rubydb 0.1.3 → 0.1.5

data/lib/rubydb/sql/ast/expression.rb

@@ -1,604 +1,617 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module RubyDB
-  module SQL
-    module AST
-      # Base class for all expression nodes
-      class Expression < Node
-        # Type of expression result (set by type checker)
-        attr_accessor :type
-
-        def initialize(location: nil)
-          super(location: location)
-          @type = nil
-        end
-
-        # Is this expression a literal value?
-        def literal?
-          false
-        end
-
-        # Is this expression a column reference?
-        def column?
-          false
-        end
-
-        # Is this expression NULL?
-        def null?
-          false
-        end
-
-        # Does this expression contain a subquery?
-        def contains_subquery?
-          false
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Literal value
-      class Literal < Expression
-        attr_reader :value, :token_type
-
-        def initialize(value, token_type, location: nil)
-          super(location: location)
-          @value = value
-          @token_type = token_type
-        end
-
-        def literal?
-          true
-        end
-
-        def null?
-          @value.nil?
-        end
-
-        def accept(visitor)
-          visitor.visit_literal(self)
-        end
-
-        def clone
-          Literal.new(@value, @token_type, location: @location)
-        end
-
-        def to_sql
-          case @token_type
-          when Token::Type::STRING
-            "'#{@value.to_s.gsub("'", "''")}'"
-          when Token::Type::NUMBER
-            @value.to_s
-          when Token::Type::NULL
-            "NULL"
-          when Token::Type::TRUE
-            "TRUE"
-          when Token::Type::FALSE
-            "FALSE"
-          else
-            @value.to_s
-          end
-        end
-
-        def inspect
-          "Literal(#{@value})"
-        end
-      end
-
-      # NULL literal
-      class NullLiteral < Literal
-        def initialize(location: nil)
-          super(nil, Token::Type::NULL, location: location)
-        end
-
-        def null?
-          true
-        end
-
-        def to_sql
-          "NULL"
-        end
-
-        def inspect
-          "NULL"
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Column reference
-      class Identifier < Expression
-        attr_reader :name, :table
-
-        def initialize(name, table: nil, location: nil)
-          super(location: location)
-          @name = name
-          @table = table
-        end
-
-        def column?
-          true
-        end
-
-        def accept(visitor)
-          visitor.visit_identifier(self)
-        end
-
-        def clone
-          Identifier.new(@name, table: @table, location: @location)
-        end
-
-        def to_sql
-          if @table
-            "#{@table}.#{@name}"
-          else
-            @name
-          end
-        end
-
-        def inspect
-          if @table
-            "Identifier(#{@table}.#{@name})"
-          else
-            "Identifier(#{@name})"
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Unary operator expression
-      class UnaryOp < Expression
-        attr_reader :operator, :operand
-
-        def initialize(operator, operand, location: nil)
-          super(location: location)
-          @operator = operator
-          @operand = operand
-        end
-
-        def accept(visitor)
-          visitor.visit_unary_op(self)
-        end
-
-        def clone
-          UnaryOp.new(@operator, @operand.clone, location: @location)
-        end
-
-        def to_sql
-          "#{operator_string(@operator)}#{@operand.to_sql}"
-        end
-
-        def inspect
-          "UnaryOp(#{@operator}, #{@operand.inspect})"
-        end
-
-        private
-
-        def operator_string(op)
-          case op
-          when Token::Type::PLUS then "+"
-          when Token::Type::MINUS then "-"
-          when Token::Type::TILDE then "~"
-          when Token::Type::NOT then "NOT "
-          else op.to_s
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Binary operator expression
-      class BinaryOp < Expression
-        attr_reader :operator, :left, :right
-
-        def initialize(operator, left, right, location: nil)
-          super(location: location)
-          @operator = operator
-          @left = left
-          @right = right
-        end
-
-        def accept(visitor)
-          visitor.visit_binary_op(self)
-        end
-
-        def clone
-          BinaryOp.new(@operator, @left.clone, @right.clone, location: @location)
-        end
-
-        def to_sql
-          "#{@left.to_sql} #{operator_string(@operator)} #{@right.to_sql}"
-        end
-
-        def inspect
-          "BinaryOp(#{@operator}, #{@left.inspect}, #{@right.inspect})"
-        end
-
-        private
-
-        def operator_string(op)
-          case op
-          when Token::Type::EQ then "="
-          when Token::Type::NE then "!="
-          when Token::Type::LT then "<"
