null, new Node(h, k, v, null))) {
-                    delta = 1;
-                    val = v;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED) {
-                if ((fk = f.key) instanceof TreeBin) {
-                    TreeBin t = (TreeBin)fk;
-                    t.acquire(0);
-                    try {
-                        if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
-                            count = 1;
-                            TreeNode p = t.getTreeNode(h, k, t.root);
-                            val = (p == null) ? v : mf.apply((V)p.val, v);
-                            if (val != null) {
-                                if (p != null)
-                                    p.val = val;
-                                else {
-                                    count = 2;
-                                    delta = 1;
-                                    t.putTreeNode(h, k, val);
-                                }
-                            }
-                            else if (p != null) {
-                                delta = -1;
-                                t.deleteTreeNode(p);
-                            }
-                        }
-                    } finally {
-                        t.release(0);
-                    }
-                    if (count != 0)
-                        break;
-                }
-                else
-                    tab = (AtomicReferenceArray<Node>)fk;
-            }
-            else if ((fh & LOCKED) != 0) {
-                checkForResize();
-                f.tryAwaitLock(tab, i);
-            }
-            else if (f.casHash(fh, fh | LOCKED)) {
-                try {
-                    if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
-                        count = 1;
-                        for (Node e = f, pred = null;; ++count) {
-                            Object ek, ev;
-                            if ((e.hash & HASH_BITS) == h &&
-                                    (ev = e.val) != null &&
-                                    ((ek = e.key) == k || k.equals(ek))) {
-                                val = mf.apply((V)ev, v);
-                                if (val != null)
-                                    e.val = val;
-                                else {
-                                    delta = -1;
-                                    Node en = e.next;
-                                    if (pred != null)
-                                        pred.next = en;
-                                    else
-                                        setTabAt(tab, i, en);
-                                }
-                                break;
-                            }
-                            pred = e;
-                            if ((e = e.next) == null) {
-                                val = v;
-                                pred.next = new Node(h, k, val, null);
-                                delta = 1;
-                                if (count >= TREE_THRESHOLD)
-                                    replaceWithTreeBin(tab, i, k);
-                                break;
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                } finally {
-                    if (!f.casHash(fh | LOCKED, fh)) {
-                        f.hash = fh;
-                        synchronized (f) { f.notifyAll(); };
-                    }
-                }
-                if (count != 0) {
-                    if (tab.length() <= 64)
-                        count = 2;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if (delta != 0) {
-            counter.add((long)delta);
-            if (count > 1)
-                checkForResize();
-        }
-        return val;
-    }
-
-    /** Implementation for putAll */
-    private final void internalPutAll(Map<?, ?> m) {
-        tryPresize(m.size());
-        long delta = 0L;     // number of uncommitted additions
-        boolean npe = false; // to throw exception on exit for nulls
-        try {                // to clean up counts on other exceptions
-            for (Map.Entry<?, ?> entry : m.entrySet()) {
-                Object k, v;
-                if (entry == null || (k = entry.getKey()) == null ||
-                        (v = entry.getValue()) == null) {
-                    npe = true;
-                    break;
-                }
-                int h = spread(k.hashCode());
-                for (AtomicReferenceArray<Node> tab = table;;) {
-                    int i; Node f; int fh; Object fk;
-                    if (tab == null)
-                        tab = initTable();
-                    else if ((f = tabAt(tab, i = (tab.length() - 1) & h)) == null){
-                        if (casTabAt(tab, i, null, new Node(h, k, v, null))) {
-                            ++delta;
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED) {
-                        if ((fk = f.key) instanceof TreeBin) {
-                            TreeBin t = (TreeBin)fk;
-                            boolean validated = false;
-                            t.acquire(0);
-                            try {
-                                if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
-                                    validated = true;
-                                    TreeNode p = t.getTreeNode(h, k, t.root);
-                                    if (p != null)
-                                        p.val = v;
-                                    else {
-                                        t.putTreeNode(h, k, v);
-                                        ++delta;
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            } finally {
-                                t.release(0);
-                            }
-                            if (validated)
-                                break;
-                        }
-                        else
-                            tab = (AtomicReferenceArray<Node>)fk;
-                    }
-                    else if ((fh & LOCKED) != 0) {
-                        counter.add(delta);
-                        delta = 0L;
-                        checkForResize();
-                        f.tryAwaitLock(tab, i);
-                    }
-                    else if (f.casHash(fh, fh | LOCKED)) {
-                        int count = 0;
-                        try {
-                            if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
-                                count = 1;
-                                for (Node e = f;; ++count) {
-                                    Object ek, ev;
-                                    if ((e.hash & HASH_BITS) == h &&
-                                            (ev = e.val) != null &&
-                                            ((ek = e.key) == k || k.equals(ek))) {
-                                        e.val = v;
-                                        break;
-                                    }
-                                    Node last = e;
-                                    if ((e = e.next) == null) {
-                                        ++delta;
-                                        last.next = new Node(h, k, v, null);
-                                        if (count >= TREE_THRESHOLD)
-                                            replaceWithTreeBin(tab, i, k);
-                                        break;
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            }
-                        } finally {
-                            if (!f.casHash(fh | LOCKED, fh)) {
-                                f.hash = fh;
-                                synchronized (f) { f.notifyAll(); };
-                            }
-                        }
-                        if (count != 0) {
-                            if (count > 1) {
-                                counter.add(delta);
-                                delta = 0L;
-                                checkForResize();
-                            }
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        } finally {
-            if (delta != 0)
-                counter.add(delta);
-        }
-        if (npe)
-            throw new NullPointerException();
-    }
-
-    /* ---------------- Table Initialization and Resizing -------------- */
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a power of two table size for the given desired capacity.
-     * See Hackers Delight, sec 3.2
-     */
-    private static final int tableSizeFor(int c) {
-        int n = c - 1;
-        n |= n >>> 1;
-        n |= n >>> 2;
-        n |= n >>> 4;
-        n |= n >>> 8;
-        n |= n >>> 16;
-        return (n < 0) ? 1 : (n >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : n + 1;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Initializes table, using the size recorded in sizeCtl.
-     */
-    private final AtomicReferenceArray<Node> initTable() {
-        AtomicReferenceArray<Node> tab; int sc;
-        while ((tab = table) == null) {
-            if ((sc = sizeCtl) < 0)
-                Thread.yield(); // lost initialization race; just spin
-            else if (SIZE_CTRL_UPDATER.compareAndSet(this, sc, -1)) {
-                try {
-                    if ((tab = table) == null) {
-                        int n = (sc > 0) ? sc : DEFAULT_CAPACITY;
-                        tab = table = new AtomicReferenceArray<Node>(n);
-                        sc = n - (n >>> 2);
-                    }
-                } finally {
-                    sizeCtl = sc;
-                }
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        return tab;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * If table is too small and not already resizing, creates next
-     * table and transfers bins.  Rechecks occupancy after a transfer
-     * to see if another resize is already needed because resizings
-     * are lagging additions.
-     */
-    private final void checkForResize() {
-        AtomicReferenceArray<Node> tab; int n, sc;
-        while ((tab = table) != null &&
-                (n = tab.length()) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
-                (sc = sizeCtl) >= 0 && counter.sum() >= (long)sc &&
-                SIZE_CTRL_UPDATER.compareAndSet(this, sc, -1)) {
-            try {
-                if (tab == table) {
-                    table = rebuild(tab);
-                    sc = (n << 1) - (n >>> 1);
-                }
-            } finally {
-                sizeCtl = sc;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Tries to presize table to accommodate the given number of elements.
