rubydb 0.1.3 → 0.1.5

data/lib/rubydb/execution/executor.rb

@@ -1,1192 +1,1195 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require "set"
-require "time"
-
-module RubyDB
-  module Execution
-    # Executor - Executes query plans and returns results
-    class Executor
-      attr_reader :engine, :stats
-
-      def initialize(engine, cte_rows: {}, deadline_at: nil, cancellation: nil)
-        @engine = engine
-        @cte_rows = cte_rows
-        @deadline_at = deadline_at && (deadline_at.is_a?(Time) ? deadline_at : Time.parse(deadline_at.to_s))
-        @cancellation = cancellation
-        @stats = {
-          queries_executed: 0,
-          rows_returned: 0,
-          total_time_ms: 0,
-          sequential_scans: 0,
-          index_scans: 0,
-          joins: 0,
-          aggregations: 0,
-          sorts: 0
-        }
-        @lock = Mutex.new
-        @current_transaction = nil
-        @explain_mode = false
-      end
-
-      def execute(plan, transaction_id = nil)
-        @lock.synchronize do
-          check_deadline!
-          start_time = Time.now
-          @stats[:queries_executed] += 1
-          @current_transaction = transaction_id
-
-          result = case plan
-          when Plan::With
-            execute_with(plan)
-          when Plan::Select
-            execute_select(plan)
-          when Plan::SetOperation
-            execute_set_operation(plan)
-          when Plan::Insert
-            execute_insert(plan)
-          when Plan::Update
-            execute_update(plan)
-          when Plan::Delete
-            execute_delete(plan)
-          when Plan::CreateTable
-            execute_create_table(plan)
-          when Plan::DropTable
-            execute_drop_table(plan)
-          when Plan::CreateDatabase
-            execute_create_database(plan)
-          when Plan::DropDatabase
-            execute_drop_database(plan)
-          when Plan::CreateSchema
-            execute_create_schema(plan)
-          when Plan::DropSchema
-            execute_drop_schema(plan)
-          when Plan::CreateView
-            execute_create_view(plan)
-          when Plan::DropView
-            execute_drop_view(plan)
-          when Plan::CreateTrigger
-            execute_create_trigger(plan)
-          when Plan::DropTrigger
-            execute_drop_trigger(plan)
-          when Plan::Vacuum
-            execute_vacuum(plan)
-          when Plan::AlterTableAddColumn
-            execute_alter_table_add_column(plan)
-          when Plan::AlterTableDropColumn
-            execute_alter_table_drop_column(plan)
-          when Plan::AlterTableAddConstraint
-            execute_alter_table_add_constraint(plan)
-          when Plan::AlterTableDropConstraint
-            execute_alter_table_drop_constraint(plan)
-          when Plan::CreateIndex
-            execute_create_index(plan)
-          when Plan::DropIndex
-            execute_drop_index(plan)
-          when Plan::BeginTransaction
-            execute_begin_transaction(plan)
-          when Plan::Commit
-            execute_commit(plan)
-          when Plan::Rollback
-            execute_rollback(plan)
-          when Plan::Savepoint
-            execute_savepoint(plan)
-          when Plan::RollbackToSavepoint
-            execute_rollback_to_savepoint(plan)
-          when Plan::ReleaseSavepoint
-            execute_release_savepoint(plan)
-          when Plan::Explain
-            execute_explain(plan)
-          else
-            raise ExecutionError, "Unknown plan type: #{plan.class}"
-          end
-
-          elapsed_ms = ((Time.now - start_time) * 1000).round(2)
-          @stats[:total_time_ms] += elapsed_ms
-          @stats[:rows_returned] += result[:row_count] if result && result[:row_count]
-
-          result
-        end
-      end
-
-      def execute_set_operation(plan)
-        left = child_executor(@cte_rows).execute(plan.left_plan, @current_transaction)[:rows]
-        right = child_executor(@cte_rows).execute(plan.right_plan, @current_transaction)[:rows]
-        left_width = left.first&.size || plan.left_plan.columns.size
-        right_width = right.first&.size || plan.right_plan.columns.size
-        if left_width != right_width
-          raise ExecutionError, "Set operation requires the same number of columns on both sides"
-        end
-        key = ->(row) { row.to_a }
-        rows = case plan.operator
-        when :union then plan.all ? left + right : (left + right).uniq { |row| key.call(row) }
-        when :intersect then left.select { |row| right.any? { |other| key.call(other) == key.call(row) } }.uniq { |row| key.call(row) }
-        when :except then left.reject { |row| right.any? { |other| key.call(other) == key.call(row) } }.uniq { |row| key.call(row) }
-        else raise ExecutionError, "Unsupported set operation: #{plan.operator}"
-        end
-        { rows: rows, row_count: rows.size, column_names: rows.first&.keys || [] }
-      end
-
-      def execute_with(plan)
-        available_ctes = @cte_rows.dup
-        plan.ctes.each do |name, cte_plan|
-          available_ctes[name.to_s] = if plan.recursive && cte_plan.is_a?(Plan::SetOperation) && cte_plan.operator == :union
-            execute_recursive_cte(name.to_s, cte_plan, available_ctes)
-          else
-            child_executor(available_ctes).execute(cte_plan, @current_transaction)[:rows]
-          end
-        end
-        child_executor(available_ctes).execute(plan.query_plan, @current_transaction)
-      end
-
-      def execute_recursive_cte(name, cte_plan, available_ctes)
-        unless cte_plan.is_a?(Plan::SetOperation) && cte_plan.operator == :union
-          raise ExecutionError, "Recursive CTE requires UNION or UNION ALL"
-        end
-
-        anchor = child_executor(available_ctes).execute(cte_plan.left_plan, @current_transaction)[:rows]
-        accumulated = anchor.dup
-        working = anchor
-        output_columns = anchor.first&.keys || cte_plan.left_plan.columns.map(&:to_s)
-        max_iterations = Integer(@engine.instance_variable_get(:@config)[:max_recursive_iterations] || 10_000)
-        iterations = 0
-
-        while working.any?
-          iterations += 1
-          raise ExecutionError, "Recursive CTE exceeded #{max_iterations} iterations" if iterations > max_iterations
-
-          recursive_scope = available_ctes.merge(name => working)
-          next_rows = child_executor(recursive_scope).execute(cte_plan.right_plan, @current_transaction)[:rows]
-          next_rows = next_rows.map do |row|
-            output_columns.zip(row.values).to_h
-          end
-          if cte_plan.all
-            accumulated.concat(next_rows)
-            working = next_rows
-          else
-            existing = accumulated.map { |row| row.to_a }
-            working = next_rows.reject { |row| existing.include?(row.to_a) }
-            accumulated.concat(working)
-          end
-        end
-
-        accumulated
-      end
-
-      def execute_select(plan)
-        @stats[:sequential_scans] += 1 if plan.scan_type == :sequential
-        @stats[:index_scans] += 1 if plan.scan_type == :index
-
-        # Qualify source rows before evaluating predicates. This preserves
-        # SQL's table/alias namespace while retaining unqualified keys for
-        # existing single-table callers.
-        rows = qualify_rows(scan_table(plan), plan.source_reference || plan.table_name)
-        plan.joins.each do |join|
-          check_deadline!
-          right_rows = qualify_rows(scan_table(Plan::Select.new(join[:table].name, [])), join[:table])
-          rows = execute_join(rows, right_rows, join)
-        end
-
-        # Apply filters (WHERE clause)
-        if plan.predicate
-          rows = rows.each_with_index.filter_map do |row, index|
-            check_deadline! if (index & 255).zero?
-            row if evaluate_predicate(plan.predicate, row)
-          end
-        end
-
-        apply_window_functions!(rows, plan.projections) if plan.projections
-
-        # ORDER BY is evaluated against the source rows, so a column used
-        # solely for ordering remains available even when it is not selected.
-        aggregating = plan.aggregates && !plan.aggregates.empty?
-        if plan.order_by && !plan.order_by.empty? && !aggregating
-          rows = sort_rows(rows, plan.order_by)
-        end
-
-        if aggregating
-          rows = aggregate_rows(rows, plan.group_by || [], plan.projections)
-          rows = rows.select { |row| evaluate_predicate(plan.having, row) } if plan.having
-        elsif plan.projections
-          # Apply projections (SELECT columns)
-          rows = rows.each_with_index.map do |row, index|
-            check_deadline! if (index & 255).zero?
-            project_row(row, plan.projections)
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Apply DISTINCT
-        if plan.distinct
-          rows = distinct_rows(rows)
-        end
-
-        # Apply GROUP BY
-        # Apply ORDER BY
-        if plan.order_by && !plan.order_by.empty? && aggregating
-          rows = sort_rows(rows, plan.order_by)
-        end
-
-        # Apply LIMIT and OFFSET
-        if plan.limit
-          offset = plan.offset || 0
-          rows = rows[offset, plan.limit] || []
-        elsif plan.offset
-          rows = rows[plan.offset..-1] || []
-        end
-
-        {
-          rows: rows,
-          row_count: rows.size,
-          column_names: get_column_names(plan)
-        }
-      end
-
-      def execute_insert(plan)
-        table_name = plan.table_name
-        columns = plan.columns
-        rows = plan.rows || [plan.values]
-        implicit_transaction = rows.size > 1 && !@engine.in_transaction?
-        @engine.begin_transaction if implicit_transaction
-
-        begin
-          inserted = rows.map { |values| execute_single_insert(plan, table_name, columns, values) }
-          unless !implicit_transaction || @engine.commit_transaction
-            raise ExecutionError, "Implicit multi-row INSERT transaction could not commit"
-          end
-
-          {
-            row_count: inserted.sum { |result| result[:row_count] },
-            affected_rows: inserted.sum { |result| result[:affected_rows] },
-            row_ids: inserted.filter_map { |result| result[:row_id] },
-            row_id: inserted.reverse_each.map { |result| result[:row_id] }.compact.first,
-            message: "INSERT #{inserted.sum { |result| result[:affected_rows] }}"
-          }
-        rescue Exception
-          @engine.rollback_transaction if implicit_transaction && @engine.in_transaction?