-          when Token::Type::LTE then "<="
-          when Token::Type::GT then ">"
-          when Token::Type::GTE then ">="
-          when Token::Type::PLUS then "+"
-          when Token::Type::MINUS then "-"
-          when Token::Type::STAR then "*"
-          when Token::Type::SLASH then "/"
-          when Token::Type::PERCENT then "%"
-          when Token::Type::AND then "AND"
-          when Token::Type::OR then "OR"
-          when Token::Type::LIKE then "LIKE"
-          when Token::Type::ILIKE then "ILIKE"
-          else op.to_s
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # BETWEEN expression
-      class Between < Expression
-        attr_reader :expression, :low, :high
-
-        def initialize(expression, low, high, location: nil)
-          super(location: location)
-          @expression = expression
-          @low = low
-          @high = high
-        end
-
-        def accept(visitor)
-          visitor.visit_between(self)
-        end
-
-        def clone
-          Between.new(@expression.clone, @low.clone, @high.clone, location: @location)
-        end
-
-        def to_sql
-          "#{@expression.to_sql} BETWEEN #{@low.to_sql} AND #{@high.to_sql}"
-        end
-
-        def inspect
-          "Between(#{@expression.inspect}, #{@low.inspect}, #{@high.inspect})"
-        end
-      end
-
-      # IN expression
-      class In < Expression
-        attr_reader :expression, :values
-
-        def initialize(expression, values, location: nil)
-          super(location: location)
-          @expression = expression
-          @values = values
-        end
-
-        def accept(visitor)
-          visitor.visit_in(self)
-        end
-
-        def clone
-          In.new(@expression.clone, @values.map(&:clone), location: @location)
-        end
-
-        def to_sql
-          values_sql = @values.map(&:to_sql).join(", ")
-          "#{@expression.to_sql} IN (#{values_sql})"
-        end
-
-        def inspect
-          "In(#{@expression.inspect}, #{@values.map(&:inspect).join(", ")})"
-        end
-      end
-
-      class Subquery < Expression
-        attr_reader :query
-        def initialize(query, location: nil) = (super(location: location); @query = query)
-        def contains_subquery? = true
-        def accept(visitor) = visitor.visit_subquery(self)
-        def clone = Subquery.new(@query.clone, location: @location)
-        def to_sql = "(#{@query.to_sql})"
-      end
-
-      class Exists < Expression
-        attr_reader :query
-        def initialize(query, location: nil) = (super(location: location); @query = query)
-        def accept(visitor) = visitor.visit_exists(self)
-        def clone = Exists.new(@query.clone, location: @location)
-        def to_sql = "EXISTS (#{@query.to_sql})"
-      end
-
-      # IS NULL expression
-      class IsNull < Expression
-        attr_reader :expression, :negated
-
-        def initialize(expression, negated = false, location: nil)
-          super(location: location)
-          @expression = expression
-          @negated = negated
-        end
-
-        def accept(visitor)
-          visitor.visit_is_null(self)
-        end
-
-        def clone
-          IsNull.new(@expression.clone, @negated, location: @location)
-        end
-
-        def to_sql
-          if @negated
-            "#{@expression.to_sql} IS NOT NULL"
-          else
-            "#{@expression.to_sql} IS NULL"
-          end
-        end
-
-        def inspect
-          if @negated
-            "IsNull(#{@expression.inspect}, negated: true)"
-          else
-            "IsNull(#{@expression.inspect})"
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Function call
-      class FunctionCall < Expression
-        attr_reader :name, :arguments, :distinct, :window
-
-        def initialize(name, arguments = [], distinct: false, window: nil, location: nil)
-          super(location: location)
-          @name = name
-          @arguments = arguments
-          @distinct = distinct
-          @window = window
-        end
-
-        def accept(visitor)
-          visitor.visit_function_call(self)
-        end
-
-        def clone
-          cloned_window = if @window
-            {
-              partition_by: @window[:partition_by].map(&:clone),
-              order_by: @window[:order_by].map(&:clone),
-              frame: @window[:frame]&.transform_values { |value| value.is_a?(Hash) ? value.dup : value }
-            }
-          end
-          FunctionCall.new(@name, @arguments.map(&:clone), distinct: @distinct, window: cloned_window, location: @location)
-        end
-
-        def to_sql
-          args = @arguments.map(&:to_sql).join(", ")
-          args = "DISTINCT #{args}" if @distinct
-          sql = "#{@name}(#{args})"
-          if @window
-            partition = @window[:partition_by]
-            ordering = @window[:order_by]
-            parts = []
-            parts << "PARTITION BY #{partition.map(&:to_sql).join(', ')}" unless partition.empty?