-     *
-     * @param size number of elements (doesn't need to be perfectly accurate)
-     */
-    private final void tryPresize(int size) {
-        int c = (size >= (MAXIMUM_CAPACITY >>> 1)) ? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY :
-                tableSizeFor(size + (size >>> 1) + 1);
-        int sc;
-        while ((sc = sizeCtl) >= 0) {
-            AtomicReferenceArray<Node> tab = table; int n;
-            if (tab == null || (n = tab.length()) == 0) {
-                n = (sc > c) ? sc : c;
-                if (SIZE_CTRL_UPDATER.compareAndSet(this, sc, -1)) {
-                    try {
-                        if (table == tab) {
-                            table = new AtomicReferenceArray<Node>(n);
-                            sc = n - (n >>> 2);
-                        }
-                    } finally {
-                        sizeCtl = sc;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            else if (c <= sc || n >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
-                break;
-            else if (SIZE_CTRL_UPDATER.compareAndSet(this, sc, -1)) {
-                try {
-                    if (table == tab) {
-                        table = rebuild(tab);
-                        sc = (n << 1) - (n >>> 1);
-                    }
-                } finally {
-                    sizeCtl = sc;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Moves and/or copies the nodes in each bin to new table. See
-     * above for explanation.
-     *
-     * @return the new table
-     */
-    private static final AtomicReferenceArray<Node> rebuild(AtomicReferenceArray<Node> tab) {
-        int n = tab.length();
-        AtomicReferenceArray<Node> nextTab = new AtomicReferenceArray<Node>(n << 1);
-        Node fwd = new Node(MOVED, nextTab, null, null);
-        int[] buffer = null;       // holds bins to revisit; null until needed
-        Node rev = null;           // reverse forwarder; null until needed
-        int nbuffered = 0;         // the number of bins in buffer list
-        int bufferIndex = 0;       // buffer index of current buffered bin
-        int bin = n - 1;           // current non-buffered bin or -1 if none
-
-        for (int i = bin;;) {      // start upwards sweep
-            int fh; Node f;
-            if ((f = tabAt(tab, i)) == null) {
-                if (bin >= 0) {    // Unbuffered; no lock needed (or available)
-                    if (!casTabAt(tab, i, f, fwd))
-                        continue;
-                }
-                else {             // transiently use a locked forwarding node
-                    Node g = new Node(MOVED|LOCKED, nextTab, null, null);
-                    if (!casTabAt(tab, i, f, g))
-                        continue;
-                    setTabAt(nextTab, i, null);
-                    setTabAt(nextTab, i + n, null);
-                    setTabAt(tab, i, fwd);
-                    if (!g.casHash(MOVED|LOCKED, MOVED)) {
-                        g.hash = MOVED;
-                        synchronized (g) { g.notifyAll(); }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED) {
-                Object fk = f.key;
-                if (fk instanceof TreeBin) {
-                    TreeBin t = (TreeBin)fk;
-                    boolean validated = false;
-                    t.acquire(0);
-                    try {
-                        if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
-                            validated = true;
-                            splitTreeBin(nextTab, i, t);
-                            setTabAt(tab, i, fwd);
-                        }
-                    } finally {
-                        t.release(0);
-                    }
-                    if (!validated)
-                        continue;
-                }
-            }
-            else if ((fh & LOCKED) == 0 && f.casHash(fh, fh|LOCKED)) {
-                boolean validated = false;
-                try {              // split to lo and hi lists; copying as needed
-                    if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
-                        validated = true;
-                        splitBin(nextTab, i, f);
-                        setTabAt(tab, i, fwd);
-                    }
-                } finally {
-                    if (!f.casHash(fh | LOCKED, fh)) {
-                        f.hash = fh;
-                        synchronized (f) { f.notifyAll(); };
-                    }
-                }
-                if (!validated)
-                    continue;
-            }
-            else {
-                if (buffer == null) // initialize buffer for revisits
-                    buffer = new int[TRANSFER_BUFFER_SIZE];
-                if (bin < 0 && bufferIndex > 0) {
-                    int j = buffer[--bufferIndex];
-                    buffer[bufferIndex] = i;
-                    i = j;         // swap with another bin
-                    continue;
-                }
-                if (bin < 0 || nbuffered >= TRANSFER_BUFFER_SIZE) {
-                    f.tryAwaitLock(tab, i);
-                    continue;      // no other options -- block
-                }
-                if (rev == null)   // initialize reverse-forwarder
-                    rev = new Node(MOVED, tab, null, null);
-                if (tabAt(tab, i) != f || (f.hash & LOCKED) == 0)
-                    continue;      // recheck before adding to list
-                buffer[nbuffered++] = i;
-                setTabAt(nextTab, i, rev);     // install place-holders
-                setTabAt(nextTab, i + n, rev);
-            }
-
-            if (bin > 0)
-                i = --bin;
-            else if (buffer != null && nbuffered > 0) {
-                bin = -1;
-                i = buffer[bufferIndex = --nbuffered];
-            }
-            else
-                return nextTab;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Splits a normal bin with list headed by e into lo and hi parts;
-     * installs in given table.
-     */
-    private static void splitBin(AtomicReferenceArray<Node> nextTab, int i, Node e) {
-        int bit = nextTab.length() >>> 1; // bit to split on
-        int runBit = e.hash & bit;
-        Node lastRun = e, lo = null, hi = null;
-        for (Node p = e.next; p != null; p = p.next) {
-            int b = p.hash & bit;
-            if (b != runBit) {
-                runBit = b;
-                lastRun = p;
-            }
-        }
-        if (runBit == 0)
-            lo = lastRun;
-        else
-            hi = lastRun;
-        for (Node p = e; p != lastRun; p = p.next) {
-            int ph = p.hash & HASH_BITS;
-            Object pk = p.key, pv = p.val;
-            if ((ph & bit) == 0)
-                lo = new Node(ph, pk, pv, lo);
-            else
-                hi = new Node(ph, pk, pv, hi);
-        }
-        setTabAt(nextTab, i, lo);
-        setTabAt(nextTab, i + bit, hi);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Splits a tree bin into lo and hi parts; installs in given table.
-     */
-    private static void splitTreeBin(AtomicReferenceArray<Node> nextTab, int i, TreeBin t) {
-        int bit = nextTab.length() >>> 1;
-        TreeBin lt = new TreeBin();
-        TreeBin ht = new TreeBin();
-        int lc = 0, hc = 0;
-        for (Node e = t.first; e != null; e = e.next) {
-            int h = e.hash & HASH_BITS;
-            Object k = e.key, v = e.val;
-            if ((h & bit) == 0) {
-                ++lc;
-                lt.putTreeNode(h, k, v);
-            }
-            else {
-                ++hc;
-                ht.putTreeNode(h, k, v);
-            }
-        }
-        Node ln, hn; // throw away trees if too small
-        if (lc <= (TREE_THRESHOLD >>> 1)) {
-            ln = null;
-            for (Node p = lt.first; p != null; p = p.next)
-                ln = new Node(p.hash, p.key, p.val, ln);
-        }
-        else
-            ln = new Node(MOVED, lt, null, null);
-        setTabAt(nextTab, i, ln);
-        if (hc <= (TREE_THRESHOLD >>> 1)) {
-            hn = null;
-            for (Node p = ht.first; p != null; p = p.next)
-                hn = new Node(p.hash, p.key, p.val, hn);
-        }
-        else
-            hn = new Node(MOVED, ht, null, null);
-        setTabAt(nextTab, i + bit, hn);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Implementation for clear. Steps through each bin, removing all
-     * nodes.
