rubydb 0.1.4 → 0.1.6

data/lib/rubydb/execution/planner.rb

@@ -1,159 +1,165 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module RubyDB
-  module Execution
-    # Planner - Converts AST to execution plan
-    class Planner
-      attr_reader :engine, :catalog
-
-      def initialize(engine)
-        @engine = engine
-        @catalog = engine.catalog if engine.respond_to?(:catalog)
-        @stats = {
-          plans_created: 0,
-          optimizations_applied: 0
-        }
-      end
-
-      def plan(statement)
-        @stats[:plans_created] += 1
-
-        plan = case statement
-        when SQL::AST::With
-          Plan::With.new(statement.ctes.map { |name, query| [name, plan(query)] }, plan(statement.query), recursive: statement.recursive)
-        when SQL::AST::Select
-          plan_select(statement)
-        when SQL::AST::SetOperation
-          Plan::SetOperation.new(plan(statement.left), plan(statement.right), statement.operator, all: statement.all)
-        when SQL::AST::Insert
-          plan_insert(statement)
-        when SQL::AST::Update
-          plan_update(statement)
-        when SQL::AST::Delete
-          plan_delete(statement)
-        when SQL::AST::CreateTable
-          plan_create_table(statement)
-        when SQL::AST::DropTable
-          plan_drop_table(statement)
-        when SQL::AST::CreateDatabase
-          Plan::CreateDatabase.new(statement.name, if_not_exists: statement.if_not_exists)
-        when SQL::AST::DropDatabase
-          Plan::DropDatabase.new(statement.name, if_exists: statement.if_exists)
-        when SQL::AST::CreateSchema
-          Plan::CreateSchema.new(statement.name, if_not_exists: statement.if_not_exists, authorization: statement.authorization)
-        when SQL::AST::DropSchema
-          Plan::DropSchema.new(statement.name, if_exists: statement.if_exists, cascade: statement.cascade)
-        when SQL::AST::CreateView
-          Plan::CreateView.new(statement.name, statement.query, if_not_exists: statement.if_not_exists)
-        when SQL::AST::DropView
-          Plan::DropView.new(statement.name, if_exists: statement.if_exists)
-        when SQL::AST::CreateTrigger
-          Plan::CreateTrigger.new(statement.name, statement.timing, statement.event, statement.table_name, statement.function_name)
-        when SQL::AST::DropTrigger
-          Plan::DropTrigger.new(statement.name, if_exists: statement.if_exists)
-        when SQL::AST::Vacuum
-          Plan::Vacuum.new
-        when SQL::AST::AlterTableAddColumn
-          options = statement.options.transform_values { |value| value.respond_to?(:value) ? value.value : value }
-          Plan::AlterTableAddColumn.new(statement.table_name, statement.column_name, statement.column_type, options)
-        when SQL::AST::AlterTableDropColumn
-          Plan::AlterTableDropColumn.new(statement.table_name, statement.column_name)
-        when SQL::AST::AlterTableAddConstraint
-          Plan::AlterTableAddConstraint.new(statement.table_name, statement.constraint)
-        when SQL::AST::AlterTableDropConstraint
-          Plan::AlterTableDropConstraint.new(statement.table_name, statement.constraint_name)
-        when SQL::AST::CreateIndex
-          plan_create_index(statement)
-        when SQL::AST::DropIndex
-          plan_drop_index(statement)
-        when SQL::AST::BeginTransaction
-          plan_begin_transaction(statement)
-        when SQL::AST::Commit
-          plan_commit(statement)
-        when SQL::AST::Rollback
-          plan_rollback(statement)
-        when SQL::AST::Savepoint
-          Plan::Savepoint.new(statement.name)
-        when SQL::AST::RollbackToSavepoint
-          Plan::RollbackToSavepoint.new(statement.savepoint_name)
-        when SQL::AST::ReleaseSavepoint
-          Plan::ReleaseSavepoint.new(statement.name)
-        when SQL::AST::Explain
-          plan_explain(statement)
-        else
-          raise ExecutionError, "Unknown statement type: #{statement.class}"
-        end
-
-        # Apply optimizations
-        plan = optimize(plan)
-
-        plan
-      end
-
-      def plan_select(statement)
-        table_name = statement.table_name
-        columns = statement.columns.map { |col| col.expression.name rescue col.to_s }
-
-        plan = Plan::Select.new(table_name, columns)
-        plan.set_source_reference(statement.from)
-
-        if statement.joins&.any?