-            parts << "ORDER BY #{ordering.map(&:to_sql).join(', ')}" unless ordering.empty?
-            parts << "ROWS #{window_frame_sql(@window[:frame])}" if @window[:frame]
-            sql << " OVER (#{parts.join(' ')})"
-          end
-          sql
-        end
-
-        def window_frame_sql(frame)
-          boundary = lambda do |value|
-            case value[:kind]
-            when :unbounded_preceding then "UNBOUNDED PRECEDING"
-            when :unbounded_following then "UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING"
-            when :current_row then "CURRENT ROW"
-            when :preceding then "#{value[:value]} PRECEDING"
-            when :following then "#{value[:value]} FOLLOWING"
-            else raise ArgumentError, "Unknown window frame boundary: #{value[:kind]}"
-            end
-          end
-          if frame[:start] && frame[:finish]
-            "BETWEEN #{boundary.call(frame[:start])} AND #{boundary.call(frame[:finish])}"
-          else
-            boundary.call(frame[:start])
-          end
-        end
-
-        def inspect
-          "FunctionCall(#{@name}, #{@arguments.map(&:inspect).join(", ")})"
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Parameter (placeholder) for prepared statements
-      class Parameter < Expression
-        attr_reader :index
-
-        def initialize(index = nil, location: nil)
-          super(location: location)
-          @index = index
-        end
-
-        def accept(visitor)
-          visitor.visit_parameter(self)
-        end
-
-        def clone
-          Parameter.new(@index, location: @location)
-        end
-
-        def to_sql
-          if @index
-            "$#{@index}"
-          else
-            "?"
-          end
-        end
-
-        def inspect
-          if @index
-            "Parameter($#{@index})"
-          else
-            "Parameter(?)"
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Star (*) in SELECT
-      class Star < Expression
-        attr_reader :table
-
-        def initialize(table: nil, location: nil)
-          super(location: location)
-          @table = table
-        end
-
-        def accept(visitor)
-          visitor.visit_star(self)
-        end
-
-        def clone
-          Star.new(table: @table, location: @location)
-        end
-
-        def to_sql
-          @table ? "#{@table}.*" : "*"
-        end
-
-        def inspect
-          @table ? "Star(#{@table}.*)" : "Star"
-        end
-      end
-
-      # SELECT column with optional alias
-      class SelectColumn < Node
-        attr_reader :expression, :alias_name
-
-        def initialize(expression, alias_name = nil, location: nil)
-          super(location: location)
-          @expression = expression
-          @alias_name = alias_name
-        end
-
-        def accept(visitor)
-          visitor.visit_select_column(self)
-        end
-
-        def clone
-          SelectColumn.new(@expression.clone, @alias_name, location: @location)
-        end
-
-        def to_sql
-          if @alias_name
-            "#{@expression.to_sql} AS #{@alias_name}"
-          else
-            @expression.to_sql
-          end
-        end
-
-        def inspect
-          if @alias_name
-            "SelectColumn(#{@expression.inspect}, AS #{@alias_name})"
-          else
-            "SelectColumn(#{@expression.inspect})"
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Table reference with optional alias
-      class TableRef < Node
-        attr_reader :name, :alias_name
-
-        def initialize(name, alias_name = nil, location: nil)
-          super(location: location)
-          @name = name
-          @alias_name = alias_name
-        end
-
-        def accept(visitor)
-          visitor.visit_table_ref(self)
-        end
-
-        def clone
-          TableRef.new(@name, @alias_name, location: @location)
-        end
-
-        def to_sql
-          if @alias_name
-            "#{@name} AS #{@alias_name}"
-          else
-            @name
-          end
-        end
-
-        def inspect
-          if @alias_name
-            "TableRef(#{@name} AS #{@alias_name})"
-          else
-            "TableRef(#{@name})"
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # A joined table and its ON predicate. JOIN support is intentionally
-      # represented in the regular SELECT AST so parser, planner and executor
-      # all agree on table aliases and qualified identifiers.