-          raise
-        end
-      end
-
-      def execute_single_insert(plan, table_name, columns, values)
-
-        # Build row data
-        row_data = {}
-        columns.each_with_index do |col, idx|
-          row_data[col] = evaluate_expression(values[idx])
-        end
-
-        # Insert into engine
-        table_columns = @engine.table_columns(table_name)
-        row_id = @engine.insert_row(table_name, table_columns, row_data)
-
-        {
-          row_count: 1,
-          affected_rows: 1,
-          row_id: row_id,
-          message: "INSERT 1"
-        }
-      rescue DatabaseError => error
-        raise unless error.message.match?(/duplicate|unique|primary key/i)
-        return { row_count: 0, affected_rows: 0, message: "INSERT 0 (conflict ignored)" } if plan.on_conflict == :nothing
-        raise unless plan.on_conflict.is_a?(Hash) && plan.on_conflict[:action] == :update
-
-        target = plan.on_conflict[:target]
-        target = @engine.table_columns(table_name).select(&:primary_key?).map(&:name) if target.empty?
-        if target.empty?
-          target = @engine.table_columns(table_name).select(&:unique?).map(&:name)
-        end
-        if target.empty? && @engine.respond_to?(:index_manager)
-          target = @engine.index_manager.get_indexes_for_table(table_name)
-            .select(&:unique?).min_by { |index| index.columns.size }&.columns || []
-        end
-        raise ExecutionError, "ON CONFLICT DO UPDATE requires a conflict target or primary key" if target.empty?
-        existing = @engine.select_rows(table_name, @engine.table_columns(table_name)).find do |row|
-          target.all? do |column|
-            row_value(row, column, column.to_s) == row_value(row_data, column, column.to_s)
-          end
-        end
-        raise error unless existing
-
-        context = existing.merge(row_data.transform_keys(&:to_s).transform_keys { |key| "excluded.#{key}" })
-        values = plan.on_conflict[:assignments].each_with_object({}) do |assignment, updates|
-          updates[assignment.column] = evaluate_expression(assignment.value, context)
-        end
-        row_id = existing[:_row_id] || existing["_row_id"]
-        @engine.update_row(table_name, row_id, values)
-        { row_count: 1, affected_rows: 1, row_id: row_id, message: "INSERT 0 UPDATE 1" }
-      end
-
-      def execute_update(plan)
-        table_name = plan.table_name
-        assignments = plan.assignments
-        predicate = plan.predicate
-
-        # Get rows to update
-        rows = scan_table(Plan::Select.new(table_name, []))
-        rows = rows.select { |row| evaluate_predicate(predicate, row) } if predicate
-
-        updated_count = 0
-        rows.each do |row|
-          # Apply updates
-          assignments.each do |assignment|
-            column = assignment.is_a?(Hash) ? (assignment[:column] || assignment["column"]) : assignment.column
-            value = assignment.is_a?(Hash) ? (assignment[:value] || assignment["value"]) : assignment.value
-            row[column] = evaluate_expression(value, row)
-          end
-
-          # Update in engine
-          row_id = row[:_row_id] || row["_row_id"] || row[:id] || row["id"]
-          @engine.update_row(table_name, row_id, row)
-
-          updated_count += 1
-        end
-
-        {
-          row_count: updated_count,
-          affected_rows: updated_count,
-          message: "UPDATE #{updated_count}"
-        }
-      end
-
-      def execute_delete(plan)
-        table_name = plan.table_name
-        predicate = plan.predicate
-
-        # Get rows to delete
-        rows = scan_table(Plan::Select.new(table_name, []))
-        rows = rows.select { |row| evaluate_predicate(predicate, row) } if predicate
-
-        deleted_count = 0
-        rows.each do |row|
-          row_id = row[:_row_id] || row["_row_id"] || row[:id] || row["id"]
-          @engine.delete_row(table_name, row_id)
-          deleted_count += 1
-        end
-
-        {
-          row_count: deleted_count,
-          affected_rows: deleted_count,
-          message: "DELETE #{deleted_count}"
-        }
-      end
-
-      def execute_create_table(plan)
-        table_name = plan.table_name
-        columns = plan.columns
-        options = plan.options || {}
-
-        @engine.create_table(table_name, columns, options)
-
-        {
-          row_count: 0,
-          message: "CREATE TABLE #{table_name}"
-        }
-      end
-
-      def execute_drop_table(plan)
-        table_name = plan.table_name
-        options = plan.options || {}
-
-        @engine.drop_table(table_name, options)
-
-        {
-          row_count: 0,
-          message: "DROP TABLE #{table_name}"
-        }
-      end
-
-      def execute_create_database(plan)
-        @engine.catalog.create_database(plan.database_name, **(plan.options || {}))
-        { row_count: 0, message: "CREATE DATABASE #{plan.database_name}" }
-      end
-
-      def execute_drop_database(plan)
-        @engine.catalog.drop_database(plan.database_name, **(plan.options || {}))
-        { row_count: 0, message: "DROP DATABASE #{plan.database_name}" }
-      end
-
-      def execute_create_schema(plan)
-        @engine.catalog.create_schema(plan.schema_name, **(plan.options || {}))
-        { row_count: 0, message: "CREATE SCHEMA #{plan.schema_name}" }
-      end
-
-      def execute_drop_schema(plan)
-        @engine.catalog.drop_schema(plan.schema_name, **(plan.options || {}))
-        { row_count: 0, message: "DROP SCHEMA #{plan.schema_name}" }
-      end
-
-      def execute_create_view(plan)
-        query = plan.query.respond_to?(:to_sql) ? plan.query.to_sql : plan.query
-        @engine.catalog.create_view(plan.view_name, query, **(plan.options || {}))
-        { row_count: 0, message: "CREATE VIEW #{plan.view_name}" }
-      end
-
-      def execute_drop_view(plan)
-        @engine.catalog.drop_view(plan.view_name, **(plan.options || {}))
-        { row_count: 0, message: "DROP VIEW #{plan.view_name}" }
-      end
-
-      def execute_create_trigger(plan)
-        definition = "EXECUTE FUNCTION #{plan.function_name}()"
-        @engine.catalog.create_trigger(plan.trigger_name, plan.event, plan.target_table, definition, timing: plan.timing, function_name: plan.function_name)
-        { row_count: 0, message: "CREATE TRIGGER #{plan.trigger_name}" }
-      end
-
-      def execute_drop_trigger(plan)
-        @engine.catalog.drop_trigger(plan.trigger_name, **(plan.options || {}))
-        { row_count: 0, message: "DROP TRIGGER #{plan.trigger_name}" }
-      end
-
-      def execute_vacuum(_plan)
-        result = @engine.vacuum
-        { row_count: 0, vacuum: result, message: "VACUUM" }
-      end
-
-      def execute_alter_table_add_column(plan)
-        @engine.add_column(plan.table_name, plan.column_name, plan.column_type, plan.options)
-        { row_count: 0, message: "ALTER TABLE #{plan.table_name} ADD COLUMN #{plan.column_name}" }
-      end
-
-      def execute_alter_table_drop_column(plan)
-        @engine.drop_column(plan.table_name, plan.column_name)
-        { row_count: 0, message: "ALTER TABLE #{plan.table_name} DROP COLUMN #{plan.column_name}" }
-      end
-
-      def execute_alter_table_add_constraint(plan)
-        @engine.add_constraint(plan.table_name, plan.constraint)
-        { row_count: 0, message: "ALTER TABLE #{plan.table_name} ADD CONSTRAINT #{plan.constraint.name}" }
-      end
-
-      def execute_alter_table_drop_constraint(plan)
-        @engine.drop_constraint(plan.table_name, plan.constraint_name)
-        { row_count: 0, message: "ALTER TABLE #{plan.table_name} DROP CONSTRAINT #{plan.constraint_name}" }
-      end
-
-      def execute_create_index(plan)
-        index_name = plan.index_name
-        table_name = plan.table_name
-        columns = plan.columns
-        options = plan.options || {}
-
-        if @engine.respond_to?(:index_manager)
-          @engine.index_manager.create_index(index_name, table_name, columns, options)
-        end
-
-        {
-          row_count: 0,
-          message: "CREATE INDEX #{index_name}"
-        }
-      end
-
-      def execute_drop_index(plan)
-        index_name = plan.index_name
-        options = plan.options || {}
-
-        if @engine.respond_to?(:index_manager)
-          @engine.index_manager.drop_index(index_name, options)
-        end
-
-        {
-          row_count: 0,
-          message: "DROP INDEX #{index_name}"
-        }
-      end
-
-      def execute_begin_transaction(plan)
-        isolation_level = plan.isolation_level || :read_committed
-        transaction_id = @engine.begin_transaction(isolation_level)
-
-        {
-          row_count: 0,
-          transaction_id: transaction_id,
-          message: "BEGIN"
-        }
-      end
-
-      def execute_commit(plan)
-        @engine.commit_transaction
-
-        {
-          row_count: 0,
-          message: "COMMIT"
-        }
-      end
-
-      def execute_rollback(plan)
-        @engine.rollback_transaction
-
-        {
-          row_count: 0,
-          message: "ROLLBACK"
-        }
-      end
-
-      def execute_savepoint(plan)
-        @engine.create_savepoint(plan.name)
-        { row_count: 0, message: "SAVEPOINT #{plan.name}" }
-      end
-
-      def execute_rollback_to_savepoint(plan)
-        @engine.rollback_to_savepoint(plan.name)
-        { row_count: 0, message: "ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT #{plan.name}" }
-      end
-
-      def execute_release_savepoint(plan)
-        @engine.release_savepoint(plan.name)
-        { row_count: 0, message: "RELEASE SAVEPOINT #{plan.name}" }
-      end
-
-      def execute_explain(plan)
-        statement = plan.statement
-        analyze = plan.analyze || false
-
-        # Generate execution plan for the statement
-        planner = Planner.new(@engine)
-        analyzed_plan = planner.plan(statement)
-
-        # Format the plan
-        plan_text = format_plan(analyzed_plan)
-
-        if analyze
-          # Execute and get actual stats
-          start_time = Time.now
-          result = execute(analyzed_plan)
-          elapsed_ms = ((Time.now - start_time) * 1000).round(2)
-
-          plan_text = "EXPLAIN ANALYZE:\n#{plan_text}\n" +
-                      "Execution Time: #{elapsed_ms}ms\n" +
-                      "Rows: #{result[:row_count]}"
-        end
-
-        {
-          rows: [{ "QUERY PLAN" => plan_text }],
-          row_count: 1,
-          column_names: ["QUERY PLAN"]
-        }
-      end
-
-      # Scan operations
-      def scan_table(plan)
-        table_name = plan.table_name
-        return [{}] unless table_name
-        return @cte_rows.fetch(table_name.to_s) if @cte_rows.key?(table_name.to_s)
-        if @engine.catalog.respond_to?(:find_view) && (view = @engine.catalog.find_view(table_name))
-          statement = RubyDB::SQL::Parser.new(RubyDB::SQL::Lexer.new(view.query).tokenize).parse.first
-          return scan_table(Planner.new(@engine).plan(statement))
-        end
-        columns = @engine.table_columns(table_name)
-
-        if plan.scan_type == :index && plan.index
-          # Use index scan
-          scan = Indexes::IndexScan.new(plan.index, :full)
-          results = scan.execute
-          row_ids = results.map { |r| r[:row_id] }
-
-          # Fetch rows by row_id
-          rows = []
-          row_ids.each do |row_id|
-            row = @engine.select_row(table_name, row_id, columns)
-            rows << row if row
-          end
-          rows
-        else
-          # Sequential scan
-          @engine.select_rows(table_name, columns)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def qualify_rows(rows, table_reference)
-        table_name = table_reference.respond_to?(:name) ? table_reference.name : table_reference
-        alias_name = table_reference.respond_to?(:alias_name) ? table_reference.alias_name : nil
-        rows.map do |row|
-          row.each_with_object({}) do |(key, value), qualified|
-            key = key.to_s
-            qualified[key] = value
-            qualified["#{table_name}.#{key}"] = value
-            qualified["#{alias_name}.#{key}"] = value if alias_name
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      def execute_join(left_rows, right_rows, join)
-        return left_rows.flat_map { |left_row| right_rows.map { |right_row| merge_join_rows(left_row, right_row) } } if join[:type] == :cross
-
-        result = []
-        matched_right = Array.new(right_rows.length, false)
-        left_rows.each do |left_row|
-          check_deadline!