-     */
-    private final void internalClear() {
-        long delta = 0L; // negative number of deletions
-        int i = 0;
-        AtomicReferenceArray<Node> tab = table;
-        while (tab != null && i < tab.length()) {
-            int fh; Object fk;
-            Node f = tabAt(tab, i);
-            if (f == null)
-                ++i;
-            else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED) {
-                if ((fk = f.key) instanceof TreeBin) {
-                    TreeBin t = (TreeBin)fk;
-                    t.acquire(0);
-                    try {
-                        if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
-                            for (Node p = t.first; p != null; p = p.next) {
-                                if (p.val != null) { // (currently always true)
-                                    p.val = null;
-                                    --delta;
-                                }
-                            }
-                            t.first = null;
-                            t.root = null;
-                            ++i;
-                        }
-                    } finally {
-                        t.release(0);
-                    }
-                }
-                else
-                    tab = (AtomicReferenceArray<Node>)fk;
-            }
-            else if ((fh & LOCKED) != 0) {
-                counter.add(delta); // opportunistically update count
-                delta = 0L;
-                f.tryAwaitLock(tab, i);
-            }
-            else if (f.casHash(fh, fh | LOCKED)) {
-                try {
-                    if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
-                        for (Node e = f; e != null; e = e.next) {
-                            if (e.val != null) {  // (currently always true)
-                                e.val = null;
-                                --delta;
-                            }
-                        }
-                        setTabAt(tab, i, null);
-                        ++i;
-                    }
-                } finally {
-                    if (!f.casHash(fh | LOCKED, fh)) {
-                        f.hash = fh;
-                        synchronized (f) { f.notifyAll(); };
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if (delta != 0)
-            counter.add(delta);
-    }
-
-    /* ----------------Table Traversal -------------- */
-
-    /**
-     * Encapsulates traversal for methods such as containsValue; also
-     * serves as a base class for other iterators and bulk tasks.
-     *
-     * At each step, the iterator snapshots the key ("nextKey") and
-     * value ("nextVal") of a valid node (i.e., one that, at point of
-     * snapshot, has a non-null user value). Because val fields can
-     * change (including to null, indicating deletion), field nextVal
-     * might not be accurate at point of use, but still maintains the
-     * weak consistency property of holding a value that was once
-     * valid. To support iterator.remove, the nextKey field is not
-     * updated (nulled out) when the iterator cannot advance.
-     *
-     * Internal traversals directly access these fields, as in:
-     * {@code while (it.advance() != null) { process(it.nextKey); }}
-     *
-     * Exported iterators must track whether the iterator has advanced
-     * (in hasNext vs next) (by setting/checking/nulling field
-     * nextVal), and then extract key, value, or key-value pairs as
-     * return values of next().
-     *
-     * The iterator visits once each still-valid node that was
-     * reachable upon iterator construction. It might miss some that
-     * were added to a bin after the bin was visited, which is OK wrt
-     * consistency guarantees. Maintaining this property in the face
-     * of possible ongoing resizes requires a fair amount of
-     * bookkeeping state that is difficult to optimize away amidst
-     * volatile accesses.  Even so, traversal maintains reasonable
-     * throughput.
-     *
-     * Normally, iteration proceeds bin-by-bin traversing lists.
-     * However, if the table has been resized, then all future steps
-     * must traverse both the bin at the current index as well as at
-     * (index + baseSize); and so on for further resizings. To
-     * paranoically cope with potential sharing by users of iterators
-     * across threads, iteration terminates if a bounds checks fails
-     * for a table read.
-     *
-     * This class extends ForkJoinTask to streamline parallel
-     * iteration in bulk operations (see BulkTask). This adds only an
-     * int of space overhead, which is close enough to negligible in
-     * cases where it is not needed to not worry about it.  Because
-     * ForkJoinTask is Serializable, but iterators need not be, we
-     * need to add warning suppressions.
-     */
-    @SuppressWarnings("serial") static class Traverser<K,V,R> {
-        final ConcurrentHashMapV8<K, V> map;
-        Node next;           // the next entry to use
-        K nextKey;      // cached key field of next
-        V nextVal;      // cached val field of next
-        AtomicReferenceArray<Node> tab;          // current table; updated if resized
-        int index;           // index of bin to use next
-        int baseIndex;       // current index of initial table
-        int baseLimit;       // index bound for initial table
-        int baseSize;        // initial table size
-
-        /** Creates iterator for all entries in the table. */
-        Traverser(ConcurrentHashMapV8<K, V> map) {
-            this.map = map;
-        }
-
-        /** Creates iterator for split() methods */
-        Traverser(Traverser<K,V,?> it) {
-            ConcurrentHashMapV8<K, V> m; AtomicReferenceArray<Node> t;
-            if ((m = this.map = it.map) == null)
-                t = null;
-            else if ((t = it.tab) == null && // force parent tab initialization
-                    (t = it.tab = m.table) != null)
-                it.baseLimit = it.baseSize = t.length();
-            this.tab = t;
-            this.baseSize = it.baseSize;
-            it.baseLimit = this.index = this.baseIndex =
-                    ((this.baseLimit = it.baseLimit) + it.baseIndex + 1) >>> 1;
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Advances next; returns nextVal or null if terminated.
-         * See above for explanation.
-         */
-        final V advance() {
-            Node e = next;
-            V ev = null;
-            outer: do {
-                if (e != null)                  // advance past used/skipped node
-                    e = e.next;
-                while (e == null) {             // get to next non-null bin
-                    ConcurrentHashMapV8<K, V> m;
-                    AtomicReferenceArray<Node> t; int b, i, n; Object ek; // checks must use locals
-                    if ((t = tab) != null)
-                        n = t.length();
-                    else if ((m = map) != null && (t = tab = m.table) != null)
-                        n = baseLimit = baseSize = t.length();
-                    else
-                        break outer;
-                    if ((b = baseIndex) >= baseLimit ||
-                            (i = index) < 0 || i >= n)
-                        break outer;
-                    if ((e = tabAt(t, i)) != null && e.hash == MOVED) {
-                        if ((ek = e.key) instanceof TreeBin)
-                            e = ((TreeBin)ek).first;
-                        else {
-                            tab = (AtomicReferenceArray<Node>)ek;
-                            continue;           // restarts due to null val
-                        }
-                    }                           // visit upper slots if present
-                    index = (i += baseSize) < n ? i : (baseIndex = b + 1);
-                }
-                nextKey = (K) e.key;
-            } while ((ev = (V) e.val) == null);    // skip deleted or special nodes
-            next = e;
-            return nextVal = ev;
-        }
-
-        public final void remove() {
-            Object k = nextKey;
-            if (k == null && (advance() == null || (k = nextKey) == null))
-                throw new IllegalStateException();
-            map.internalReplace(k, null, null);
-        }
-
-        public final boolean hasNext() {
-            return nextVal != null || advance() != null;
-        }
-
-        public final boolean hasMoreElements() { return hasNext(); }
-        public final void setRawResult(Object x) { }
-        public R getRawResult() { return null; }
-        public boolean exec() { return true; }
-    }
-
-    /* ---------------- Public operations -------------- */
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new, empty map with the default initial table size (16).
-     */
-    public ConcurrentHashMapV8() {
-        this.counter = new LongAdder();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new, empty map with an initial table size
-     * accommodating the specified number of elements without the need
-     * to dynamically resize.
-     *
-     * @param initialCapacity The implementation performs internal
-     * sizing to accommodate this many elements.
-     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity of
-     * elements is negative
-     */
-    public ConcurrentHashMapV8(int initialCapacity) {
-        if (initialCapacity < 0)
-            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
-        int cap = ((initialCapacity >= (MAXIMUM_CAPACITY >>> 1)) ?
-                MAXIMUM_CAPACITY :
-                tableSizeFor(initialCapacity + (initialCapacity >>> 1) + 1));
-        this.counter = new LongAdder();
-        this.sizeCtl = cap;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new map with the same mappings as the given map.
-     *
-     * @param m the map
-     */
-    public ConcurrentHashMapV8(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
-        this.counter = new LongAdder();
-        this.sizeCtl = DEFAULT_CAPACITY;
-        internalPutAll(m);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new, empty map with an initial table size based on
-     * the given number of elements ({@code initialCapacity}) and
-     * initial table density ({@code loadFactor}).
-     *
-     * @param initialCapacity the initial capacity. The implementation
-     * performs internal sizing to accommodate this many elements,
-     * given the specified load factor.