-          plan.set_joins(statement.joins.map do |join|
-            { type: join.type, table: join.table, predicate: build_predicate(join.condition) }
-          end)
-        end
-
-        # Handle projections
-        if statement.columns.any?
-          plan.set_projections(statement.columns)
-        end
-
-        # Handle WHERE clause
-        if statement.where
-          predicate = build_predicate(statement.where)
-          plan.set_predicate(predicate)
-        end
-
-        # Handle ORDER BY
-        if statement.order_by&.any?
-          order_by = statement.order_by.map do |order|
-            column = order.expression.respond_to?(:name) ? order.expression.name : order.expression.to_s
-            table = order.expression.respond_to?(:table) ? order.expression.table : nil
-            { column: table ? "#{table}.#{column}" : column, direction: order.direction }
-          end
-          plan.set_order_by(order_by)
-        end
-
-        # Handle GROUP BY
-        aggregates = statement.columns.select do |column|
-          expression = column.respond_to?(:expression) ? column.expression : column
-          expression.is_a?(SQL::AST::FunctionCall) && !expression.window &&
-            %w[COUNT SUM AVG MIN MAX].include?(expression.name.to_s.upcase)
-        end
-        if statement.group_by&.any? || aggregates.any?
-          plan.set_group_by(statement.group_by || [], aggregates)
-        end
-        plan.set_having(build_predicate(statement.having)) if statement.having
-
-        # Handle LIMIT and OFFSET
-        if statement.limit
-          plan.set_limit(statement.limit.value, statement.offset&.value)
-        end
-
-        # Handle DISTINCT
-        plan.set_distinct(statement.distinct) if statement.distinct
-
-        # Choose scan method
-        choose_scan_method(plan)
-
-        # Estimate cost
-        estimate_cost(plan)
-
-        plan
-      end
-
-      def plan_insert(statement)
-        Plan::Insert.new(
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module RubyDB
+  module Execution
+    # Planner - Converts AST to execution plan
+    class Planner
+      attr_reader :engine, :catalog
+
+      def initialize(engine)
+        @engine = engine
+        @catalog = engine.catalog if engine.respond_to?(:catalog)
+        @cost_model = CostModel.new(engine)
+        @operator_selection = OperatorSelection.new(engine)
+        @stats = {
+          plans_created: 0,
+          optimizations_applied: 0
+        }
+      end
+
+      def plan(statement)
+        @stats[:plans_created] += 1
+
+        plan = case statement
+        when SQL::AST::With
+          Plan::With.new(statement.ctes.map { |name, query| [name, plan(query)] }, plan(statement.query), recursive: statement.recursive)
+        when SQL::AST::Select
+          plan_select(statement)
+        when SQL::AST::SetOperation
+          Plan::SetOperation.new(plan(statement.left), plan(statement.right), statement.operator, all: statement.all)
+        when SQL::AST::Insert
+          plan_insert(statement)
+        when SQL::AST::Update
+          plan_update(statement)
+        when SQL::AST::Delete
+          plan_delete(statement)
+        when SQL::AST::CreateTable
+          plan_create_table(statement)
+        when SQL::AST::DropTable
+          plan_drop_table(statement)
+        when SQL::AST::CreateDatabase
+          Plan::CreateDatabase.new(statement.name, if_not_exists: statement.if_not_exists)
+        when SQL::AST::DropDatabase
+          Plan::DropDatabase.new(statement.name, if_exists: statement.if_exists)
+        when SQL::AST::CreateSchema
+          Plan::CreateSchema.new(statement.name, if_not_exists: statement.if_not_exists, authorization: statement.authorization)
+        when SQL::AST::DropSchema
+          Plan::DropSchema.new(statement.name, if_exists: statement.if_exists, cascade: statement.cascade)
+        when SQL::AST::CreateView
+          Plan::CreateView.new(statement.name, statement.query, if_not_exists: statement.if_not_exists)
+        when SQL::AST::DropView
+          Plan::DropView.new(statement.name, if_exists: statement.if_exists)
+        when SQL::AST::CreateTrigger
+          Plan::CreateTrigger.new(statement.name, statement.timing, statement.event, statement.table_name, statement.function_name)