-          matches = right_rows.each_index.select do |index|
-            evaluate_predicate(join[:predicate], merge_join_rows(left_row, right_rows[index]))
-          end
-          if matches.empty?
-            result << merge_join_rows(left_row, nil) if %i[left full].include?(join[:type])
-          else
-            matches.each do |index|
-              matched_right[index] = true
-              result << merge_join_rows(left_row, right_rows[index])
-            end
-          end
-        end
-        if %i[right full].include?(join[:type])
-          right_rows.each_with_index do |right_row, index|
-            result << merge_join_rows(nil, right_row) unless matched_right[index]
-          end
-        end
-        result
-      end
-
-      def merge_join_rows(left_row, right_row)
-        (left_row || {}).merge(right_row || {}) { |_key, left_value, _right_value| left_value }
-      end
-
-      # Predicate evaluation
-      def evaluate_predicate(predicate, row)
-        case predicate
-        when Predicate::Comparison
-          left_val = evaluate_expression(predicate.left, row)
-          right_val = evaluate_expression(predicate.right, row)
-          compare_values(left_val, right_val, predicate.operator)
-        when Predicate::And
-          evaluate_predicate(predicate.left, row) && evaluate_predicate(predicate.right, row)
-        when Predicate::Or
-          evaluate_predicate(predicate.left, row) || evaluate_predicate(predicate.right, row)
-        when Predicate::Not
-          !evaluate_predicate(predicate.operand, row)
-        when Predicate::Between
-          val = evaluate_expression(predicate.expression, row)
-          low = evaluate_expression(predicate.low, row)
-          high = evaluate_expression(predicate.high, row)
-          val >= low && val <= high
-        when Predicate::In
-          val = evaluate_expression(predicate.expression, row)
-          predicate.values.any? { |v| val == evaluate_expression(v, row) }
-        when Predicate::IsNull
-          val = evaluate_expression(predicate.expression, row)
-          predicate.negated ? !val.nil? : val.nil?
-        when Predicate::Like
-          val = evaluate_expression(predicate.expression, row).to_s
-          pattern = evaluate_expression(predicate.pattern, row).to_s
-          like_match?(val, pattern, predicate.case_sensitive)
-        else
-          true
-        end
-      end
-
-      def evaluate_expression(expr, row = nil)
-        case expr
-        when SQL::AST::Literal
-          expr.value
-        when SQL::AST::Identifier
-          return nil unless row
-
-          qualified_name = expr.table && "#{expr.table}.#{expr.name}"
-          row_value(row, qualified_name, expr.name, expr.name.to_sym)
-        when SQL::AST::UnaryOp
-          apply_ast_unary_op(expr.operator, evaluate_expression(expr.operand, row))
-        when SQL::AST::BinaryOp
-          apply_ast_binary_op(
-            expr.operator,
-            evaluate_expression(expr.left, row),
-            evaluate_expression(expr.right, row)
-          )
-        when SQL::AST::FunctionCall
-          if expr.window
-            row && row[window_key(expr)]
-          else
-            apply_function(expr.name, expr.arguments.map { |argument| evaluate_expression(argument, row) })
-          end
-        when SQL::AST::Subquery
-          result = child_executor(@cte_rows).execute(Planner.new(@engine).plan(expr.query))
-          rows = result[:rows]
-          raise ExecutionError, "Scalar subquery returned more than one row" if rows.size > 1
-          rows.empty? ? nil : rows.first.values.first
-        when Expression::Literal
-          expr.value
-        when Expression::Column
-          return nil unless row
-
-          qualified_name = expr.table && "#{expr.table}.#{expr.name}"
-          row_value(row, qualified_name, expr.name, expr.name.to_sym)
-        when Expression::BinaryOp
-          left = evaluate_expression(expr.left, row)
-          right = evaluate_expression(expr.right, row)
-          apply_binary_op(left, right, expr.operator)
-        when Expression::UnaryOp
-          operand = evaluate_expression(expr.operand, row)
-          apply_unary_op(operand, expr.operator)
-        when Expression::Function
-          args = expr.arguments.map { |arg| evaluate_expression(arg, row) }
-          apply_function(expr.name, args)
-        when Expression::Parameter
-          expr.value
-        else
-          nil
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Helper methods
-      def compare_values(left, right, operator)
-        return false if left.nil? || right.nil?
-
-        case operator
-        when :eq then left == right
-        when :ne then left != right
-        when :lt then left < right
-        when :lte then left <= right
-        when :gt then left > right
-        when :gte then left >= right
-        else false
-        end
-      end
-
-      def apply_binary_op(left, right, operator)
-        return nil if left.nil? || right.nil?
-
-        case operator
-        when :plus then left + right
-        when :minus then left - right
-        when :multiply then left * right
-        when :divide then left / right if right != 0
-        when :modulo then left % right if right != 0
-        when :concat then left.to_s + right.to_s
-        else nil
-        end
-      end
-
-      def apply_ast_unary_op(operator, value)
-        return nil if value.nil?
-
-        case operator
-        when SQL::Token::Type::PLUS then value
-        when SQL::Token::Type::MINUS then -value
-        when SQL::Token::Type::NOT then !value
-        else value
-        end
-      end
-
-      def apply_ast_binary_op(operator, left, right)
-        case operator
-        # SQL comparisons involving NULL evaluate to UNKNOWN, represented by
-        # nil here. WHERE filtering already treats UNKNOWN as non-matching.
-        when SQL::Token::Type::EQ then left.nil? || right.nil? ? nil : left == right
-        when SQL::Token::Type::NE then left.nil? || right.nil? ? nil : left != right
-        when SQL::Token::Type::LT then !left.nil? && !right.nil? && left < right
-        when SQL::Token::Type::LTE then !left.nil? && !right.nil? && left <= right
-        when SQL::Token::Type::GT then !left.nil? && !right.nil? && left > right
-        when SQL::Token::Type::GTE then !left.nil? && !right.nil? && left >= right
-        when SQL::Token::Type::AND then sql_and(left, right)
-        when SQL::Token::Type::OR then sql_or(left, right)
-        when SQL::Token::Type::PLUS then apply_binary_op(left, right, :plus)
-        when SQL::Token::Type::MINUS then apply_binary_op(left, right, :minus)
-        when SQL::Token::Type::STAR then apply_binary_op(left, right, :multiply)
-        when SQL::Token::Type::SLASH then apply_binary_op(left, right, :divide)
-        when SQL::Token::Type::PERCENT then apply_binary_op(left, right, :modulo)
-        else nil
-        end
-      end
-
-      def apply_unary_op(operand, operator)
-        return nil if operand.nil?
-
-        case operator
-        when :negate then -operand
-        when :not then !operand
-        else operand
-        end
-      end
-
-      def sql_and(left, right)
-        return false if left == false || right == false
-        return nil if left.nil? || right.nil?
-
-        !!left && !!right
-      end
-
-      def sql_or(left, right)
-        return true if left == true || right == true
-        return nil if left.nil? || right.nil?
-
-        !!left || !!right
-      end
-
-      def row_value(row, *keys)
-        keys.compact.each do |key|
-          return row[key] if row.respond_to?(:key?) && row.key?(key)
-        end
-        nil
-      end
-
-      def child_executor(cte_rows)
-        self.class.new(
-          @engine,
-          cte_rows: cte_rows,
-          deadline_at: @deadline_at,
-          cancellation: @cancellation
-        )
-      end
-
-      def check_deadline!
-        if @cancellation&.cancelled?
-          raise ExecutionError.new("Request cancelled by client", code: "cancelled")
-        end
-
-        return unless @deadline_at && Time.now >= @deadline_at
-
-        raise ExecutionError.new("Request deadline exceeded during execution", code: "deadline_exceeded")
-      end
-
-      def apply_function(name, args)
-        case name.to_s.upcase
-        when "COUNT"
-          args.compact.size
-        when "SUM"
-          args.compact.sum
-        when "AVG"
-          vals = args.compact
-          vals.empty? ? 0 : vals.sum / vals.size.to_f
-        when "MIN"
-          args.compact.min
-        when "MAX"
-          args.compact.max
-        when "LOWER"
-          args.first.to_s.downcase
-        when "UPPER"
-          args.first.to_s.upcase
-        when "LENGTH"
-          args.first.to_s.length
-        when "COALESCE"
-          args.find { |arg| !arg.nil? }
-        when "NOW"
-          Time.now
-        when "CURRENT_DATE"
-          Date.today
-        when "CURRENT_TIME"
-          Time.now
-        else
-          nil
-        end
-      end
-
-      def like_match?(value, pattern, case_sensitive = true)
-        return false if value.nil? || pattern.nil?