-     * @param loadFactor the load factor (table density) for
-     * establishing the initial table size
-     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity of
-     * elements is negative or the load factor is nonpositive
-     *
-     * @since 1.6
-     */
-    public ConcurrentHashMapV8(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
-        this(initialCapacity, loadFactor, 1);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new, empty map with an initial table size based on
-     * the given number of elements ({@code initialCapacity}), table
-     * density ({@code loadFactor}), and number of concurrently
-     * updating threads ({@code concurrencyLevel}).
-     *
-     * @param initialCapacity the initial capacity. The implementation
-     * performs internal sizing to accommodate this many elements,
-     * given the specified load factor.
-     * @param loadFactor the load factor (table density) for
-     * establishing the initial table size
-     * @param concurrencyLevel the estimated number of concurrently
-     * updating threads. The implementation may use this value as
-     * a sizing hint.
-     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is
-     * negative or the load factor or concurrencyLevel are
-     * nonpositive
-     */
-    public ConcurrentHashMapV8(int initialCapacity,
-                               float loadFactor, int concurrencyLevel) {
-        if (!(loadFactor > 0.0f) || initialCapacity < 0 || concurrencyLevel <= 0)
-            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
-        if (initialCapacity < concurrencyLevel)   // Use at least as many bins
-            initialCapacity = concurrencyLevel;   // as estimated threads
-        long size = (long)(1.0 + (long)initialCapacity / loadFactor);
-        int cap = (size >= (long)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ?
-                MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : tableSizeFor((int)size);
-        this.counter = new LongAdder();
-        this.sizeCtl = cap;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new {@link Set} backed by a ConcurrentHashMapV8
-     * from the given type to {@code Boolean.TRUE}.
-     *
-     * @return the new set
-     */
-    public static <K> KeySetView<K,Boolean> newKeySet() {
-        return new KeySetView<K,Boolean>(new ConcurrentHashMapV8<K,Boolean>(),
-                Boolean.TRUE);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Creates a new {@link Set} backed by a ConcurrentHashMapV8
-     * from the given type to {@code Boolean.TRUE}.
-     *
-     * @param initialCapacity The implementation performs internal
-     * sizing to accommodate this many elements.
-     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity of
-     * elements is negative
-     * @return the new set
-     */
-    public static <K> KeySetView<K,Boolean> newKeySet(int initialCapacity) {
-        return new KeySetView<K,Boolean>(new ConcurrentHashMapV8<K,Boolean>(initialCapacity),
-                Boolean.TRUE);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * {@inheritDoc}
-     */
-    public boolean isEmpty() {
-        return counter.sum() <= 0L; // ignore transient negative values
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * {@inheritDoc}
-     */
-    public int size() {
-        long n = counter.sum();
-        return ((n < 0L) ? 0 :
-                (n > (long)Integer.MAX_VALUE) ? Integer.MAX_VALUE :
-                        (int)n);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the number of mappings. This method should be used
-     * instead of {@link #size} because a ConcurrentHashMapV8 may
-     * contain more mappings than can be represented as an int. The
-     * value returned is a snapshot; the actual count may differ if
-     * there are ongoing concurrent insertions or removals.
-     *
-     * @return the number of mappings
-     */
-    public long mappingCount() {
-        long n = counter.sum();
-        return (n < 0L) ? 0L : n; // ignore transient negative values
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped,
-     * or {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key.
-     *
-     * <p>More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key
-     * {@code k} to a value {@code v} such that {@code key.equals(k)},
-     * then this method returns {@code v}; otherwise it returns
-     * {@code null}.  (There can be at most one such mapping.)
-     *
-     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
-     */
-    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public V get(Object key) {
-        if (key == null)
-            throw new NullPointerException();
-        return (V)internalGet(key);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped,
-     * or the given defaultValue if this map contains no mapping for the key.
-     *
-     * @param key the key
-     * @param defaultValue the value to return if this map contains
-     * no mapping for the given key
-     * @return the mapping for the key, if present; else the defaultValue
-     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
-     */
-    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public V getValueOrDefault(Object key, V defaultValue) {
-        if (key == null)
-            throw new NullPointerException();
-        V v = (V) internalGet(key);
-        return v == null ? defaultValue : v;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Tests if the specified object is a key in this table.
-     *
-     * @param  key   possible key
-     * @return {@code true} if and only if the specified object
-     *         is a key in this table, as determined by the
-     *         {@code equals} method; {@code false} otherwise
-     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
-     */
-    public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
-        if (key == null)
-            throw new NullPointerException();
-        return internalGet(key) != null;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns {@code true} if this map maps one or more keys to the
-     * specified value. Note: This method may require a full traversal
-     * of the map, and is much slower than method {@code containsKey}.
-     *
-     * @param value value whose presence in this map is to be tested
-     * @return {@code true} if this map maps one or more keys to the
-     *         specified value
-     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified value is null
-     */
-    public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
-        if (value == null)
-            throw new NullPointerException();
-        Object v;
-        Traverser<K,V,Object> it = new Traverser<K,V,Object>(this);
-        while ((v = it.advance()) != null) {
-            if (v == value || value.equals(v))
-                return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    public K findKey(Object value) {
-        if (value == null)
-            throw new NullPointerException();
-        Object v;
-        Traverser<K,V,Object> it = new Traverser<K,V,Object>(this);
-        while ((v = it.advance()) != null) {
-            if (v == value || value.equals(v))
-                return it.nextKey;
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Legacy method testing if some key maps into the specified value
-     * in this table.  This method is identical in functionality to
-     * {@link #containsValue}, and exists solely to ensure
-     * full compatibility with class {@link java.util.Hashtable},
-     * which supported this method prior to introduction of the
-     * Java Collections framework.
-     *
-     * @param  value a value to search for
-     * @return {@code true} if and only if some key maps to the
-     *         {@code value} argument in this table as
-     *         determined by the {@code equals} method;
-     *         {@code false} otherwise
-     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified value is null
-     */
-    public boolean contains(Object value) {
-        return containsValue(value);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Maps the specified key to the specified value in this table.
-     * Neither the key nor the value can be null.
-     *
-     * <p>The value can be retrieved by calling the {@code get} method
-     * with a key that is equal to the original key.
-     *
-     * @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
-     * @param value value to be associated with the specified key
-     * @return the previous value associated with {@code key}, or
-     *         {@code null} if there was no mapping for {@code key}
-     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null
-     */
-    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public V put(K key, V value) {
-        if (key == null || value == null)
-            throw new NullPointerException();
-        return (V)internalPut(key, value);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * {@inheritDoc}
-     *
-     * @return the previous value associated with the specified key,
-     *         or {@code null} if there was no mapping for the key
-     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null
-     */
-    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public V putIfAbsent(K key, V value) {
-        if (key == null || value == null)
-            throw new NullPointerException();
-        return (V)internalPutIfAbsent(key, value);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Copies all of the mappings from the specified map to this one.
-     * These mappings replace any mappings that this map had for any of the
-     * keys currently in the specified map.