-      class Join < Node
-        attr_reader :type, :table, :condition
-
-        def initialize(type, table, condition = nil, location: nil)
-          super(location: location)
-          @type = type
-          @table = table
-          @condition = condition
-        end
-
-        def accept(visitor)
-          visitor.visit_join(self)
-        end
-
-        def clone
-          Join.new(@type, @table.clone, @condition&.clone, location: @location)
-        end
-
-        def to_sql
-          keyword = {
-            left: "LEFT JOIN",
-            right: "RIGHT JOIN",
-            full: "FULL JOIN",
-            cross: "CROSS JOIN"
-          }.fetch(@type, "INNER JOIN")
-          sql = "#{keyword} #{@table.to_sql}"
-          sql << " ON #{@condition.to_sql}" if @condition
-          sql
-        end
-
-        def inspect
-          "Join(#{@type}, #{@table.inspect}, #{@condition.inspect})"
-        end
-      end
-
-      # ORDER BY item
-      class OrderItem < Node
-        attr_reader :expression, :direction
-
-        def initialize(expression, direction = :asc, location: nil)
-          super(location: location)
-          @expression = expression
-          @direction = direction
-        end
-
-        def accept(visitor)
-          visitor.visit_order_item(self)
-        end
-
-        def clone
-          OrderItem.new(@expression.clone, @direction, location: @location)
-        end
-
-        def to_sql
-          dir = @direction == :asc ? "ASC" : "DESC"
-          "#{@expression.to_sql} #{dir}"
-        end
-
-        def inspect
-          "OrderItem(#{@expression.inspect}, #{@direction})"
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module RubyDB
+  module SQL
+    module AST
+      # Base class for all expression nodes
+      class Expression < Node
+        # Type of expression result (set by type checker)
+        attr_accessor :type
+
+        def initialize(location: nil)
+          super
+          @type = nil
+        end
+
+        # Is this expression a literal value?
+        def literal?
+          false
+        end
+
+        # Is this expression a column reference?
+        def column?
+          false
+        end
+
+        # Is this expression NULL?
+        def null?
+          false
+        end
+
+        # Does this expression contain a subquery?
+        def contains_subquery?
+          false
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Literal value
+      class Literal < Expression
+        attr_reader :value, :token_type
+
+        def initialize(value, token_type, location: nil)
+          super(location: location)
+          @value = value
+          @token_type = token_type
+        end
+
+        def literal?
+          true
+        end
+
+        def null?
+          @value.nil?
+        end
+
+        def accept(visitor)
+          visitor.visit_literal(self)
+        end
+
+        def clone
+          Literal.new(@value, @token_type, location: @location)
+        end
+
+        def to_sql
+          case @token_type
+          when Token::Type::STRING
+            "'#{@value.to_s.gsub("'", "''")}'"
+          when Token::Type::NUMBER
+            @value.to_s
+          when Token::Type::NULL
+            "NULL"
+          when Token::Type::TRUE
+            "TRUE"
+          when Token::Type::FALSE
+            "FALSE"
+          else
+            @value.to_s
+          end
+        end
+
+        def inspect
+          "Literal(#{@value})"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # NULL literal
+      class NullLiteral < Literal
+        def initialize(location: nil)
+          super(nil, Token::Type::NULL, location: location)
+        end
+
+        def null?
+          true
+        end
+
+        def to_sql
+          "NULL"
+        end
+
+        def inspect
+          "NULL"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Column reference
+      class Identifier < Expression
+        attr_reader :name, :table
+
+        def initialize(name, table: nil, location: nil)
+          super(location: location)
+          @name = name
+          @table = table
+        end
+
+        def column?