-
-        str = case_sensitive ? value : value.downcase
-        pat = case_sensitive ? pattern : pattern.downcase
-
-        # Convert SQL LIKE pattern to regex
-        regex_str = Regexp.escape(pat)
-          .gsub('%', '.*')
-          .gsub('_', '.')
-        Regexp.new("^#{regex_str}$").match?(str)
-      end
-
-      def project_row(row, projections)
-        result = {}
-        projections.each do |proj|
-          expression = proj.respond_to?(:expression) ? proj.expression : proj
-
-          if expression.is_a?(SQL::AST::Star)
-            if expression.table
-              prefix = "#{expression.table}."
-              row.each do |key, value|
-                key = key.to_s
-                next unless key.start_with?(prefix)
-
-                column = key.delete_prefix(prefix)
-                result[column] = value unless column.start_with?("_")
-              end
-            else
-              row.each do |key, value|
-                key = key.to_s
-                result[key] = value unless key.include?(".") || key.start_with?("_")
-              end
-            end
-          elsif expression.is_a?(String) || expression.is_a?(Symbol)
-            result[expression.to_s] = row[expression.to_s]
-          else
-            result[projection_name(proj)] = evaluate_expression(expression, row)
-          end
-        end
-        result
-      end
-
-      def distinct_rows(rows)
-        seen = Set.new
-        rows.select do |row|
-          key = row.to_hash
-          if seen.include?(key)
-            false
-          else
-            seen.add(key)
-            true
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      def group_rows(rows, group_by, aggregates)
-        groups = {}
-        rows.each do |row|
-          key = group_by.map { |col| row[col.to_s] }
-          groups[key] ||= []
-          groups[key] << row
-        end
-
-        result = []
-        groups.each do |key, group_rows|
-          result_row = {}
-          group_by.each_with_index do |col, idx|
-            result_row[col.to_s] = key[idx]
-          end
-
-          aggregates&.each do |agg|
-            result_row[agg.alias || agg.name] = apply_aggregate(agg, group_rows)
-          end
-
-          result << result_row
-        end
-        result
-      end
-
-      def aggregate_rows(rows, group_by, projections)
-        groups = {}
-        if group_by.empty?
-          groups[[]] = rows
-        else
-          rows.each do |row|
-            key = group_by.map { |expression| evaluate_expression(expression, row) }
-            (groups[key] ||= []) << row
-          end
-        end
-
-        groups.map do |_key, group|
-          representative = group.first || {}
-          projections.each_with_object({}) do |projection, result|
-            expression = projection.respond_to?(:expression) ? projection.expression : projection
-            name = projection_name(projection)
-            result[name] = if aggregate_function?(expression)
-              apply_aggregate_function(expression, group)
-            else
-              evaluate_expression(expression, representative)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      def aggregate_function?(expression)
-        expression.is_a?(SQL::AST::FunctionCall) && !expression.window &&
-          %w[COUNT SUM AVG MIN MAX].include?(expression.name.to_s.upcase)
-      end
-
-      def apply_window_functions!(rows, projections)
-        projections.each do |projection|
-          expression = projection.respond_to?(:expression) ? projection.expression : projection
-          next unless expression.is_a?(SQL::AST::FunctionCall) && expression.window
-
-          spec = expression.window
-          partitions = {}
-          rows.each { |row| (partitions[spec[:partition_by].map { |part| evaluate_expression(part, row) }] ||= []) << row }
-          partitions.each_value do |partition_rows|
-            ordered_rows = sort_window_rows(partition_rows, spec[:order_by])
-            ordered_rows.each_with_index do |row, index|
-              row[window_key(expression)] = window_value(expression, ordered_rows, index, spec[:order_by], spec[:frame])
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      def window_key(expression)
-        "__rubydb_window_#{expression.object_id}"
-      end
-
-      def sort_window_rows(rows, order_by)
-        return rows.dup if order_by.empty?
-
-        rows.sort do |left, right|
-          comparison = 0
-          order_by.each do |item|
-            left_value = evaluate_expression(item.expression, left)
-            right_value = evaluate_expression(item.expression, right)
-            comparison = compare_sort_values(left_value, right_value)
-            comparison = -comparison if item.direction == :desc
-            break unless comparison.zero?
-          end
-          comparison
-        end
-      end
-
-      def compare_sort_values(left, right)
-        return 0 if left.nil? && right.nil?
-        return -1 if left.nil?
-        return 1 if right.nil?
-
-        left <=> right
-      end
-
-      def window_value(expression, rows, index, order_by, frame = nil)
-        rows = window_frame_rows(rows, index, frame) if frame
-        name = expression.name.to_s.upcase
-        if %w[ROW_NUMBER RANK DENSE_RANK].include?(name)
-          return index + 1 if name == "ROW_NUMBER" || order_by.empty?
-
-          keys = rows.map { |row| order_by.map { |item| evaluate_expression(item.expression, row) } }
-          current = keys[index]
-          return keys.index(current) + 1 if name == "RANK"
-
-          return keys[0..index].uniq.index(current) + 1
-        end
-
-        argument = expression.arguments.first
-        values = if argument.is_a?(SQL::AST::Star)
-          rows
-        else
-          rows.map { |row| evaluate_expression(argument, row) }.compact
-        end
-        values = values.uniq if expression.distinct
-        case name
-        when "COUNT" then values.size
-        when "SUM" then values.empty? ? nil : values.sum
-        when "AVG" then values.empty? ? nil : values.sum / values.size.to_f
-        when "MIN" then values.min
-        when "MAX" then values.max
-        else
-          raise ExecutionError, "Unsupported window function: #{expression.name}"
-        end
-      end
-
-      def window_frame_rows(rows, index, frame)
-        start_index = window_frame_index(frame[:start], index, rows.size, start: true)
-        finish = frame[:finish] || { kind: :current_row }
-        end_index = window_frame_index(finish, index, rows.size, start: false)
-        return [] if start_index > end_index
-
-        rows[start_index..end_index] || []
-      end
-
-      def window_frame_index(boundary, index, size, start:)
-        case boundary[:kind]
-        when :unbounded_preceding then 0
-        when :unbounded_following then size - 1
-        when :current_row then index
-        when :preceding then [index - boundary[:value], 0].max
-        when :following then [index + boundary[:value], size - 1].min
-        else raise ExecutionError, "Unsupported window frame boundary: #{boundary[:kind]}"
-        end
-      end
-
-      def apply_aggregate_function(expression, rows)
-        argument = expression.arguments.first
-        values = if argument.is_a?(SQL::AST::Star)
-          rows
-        else
-          rows.map { |row| evaluate_expression(argument, row) }.compact
-        end
-        values = values.uniq if expression.distinct
-
-        case expression.name.to_s.upcase
-        when "COUNT" then values.size
-        when "SUM" then values.empty? ? nil : values.sum
-        when "AVG" then values.empty? ? nil : values.sum / values.size.to_f
-        when "MIN" then values.min
-        when "MAX" then values.max
-        end
-      end
-
-      def apply_aggregate(agg, rows)
-        values = rows.map { |row| row[agg.column.to_s] }.compact
-
-        case agg.name.to_s.upcase
-        when "COUNT" then values.size
-        when "SUM" then values.sum
-        when "AVG" then values.empty? ? 0 : values.sum / values.size.to_f
-        when "MIN" then values.min
-        when "MAX" then values.max
-        else nil
-        end
-      end
-
-      def sort_rows(rows, order_by)
-        rows.sort do |a, b|
-          comparison = 0
-          order_by.each do |order|
-            col = (order.is_a?(Hash) ? order[:column] : order.column).to_s
-            val_a = a[col]
-            val_b = b[col]
-
-            if val_a.nil? && val_b.nil?
-              comparison = 0
-            elsif val_a.nil?
-              comparison = -1
-            elsif val_b.nil?
-              comparison = 1
-            else
-              comparison = val_a <=> val_b
-            end
-
-            direction = order.is_a?(Hash) ? order[:direction] : order.direction
-            comparison = -comparison if direction == :desc
-            break unless comparison == 0
-          end
-          comparison
-        end
-      end
-
-      def get_column_names(plan)
-        if plan.projections
-          plan.projections.map { |projection| projection_name(projection) }
-        else
-          @engine.table_columns(plan.table_name).map(&:name)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def projection_name(projection)
-        return projection.to_s if projection.is_a?(String) || projection.is_a?(Symbol)
-
-        expression = projection.respond_to?(:expression) ? projection.expression : projection
-        alias_name = if projection.respond_to?(:alias_name)
-          projection.alias_name
-        elsif projection.respond_to?(:alias)
-          projection.alias
-        end
-        return alias_name.to_s if alias_name
-
-        return expression.name.to_s if expression.respond_to?(:name) && expression.name
-        return expression.to_sql if expression.respond_to?(:to_sql)
-
-        expression.to_s
-      end
-
-      def format_plan(plan)
-        lines = []
-        lines << "QUERY PLAN"
-        lines << "=" * 40
-
-        if plan.scan_type == :index
-          lines << "Index Scan on #{plan.table_name} using #{plan.index.name}"
-        else
-          lines << "Seq Scan on #{plan.table_name}"
-        end
-
-        if plan.predicate
-          lines << "  Filter: #{plan.predicate.to_s}"
-        end
-
-        if plan.order_by && plan.order_by.any?