-     *
-     * @param m mappings to be stored in this map
-     */
-    public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
-        internalPutAll(m);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * If the specified key is not already associated with a value,
-     * computes its value using the given mappingFunction and enters
-     * it into the map unless null.  This is equivalent to
-     * <pre> {@code
-     * if (map.containsKey(key))
-     *   return map.get(key);
-     * value = mappingFunction.apply(key);
-     * if (value != null)
-     *   map.put(key, value);
-     * return value;}</pre>
-     *
-     * except that the action is performed atomically.  If the
-     * function returns {@code null} no mapping is recorded. If the
-     * function itself throws an (unchecked) exception, the exception
-     * is rethrown to its caller, and no mapping is recorded.  Some
-     * attempted update operations on this map by other threads may be
-     * blocked while computation is in progress, so the computation
-     * should be short and simple, and must not attempt to update any
-     * other mappings of this Map. The most appropriate usage is to
-     * construct a new object serving as an initial mapped value, or
-     * memoized result, as in:
-     *
-     *  <pre> {@code
-     * map.computeIfAbsent(key, new Fun<K, V>() {
-     *   public V map(K k) { return new Value(f(k)); }});}</pre>
-     *
-     * @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
-     * @param mappingFunction the function to compute a value
-     * @return the current (existing or computed) value associated with
-     *         the specified key, or null if the computed value is null
-     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key or mappingFunction
-     *         is null
-     * @throws IllegalStateException if the computation detectably
-     *         attempts a recursive update to this map that would
-     *         otherwise never complete
-     * @throws RuntimeException or Error if the mappingFunction does so,
-     *         in which case the mapping is left unestablished
-     */
-    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public V computeIfAbsent
-    (K key, Fun<? super K, ? extends V> mappingFunction) {
-        if (key == null || mappingFunction == null)
-            throw new NullPointerException();
-        return (V)internalComputeIfAbsent(key, mappingFunction);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * If the given key is present, computes a new mapping value given a key and
-     * its current mapped value. This is equivalent to
-     *  <pre> {@code
-     *   if (map.containsKey(key)) {
-     *     value = remappingFunction.apply(key, map.get(key));
-     *     if (value != null)
-     *       map.put(key, value);
-     *     else
-     *       map.remove(key);
-     *   }
-     * }</pre>
-     *
-     * except that the action is performed atomically.  If the
-     * function returns {@code null}, the mapping is removed.  If the
-     * function itself throws an (unchecked) exception, the exception
-     * is rethrown to its caller, and the current mapping is left
-     * unchanged.  Some attempted update operations on this map by
-     * other threads may be blocked while computation is in progress,
-     * so the computation should be short and simple, and must not
-     * attempt to update any other mappings of this Map. For example,
-     * to either create or append new messages to a value mapping:
-     *
-     * @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
-     * @param remappingFunction the function to compute a value
-     * @return the new value associated with the specified key, or null if none
-     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key or remappingFunction
-     *         is null
-     * @throws IllegalStateException if the computation detectably
-     *         attempts a recursive update to this map that would
-     *         otherwise never complete
-     * @throws RuntimeException or Error if the remappingFunction does so,
-     *         in which case the mapping is unchanged
-     */
-    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public V computeIfPresent
-    (K key, BiFun<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
-        if (key == null || remappingFunction == null)
-            throw new NullPointerException();
-        return (V)internalCompute(key, true, remappingFunction);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Computes a new mapping value given a key and
-     * its current mapped value (or {@code null} if there is no current
-     * mapping). This is equivalent to
-     *  <pre> {@code
-     *   value = remappingFunction.apply(key, map.get(key));
-     *   if (value != null)
-     *     map.put(key, value);
-     *   else
-     *     map.remove(key);
-     * }</pre>
-     *
-     * except that the action is performed atomically.  If the
-     * function returns {@code null}, the mapping is removed.  If the
-     * function itself throws an (unchecked) exception, the exception
-     * is rethrown to its caller, and the current mapping is left
-     * unchanged.  Some attempted update operations on this map by
-     * other threads may be blocked while computation is in progress,
-     * so the computation should be short and simple, and must not
-     * attempt to update any other mappings of this Map. For example,
-     * to either create or append new messages to a value mapping:
-     *
-     * <pre> {@code
-     * Map<Key, String> map = ...;
-     * final String msg = ...;
-     * map.compute(key, new BiFun<Key, String, String>() {
-     *   public String apply(Key k, String v) {
-     *    return (v == null) ? msg : v + msg;});}}</pre>
-     *
-     * @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
-     * @param remappingFunction the function to compute a value
-     * @return the new value associated with the specified key, or null if none
-     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key or remappingFunction
-     *         is null
-     * @throws IllegalStateException if the computation detectably
-     *         attempts a recursive update to this map that would
-     *         otherwise never complete
-     * @throws RuntimeException or Error if the remappingFunction does so,
-     *         in which case the mapping is unchanged
-     */
-    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public V compute
-    (K key, BiFun<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
-        if (key == null || remappingFunction == null)
-            throw new NullPointerException();
-        return (V)internalCompute(key, false, remappingFunction);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * If the specified key is not already associated
-     * with a value, associate it with the given value.
-     * Otherwise, replace the value with the results of
-     * the given remapping function. This is equivalent to:
-     *  <pre> {@code
-     *   if (!map.containsKey(key))
-     *     map.put(value);
-     *   else {
-     *     newValue = remappingFunction.apply(map.get(key), value);
-     *     if (value != null)
-     *       map.put(key, value);
-     *     else
-     *       map.remove(key);
-     *   }
-     * }</pre>
-     * except that the action is performed atomically.  If the
-     * function returns {@code null}, the mapping is removed.  If the
-     * function itself throws an (unchecked) exception, the exception
-     * is rethrown to its caller, and the current mapping is left
-     * unchanged.  Some attempted update operations on this map by
-     * other threads may be blocked while computation is in progress,
-     * so the computation should be short and simple, and must not
-     * attempt to update any other mappings of this Map.
-     */
-    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public V merge
-    (K key, V value, BiFun<? super V, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
-        if (key == null || value == null || remappingFunction == null)
-            throw new NullPointerException();
-        return (V)internalMerge(key, value, remappingFunction);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Removes the key (and its corresponding value) from this map.
-     * This method does nothing if the key is not in the map.
-     *
-     * @param  key the key that needs to be removed
-     * @return the previous value associated with {@code key}, or
-     *         {@code null} if there was no mapping for {@code key}
-     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
-     */
-    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public V remove(Object key) {
-        if (key == null)
-            throw new NullPointerException();
-        return (V)internalReplace(key, null, null);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * {@inheritDoc}
-     *
-     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
-     */
-    public boolean remove(Object key, Object value) {
-        if (key == null)
-            throw new NullPointerException();
-        if (value == null)
-            return false;
-        return internalReplace(key, null, value) != null;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * {@inheritDoc}
-     *
-     * @throws NullPointerException if any of the arguments are null
-     */
-    public boolean replace(K key, V oldValue, V newValue) {
-        if (key == null || oldValue == null || newValue == null)
-            throw new NullPointerException();
-        return internalReplace(key, newValue, oldValue) != null;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * {@inheritDoc}
-     *
-     * @return the previous value associated with the specified key,
-     *         or {@code null} if there was no mapping for the key
-     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null
-     */
-    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public V replace(K key, V value) {
-        if (key == null || value == null)
-            throw new NullPointerException();
-        return (V)internalReplace(key, value, null);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Removes all of the mappings from this map.
-     */
-    public void clear() {
-        internalClear();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a {@link Set} view of the keys contained in this map.
-     * The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are
-     * reflected in the set, and vice-versa.
-     *
-     * @return the set view
-     */
-    public KeySetView<K,V> keySet() {
-        KeySetView<K,V> ks = keySet;
-        return (ks != null) ? ks : (keySet = new KeySetView<K,V>(this, null));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a {@link Set} view of the keys in this map, using the
-     * given common mapped value for any additions (i.e., {@link
-     * Collection#add} and {@link Collection#addAll}). This is of
-     * course only appropriate if it is acceptable to use the same
-     * value for all additions from this view.
-     *
-     * @param mappedValue the mapped value to use for any
-     * additions.
-     * @return the set view
-     * @throws NullPointerException if the mappedValue is null
-     */
-    public KeySetView<K,V> keySet(V mappedValue) {
-        if (mappedValue == null)
-            throw new NullPointerException();
-        return new KeySetView<K,V>(this, mappedValue);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a {@link Collection} view of the values contained in this map.
-     * The collection is backed by the map, so changes to the map are
-     * reflected in the collection, and vice-versa.
-     */
-    public ValuesView<K,V> values() {
-        ValuesView<K,V> vs = values;
-        return (vs != null) ? vs : (values = new ValuesView<K,V>(this));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a {@link Set} view of the mappings contained in this map.