+          true
+        end
+
+        def accept(visitor)
+          visitor.visit_identifier(self)
+        end
+
+        def clone
+          Identifier.new(@name, table: @table, location: @location)
+        end
+
+        def to_sql
+          if @table
+            "#{@table}.#{@name}"
+          else
+            @name
+          end
+        end
+
+        def inspect
+          if @table
+            "Identifier(#{@table}.#{@name})"
+          else
+            "Identifier(#{@name})"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Unary operator expression
+      class UnaryOp < Expression
+        attr_reader :operator, :operand
+
+        def initialize(operator, operand, location: nil)
+          super(location: location)
+          @operator = operator
+          @operand = operand
+        end
+
+        def accept(visitor)
+          visitor.visit_unary_op(self)
+        end
+
+        def clone
+          UnaryOp.new(@operator, @operand.clone, location: @location)
+        end
+
+        def to_sql
+          "#{operator_string(@operator)}#{@operand.to_sql}"
+        end
+
+        def inspect
+          "UnaryOp(#{@operator}, #{@operand.inspect})"
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def operator_string(op)
+          case op
+          when Token::Type::PLUS then "+"
+          when Token::Type::MINUS then "-"
+          when Token::Type::TILDE then "~"
+          when Token::Type::NOT then "NOT "
+          else op.to_s
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Binary operator expression
+      class BinaryOp < Expression
+        attr_reader :operator, :left, :right
+
+        def initialize(operator, left, right, location: nil)
+          super(location: location)
+          @operator = operator
+          @left = left
+          @right = right
+        end
+
+        def accept(visitor)
+          visitor.visit_binary_op(self)
+        end
+
+        def clone
+          BinaryOp.new(@operator, @left.clone, @right.clone, location: @location)
+        end
+
+        def to_sql
+          "#{@left.to_sql} #{operator_string(@operator)} #{@right.to_sql}"
+        end
+
+        def inspect
+          "BinaryOp(#{@operator}, #{@left.inspect}, #{@right.inspect})"
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def operator_string(op)
+          case op
+          when Token::Type::EQ then "="
+          when Token::Type::NE then "!="
+          when Token::Type::LT then "<"
+          when Token::Type::LTE then "<="
+          when Token::Type::GT then ">"
+          when Token::Type::GTE then ">="
+          when Token::Type::PLUS then "+"
+          when Token::Type::MINUS then "-"
+          when Token::Type::STAR then "*"
+          when Token::Type::SLASH then "/"
+          when Token::Type::PERCENT then "%"
+          when Token::Type::AND then "AND"
+          when Token::Type::OR then "OR"
+          when Token::Type::LIKE then "LIKE"
+          when Token::Type::ILIKE then "ILIKE"
+          else op.to_s
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # BETWEEN expression
+      class Between < Expression
+        attr_reader :expression, :low, :high
+
+        def initialize(expression, low, high, location: nil)
+          super(location: location)
+          @expression = expression
+          @low = low
+          @high = high
+        end
+
+        def accept(visitor)
+          visitor.visit_between(self)
+        end
+
+        def clone
+          Between.new(@expression.clone, @low.clone, @high.clone, location: @location)
+        end
+
+        def to_sql
+          "#{@expression.to_sql} BETWEEN #{@low.to_sql} AND #{@high.to_sql}"
+        end
+
+        def inspect
+          "Between(#{@expression.inspect}, #{@low.inspect}, #{@high.inspect})"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # IN expression
+      class In < Expression
+        attr_reader :expression, :values
+
+        def initialize(expression, values, location: nil)
+          super(location: location)
+          @expression = expression
+          @values = values
+        end
+
+        def accept(visitor)
+          visitor.visit_in(self)
+        end
+
+        def clone
+          In.new(@expression.clone, @values.map(&:clone), location: @location)
+        end
+
+        def to_sql
+          values_sql = @values.map(&:to_sql).join(", ")
+          "#{@expression.to_sql} IN (#{values_sql})"
+        end
+
+        def inspect
+          "In(#{@expression.inspect}, #{@values.map(&:inspect).join(", ")})"
+        end
+      end
+
+      class Subquery < Expression
+        attr_reader :query
+        def initialize(query, location: nil)