+        when SQL::AST::DropTrigger
+          Plan::DropTrigger.new(statement.name, if_exists: statement.if_exists)
+        when SQL::AST::Vacuum
+          Plan::Vacuum.new
+        when SQL::AST::AlterTableAddColumn
+          options = statement.options.transform_values { |value| value.respond_to?(:value) ? value.value : value }
+          Plan::AlterTableAddColumn.new(statement.table_name, statement.column_name, statement.column_type, options)
+        when SQL::AST::AlterTableDropColumn
+          Plan::AlterTableDropColumn.new(statement.table_name, statement.column_name)
+        when SQL::AST::AlterTableAddConstraint
+          Plan::AlterTableAddConstraint.new(statement.table_name, statement.constraint)
+        when SQL::AST::AlterTableDropConstraint
+          Plan::AlterTableDropConstraint.new(statement.table_name, statement.constraint_name)
+        when SQL::AST::CreateIndex
+          plan_create_index(statement)
+        when SQL::AST::DropIndex
+          plan_drop_index(statement)
+        when SQL::AST::BeginTransaction
+          plan_begin_transaction(statement)
+        when SQL::AST::Commit
+          plan_commit(statement)
+        when SQL::AST::Rollback
+          plan_rollback(statement)
+        when SQL::AST::Savepoint
+          Plan::Savepoint.new(statement.name)
+        when SQL::AST::RollbackToSavepoint
+          Plan::RollbackToSavepoint.new(statement.savepoint_name)
+        when SQL::AST::ReleaseSavepoint
+          Plan::ReleaseSavepoint.new(statement.name)
+        when SQL::AST::Explain
+          plan_explain(statement)
+        else
+          raise ExecutionError, "Unknown statement type: #{statement.class}"
+        end
+
+        # Apply optimizations
+        optimize(plan)
+      end
+
+      def plan_select(statement)
+        table_name = statement.table_name
+        columns = statement.columns.map { |col|
+          begin
+            col.expression.name
+          rescue
+            col.to_s
+          end
+        }
+
+        plan = Plan::Select.new(table_name, columns)
+        plan.set_source_reference(statement.from)
+
+        if statement.joins&.any?
+          plan.set_joins(statement.joins.map do |join|
+            {type: join.type, table: join.table, predicate: build_predicate(join.condition)}
+          end)
+        end
+
+        # Handle projections
+        if statement.columns.any?
+          plan.set_projections(statement.columns)
+        end
+
+        # Handle WHERE clause
+        if statement.where
+          predicate = build_predicate(statement.where)
+          plan.set_predicate(predicate)
+        end
+
+        # Handle ORDER BY
+        if statement.order_by&.any?
+          order_by = statement.order_by.map do |order|
+            column = order.expression.respond_to?(:name) ? order.expression.name : order.expression.to_s
+            table = order.expression.respond_to?(:table) ? order.expression.table : nil
+            {column: table ? "#{table}.#{column}" : column, direction: order.direction}
+          end
+          plan.set_order_by(order_by)
+        end
+
+        # Handle GROUP BY
+        aggregates = statement.columns.select do |column|
+          expression = column.respond_to?(:expression) ? column.expression : column
+          expression.is_a?(SQL::AST::FunctionCall) && !expression.window &&
+            %w[COUNT SUM AVG MIN MAX].include?(expression.name.to_s.upcase)
+        end
+        if statement.group_by&.any? || aggregates.any?
+          plan.set_group_by(statement.group_by || [], aggregates)
+        end
+        plan.set_having(build_predicate(statement.having)) if statement.having
+
+        # Handle LIMIT and OFFSET
+        if statement.limit
+          plan.set_limit(statement.limit.value, statement.offset&.value)
+        end
+
+        # Handle DISTINCT
+        plan.set_distinct(statement.distinct) if statement.distinct
+
+        # Choose scan method
+        choose_scan_method(plan)
+
+        # Estimate cost
+        estimate_cost(plan)
+
+        plan
+      end
+
+      def plan_insert(statement)
+        Plan::Insert.new(
           statement.table,
           statement.columns,
           statement.values,
@@ -161,32 +167,32 @@ module RubyDB
           on_conflict: statement.on_conflict,
           default_values: statement.default_values?