-     * The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are
-     * reflected in the set, and vice-versa.  The set supports element
-     * removal, which removes the corresponding mapping from the map,
-     * via the {@code Iterator.remove}, {@code Set.remove},
-     * {@code removeAll}, {@code retainAll}, and {@code clear}
-     * operations.  It does not support the {@code add} or
-     * {@code addAll} operations.
-     *
-     * <p>The view's {@code iterator} is a "weakly consistent" iterator
-     * that will never throw {@link ConcurrentModificationException},
-     * and guarantees to traverse elements as they existed upon
-     * construction of the iterator, and may (but is not guaranteed to)
-     * reflect any modifications subsequent to construction.
-     */
-    public Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() {
-        EntrySetView<K,V> es = entrySet;
-        return (es != null) ? es : (entrySet = new EntrySetView<K,V>(this));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns an enumeration of the keys in this table.
-     *
-     * @return an enumeration of the keys in this table
-     * @see #keySet()
-     */
-    public Enumeration<K> keys() {
-        return new KeyIterator<K,V>(this);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns an enumeration of the values in this table.
-     *
-     * @return an enumeration of the values in this table
-     * @see #values()
-     */
-    public Enumeration<V> elements() {
-        return new ValueIterator<K,V>(this);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a partitionable iterator of the keys in this map.
-     *
-     * @return a partitionable iterator of the keys in this map
-     */
-    public Spliterator<K> keySpliterator() {
-        return new KeyIterator<K,V>(this);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a partitionable iterator of the values in this map.
-     *
-     * @return a partitionable iterator of the values in this map
-     */
-    public Spliterator<V> valueSpliterator() {
-        return new ValueIterator<K,V>(this);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a partitionable iterator of the entries in this map.
-     *
-     * @return a partitionable iterator of the entries in this map
-     */
-    public Spliterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySpliterator() {
-        return new EntryIterator<K,V>(this);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the hash code value for this {@link Map}, i.e.,
-     * the sum of, for each key-value pair in the map,
-     * {@code key.hashCode() ^ value.hashCode()}.
-     *
-     * @return the hash code value for this map
-     */
-    public int hashCode() {
-        int h = 0;
-        Traverser<K,V,Object> it = new Traverser<K,V,Object>(this);
-        Object v;
-        while ((v = it.advance()) != null) {
-            h += it.nextKey.hashCode() ^ v.hashCode();
-        }
-        return h;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a string representation of this map.  The string
-     * representation consists of a list of key-value mappings (in no
-     * particular order) enclosed in braces ("{@code {}}").  Adjacent
-     * mappings are separated by the characters {@code ", "} (comma
-     * and space).  Each key-value mapping is rendered as the key
-     * followed by an equals sign ("{@code =}") followed by the
-     * associated value.
-     *
-     * @return a string representation of this map
-     */
-    public String toString() {
-        Traverser<K,V,Object> it = new Traverser<K,V,Object>(this);
-        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
-        sb.append('{');
-        Object v;
-        if ((v = it.advance()) != null) {
-            for (;;) {
-                Object k = it.nextKey;
-                sb.append(k == this ? "(this Map)" : k);
-                sb.append('=');
-                sb.append(v == this ? "(this Map)" : v);
-                if ((v = it.advance()) == null)
-                    break;
-                sb.append(',').append(' ');
-            }
-        }
-        return sb.append('}').toString();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Compares the specified object with this map for equality.
-     * Returns {@code true} if the given object is a map with the same
-     * mappings as this map.  This operation may return misleading
-     * results if either map is concurrently modified during execution
-     * of this method.
-     *
-     * @param o object to be compared for equality with this map
-     * @return {@code true} if the specified object is equal to this map
-     */
-    public boolean equals(Object o) {
-        if (o != this) {
-            if (!(o instanceof Map))
-                return false;
-            Map<?,?> m = (Map<?,?>) o;
-            Traverser<K,V,Object> it = new Traverser<K,V,Object>(this);
-            Object val;
-            while ((val = it.advance()) != null) {
-                Object v = m.get(it.nextKey);
-                if (v == null || (v != val && !v.equals(val)))
-                    return false;
-            }
-            for (Map.Entry<?,?> e : m.entrySet()) {
-                Object mk, mv, v;
-                if ((mk = e.getKey()) == null ||
-                        (mv = e.getValue()) == null ||
-                        (v = internalGet(mk)) == null ||
-                        (mv != v && !mv.equals(v)))
-                    return false;
-            }
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    /* ----------------Iterators -------------- */
-
-    @SuppressWarnings("serial") static final class KeyIterator<K,V> extends Traverser<K,V,Object>
-            implements Spliterator<K>, Enumeration<K> {
-        KeyIterator(ConcurrentHashMapV8<K, V> map) { super(map); }
-        KeyIterator(Traverser<K,V,Object> it) {
-            super(it);
-        }
-        public KeyIterator<K,V> split() {
-            if (nextKey != null)
-                throw new IllegalStateException();
-            return new KeyIterator<K,V>(this);
-        }
-        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public final K next() {
-            if (nextVal == null && advance() == null)
-                throw new NoSuchElementException();
-            Object k = nextKey;
-            nextVal = null;
-            return (K) k;
-        }
-
-        public final K nextElement() { return next(); }
-    }
-
-    @SuppressWarnings("serial") static final class ValueIterator<K,V> extends Traverser<K,V,Object>
-            implements Spliterator<V>, Enumeration<V> {
-        ValueIterator(ConcurrentHashMapV8<K, V> map) { super(map); }
-        ValueIterator(Traverser<K,V,Object> it) {
-            super(it);
-        }
-        public ValueIterator<K,V> split() {
-            if (nextKey != null)
-                throw new IllegalStateException();
-            return new ValueIterator<K,V>(this);
-        }
-
-        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public final V next() {
-            Object v;
-            if ((v = nextVal) == null && (v = advance()) == null)
-                throw new NoSuchElementException();
-            nextVal = null;
-            return (V) v;
-        }
-
-        public final V nextElement() { return next(); }
-    }
-
-    @SuppressWarnings("serial") static final class EntryIterator<K,V> extends Traverser<K,V,Object>
-            implements Spliterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
-        EntryIterator(ConcurrentHashMapV8<K, V> map) { super(map); }
-        EntryIterator(Traverser<K,V,Object> it) {
-            super(it);
-        }
-        public EntryIterator<K,V> split() {
-            if (nextKey != null)
-                throw new IllegalStateException();
-            return new EntryIterator<K,V>(this);
-        }
-
-        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public final Map.Entry<K,V> next() {
-            Object v;
-            if ((v = nextVal) == null && (v = advance()) == null)
-                throw new NoSuchElementException();
-            Object k = nextKey;
-            nextVal = null;
-            return new MapEntry<K,V>((K)k, (V)v, map);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Exported Entry for iterators
-     */
-    static final class MapEntry<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K, V> {
-        final K key; // non-null
-        V val;       // non-null
-        final ConcurrentHashMapV8<K, V> map;
-        MapEntry(K key, V val, ConcurrentHashMapV8<K, V> map) {
-            this.key = key;
-            this.val = val;
-            this.map = map;
-        }
-        public final K getKey()       { return key; }
-        public final V getValue()     { return val; }
-        public final int hashCode()   { return key.hashCode() ^ val.hashCode(); }
-        public final String toString(){ return key + "=" + val; }
-
-        public final boolean equals(Object o) {
-            Object k, v; Map.Entry<?,?> e;
-            return ((o instanceof Map.Entry) &&
-                    (k = (e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o).getKey()) != null &&
-                    (v = e.getValue()) != null &&
-                    (k == key || k.equals(key)) &&
-                    (v == val || v.equals(val)));
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Sets our entry's value and writes through to the map. The
-         * value to return is somewhat arbitrary here. Since we do not
-         * necessarily track asynchronous changes, the most recent
-         * "previous" value could be different from what we return (or
-         * could even have been removed in which case the put will
-         * re-establish). We do not and cannot guarantee more.