-          order_str = plan.order_by.map { |o| "#{o.column} #{o.direction}" }.join(", ")
-          lines << "  Order By: #{order_str}"
-        end
-
-        if plan.limit
-          lines << "  Limit: #{plan.limit}"
-        end
-
-        if plan.offset
-          lines << "  Offset: #{plan.offset}"
-        end
-
-        lines << "  Estimated Cost: #{plan.estimated_cost}"
-        lines << "  Estimated Rows: #{plan.estimated_rows}"
-        lines.join("\n")
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "time"
+
+module RubyDB
+  module Execution
+    # Executor - Executes query plans and returns results
+    class Executor
+      attr_reader :engine, :stats
+
+      def initialize(engine, cte_rows: {}, deadline_at: nil, cancellation: nil)
+        @engine = engine
+        @cte_rows = cte_rows
+        @deadline_at = deadline_at && (deadline_at.is_a?(Time) ? deadline_at : Time.parse(deadline_at.to_s))
+        @cancellation = cancellation
+        @stats = {
+          queries_executed: 0,
+          rows_returned: 0,
+          total_time_ms: 0,
+          sequential_scans: 0,
+          index_scans: 0,
+          joins: 0,
+          aggregations: 0,
+          sorts: 0
+        }
+        @lock = Mutex.new
+        @current_transaction = nil
+        @explain_mode = false
+      end
+
+      def execute(plan, transaction_id = nil)
+        @lock.synchronize do
+          check_deadline!
+          start_time = Time.now
+          @stats[:queries_executed] += 1
+          @current_transaction = transaction_id
+
+          result = case plan
+          when Plan::With
+            execute_with(plan)
+          when Plan::Select
+            execute_select(plan)
+          when Plan::SetOperation
+            execute_set_operation(plan)
+          when Plan::Insert
+            execute_insert(plan)
+          when Plan::Update
+            execute_update(plan)
+          when Plan::Delete
+            execute_delete(plan)
+          when Plan::CreateTable
+            execute_create_table(plan)
+          when Plan::DropTable
+            execute_drop_table(plan)
+          when Plan::CreateDatabase
+            execute_create_database(plan)
+          when Plan::DropDatabase
+            execute_drop_database(plan)
+          when Plan::CreateSchema
+            execute_create_schema(plan)
+          when Plan::DropSchema
+            execute_drop_schema(plan)
+          when Plan::CreateView
+            execute_create_view(plan)
+          when Plan::DropView
+            execute_drop_view(plan)
+          when Plan::CreateTrigger
+            execute_create_trigger(plan)
+          when Plan::DropTrigger
+            execute_drop_trigger(plan)
+          when Plan::Vacuum
+            execute_vacuum(plan)
+          when Plan::AlterTableAddColumn
+            execute_alter_table_add_column(plan)
+          when Plan::AlterTableDropColumn
+            execute_alter_table_drop_column(plan)
+          when Plan::AlterTableAddConstraint
+            execute_alter_table_add_constraint(plan)
+          when Plan::AlterTableDropConstraint
+            execute_alter_table_drop_constraint(plan)
+          when Plan::CreateIndex
+            execute_create_index(plan)
+          when Plan::DropIndex
+            execute_drop_index(plan)
+          when Plan::BeginTransaction
+            execute_begin_transaction(plan)
+          when Plan::Commit
+            execute_commit(plan)
+          when Plan::Rollback
+            execute_rollback(plan)
+          when Plan::Savepoint
+            execute_savepoint(plan)
+          when Plan::RollbackToSavepoint
+            execute_rollback_to_savepoint(plan)
+          when Plan::ReleaseSavepoint
+            execute_release_savepoint(plan)
+          when Plan::Explain
+            execute_explain(plan)
+          else
+            raise ExecutionError, "Unknown plan type: #{plan.class}"
+          end
+
+          elapsed_ms = ((Time.now - start_time) * 1000).round(2)
+          @stats[:total_time_ms] += elapsed_ms
+          @stats[:rows_returned] += result[:row_count] if result && result[:row_count]
+
+          result
+        end
+      end
+
+      def execute_set_operation(plan)
+        left = child_executor(@cte_rows).execute(plan.left_plan, @current_transaction)[:rows]
+        right = child_executor(@cte_rows).execute(plan.right_plan, @current_transaction)[:rows]
+        left_width = left.first&.size || plan.left_plan.columns.size
+        right_width = right.first&.size || plan.right_plan.columns.size
+        if left_width != right_width
+          raise ExecutionError, "Set operation requires the same number of columns on both sides"
+        end
+        key = ->(row) { row.to_a }
+        rows = case plan.operator
+        when :union then plan.all ? left + right : (left + right).uniq { |row| key.call(row) }
+        when :intersect then left.select { |row| right.any? { |other| key.call(other) == key.call(row) } }.uniq { |row| key.call(row) }
+        when :except then left.reject { |row| right.any? { |other| key.call(other) == key.call(row) } }.uniq { |row| key.call(row) }
+        else raise ExecutionError, "Unsupported set operation: #{plan.operator}"
+        end
+        {rows: rows, row_count: rows.size, column_names: rows.first&.keys || []}
+      end
+
+      def execute_with(plan)
+        available_ctes = @cte_rows.dup
+        plan.ctes.each do |name, cte_plan|
+          available_ctes[name.to_s] = if plan.recursive && cte_plan.is_a?(Plan::SetOperation) && cte_plan.operator == :union
+            execute_recursive_cte(name.to_s, cte_plan, available_ctes)
+          else
+            child_executor(available_ctes).execute(cte_plan, @current_transaction)[:rows]
+          end
+        end
+        child_executor(available_ctes).execute(plan.query_plan, @current_transaction)
+      end
+
+      def execute_recursive_cte(name, cte_plan, available_ctes)
+        unless cte_plan.is_a?(Plan::SetOperation) && cte_plan.operator == :union
+          raise ExecutionError, "Recursive CTE requires UNION or UNION ALL"
+        end
+
+        anchor = child_executor(available_ctes).execute(cte_plan.left_plan, @current_transaction)[:rows]
+        accumulated = anchor.dup
+        working = anchor
+        output_columns = anchor.first&.keys || cte_plan.left_plan.columns.map(&:to_s)
+        max_iterations = Integer(@engine.instance_variable_get(:@config)[:max_recursive_iterations] || 10_000)
+        iterations = 0
+
+        while working.any?
+          iterations += 1
+          raise ExecutionError, "Recursive CTE exceeded #{max_iterations} iterations" if iterations > max_iterations
+
+          recursive_scope = available_ctes.merge(name => working)
+          next_rows = child_executor(recursive_scope).execute(cte_plan.right_plan, @current_transaction)[:rows]
+          next_rows = next_rows.map do |row|
+            output_columns.zip(row.values).to_h
+          end
+          if cte_plan.all
+            accumulated.concat(next_rows)
+            working = next_rows
+          else
+            existing = accumulated.map { |row| row.to_a }
+            working = next_rows.reject { |row| existing.include?(row.to_a) }
+            accumulated.concat(working)
+          end
+        end
+
+        accumulated
+      end
+
+      def execute_select(plan)
+        @stats[:sequential_scans] += 1 if plan.scan_type == :sequential
+        @stats[:index_scans] += 1 if plan.scan_type == :index
+
+        # Qualify source rows before evaluating predicates. This preserves
+        # SQL's table/alias namespace while retaining unqualified keys for
+        # existing single-table callers.
+        rows = qualify_rows(scan_table(plan), plan.source_reference || plan.table_name)
+        plan.joins.each do |join|
+          check_deadline!
+          right_rows = qualify_rows(scan_table(Plan::Select.new(join[:table].name, [])), join[:table])
+          rows = execute_join(rows, right_rows, join)
+        end
+
+        # Apply filters (WHERE clause)
+        if plan.predicate
+          rows = rows.each_with_index.filter_map do |row, index|
+            check_deadline! if (index & 255).zero?
+            row if evaluate_predicate(plan.predicate, row)
+          end
+        end
+
+        apply_window_functions!(rows, plan.projections) if plan.projections
+
+        # ORDER BY is evaluated against the source rows, so a column used
+        # solely for ordering remains available even when it is not selected.
+        aggregating = plan.aggregates && !plan.aggregates.empty?
+        if plan.order_by && !plan.order_by.empty? && !aggregating
+          rows = sort_rows(rows, plan.order_by)
+        end
+
+        if aggregating
+          rows = aggregate_rows(rows, plan.group_by || [], plan.projections)
+          rows = rows.select { |row| evaluate_predicate(plan.having, row) } if plan.having
+        elsif plan.projections
+          # Apply projections (SELECT columns)
+          rows = rows.each_with_index.map do |row, index|
+            check_deadline! if (index & 255).zero?
+            project_row(row, plan.projections)
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Apply DISTINCT
+        if plan.distinct
+          rows = distinct_rows(rows)
+        end
+
+        # Apply GROUP BY
+        # Apply ORDER BY
+        if plan.order_by && !plan.order_by.empty? && aggregating
+          rows = sort_rows(rows, plan.order_by)
+        end
+
+        # Apply LIMIT and OFFSET
+        if plan.limit
+          offset = plan.offset || 0
+          rows = rows[offset, plan.limit] || []
+        elsif plan.offset
+          rows = rows[plan.offset..] || []
+        end
+
+        {
+          rows: rows,
+          row_count: rows.size,
+          column_names: get_column_names(plan)
+        }
+      end
+
+      def execute_insert(plan)
+        table_name = plan.table_name
+        columns = plan.columns
+        rows = plan.rows || [plan.values]
+        implicit_transaction = rows.size > 1 && !@engine.in_transaction?
+        @engine.begin_transaction if implicit_transaction
+
+        begin
+          inserted = rows.map { |values| execute_single_insert(plan, table_name, columns, values) }
+          unless !implicit_transaction || @engine.commit_transaction
+            raise ExecutionError, "Implicit multi-row INSERT transaction could not commit"
+          end
+
+          {
+            row_count: inserted.sum { |result| result[:row_count] },
+            affected_rows: inserted.sum { |result| result[:affected_rows] },
+            row_ids: inserted.filter_map { |result| result[:row_id] },
+            row_id: inserted.reverse_each.map { |result| result[:row_id] }.compact.first,
+            inserted_ids: inserted.filter_map { |result| result[:inserted_id] },
+            inserted_id: inserted.reverse_each.map { |result| result[:inserted_id] }.compact.first,
+            message: "INSERT #{inserted.sum { |result| result[:affected_rows] }}"
+          }
+        # Roll back even when the request is interrupted, then re-raise it.
+        # rubocop:disable Lint/RescueException
+        rescue Exception
+          @engine.rollback_transaction if implicit_transaction && @engine.in_transaction?