+          super(location: location)
+          @query = query
+        end
+
+        def contains_subquery? = true
+
+        def accept(visitor) = visitor.visit_subquery(self)
+
+        def clone = Subquery.new(@query.clone, location: @location)
+
+        def to_sql = "(#{@query.to_sql})"
+      end
+
+      class Exists < Expression
+        attr_reader :query
+        def initialize(query, location: nil)
+          super(location: location)
+          @query = query
+        end
+
+        def accept(visitor) = visitor.visit_exists(self)
+
+        def clone = Exists.new(@query.clone, location: @location)
+
+        def to_sql = "EXISTS (#{@query.to_sql})"
+      end
+
+      # IS NULL expression
+      class IsNull < Expression
+        attr_reader :expression, :negated
+
+        def initialize(expression, negated = false, location: nil)
+          super(location: location)
+          @expression = expression
+          @negated = negated
+        end
+
+        def accept(visitor)
+          visitor.visit_is_null(self)
+        end
+
+        def clone
+          IsNull.new(@expression.clone, @negated, location: @location)
+        end
+
+        def to_sql
+          if @negated
+            "#{@expression.to_sql} IS NOT NULL"
+          else
+            "#{@expression.to_sql} IS NULL"
+          end
+        end
+
+        def inspect
+          if @negated
+            "IsNull(#{@expression.inspect}, negated: true)"
+          else
+            "IsNull(#{@expression.inspect})"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Function call
+      class FunctionCall < Expression
+        attr_reader :name, :arguments, :distinct, :window
+
+        def initialize(name, arguments = [], distinct: false, window: nil, location: nil)
+          super(location: location)
+          @name = name
+          @arguments = arguments
+          @distinct = distinct
+          @window = window
+        end
+
+        def accept(visitor)
+          visitor.visit_function_call(self)
+        end
+
+        def clone
+          cloned_window = if @window
+            {
+              partition_by: @window[:partition_by].map(&:clone),
+              order_by: @window[:order_by].map(&:clone),
+              frame: @window[:frame]&.transform_values { |value| value.is_a?(Hash) ? value.dup : value }
+            }
+          end
+          FunctionCall.new(@name, @arguments.map(&:clone), distinct: @distinct, window: cloned_window, location: @location)
+        end
+
+        def to_sql
+          args = @arguments.map(&:to_sql).join(", ")
+          args = "DISTINCT #{args}" if @distinct
+          sql = "#{@name}(#{args})"
+          if @window
+            partition = @window[:partition_by]
+            ordering = @window[:order_by]
+            parts = []
+            parts << "PARTITION BY #{partition.map(&:to_sql).join(", ")}" unless partition.empty?
+            parts << "ORDER BY #{ordering.map(&:to_sql).join(", ")}" unless ordering.empty?
+            parts << "ROWS #{window_frame_sql(@window[:frame])}" if @window[:frame]
+            sql << " OVER (#{parts.join(" ")})"
+          end
+          sql
+        end
+
+        def window_frame_sql(frame)
+          boundary = lambda do |value|
+            case value[:kind]
+            when :unbounded_preceding then "UNBOUNDED PRECEDING"
+            when :unbounded_following then "UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING"
+            when :current_row then "CURRENT ROW"
+            when :preceding then "#{value[:value]} PRECEDING"
+            when :following then "#{value[:value]} FOLLOWING"
+            else raise ArgumentError, "Unknown window frame boundary: #{value[:kind]}"
+            end
+          end
+          if frame[:start] && frame[:finish]
+            "BETWEEN #{boundary.call(frame[:start])} AND #{boundary.call(frame[:finish])}"
+          else
+            boundary.call(frame[:start])
+          end
+        end
+
+        def inspect
+          "FunctionCall(#{@name}, #{@arguments.map(&:inspect).join(", ")})"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Parameter (placeholder) for prepared statements
+      class Parameter < Expression
+        attr_reader :index
+
+        def initialize(index = nil, location: nil)
+          super(location: location)
+          @index = index
+        end
+
+        def accept(visitor)
+          visitor.visit_parameter(self)
+        end
+
+        def clone
+          Parameter.new(@index, location: @location)
+        end
+
+        def to_sql
+          if @index
+            "$#{@index}"
+          else
+            "?"