         )
-      end
-
-      def plan_update(statement)
-        assignments = statement.assignments.map do |ass|
-          { column: ass.column, value: ass.value }
-        end
-
-        plan = Plan::Update.new(statement.table, assignments)
-
-        if statement.where
-          plan.set_predicate(build_predicate(statement.where))
-        end
-
-        plan
-      end
-
-      def plan_delete(statement)
-        plan = Plan::Delete.new(statement.table)
-
-        if statement.where
-          plan.set_predicate(build_predicate(statement.where))
-        end
-
-        plan
-      end
-
+      end
+
+      def plan_update(statement)
+        assignments = statement.assignments.map do |ass|
+          {column: ass.column, value: ass.value}
+        end
+
+        plan = Plan::Update.new(statement.table, assignments)
+
+        if statement.where
+          plan.set_predicate(build_predicate(statement.where))
+        end
+
+        plan
+      end
+
+      def plan_delete(statement)
+        plan = Plan::Delete.new(statement.table)
+
+        if statement.where
+          plan.set_predicate(build_predicate(statement.where))
+        end
+
+        plan
+      end
+
       def plan_create_table(statement)
         columns = statement.columns.map do |col|
           options = col.options.dup
@@ -194,357 +200,323 @@ module RubyDB
           options[:default] = default.value if default.respond_to?(:value) && !default.is_a?(String)
           Catalog::Column.new(col.name, col.type_class, **options)
         end
-
-        Plan::CreateTable.new(
-          statement.name,
-          columns,
-          if_not_exists: statement.if_not_exists,
-          constraints: statement.constraints
-        )
-      end
-
-      def plan_drop_table(statement)
-        Plan::DropTable.new(statement.name, if_exists: statement.if_exists)
-      end
-
-      def plan_create_index(statement)
-        Plan::CreateIndex.new(
-          statement.name,
-          statement.table_name,
-          statement.columns,
-          unique: statement.unique,
-          if_not_exists: statement.if_not_exists
-        )
-      end
-
-      def plan_drop_index(statement)
-        Plan::DropIndex.new(statement.name, if_exists: statement.if_exists)
-      end
-
-      def plan_begin_transaction(statement)
-        Plan::BeginTransaction.new(statement.isolation_level)
-      end
-
-      def plan_commit(_statement)
-        Plan::Commit.new
-      end
-
-      def plan_rollback(_statement)
-        Plan::Rollback.new
-      end
-
-      def plan_explain(statement)
-        Plan::Explain.new(statement.statement, statement.analyze)
-      end
-
-      # Predicate building
-      def build_predicate(ast)
-        case ast
-        when SQL::AST::BinaryOp
-          left = build_predicate(ast.left)
-          right = build_predicate(ast.right)
-
-          case ast.operator
-          when :AND, :and
-            Predicate::And.new(left, right)
-          when :OR, :or
-            Predicate::Or.new(left, right)
-          when :EQ, :NE, :LT, :LTE, :GT, :GTE
-            Predicate::Comparison.new(
-              build_expression(ast.left),
-              build_expression(ast.right),
-              { EQ: :eq, NE: :ne, LT: :lt, LTE: :lte, GT: :gt, GTE: :gte }.fetch(ast.operator)
-            )
-          when :LIKE, :ILIKE
-            Predicate::Like.new(
-              build_expression(ast.left),
-              build_expression(ast.right),
-              ast.operator == :LIKE
-            )
-          else
-            nil
-          end
-        when SQL::AST::UnaryOp
-          operand = build_predicate(ast.operand)
-          Predicate::Not.new(operand)
-        when SQL::AST::Between
-          Predicate::Between.new(
-            build_expression(ast.expression),
-            build_expression(ast.low),
-            build_expression(ast.high)
-          )
-        when SQL::AST::In
-          values = ast.values.flat_map do |value|
-            if value.is_a?(SQL::AST::Subquery)
-              Executor.new(@engine).execute(plan(value.query))[:rows].map { |row| Expression::Literal.new(row.values.first) }
-            else
-              [build_expression(value)]
-            end
-          end
-          Predicate::In.new(build_expression(ast.expression), values)
-        when SQL::AST::Exists
-          exists = Executor.new(@engine).execute(plan(ast.query))[:rows].any?