+          raise
+          # rubocop:enable Lint/RescueException
+        end
+      end
+
+      def execute_single_insert(plan, table_name, columns, values)
+        # Build row data
+        row_data = {}
+        columns.each_with_index do |col, idx|
+          row_data[col] = evaluate_expression(values[idx])
+        end
+
+        # Insert into engine
+        table_columns = @engine.table_columns(table_name)
+        row_id = @engine.insert_row(table_name, table_columns, row_data)
+        primary_key = table_columns.find(&:primary_key?)
+        inserted_row = @engine.select_row(table_name, row_id, table_columns)
+        inserted_id = if primary_key && inserted_row
+          inserted_row[primary_key.name] || inserted_row[primary_key.name.to_sym]
+        end
+
+        {
+          row_count: 1,
+          affected_rows: 1,
+          row_id: row_id,
+          inserted_id: inserted_id,
+          message: "INSERT 1"
+        }
+      rescue DatabaseError => error
+        raise unless error.message.match?(/duplicate|unique|primary key/i)
+        return {row_count: 0, affected_rows: 0, message: "INSERT 0 (conflict ignored)"} if plan.on_conflict == :nothing
+        raise unless plan.on_conflict.is_a?(Hash) && plan.on_conflict[:action] == :update
+
+        target = plan.on_conflict[:target]
+        target = @engine.table_columns(table_name).select(&:primary_key?).map(&:name) if target.empty?
+        if target.empty?
+          target = @engine.table_columns(table_name).select(&:unique?).map(&:name)
+        end
+        if target.empty? && @engine.respond_to?(:index_manager)
+          target = @engine.index_manager.get_indexes_for_table(table_name)
+            .select(&:unique?).min_by { |index| index.columns.size }&.columns || []
+        end
+        raise ExecutionError, "ON CONFLICT DO UPDATE requires a conflict target or primary key" if target.empty?
+        existing = @engine.select_rows(table_name, @engine.table_columns(table_name)).find do |row|
+          target.all? do |column|
+            row_value(row, column, column.to_s) == row_value(row_data, column, column.to_s)
+          end
+        end
+        raise error unless existing
+
+        context = existing.merge(row_data.transform_keys(&:to_s).transform_keys { |key| "excluded.#{key}" })
+        values = plan.on_conflict[:assignments].each_with_object({}) do |assignment, updates|
+          updates[assignment.column] = evaluate_expression(assignment.value, context)
+        end
+        row_id = existing[:_row_id] || existing["_row_id"]
+        @engine.update_row(table_name, row_id, values)
+        inserted_id = target.map { |column| existing[column] || existing[column.to_sym] }.first
+        {row_count: 1, affected_rows: 1, row_id: row_id, inserted_id: inserted_id, message: "INSERT 0 UPDATE 1"}
+      end
+
+      def execute_update(plan)
+        table_name = plan.table_name
+        assignments = plan.assignments
+        predicate = plan.predicate
+
+        # Get rows to update
+        rows = scan_table(Plan::Select.new(table_name, []))
+        rows = rows.select { |row| evaluate_predicate(predicate, row) } if predicate
+
+        updated_count = 0
+        rows.each do |row|
+          # Apply updates
+          assignments.each do |assignment|
+            column = assignment.is_a?(Hash) ? (assignment[:column] || assignment["column"]) : assignment.column
+            value = assignment.is_a?(Hash) ? (assignment[:value] || assignment["value"]) : assignment.value
+            row[column] = evaluate_expression(value, row)
+          end
+
+          # Update in engine
+          row_id = row[:_row_id] || row["_row_id"] || row[:id] || row["id"]
+          @engine.update_row(table_name, row_id, row)
+
+          updated_count += 1
+        end
+
+        {
+          row_count: updated_count,
+          affected_rows: updated_count,
+          message: "UPDATE #{updated_count}"
+        }
+      end
+
+      def execute_delete(plan)
+        table_name = plan.table_name
+        predicate = plan.predicate
+
+        # Get rows to delete
+        rows = scan_table(Plan::Select.new(table_name, []))
+        rows = rows.select { |row| evaluate_predicate(predicate, row) } if predicate
+
+        deleted_count = 0
+        rows.each do |row|
+          row_id = row[:_row_id] || row["_row_id"] || row[:id] || row["id"]
+          @engine.delete_row(table_name, row_id)
+          deleted_count += 1
+        end
+
+        {
+          row_count: deleted_count,
+          affected_rows: deleted_count,
+          message: "DELETE #{deleted_count}"
+        }
+      end
+
+      def execute_create_table(plan)
+        table_name = plan.table_name
+        columns = plan.columns
+        options = plan.options || {}
+
+        @engine.create_table(table_name, columns, options)
+
+        {
+          row_count: 0,
+          message: "CREATE TABLE #{table_name}"
+        }
+      end
+
+      def execute_drop_table(plan)
+        table_name = plan.table_name
+        options = plan.options || {}
+
+        @engine.drop_table(table_name, options)
+
+        {
+          row_count: 0,
+          message: "DROP TABLE #{table_name}"
+        }
+      end
+
+      def execute_create_database(plan)
+        @engine.catalog.create_database(plan.database_name, **(plan.options || {}))
+        {row_count: 0, message: "CREATE DATABASE #{plan.database_name}"}
+      end
+
+      def execute_drop_database(plan)
+        @engine.catalog.drop_database(plan.database_name, **(plan.options || {}))
+        {row_count: 0, message: "DROP DATABASE #{plan.database_name}"}
+      end
+
+      def execute_create_schema(plan)
+        @engine.catalog.create_schema(plan.schema_name, **(plan.options || {}))
+        {row_count: 0, message: "CREATE SCHEMA #{plan.schema_name}"}
+      end
+
+      def execute_drop_schema(plan)
+        @engine.catalog.drop_schema(plan.schema_name, **(plan.options || {}))
+        {row_count: 0, message: "DROP SCHEMA #{plan.schema_name}"}
+      end
+
+      def execute_create_view(plan)
+        query = plan.query.respond_to?(:to_sql) ? plan.query.to_sql : plan.query
+        @engine.catalog.create_view(plan.view_name, query, **(plan.options || {}))
+        {row_count: 0, message: "CREATE VIEW #{plan.view_name}"}
+      end
+
+      def execute_drop_view(plan)
+        @engine.catalog.drop_view(plan.view_name, **(plan.options || {}))
+        {row_count: 0, message: "DROP VIEW #{plan.view_name}"}
+      end
+
+      def execute_create_trigger(plan)
+        definition = "EXECUTE FUNCTION #{plan.function_name}()"
+        @engine.catalog.create_trigger(plan.trigger_name, plan.event, plan.target_table, definition, timing: plan.timing, function_name: plan.function_name)
+        {row_count: 0, message: "CREATE TRIGGER #{plan.trigger_name}"}
+      end
+
+      def execute_drop_trigger(plan)
+        @engine.catalog.drop_trigger(plan.trigger_name, **(plan.options || {}))
+        {row_count: 0, message: "DROP TRIGGER #{plan.trigger_name}"}
+      end
+
+      def execute_vacuum(_plan)
+        result = @engine.vacuum
+        {row_count: 0, vacuum: result, message: "VACUUM"}
+      end
+
+      def execute_alter_table_add_column(plan)
+        @engine.add_column(plan.table_name, plan.column_name, plan.column_type, plan.options)
+        {row_count: 0, message: "ALTER TABLE #{plan.table_name} ADD COLUMN #{plan.column_name}"}
+      end
+
+      def execute_alter_table_drop_column(plan)
+        @engine.drop_column(plan.table_name, plan.column_name)
+        {row_count: 0, message: "ALTER TABLE #{plan.table_name} DROP COLUMN #{plan.column_name}"}
+      end
+
+      def execute_alter_table_add_constraint(plan)
+        @engine.add_constraint(plan.table_name, plan.constraint)
+        {row_count: 0, message: "ALTER TABLE #{plan.table_name} ADD CONSTRAINT #{plan.constraint.name}"}
+      end
+
+      def execute_alter_table_drop_constraint(plan)
+        @engine.drop_constraint(plan.table_name, plan.constraint_name)
+        {row_count: 0, message: "ALTER TABLE #{plan.table_name} DROP CONSTRAINT #{plan.constraint_name}"}
+      end
+
+      def execute_create_index(plan)
+        index_name = plan.index_name
+        table_name = plan.table_name
+        columns = plan.columns
+        options = plan.options || {}
+
+        if @engine.respond_to?(:index_manager)
+          @engine.index_manager.create_index(index_name, table_name, columns, options)
+        end
+
+        {
+          row_count: 0,
+          message: "CREATE INDEX #{index_name}"
+        }
+      end
+
+      def execute_drop_index(plan)
+        index_name = plan.index_name
+        options = plan.options || {}
+
+        if @engine.respond_to?(:index_manager)
+          @engine.index_manager.drop_index(index_name, options)
+        end
+
+        {
+          row_count: 0,
+          message: "DROP INDEX #{index_name}"
+        }
+      end
+
+      def execute_begin_transaction(plan)
+        isolation_level = plan.isolation_level || :read_committed
+        transaction_id = @engine.begin_transaction(isolation_level)
+
+        {
+          row_count: 0,
+          transaction_id: transaction_id,
+          message: "BEGIN"
+        }
+      end
+
+      def execute_commit(plan)
+        @engine.commit_transaction
+
+        {
+          row_count: 0,
+          message: "COMMIT"
+        }
+      end
+
+      def execute_rollback(plan)
+        @engine.rollback_transaction
+
+        {
+          row_count: 0,
+          message: "ROLLBACK"
+        }
+      end
+
+      def execute_savepoint(plan)
+        @engine.create_savepoint(plan.name)
+        {row_count: 0, message: "SAVEPOINT #{plan.name}"}
+      end
+
+      def execute_rollback_to_savepoint(plan)
+        @engine.rollback_to_savepoint(plan.name)
+        {row_count: 0, message: "ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT #{plan.name}"}
+      end
+
+      def execute_release_savepoint(plan)
+        @engine.release_savepoint(plan.name)
+        {row_count: 0, message: "RELEASE SAVEPOINT #{plan.name}"}
+      end
+
+      def execute_explain(plan)
+        statement = plan.statement
+        analyze = plan.analyze || false
+
+        # Generate execution plan for the statement
+        planner = Planner.new(@engine)
+        analyzed_plan = planner.plan(statement)
+
+        # Format the plan
+        plan_text = format_plan(analyzed_plan)
+
+        if analyze
+          # Execute and get actual stats
+          start_time = Time.now
+          result = execute(analyzed_plan)
+          elapsed_ms = ((Time.now - start_time) * 1000).round(2)
+
+          plan_text = "EXPLAIN ANALYZE:\n#{plan_text}\n" \
+            "Execution Time: #{elapsed_ms}ms\n" \
+            "Rows: #{result[:row_count]}"
+        end
+
+        {
+          rows: [{"QUERY PLAN" => plan_text}],
+          row_count: 1,
+          column_names: ["QUERY PLAN"]
+        }
+      end
+
+      # Scan operations
+      def scan_table(plan)
+        table_name = plan.table_name
+        return [{}] unless table_name
+        return @cte_rows.fetch(table_name.to_s) if @cte_rows.key?(table_name.to_s)
+        if @engine.catalog.respond_to?(:find_view) && (view = @engine.catalog.find_view(table_name))
+          statement = RubyDB::SQL::Parser.new(RubyDB::SQL::Lexer.new(view.query).tokenize).parse.first
+          return scan_table(Planner.new(@engine).plan(statement))
+        end
+        columns = @engine.table_columns(table_name)
+
+        if plan.scan_type == :index && plan.index
+          # Use index scan
+          scan = Indexes::IndexScan.new(plan.index, :full)
+          results = scan.execute
+          row_ids = results.map { |r| r[:row_id] }
+
+          # Fetch rows by row_id
+          rows = []
+          row_ids.each do |row_id|
+            row = @engine.select_row(table_name, row_id, columns)
+            rows << row if row
+          end
+          rows
+        else
+          # Sequential scan
+          @engine.select_rows(table_name, columns)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def qualify_rows(rows, table_reference)
+        table_name = table_reference.respond_to?(:name) ? table_reference.name : table_reference
+        alias_name = table_reference.respond_to?(:alias_name) ? table_reference.alias_name : nil
+        rows.map do |row|
+          row.each_with_object({}) do |(key, value), qualified|
+            key = key.to_s
+            qualified[key] = value
+            qualified["#{table_name}.#{key}"] = value
+            qualified["#{alias_name}.#{key}"] = value if alias_name
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def execute_join(left_rows, right_rows, join)
+        return left_rows.flat_map { |left_row| right_rows.map { |right_row| merge_join_rows(left_row, right_row) } } if join[:type] == :cross
+
+        result = []
+        matched_right = Array.new(right_rows.length, false)
+        left_rows.each do |left_row|
+          check_deadline!