+          end
+        end
+
+        def inspect
+          if @index
+            "Parameter($#{@index})"
+          else
+            "Parameter(?)"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Star (*) in SELECT
+      class Star < Expression
+        attr_reader :table
+
+        def initialize(table: nil, location: nil)
+          super(location: location)
+          @table = table
+        end
+
+        def accept(visitor)
+          visitor.visit_star(self)
+        end
+
+        def clone
+          Star.new(table: @table, location: @location)
+        end
+
+        def to_sql
+          @table ? "#{@table}.*" : "*"
+        end
+
+        def inspect
+          @table ? "Star(#{@table}.*)" : "Star"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # SELECT column with optional alias
+      class SelectColumn < Node
+        attr_reader :expression, :alias_name
+
+        def initialize(expression, alias_name = nil, location: nil)
+          super(location: location)
+          @expression = expression
+          @alias_name = alias_name
+        end
+
+        def accept(visitor)
+          visitor.visit_select_column(self)
+        end
+
+        def clone
+          SelectColumn.new(@expression.clone, @alias_name, location: @location)
+        end
+
+        def to_sql
+          if @alias_name
+            "#{@expression.to_sql} AS #{@alias_name}"
+          else
+            @expression.to_sql
+          end
+        end
+
+        def inspect
+          if @alias_name
+            "SelectColumn(#{@expression.inspect}, AS #{@alias_name})"
+          else
+            "SelectColumn(#{@expression.inspect})"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Table reference with optional alias
+      class TableRef < Node
+        attr_reader :name, :alias_name
+
+        def initialize(name, alias_name = nil, location: nil)
+          super(location: location)
+          @name = name
+          @alias_name = alias_name
+        end
+
+        def accept(visitor)
+          visitor.visit_table_ref(self)
+        end
+
+        def clone
+          TableRef.new(@name, @alias_name, location: @location)
+        end
+
+        def to_sql
+          if @alias_name
+            "#{@name} AS #{@alias_name}"
+          else
+            @name
+          end
+        end
+
+        def inspect
+          if @alias_name
+            "TableRef(#{@name} AS #{@alias_name})"
+          else
+            "TableRef(#{@name})"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # A joined table and its ON predicate. JOIN support is intentionally
+      # represented in the regular SELECT AST so parser, planner and executor
+      # all agree on table aliases and qualified identifiers.
+      class Join < Node
+        attr_reader :type, :table, :condition
+
+        def initialize(type, table, condition = nil, location: nil)
+          super(location: location)
+          @type = type
+          @table = table
+          @condition = condition
+        end
+
+        def accept(visitor)
+          visitor.visit_join(self)
+        end
+
+        def clone
+          Join.new(@type, @table.clone, @condition&.clone, location: @location)
+        end
+
+        def to_sql
+          keyword = {
+            left: "LEFT JOIN",
+            right: "RIGHT JOIN",
+            full: "FULL JOIN",
+            cross: "CROSS JOIN"
+          }.fetch(@type, "INNER JOIN")
+          sql = "#{keyword} #{@table.to_sql}"
+          sql << " ON #{@condition.to_sql}" if @condition
+          sql
+        end
+
+        def inspect
+          "Join(#{@type}, #{@table.inspect}, #{@condition.inspect})"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # ORDER BY item
+      class OrderItem < Node
+        attr_reader :expression, :direction
+
+        def initialize(expression, direction = :asc, location: nil)
+          super(location: location)
+          @expression = expression
+          @direction = direction
+        end
+
+        def accept(visitor)
+          visitor.visit_order_item(self)
+        end
+
+        def clone
+          OrderItem.new(@expression.clone, @direction, location: @location)
+        end
+
+        def to_sql
+          dir = (@direction == :asc) ? "ASC" : "DESC"
+          "#{@expression.to_sql} #{dir}"
+        end
+
+        def inspect
+          "OrderItem(#{@expression.inspect}, #{@direction})"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end