-          Predicate::Comparison.new(Expression::Literal.new(exists), Expression::Literal.new(true), :eq)
-        when SQL::AST::IsNull
-          Predicate::IsNull.new(build_expression(ast.expression), ast.negated)
-        else
-          Predicate::Comparison.new(
-            build_expression(ast),
-            build_expression(SQL::AST::Literal.new(true, :TRUE)),
-            :eq
-          )
-        end
-      end
-
-      def build_expression(ast)
-        case ast
-        when SQL::AST::Literal
-          Expression::Literal.new(ast.value)
-        when SQL::AST::Identifier
-          Expression::Column.new(ast.name, ast.table)
-        when SQL::AST::BinaryOp
-          left = build_expression(ast.left)
-          right = build_expression(ast.right)
-          operator = {
-            PLUS: :plus, MINUS: :minus, STAR: :multiply, SLASH: :divide,
-            PERCENT: :modulo, EQ: :eq
-          }[ast.operator] || ast.operator
-          Expression::BinaryOp.new(left, right, operator)
-        when SQL::AST::UnaryOp
-          operand = build_expression(ast.operand)
-          Expression::UnaryOp.new(operand, ast.operator)
-        when SQL::AST::FunctionCall
-          args = ast.arguments.map { |arg| build_expression(arg) }
-          Expression::Function.new(ast.name, args)
-        when SQL::AST::Parameter
-          Expression::Parameter.new(ast.index)
-        else
-          Expression::Literal.new(nil)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Scan method selection
-      def choose_scan_method(plan)
-        return unless plan.type == :select
-
-        table_name = plan.table_name
-        return plan.set_scan_type(:sequential) unless table_name
-
-        # Check if there's an index that can be used
-        if @engine.respond_to?(:index_manager)
-          indexes = @engine.index_manager.get_indexes_for_table(table_name)
-
-          # Try to find a matching index for the predicate
-          if plan.predicate && indexes.any?
-            index = find_matching_index(plan.predicate, indexes)
-            if index
-              plan.set_scan_type(:index, index)
-              return
-            end
-          end
-
-          # A full index scan is not a substitute for a table scan: it can
-          # omit rows while an index is being maintained or rebuilt. Only use
-          # an index when the predicate specifically matches its columns.
-        end
-
-        # Default to sequential scan
-        plan.set_scan_type(:sequential)
-      end
-
-      def find_matching_index(predicate, indexes)
-        # Get columns used in predicate
-        columns = extract_predicate_columns(predicate)
-
-        indexes.each do |index|
-          # Check if predicate columns match index columns
-          if index.columns.any? { |col| columns.map(&:to_s).include?(col.to_s) }
-            return index
-          end
-        end
-
-        nil
-      end
-
-      def extract_predicate_columns(predicate)
-        return [] if predicate.nil?
-
-        case predicate
-        when Predicate::Comparison
-          left_name = predicate.left.respond_to?(:name) ? predicate.left.name : nil
-          [left_name].compact
-        when Predicate::And, Predicate::Or
-          extract_predicate_columns(predicate.left) + extract_predicate_columns(predicate.right)
-        when Predicate::Not
-          extract_predicate_columns(predicate.operand)
-        when Predicate::Between, Predicate::In, Predicate::IsNull, Predicate::Like
-          expr_name = predicate.expression.respond_to?(:name) ? predicate.expression.name : nil
-          [expr_name].compact
-        else
-          []
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Cost estimation
-      def estimate_cost(plan)
-        table_name = plan.table_name
-        row_count = @engine.table_row_count(table_name) rescue 0
-
-        case plan.scan_type
-        when :sequential
-          plan.set_cost(row_count, row_count)
-        when :index
-          # Index scan is cheaper for large tables with selective predicates
-          if plan.predicate
-            selectivity = estimate_selectivity(plan.predicate)
-            estimated_rows = (row_count * selectivity).ceil
-            plan.set_cost(estimated_rows * 0.1, estimated_rows)
-          else
-            plan.set_cost(row_count * 0.5, row_count)
-          end
-        else
-          plan.set_cost(row_count, row_count)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def estimate_selectivity(predicate)
-        case predicate
-        when Predicate::Comparison
-          case predicate.operator
-          when :EQ then 0.01
-          when :NE then 0.9
-          when :LT, :LTE, :GT, :GTE then 0.5
-          else 0.5
-          end
-        when Predicate::And
-          estimate_selectivity(predicate.left) * estimate_selectivity(predicate.right)
-        when Predicate::Or
-          estimate_selectivity(predicate.left) + estimate_selectivity(predicate.right) -
-            estimate_selectivity(predicate.left) * estimate_selectivity(predicate.right)
-        when Predicate::Not
-          1.0 - estimate_selectivity(predicate.operand)
-        else
-          0.5
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Optimization
-      def optimize(plan)
-        @stats[:optimizations_applied] += 1
-
-        # Push down predicates
-        plan = push_down_predicates(plan)
-
-        # Remove redundant conditions
-        plan = remove_redundant_conditions(plan)
-
-        # Reorder only a pure inner-join chain. Outer joins are order
-        # sensitive, and cross joins are an explicit user request, so those
-        # remain in source order. Predicate dependencies prevent a join from
-        # being moved before a table referenced by its ON clause.