+          matches = right_rows.each_index.select do |index|
+            evaluate_predicate(join[:predicate], merge_join_rows(left_row, right_rows[index]))
+          end
+          if matches.empty?
+            result << merge_join_rows(left_row, nil) if %i[left full].include?(join[:type])
+          else
+            matches.each do |index|
+              matched_right[index] = true
+              result << merge_join_rows(left_row, right_rows[index])
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        if %i[right full].include?(join[:type])
+          right_rows.each_with_index do |right_row, index|
+            result << merge_join_rows(nil, right_row) unless matched_right[index]
+          end
+        end
+        result
+      end
+
+      def merge_join_rows(left_row, right_row)
+        (left_row || {}).merge(right_row || {}) { |_key, left_value, _right_value| left_value }
+      end
+
+      # Predicate evaluation
+      def evaluate_predicate(predicate, row)
+        case predicate
+        when Predicate::Comparison
+          left_val = evaluate_expression(predicate.left, row)
+          right_val = evaluate_expression(predicate.right, row)
+          compare_values(left_val, right_val, predicate.operator)
+        when Predicate::And
+          evaluate_predicate(predicate.left, row) && evaluate_predicate(predicate.right, row)
+        when Predicate::Or
+          evaluate_predicate(predicate.left, row) || evaluate_predicate(predicate.right, row)
+        when Predicate::Not
+          !evaluate_predicate(predicate.operand, row)
+        when Predicate::Between
+          val = evaluate_expression(predicate.expression, row)
+          low = evaluate_expression(predicate.low, row)
+          high = evaluate_expression(predicate.high, row)
+          val >= low && val <= high
+        when Predicate::In
+          val = evaluate_expression(predicate.expression, row)
+          predicate.values.any? { |v| val == evaluate_expression(v, row) }
+        when Predicate::IsNull
+          val = evaluate_expression(predicate.expression, row)
+          predicate.negated ? !val.nil? : val.nil?
+        when Predicate::Like
+          val = evaluate_expression(predicate.expression, row).to_s
+          pattern = evaluate_expression(predicate.pattern, row).to_s
+          like_match?(val, pattern, predicate.case_sensitive)
+        else
+          true
+        end
+      end
+
+      def evaluate_expression(expr, row = nil)
+        case expr
+        when SQL::AST::Literal
+          expr.value
+        when SQL::AST::Identifier
+          return nil unless row
+
+          qualified_name = expr.table && "#{expr.table}.#{expr.name}"
+          row_value(row, qualified_name, expr.name, expr.name.to_sym)
+        when SQL::AST::UnaryOp
+          apply_ast_unary_op(expr.operator, evaluate_expression(expr.operand, row))
+        when SQL::AST::BinaryOp
+          apply_ast_binary_op(
+            expr.operator,
+            evaluate_expression(expr.left, row),
+            evaluate_expression(expr.right, row)
+          )
+        when SQL::AST::FunctionCall
+          if expr.window
+            row && row[window_key(expr)]
+          else
+            apply_function(expr.name, expr.arguments.map { |argument| evaluate_expression(argument, row) })
+          end
+        when SQL::AST::Subquery
+          result = child_executor(@cte_rows).execute(Planner.new(@engine).plan(expr.query))
+          rows = result[:rows]
+          raise ExecutionError, "Scalar subquery returned more than one row" if rows.size > 1
+          rows.empty? ? nil : rows.first.values.first
+        when Expression::Literal
+          expr.value
+        when Expression::Column
+          return nil unless row
+
+          qualified_name = expr.table && "#{expr.table}.#{expr.name}"
+          row_value(row, qualified_name, expr.name, expr.name.to_sym)
+        when Expression::BinaryOp
+          left = evaluate_expression(expr.left, row)
+          right = evaluate_expression(expr.right, row)
+          apply_binary_op(left, right, expr.operator)
+        when Expression::UnaryOp
+          operand = evaluate_expression(expr.operand, row)
+          apply_unary_op(operand, expr.operator)
+        when Expression::Function
+          args = expr.arguments.map { |arg| evaluate_expression(arg, row) }
+          apply_function(expr.name, args)
+        when Expression::Parameter
+          expr.value
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Helper methods
+      def compare_values(left, right, operator)
+        return false if left.nil? || right.nil?
+
+        case operator
+        when :eq then left == right
+        when :ne then left != right
+        when :lt then left < right
+        when :lte then left <= right
+        when :gt then left > right
+        when :gte then left >= right
+        else false
+        end
+      end
+
+      def apply_binary_op(left, right, operator)
+        return nil if left.nil? || right.nil?
+
+        case operator
+        when :plus then left + right
+        when :minus then left - right
+        when :multiply then left * right
+        when :divide then left / right if right != 0
+        when :modulo then left % right if right != 0
+        when :concat then left.to_s + right.to_s
+        end
+      end
+
+      def apply_ast_unary_op(operator, value)
+        return nil if value.nil?
+
+        case operator
+        when SQL::Token::Type::PLUS then value
+        when SQL::Token::Type::MINUS then -value
+        when SQL::Token::Type::NOT then !value
+        else value
+        end
+      end
+
+      def apply_ast_binary_op(operator, left, right)
+        case operator
+        # SQL comparisons involving NULL evaluate to UNKNOWN, represented by
+        # nil here. WHERE filtering already treats UNKNOWN as non-matching.
+        when SQL::Token::Type::EQ then (left.nil? || right.nil?) ? nil : left == right
+        when SQL::Token::Type::NE then (left.nil? || right.nil?) ? nil : left != right
+        when SQL::Token::Type::LT then !left.nil? && !right.nil? && left < right
+        when SQL::Token::Type::LTE then !left.nil? && !right.nil? && left <= right
+        when SQL::Token::Type::GT then !left.nil? && !right.nil? && left > right
+        when SQL::Token::Type::GTE then !left.nil? && !right.nil? && left >= right
+        when SQL::Token::Type::AND then sql_and(left, right)
+        when SQL::Token::Type::OR then sql_or(left, right)
+        when SQL::Token::Type::PLUS then apply_binary_op(left, right, :plus)
+        when SQL::Token::Type::MINUS then apply_binary_op(left, right, :minus)
+        when SQL::Token::Type::STAR then apply_binary_op(left, right, :multiply)
+        when SQL::Token::Type::SLASH then apply_binary_op(left, right, :divide)
+        when SQL::Token::Type::PERCENT then apply_binary_op(left, right, :modulo)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def apply_unary_op(operand, operator)
+        return nil if operand.nil?
+
+        case operator
+        when :negate then -operand
+        when :not then !operand
+        else operand
+        end
+      end
+
+      def sql_and(left, right)
+        return false if left == false || right == false
+        return nil if left.nil? || right.nil?
+
+        !!left && !!right
+      end
+
+      def sql_or(left, right)
+        return true if left == true || right == true
+        return nil if left.nil? || right.nil?
+
+        !!left || !!right
+      end
+
+      def row_value(row, *keys)
+        keys.compact.each do |key|
+          return row[key] if row.respond_to?(:key?) && row.key?(key)
+        end
+        nil
+      end
+
+      def child_executor(cte_rows)
+        self.class.new(
+          @engine,
+          cte_rows: cte_rows,
+          deadline_at: @deadline_at,
+          cancellation: @cancellation
+        )
+      end
+
+      def check_deadline!
+        if @cancellation&.cancelled?