-         */
-        public final V setValue(V value) {
-            if (value == null) throw new NullPointerException();
-            V v = val;
-            val = value;
-            map.put(key, value);
-            return v;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* ---------------- Serialization Support -------------- */
-
-    /**
-     * Stripped-down version of helper class used in previous version,
-     * declared for the sake of serialization compatibility
-     */
-    static class Segment<K,V> implements Serializable {
-        private static final long serialVersionUID = 2249069246763182397L;
-        final float loadFactor;
-        Segment(float lf) { this.loadFactor = lf; }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Saves the state of the {@code ConcurrentHashMapV8} instance to a
-     * stream (i.e., serializes it).
-     * @param s the stream
-     * @serialData
-     * the key (Object) and value (Object)
-     * for each key-value mapping, followed by a null pair.
-     * The key-value mappings are emitted in no particular order.
-     */
-    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
-            throws java.io.IOException {
-        if (segments == null) { // for serialization compatibility
-            segments = (Segment<K,V>[])
-                    new Segment<?,?>[DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL];
-            for (int i = 0; i < segments.length; ++i)
-                segments[i] = new Segment<K,V>(LOAD_FACTOR);
-        }
-        s.defaultWriteObject();
-        Traverser<K,V,Object> it = new Traverser<K,V,Object>(this);
-        Object v;
-        while ((v = it.advance()) != null) {
-            s.writeObject(it.nextKey);
-            s.writeObject(v);
-        }
-        s.writeObject(null);
-        s.writeObject(null);
-        segments = null; // throw away
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Reconstitutes the instance from a stream (that is, deserializes it).
-     * @param s the stream
-     */
-    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
-            throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
-        s.defaultReadObject();
-        this.segments = null; // unneeded
-        // initialize transient final field
-        this.counter = new LongAdder();
-
-        // Create all nodes, then place in table once size is known
-        long size = 0L;
-        Node p = null;
-        for (;;) {
-            K k = (K) s.readObject();
-            V v = (V) s.readObject();
-            if (k != null && v != null) {
-                int h = spread(k.hashCode());
-                p = new Node(h, k, v, p);
-                ++size;
-            }
-            else
-                break;
-        }
-        if (p != null) {
-            boolean init = false;
-            int n;
-            if (size >= (long)(MAXIMUM_CAPACITY >>> 1))
-                n = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
-            else {
-                int sz = (int)size;
-                n = tableSizeFor(sz + (sz >>> 1) + 1);
-            }
-            int sc = sizeCtl;
-            boolean collide = false;
-            if (n > sc &&
-                    SIZE_CTRL_UPDATER.compareAndSet(this, sc, -1)) {
-                try {
-                    if (table == null) {
-                        init = true;
-                        AtomicReferenceArray<Node> tab = new AtomicReferenceArray<Node>(n);
-                        int mask = n - 1;
-                        while (p != null) {
-                            int j = p.hash & mask;
-                            Node next = p.next;
-                            Node q = p.next = tabAt(tab, j);
-                            setTabAt(tab, j, p);
-                            if (!collide && q != null && q.hash == p.hash)
-                                collide = true;
-                            p = next;
-                        }
-                        table = tab;
-                        counter.add(size);
-                        sc = n - (n >>> 2);
-                    }
-                } finally {
-                    sizeCtl = sc;
-                }
-                if (collide) { // rescan and convert to TreeBins
-                    AtomicReferenceArray<Node> tab = table;
-                    for (int i = 0; i < tab.length(); ++i) {
-                        int c = 0;
-                        for (Node e = tabAt(tab, i); e != null; e = e.next) {
-                            if (++c > TREE_THRESHOLD &&
-                                    (e.key instanceof Comparable)) {
-                                replaceWithTreeBin(tab, i, e.key);
-                                break;
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            if (!init) { // Can only happen if unsafely published.
-                while (p != null) {
-                    internalPut(p.key, p.val);
-                    p = p.next;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    // -------------------------------------------------------
-
-    // Sams
-    /** Interface describing a void action of one argument */
-    public interface Action<A> { void apply(A a); }
-    /** Interface describing a void action of two arguments */
-    public interface BiAction<A,B> { void apply(A a, B b); }
-    /** Interface describing a function of one argument */
-    public interface Generator<T> { T apply(); }
-    /** Interface describing a function mapping its argument to a double */
-    public interface ObjectToDouble<A> { double apply(A a); }
-    /** Interface describing a function mapping its argument to a long */
-    public interface ObjectToLong<A> { long apply(A a); }
-    /** Interface describing a function mapping its argument to an int */
-    public interface ObjectToInt<A> {int apply(A a); }
-    /** Interface describing a function mapping two arguments to a double */
-    public interface ObjectByObjectToDouble<A,B> { double apply(A a, B b); }
-    /** Interface describing a function mapping two arguments to a long */
-    public interface ObjectByObjectToLong<A,B> { long apply(A a, B b); }
-    /** Interface describing a function mapping two arguments to an int */
-    public interface ObjectByObjectToInt<A,B> {int apply(A a, B b); }
-    /** Interface describing a function mapping a double to a double */
-    public interface DoubleToDouble { double apply(double a); }
-    /** Interface describing a function mapping a long to a long */
-    public interface LongToLong { long apply(long a); }
-    /** Interface describing a function mapping an int to an int */
-    public interface IntToInt { int apply(int a); }
-    /** Interface describing a function mapping two doubles to a double */
-    public interface DoubleByDoubleToDouble { double apply(double a, double b); }
-    /** Interface describing a function mapping two longs to a long */
-    public interface LongByLongToLong { long apply(long a, long b); }
-    /** Interface describing a function mapping two ints to an int */
-    public interface IntByIntToInt { int apply(int a, int b); }
-
-
-    /* ----------------Views -------------- */
-
-    /**
-     * Base class for views.
-     */
-    static abstract class CHMView<K, V> {
-        final ConcurrentHashMapV8<K, V> map;
-        CHMView(ConcurrentHashMapV8<K, V> map)  { this.map = map; }
-
-        /**
-         * Returns the map backing this view.