-        reorder_inner_joins(plan) if plan.is_a?(Plan::Select)
-
-        plan
-      end
-
-      def push_down_predicates(plan)
-        # Push predicates down to scan level
-        # This is already done in the planner
-        plan
-      end
-
-      def reorder_inner_joins(plan)
-        joins = plan.joins
-        return plan if joins.empty? || joins.any? { |join| join[:type] != :inner }
-
-        available = [plan.source_reference&.name || plan.table_name].compact.map(&:to_s)
-        pending = joins.dup
-        ordered = []
-
-        until pending.empty?
-          eligible = pending.select do |join|
-            table = join[:table]
-            right_names = [table.name, table.alias_name].compact.map(&:to_s)
-            referenced = predicate_table_names(join[:predicate])
-            (referenced - (available + right_names)).empty?
-          end
-          eligible = [pending.first] if eligible.empty?
-
-          chosen = eligible.min_by do |join|
-            @engine.table_row_count(join[:table].name) rescue 1_000_000
-          end
-          pending.delete(chosen)
-          ordered << chosen
-          available.concat([chosen[:table].name, chosen[:table].alias_name].compact.map(&:to_s))
-        end
-
-        plan.set_joins(ordered)
-        plan
-      end
-
-      def predicate_table_names(predicate)
-        case predicate
-        when Predicate::Comparison
-          expression_table_names(predicate.left) + expression_table_names(predicate.right)
-        when Predicate::And, Predicate::Or
-          predicate_table_names(predicate.left) + predicate_table_names(predicate.right)
-        when Predicate::Not
-          predicate_table_names(predicate.operand)
-        when Predicate::Between
-          expression_table_names(predicate.expression) + expression_table_names(predicate.low) +
-            expression_table_names(predicate.high)
-        when Predicate::In, Predicate::IsNull, Predicate::Like
-          expression_table_names(predicate.expression)
-        else
-          []
-        end.uniq
-      end
-
-      def expression_table_names(expression)
-        case expression
-        when Expression::Column
-          expression.table ? [expression.table.to_s] : []
-        when Expression::BinaryOp
-          expression_table_names(expression.left) + expression_table_names(expression.right)
-        when Expression::UnaryOp
-          expression_table_names(expression.operand)
-        when Expression::Function
-          expression.arguments.flat_map { |argument| expression_table_names(argument) }
-        else
-          []
-        end
-      end
-
-      def remove_redundant_conditions(plan)
-        if plan.predicate.is_a?(Predicate::And)
-          # Simplify AND conditions
-          simplified = simplify_and(plan.predicate)
-          plan.set_predicate(simplified)
-        end
-        plan
-      end
-
-      def simplify_and(predicate)
-        left = predicate.left
-        right = predicate.right
-
-        # Remove redundant TRUE conditions
-        if left.is_a?(Predicate::Comparison) && left.left.is_a?(Expression::Literal) &&
-           left.left.value == true && left.operator == :EQ
-          return right
-        end
-
-        if right.is_a?(Predicate::Comparison) && right.left.is_a?(Expression::Literal) &&
-           right.left.value == true && right.operator == :EQ
-          return left
-        end
-
-        predicate
-      end
-
-      def stats
-        @stats
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
+
+        Plan::CreateTable.new(
+          statement.name,
+          columns,
+          if_not_exists: statement.if_not_exists,
+          constraints: statement.constraints
+        )
+      end
+
+      def plan_drop_table(statement)
+        Plan::DropTable.new(statement.name, if_exists: statement.if_exists)
+      end
+
+      def plan_create_index(statement)
+        Plan::CreateIndex.new(
+          statement.name,
+          statement.table_name,
+          statement.columns,
+          unique: statement.unique,
+          if_not_exists: statement.if_not_exists
+        )
+      end
+
+      def plan_drop_index(statement)
+        Plan::DropIndex.new(statement.name, if_exists: statement.if_exists)