+          raise ExecutionError.new("Request cancelled by client", code: "cancelled")
+        end
+
+        return unless @deadline_at && Time.now >= @deadline_at
+
+        raise ExecutionError.new("Request deadline exceeded during execution", code: "deadline_exceeded")
+      end
+
+      def apply_function(name, args)
+        case name.to_s.upcase
+        when "COUNT"
+          args.compact.size
+        when "SUM"
+          args.compact.sum
+        when "AVG"
+          vals = args.compact
+          vals.empty? ? 0 : vals.sum / vals.size.to_f
+        when "MIN"
+          args.compact.min
+        when "MAX"
+          args.compact.max
+        when "LOWER"
+          args.first.to_s.downcase
+        when "UPPER"
+          args.first.to_s.upcase
+        when "LENGTH"
+          args.first.to_s.length
+        when "COALESCE"
+          args.find { |arg| !arg.nil? }
+        when "NOW"
+          Time.now
+        when "CURRENT_DATE"
+          Date.today
+        when "CURRENT_TIME"
+          Time.now
+        end
+      end
+
+      def like_match?(value, pattern, case_sensitive = true)
+        return false if value.nil? || pattern.nil?
+
+        str = case_sensitive ? value : value.downcase
+        pat = case_sensitive ? pattern : pattern.downcase
+
+        # Convert SQL LIKE pattern to regex
+        regex_str = Regexp.escape(pat)
+          .gsub("%", ".*")
+          .gsub("_", ".")
+        Regexp.new("^#{regex_str}$").match?(str)
+      end
+
+      def project_row(row, projections)
+        result = {}
+        projections.each do |proj|
+          expression = proj.respond_to?(:expression) ? proj.expression : proj
+
+          if expression.is_a?(SQL::AST::Star)
+            if expression.table
+              prefix = "#{expression.table}."
+              row.each do |key, value|
+                key = key.to_s
+                next unless key.start_with?(prefix)
+
+                column = key.delete_prefix(prefix)
+                result[column] = value unless column.start_with?("_")
+              end
+            else
+              row.each do |key, value|
+                key = key.to_s
+                result[key] = value unless key.include?(".") || key.start_with?("_")
+              end
+            end
+          elsif expression.is_a?(String) || expression.is_a?(Symbol)
+            result[expression.to_s] = row[expression.to_s]
+          else
+            result[projection_name(proj)] = evaluate_expression(expression, row)
+          end
+        end
+        result
+      end
+
+      def distinct_rows(rows)
+        seen = Set.new
+        rows.select do |row|
+          key = row.to_hash
+          if seen.include?(key)
+            false
+          else
+            seen.add(key)
+            true
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def group_rows(rows, group_by, aggregates)
+        groups = {}
+        rows.each do |row|
+          key = group_by.map { |col| row[col.to_s] }
+          groups[key] ||= []
+          groups[key] << row
+        end
+
+        result = []
+        groups.each do |key, group_rows|
+          result_row = {}
+          group_by.each_with_index do |col, idx|
+            result_row[col.to_s] = key[idx]
+          end
+
+          aggregates&.each do |agg|
+            result_row[agg.alias || agg.name] = apply_aggregate(agg, group_rows)
+          end
+
+          result << result_row
+        end
+        result
+      end
+
+      def aggregate_rows(rows, group_by, projections)
+        groups = {}
+        if group_by.empty?
+          groups[[]] = rows
+        else
+          rows.each do |row|
+            key = group_by.map { |expression| evaluate_expression(expression, row) }
+            (groups[key] ||= []) << row
+          end
+        end
+
+        groups.map do |_key, group|
+          representative = group.first || {}
+          projections.each_with_object({}) do |projection, result|
+            expression = projection.respond_to?(:expression) ? projection.expression : projection
+            name = projection_name(projection)
+            result[name] = if aggregate_function?(expression)
+              apply_aggregate_function(expression, group)
+            else
+              evaluate_expression(expression, representative)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def aggregate_function?(expression)
+        expression.is_a?(SQL::AST::FunctionCall) && !expression.window &&
+          %w[COUNT SUM AVG MIN MAX].include?(expression.name.to_s.upcase)
+      end
+
+      def apply_window_functions!(rows, projections)
+        projections.each do |projection|
+          expression = projection.respond_to?(:expression) ? projection.expression : projection
+          next unless expression.is_a?(SQL::AST::FunctionCall) && expression.window
+
+          spec = expression.window
+          partitions = {}
+          rows.each { |row| (partitions[spec[:partition_by].map { |part| evaluate_expression(part, row) }] ||= []) << row }
+          partitions.each_value do |partition_rows|
+            ordered_rows = sort_window_rows(partition_rows, spec[:order_by])
+            ordered_rows.each_with_index do |row, index|
+              row[window_key(expression)] = window_value(expression, ordered_rows, index, spec[:order_by], spec[:frame])
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def window_key(expression)
+        "__rubydb_window_#{expression.object_id}"
+      end
+
+      def sort_window_rows(rows, order_by)
+        return rows.dup if order_by.empty?
+
+        rows.sort do |left, right|
+          comparison = 0
+          order_by.each do |item|
+            left_value = evaluate_expression(item.expression, left)
+            right_value = evaluate_expression(item.expression, right)
+            comparison = compare_sort_values(left_value, right_value)
+            comparison = -comparison if item.direction == :desc
+            break unless comparison.zero?
+          end
+          comparison
+        end
+      end
+
+      def compare_sort_values(left, right)
+        return 0 if left.nil? && right.nil?
+        return -1 if left.nil?
+        return 1 if right.nil?
+
+        left <=> right
+      end
+
+      def window_value(expression, rows, index, order_by, frame = nil)
+        rows = window_frame_rows(rows, index, frame) if frame
+        name = expression.name.to_s.upcase
+        if %w[ROW_NUMBER RANK DENSE_RANK].include?(name)
+          return index + 1 if name == "ROW_NUMBER" || order_by.empty?
+
+          keys = rows.map { |row| order_by.map { |item| evaluate_expression(item.expression, row) } }
+          current = keys[index]
+          return keys.index(current) + 1 if name == "RANK"
+
+          return keys[0..index].uniq.index(current) + 1
+        end
+
+        argument = expression.arguments.first
+        values = if argument.is_a?(SQL::AST::Star)
+          rows
+        else
+          rows.map { |row| evaluate_expression(argument, row) }.compact
+        end
+        values = values.uniq if expression.distinct
+        case name
+        when "COUNT" then values.size
+        when "SUM" then values.empty? ? nil : values.sum
+        when "AVG" then values.empty? ? nil : values.sum / values.size.to_f
+        when "MIN" then values.min
+        when "MAX" then values.max
+        else
+          raise ExecutionError, "Unsupported window function: #{expression.name}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def window_frame_rows(rows, index, frame)
+        start_index = window_frame_index(frame[:start], index, rows.size, start: true)
+        finish = frame[:finish] || {kind: :current_row}
+        end_index = window_frame_index(finish, index, rows.size, start: false)
+        return [] if start_index > end_index
+
+        rows[start_index..end_index] || []
+      end
+
+      def window_frame_index(boundary, index, size, start:)
+        case boundary[:kind]
+        when :unbounded_preceding then 0
+        when :unbounded_following then size - 1
+        when :current_row then index
+        when :preceding then [index - boundary[:value], 0].max
+        when :following then [index + boundary[:value], size - 1].min
+        else raise ExecutionError, "Unsupported window frame boundary: #{boundary[:kind]}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def apply_aggregate_function(expression, rows)
+        argument = expression.arguments.first
+        values = if argument.is_a?(SQL::AST::Star)
+          rows
+        else
+          rows.map { |row| evaluate_expression(argument, row) }.compact
+        end
+        values = values.uniq if expression.distinct
+
+        case expression.name.to_s.upcase
+        when "COUNT" then values.size
+        when "SUM" then values.empty? ? nil : values.sum
+        when "AVG" then values.empty? ? nil : values.sum / values.size.to_f
+        when "MIN" then values.min
+        when "MAX" then values.max
+        end
+      end
+
+      def apply_aggregate(agg, rows)
+        values = rows.map { |row| row[agg.column.to_s] }.compact
+
+        case agg.name.to_s.upcase
+        when "COUNT" then values.size
+        when "SUM" then values.sum
+        when "AVG" then values.empty? ? 0 : values.sum / values.size.to_f
+        when "MIN" then values.min
+        when "MAX" then values.max
+        end
+      end
+
+      def sort_rows(rows, order_by)
+        rows.sort do |a, b|
+          comparison = 0
+          order_by.each do |order|
+            col = (order.is_a?(Hash) ? order[:column] : order.column).to_s
+            val_a = a[col]
+            val_b = b[col]
+
+            comparison = if val_a.nil? && val_b.nil?
+              0
+            elsif val_a.nil?
+              -1
+            elsif val_b.nil?
+              1
+            else
+              val_a <=> val_b
+            end
+
+            direction = order.is_a?(Hash) ? order[:direction] : order.direction
+            comparison = -comparison if direction == :desc
+            break unless comparison == 0
+          end
+          comparison
+        end
+      end
+
+      def get_column_names(plan)
+        if plan.projections
+          plan.projections.map { |projection| projection_name(projection) }
+        else
+          @engine.table_columns(plan.table_name).map(&:name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def projection_name(projection)
+        return projection.to_s if projection.is_a?(String) || projection.is_a?(Symbol)
+
+        expression = projection.respond_to?(:expression) ? projection.expression : projection
+        alias_name = if projection.respond_to?(:alias_name)
+          projection.alias_name
+        elsif projection.respond_to?(:alias)
+          projection.alias
+        end
+        return alias_name.to_s if alias_name
+
+        return expression.name.to_s if expression.respond_to?(:name) && expression.name
+        return expression.to_sql if expression.respond_to?(:to_sql)
+
+        expression.to_s
+      end
+
+      def format_plan(plan)
+        lines = []
+        lines << "QUERY PLAN"
+        lines << "=" * 40
+
+        lines << if plan.scan_type == :index
+          "Index Scan on #{plan.table_name} using #{plan.index.name}"
+        else
+          "Seq Scan on #{plan.table_name}"
+        end
+
+        if plan.predicate
+          lines << "  Filter: #{plan.predicate}"
+        end
+
+        if plan.order_by&.any?
+          order_str = plan.order_by.map { |o| "#{o.column} #{o.direction}" }.join(", ")
+          lines << "  Order By: #{order_str}"
+        end
+
+        if plan.limit
+          lines << "  Limit: #{plan.limit}"
+        end
+
+        if plan.offset
+          lines << "  Offset: #{plan.offset}"
+        end
+
+        lines << "  Estimated Cost: #{plan.estimated_cost}"
+        lines << "  Estimated Rows: #{plan.estimated_rows}"
+        lines.join("\n")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end