-         *
-         * @return the map backing this view
-         */
-        public ConcurrentHashMapV8<K,V> getMap() { return map; }
-
-        public final int size()                 { return map.size(); }
-        public final boolean isEmpty()          { return map.isEmpty(); }
-        public final void clear()               { map.clear(); }
-
-        // implementations below rely on concrete classes supplying these
-        abstract public Iterator<?> iterator();
-        abstract public boolean contains(Object o);
-        abstract public boolean remove(Object o);
-
-        private static final String oomeMsg = "Required array size too large";
-
-        public final Object[] toArray() {
-            long sz = map.mappingCount();
-            if (sz > (long)(MAX_ARRAY_SIZE))
-                throw new OutOfMemoryError(oomeMsg);
-            int n = (int)sz;
-            Object[] r = new Object[n];
-            int i = 0;
-            Iterator<?> it = iterator();
-            while (it.hasNext()) {
-                if (i == n) {
-                    if (n >= MAX_ARRAY_SIZE)
-                        throw new OutOfMemoryError(oomeMsg);
-                    if (n >= MAX_ARRAY_SIZE - (MAX_ARRAY_SIZE >>> 1) - 1)
-                        n = MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
-                    else
-                        n += (n >>> 1) + 1;
-                    r = Arrays.copyOf(r, n);
-                }
-                r[i++] = it.next();
-            }
-            return (i == n) ? r : Arrays.copyOf(r, i);
-        }
-
-        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public final <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
-            long sz = map.mappingCount();
-            if (sz > (long)(MAX_ARRAY_SIZE))
-                throw new OutOfMemoryError(oomeMsg);
-            int m = (int)sz;
-            T[] r = (a.length >= m) ? a :
-                    (T[])java.lang.reflect.Array
-                            .newInstance(a.getClass().getComponentType(), m);
-            int n = r.length;
-            int i = 0;
-            Iterator<?> it = iterator();
-            while (it.hasNext()) {
-                if (i == n) {
-                    if (n >= MAX_ARRAY_SIZE)
-                        throw new OutOfMemoryError(oomeMsg);
-                    if (n >= MAX_ARRAY_SIZE - (MAX_ARRAY_SIZE >>> 1) - 1)
-                        n = MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
-                    else
-                        n += (n >>> 1) + 1;
-                    r = Arrays.copyOf(r, n);
-                }
-                r[i++] = (T)it.next();
-            }
-            if (a == r && i < n) {
-                r[i] = null; // null-terminate
-                return r;
-            }
-            return (i == n) ? r : Arrays.copyOf(r, i);
-        }
-
-        public final int hashCode() {
-            int h = 0;
-            for (Iterator<?> it = iterator(); it.hasNext();)
-                h += it.next().hashCode();
-            return h;
-        }
-
-        public final String toString() {
-            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
-            sb.append('[');
-            Iterator<?> it = iterator();
-            if (it.hasNext()) {
-                for (;;) {
-                    Object e = it.next();
-                    sb.append(e == this ? "(this Collection)" : e);
-                    if (!it.hasNext())
-                        break;
-                    sb.append(',').append(' ');
-                }
-            }
-            return sb.append(']').toString();
-        }
-
-        public final boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c) {
-            if (c != this) {
-                for (Iterator<?> it = c.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
-                    Object e = it.next();
-                    if (e == null || !contains(e))
-                        return false;
-                }
-            }
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        public final boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
-            boolean modified = false;
-            for (Iterator<?> it = iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
-                if (c.contains(it.next())) {
-                    it.remove();
-                    modified = true;
-                }
-            }
-            return modified;
-        }
-
-        public final boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) {
-            boolean modified = false;
-            for (Iterator<?> it = iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
-                if (!c.contains(it.next())) {
-                    it.remove();
-                    modified = true;
-                }
-            }
-            return modified;
-        }
-
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * A view of a ConcurrentHashMapV8 as a {@link Set} of keys, in
-     * which additions may optionally be enabled by mapping to a
-     * common value.  This class cannot be directly instantiated. See
-     * {@link #keySet}, {@link #keySet(Object)}, {@link #newKeySet()},
-     * {@link #newKeySet(int)}.
-     */
-    public static class KeySetView<K,V> extends CHMView<K,V> implements Set<K>, java.io.Serializable {
-        private static final long serialVersionUID = 7249069246763182397L;
-        private final V value;
-        KeySetView(ConcurrentHashMapV8<K, V> map, V value) {  // non-public
-            super(map);
-            this.value = value;
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Returns the default mapped value for additions,
-         * or {@code null} if additions are not supported.
-         *
-         * @return the default mapped value for additions, or {@code null}
-         * if not supported.
-         */
-        public V getMappedValue() { return value; }
-
-        // implement Set API
-
-        public boolean contains(Object o) { return map.containsKey(o); }
-        public boolean remove(Object o)   { return map.remove(o) != null; }
-
-        /**
-         * Returns a "weakly consistent" iterator that will never
-         * throw {@link ConcurrentModificationException}, and
-         * guarantees to traverse elements as they existed upon
-         * construction of the iterator, and may (but is not
-         * guaranteed to) reflect any modifications subsequent to
-         * construction.
-         *
-         * @return an iterator over the keys of this map
-         */
-        public Iterator<K> iterator()     { return new KeyIterator<K,V>(map); }
-        public boolean add(K e) {
-            V v;
-            if ((v = value) == null)
-                throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
-            if (e == null)
-                throw new NullPointerException();
-            return map.internalPutIfAbsent(e, v) == null;
-        }
-        public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends K> c) {
-            boolean added = false;
-            V v;
-            if ((v = value) == null)
-                throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
-            for (K e : c) {
-                if (e == null)
-                    throw new NullPointerException();
-                if (map.internalPutIfAbsent(e, v) == null)
-                    added = true;
-            }
-            return added;
-        }
-        public boolean equals(Object o) {
-            Set<?> c;
-            return ((o instanceof Set) &&
-                    ((c = (Set<?>)o) == this ||
-                            (containsAll(c) && c.containsAll(this))));
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * A view of a ConcurrentHashMapV8 as a {@link Collection} of
-     * values, in which additions are disabled. This class cannot be
-     * directly instantiated. See {@link #values},
-     *
-     * <p>The view's {@code iterator} is a "weakly consistent" iterator
-     * that will never throw {@link ConcurrentModificationException},
-     * and guarantees to traverse elements as they existed upon
-     * construction of the iterator, and may (but is not guaranteed to)
-     * reflect any modifications subsequent to construction.
-     */
-    public static final class ValuesView<K,V> extends CHMView<K,V>
-            implements Collection<V> {
-        ValuesView(ConcurrentHashMapV8<K, V> map)   { super(map); }
-        public final boolean contains(Object o) { return map.containsValue(o); }
-        public final boolean remove(Object o) {
-            if (o != null) {
-                Iterator<V> it = new ValueIterator<K,V>(map);
-                while (it.hasNext()) {
-                    if (o.equals(it.next())) {
-                        it.remove();
-                        return true;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Returns a "weakly consistent" iterator that will never
-         * throw {@link ConcurrentModificationException}, and
-         * guarantees to traverse elements as they existed upon
-         * construction of the iterator, and may (but is not
-         * guaranteed to) reflect any modifications subsequent to
-         * construction.
-         *
-         * @return an iterator over the values of this map
-         */
-        public final Iterator<V> iterator() {
-            return new ValueIterator<K,V>(map);
-        }
-        public final boolean add(V e) {
-            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
-        }
-        public final boolean addAll(Collection<? extends V> c) {
-            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * A view of a ConcurrentHashMapV8 as a {@link Set} of (key, value)
-     * entries.  This class cannot be directly instantiated. See
-     * {@link #entrySet}.
-     */
-    public static final class EntrySetView<K,V> extends CHMView<K,V>
-            implements Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
-        EntrySetView(ConcurrentHashMapV8<K, V> map) { super(map); }
-        public final boolean contains(Object o) {
-            Object k, v, r; Map.Entry<?,?> e;
-            return ((o instanceof Map.Entry) &&
-                    (k = (e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o).getKey()) != null &&
-                    (r = map.get(k)) != null &&
-                    (v = e.getValue()) != null &&
-                    (v == r || v.equals(r)));
-        }
-        public final boolean remove(Object o) {
-            Object k, v; Map.Entry<?,?> e;
-            return ((o instanceof Map.Entry) &&
-                    (k = (e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o).getKey()) != null &&
-                    (v = e.getValue()) != null &&
-                    map.remove(k, v));
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Returns a "weakly consistent" iterator that will never
-         * throw {@link ConcurrentModificationException}, and
-         * guarantees to traverse elements as they existed upon
-         * construction of the iterator, and may (but is not
-         * guaranteed to) reflect any modifications subsequent to
-         * construction.
-         *
-         * @return an iterator over the entries of this map
-         */
-        public final Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> iterator() {
-            return new EntryIterator<K,V>(map);
-        }
-
-        public final boolean add(Entry<K,V> e) {
-            K key = e.getKey();
-            V value = e.getValue();
-            if (key == null || value == null)
-                throw new NullPointerException();
-            return map.internalPut(key, value) == null;
-        }
-        public final boolean addAll(Collection<? extends Entry<K,V>> c) {
-            boolean added = false;
-            for (Entry<K,V> e : c) {
-                if (add(e))
-                    added = true;
-            }
-            return added;
-        }
-        public boolean equals(Object o) {
-            Set<?> c;
-            return ((o instanceof Set) &&
-                    ((c = (Set<?>)o) == this ||
-                            (containsAll(c) && c.containsAll(this))));
-        }
-    }
-}