+      end
+
+      def plan_begin_transaction(statement)
+        Plan::BeginTransaction.new(statement.isolation_level)
+      end
+
+      def plan_commit(_statement)
+        Plan::Commit.new
+      end
+
+      def plan_rollback(_statement)
+        Plan::Rollback.new
+      end
+
+      def plan_explain(statement)
+        Plan::Explain.new(statement.statement, statement.analyze)
+      end
+
+      # Predicate building
+      def build_predicate(ast)
+        case ast
+        when SQL::AST::BinaryOp
+          left = build_predicate(ast.left)
+          right = build_predicate(ast.right)
+
+          case ast.operator
+          when :AND, :and
+            Predicate::And.new(left, right)
+          when :OR, :or
+            Predicate::Or.new(left, right)
+          when :EQ, :NE, :LT, :LTE, :GT, :GTE
+            Predicate::Comparison.new(
+              build_expression(ast.left),
+              build_expression(ast.right),
+              {EQ: :eq, NE: :ne, LT: :lt, LTE: :lte, GT: :gt, GTE: :gte}.fetch(ast.operator)
+            )
+          when :LIKE, :ILIKE
+            Predicate::Like.new(
+              build_expression(ast.left),
+              build_expression(ast.right),
+              ast.operator == :LIKE
+            )
+          end
+        when SQL::AST::UnaryOp
+          operand = build_predicate(ast.operand)
+          Predicate::Not.new(operand)
+        when SQL::AST::Between
+          Predicate::Between.new(
+            build_expression(ast.expression),
+            build_expression(ast.low),
+            build_expression(ast.high)
+          )
+        when SQL::AST::In
+          values = ast.values.flat_map do |value|
+            if value.is_a?(SQL::AST::Subquery)
+              Executor.new(@engine).execute(plan(value.query))[:rows].map { |row| Expression::Literal.new(row.values.first) }
+            else
+              [build_expression(value)]
+            end
+          end
+          Predicate::In.new(build_expression(ast.expression), values)
+        when SQL::AST::Exists
+          exists = Executor.new(@engine).execute(plan(ast.query))[:rows].any?
+          Predicate::Comparison.new(Expression::Literal.new(exists), Expression::Literal.new(true), :eq)
+        when SQL::AST::IsNull
+          Predicate::IsNull.new(build_expression(ast.expression), ast.negated)
+        else
+          Predicate::Comparison.new(
+            build_expression(ast),
+            build_expression(SQL::AST::Literal.new(true, :TRUE)),
+            :eq
+          )
+        end
+      end
+
+      def build_expression(ast)
+        case ast
+        when SQL::AST::Literal
+          Expression::Literal.new(ast.value)
+        when SQL::AST::Identifier
+          Expression::Column.new(ast.name, ast.table)
+        when SQL::AST::BinaryOp
+          left = build_expression(ast.left)
+          right = build_expression(ast.right)
+          operator = {
+            PLUS: :plus, MINUS: :minus, STAR: :multiply, SLASH: :divide,
+            PERCENT: :modulo, EQ: :eq
+          }[ast.operator] || ast.operator
+          Expression::BinaryOp.new(left, right, operator)
+        when SQL::AST::UnaryOp
+          operand = build_expression(ast.operand)
+          Expression::UnaryOp.new(operand, ast.operator)
+        when SQL::AST::FunctionCall
+          args = ast.arguments.map { |arg| build_expression(arg) }
+          Expression::Function.new(ast.name, args)
+        when SQL::AST::Parameter
+          Expression::Parameter.new(ast.index)
+        else
+          Expression::Literal.new(nil)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Scan method selection
+      def choose_scan_method(plan)
+        @operator_selection.choose_scan(plan)
+      end
+
+      def find_matching_index(predicate, indexes)
+        # Get columns used in predicate
+        columns = extract_predicate_columns(predicate)
+
+        indexes.each do |index|
+          # Check if predicate columns match index columns
+          if index.columns.any? { |col| columns.map(&:to_s).include?(col.to_s) }
+            return index
+          end
+        end
+
+        nil
+      end
+
+      def extract_predicate_columns(predicate)
+        return [] if predicate.nil?
+
+        case predicate
+        when Predicate::Comparison
+          left_name = predicate.left.respond_to?(:name) ? predicate.left.name : nil
+          [left_name].compact
+        when Predicate::And, Predicate::Or
+          extract_predicate_columns(predicate.left) + extract_predicate_columns(predicate.right)
+        when Predicate::Not
+          extract_predicate_columns(predicate.operand)
+        when Predicate::Between, Predicate::In, Predicate::IsNull, Predicate::Like
+          expr_name = predicate.expression.respond_to?(:name) ? predicate.expression.name : nil
+          [expr_name].compact
+        else
+          []
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Cost estimation
+      def estimate_cost(plan)
+        @cost_model.apply(plan)
+      end
+
+      def physical_plan(plan)
+        PhysicalPlan.from(
+          plan,
+          operator: @operator_selection.physical_operator(plan),
+          estimated_cost: plan.estimated_cost,
+          estimated_rows: plan.estimated_rows
+        )
+      end
+
+      def estimate_selectivity(predicate)
+        case predicate
+        when Predicate::Comparison
+          case predicate.operator
+          when :EQ then 0.01
+          when :NE then 0.9
+          when :LT, :LTE, :GT, :GTE then 0.5
+          else 0.5
+          end
+        when Predicate::And
+          estimate_selectivity(predicate.left) * estimate_selectivity(predicate.right)
+        when Predicate::Or
+          estimate_selectivity(predicate.left) + estimate_selectivity(predicate.right) -
+            estimate_selectivity(predicate.left) * estimate_selectivity(predicate.right)
+        when Predicate::Not
+          1.0 - estimate_selectivity(predicate.operand)
+        else
+          0.5
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Optimization
+      def optimize(plan)
+        @stats[:optimizations_applied] += 1
+
+        # Push down predicates
+        plan = push_down_predicates(plan)
+
+        # Remove redundant conditions
+        plan = remove_redundant_conditions(plan)
+
+        # Reorder only a pure inner-join chain. Outer joins are order
+        # sensitive, and cross joins are an explicit user request, so those
+        # remain in source order. Predicate dependencies prevent a join from
+        # being moved before a table referenced by its ON clause.
+        reorder_inner_joins(plan) if plan.is_a?(Plan::Select)
+
+        plan
+      end
+
+      def push_down_predicates(plan)
+        # Push predicates down to scan level
+        # This is already done in the planner
+        plan
+      end
+
+      def reorder_inner_joins(plan)
+        joins = plan.joins
+        return plan if joins.empty? || joins.any? { |join| join[:type] != :inner }
+
+        available = [plan.source_reference&.name || plan.table_name].compact.map(&:to_s)
+        pending = joins.dup
+        ordered = []
+
+        until pending.empty?
+          eligible = pending.select do |join|
+            table = join[:table]
+            right_names = [table.name, table.alias_name].compact.map(&:to_s)
+            referenced = predicate_table_names(join[:predicate])
+            (referenced - (available + right_names)).empty?
+          end
+          eligible = [pending.first] if eligible.empty?
+
+          chosen = eligible.min_by do |join|
+            @engine.table_row_count(join[:table].name)
+          rescue
+            1_000_000
+          end
+          pending.delete(chosen)
+          ordered << chosen
+          available.concat([chosen[:table].name, chosen[:table].alias_name].compact.map(&:to_s))
+        end
+
+        plan.set_joins(ordered)
+        plan
+      end
+
+      def predicate_table_names(predicate)
+        case predicate
+        when Predicate::Comparison
+          expression_table_names(predicate.left) + expression_table_names(predicate.right)
+        when Predicate::And, Predicate::Or
+          predicate_table_names(predicate.left) + predicate_table_names(predicate.right)
+        when Predicate::Not
+          predicate_table_names(predicate.operand)
+        when Predicate::Between
+          expression_table_names(predicate.expression) + expression_table_names(predicate.low) +
+            expression_table_names(predicate.high)
+        when Predicate::In, Predicate::IsNull, Predicate::Like
+          expression_table_names(predicate.expression)
+        else
+          []
+        end.uniq
+      end
+
+      def expression_table_names(expression)
+        case expression
+        when Expression::Column
+          expression.table ? [expression.table.to_s] : []
+        when Expression::BinaryOp
+          expression_table_names(expression.left) + expression_table_names(expression.right)
+        when Expression::UnaryOp
+          expression_table_names(expression.operand)
+        when Expression::Function
+          expression.arguments.flat_map { |argument| expression_table_names(argument) }
+        else
+          []
+        end
+      end
+
+      def remove_redundant_conditions(plan)
+        if plan.predicate.is_a?(Predicate::And)
+          # Simplify AND conditions
+          simplified = simplify_and(plan.predicate)
+          plan.set_predicate(simplified)
+        end
+        plan
+      end
+
+      def simplify_and(predicate)
+        left = predicate.left
+        right = predicate.right
+
+        # Remove redundant TRUE conditions
+        if left.is_a?(Predicate::Comparison) && left.left.is_a?(Expression::Literal) &&
+            left.left.value == true && left.operator == :EQ
+          return right
+        end
+
+        if right.is_a?(Predicate::Comparison) && right.left.is_a?(Expression::Literal) &&
+            right.left.value == true && right.operator == :EQ
+          return left
+        end
+
+        predicate
+      end
+
+      attr_reader :stats
+    end
+  end
+end