ruby_memprofiler_pprof 0.0.1

data/ext/ruby_memprofiler_pprof/vendor/upb/upb/json_decode.c

@@ -0,0 +1,1509 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009-2021, Google LLC
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+ *     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ *     * Neither the name of Google LLC nor the
+ *       names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
+ *       derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+ * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL Google LLC BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT,
+ * INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ * (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ * ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ * SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include "upb/json_decode.h"
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <float.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <setjmp.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "upb/encode.h"
+#include "upb/reflection.h"
+
+/* Special header, must be included last. */
+#include "upb/port_def.inc"
+
+typedef struct {
+  const char *ptr, *end;
+  upb_Arena* arena; /* TODO: should we have a tmp arena for tmp data? */
+  const upb_DefPool* symtab;
+  int depth;
+  upb_Status* status;
+  jmp_buf err;
+  int line;
+  const char* line_begin;
+  bool is_first;
+  int options;
+  const upb_FieldDef* debug_field;
+} jsondec;
+
+enum { JD_OBJECT, JD_ARRAY, JD_STRING, JD_NUMBER, JD_TRUE, JD_FALSE, JD_NULL };
+
+/* Forward declarations of mutually-recursive functions. */
+static void jsondec_wellknown(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
+                              const upb_MessageDef* m);
+static upb_MessageValue jsondec_value(jsondec* d, const upb_FieldDef* f);
+static void jsondec_wellknownvalue(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
+                                   const upb_MessageDef* m);
+static void jsondec_object(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
+                           const upb_MessageDef* m);
+
+static bool jsondec_streql(upb_StringView str, const char* lit) {
+  return str.size == strlen(lit) && memcmp(str.data, lit, str.size) == 0;
+}
+
+static bool jsondec_isnullvalue(const upb_FieldDef* f) {
+  return upb_FieldDef_CType(f) == kUpb_CType_Enum &&
+         strcmp(upb_EnumDef_FullName(upb_FieldDef_EnumSubDef(f)),
+                "google.protobuf.NullValue") == 0;
+}
+
+static bool jsondec_isvalue(const upb_FieldDef* f) {
+  return (upb_FieldDef_CType(f) == kUpb_CType_Message &&
+          upb_MessageDef_WellKnownType(upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(f)) ==
+              kUpb_WellKnown_Value) ||
+         jsondec_isnullvalue(f);
+}
+
+UPB_NORETURN static void jsondec_err(jsondec* d, const char* msg) {
+  upb_Status_SetErrorFormat(d->status, "Error parsing JSON @%d:%d: %s", d->line,
+                            (int)(d->ptr - d->line_begin), msg);
+  UPB_LONGJMP(d->err, 1);
+}
+
+UPB_PRINTF(2, 3)
+UPB_NORETURN static void jsondec_errf(jsondec* d, const char* fmt, ...) {
+  va_list argp;
+  upb_Status_SetErrorFormat(d->status, "Error parsing JSON @%d:%d: ", d->line,
+                            (int)(d->ptr - d->line_begin));
+  va_start(argp, fmt);
+  upb_Status_VAppendErrorFormat(d->status, fmt, argp);
+  va_end(argp);
+  UPB_LONGJMP(d->err, 1);
+}
+
+static void jsondec_skipws(jsondec* d) {
+  while (d->ptr != d->end) {
+    switch (*d->ptr) {
+      case '\n':
+        d->line++;
+        d->line_begin = d->ptr;
+        /* Fallthrough. */
+      case '\r':
+      case '\t':
+      case ' ':
+        d->ptr++;
+        break;
+      default:
+        return;
+    }
+  }
+  jsondec_err(d, "Unexpected EOF");
+}
+
+static bool jsondec_tryparsech(jsondec* d, char ch) {
+  if (d->ptr == d->end || *d->ptr != ch) return false;
+  d->ptr++;
+  return true;
+}
+
+static void jsondec_parselit(jsondec* d, const char* lit) {
+  size_t avail = d->end - d->ptr;
+  size_t len = strlen(lit);
+  if (avail < len || memcmp(d->ptr, lit, len) != 0) {
+    jsondec_errf(d, "Expected: '%s'", lit);
+  }
+  d->ptr += len;
+}
+
+static void jsondec_wsch(jsondec* d, char ch) {
+  jsondec_skipws(d);
+  if (!jsondec_tryparsech(d, ch)) {
+    jsondec_errf(d, "Expected: '%c'", ch);
+  }
+}
+
+static void jsondec_true(jsondec* d) { jsondec_parselit(d, "true"); }
+static void jsondec_false(jsondec* d) { jsondec_parselit(d, "false"); }
+static void jsondec_null(jsondec* d) { jsondec_parselit(d, "null"); }
+
+static void jsondec_entrysep(jsondec* d) {
+  jsondec_skipws(d);
+  jsondec_parselit(d, ":");
+}
+
+static int jsondec_rawpeek(jsondec* d) {
+  switch (*d->ptr) {
+    case '{':
+      return JD_OBJECT;
+    case '[':
+      return JD_ARRAY;
+    case '"':
+      return JD_STRING;
+    case '-':
+    case '0':
+    case '1':
+    case '2':
+    case '3':
+    case '4':
+    case '5':
+    case '6':
+    case '7':
+    case '8':
+    case '9':
+      return JD_NUMBER;
+    case 't':
+      return JD_TRUE;
+    case 'f':
+      return JD_FALSE;
+    case 'n':
+      return JD_NULL;
+    default:
+      jsondec_errf(d, "Unexpected character: '%c'", *d->ptr);
+  }
+}
+
+/* JSON object/array **********************************************************/
+
+/* These are used like so:
+ *
+ * jsondec_objstart(d);
+ * while (jsondec_objnext(d)) {
+ *   ...
+ * }
+ * jsondec_objend(d) */
+
+static int jsondec_peek(jsondec* d) {
+  jsondec_skipws(d);
+  return jsondec_rawpeek(d);
+}
+
+static void jsondec_push(jsondec* d) {
+  if (--d->depth < 0) {
+    jsondec_err(d, "Recursion limit exceeded");
+  }
+  d->is_first = true;
+}
+
+static bool jsondec_seqnext(jsondec* d, char end_ch) {
+  bool is_first = d->is_first;
+  d->is_first = false;
+  jsondec_skipws(d);
+  if (*d->ptr == end_ch) return false;
+  if (!is_first) jsondec_parselit(d, ",");
+  return true;
+}
+
+static void jsondec_arrstart(jsondec* d) {
+  jsondec_push(d);
+  jsondec_wsch(d, '[');
+}
+
+static void jsondec_arrend(jsondec* d) {
+  d->depth++;
+  jsondec_wsch(d, ']');
+}
+
+static bool jsondec_arrnext(jsondec* d) { return jsondec_seqnext(d, ']'); }
+
+static void jsondec_objstart(jsondec* d) {
+  jsondec_push(d);
+  jsondec_wsch(d, '{');
+}
+
+static void jsondec_objend(jsondec* d) {
+  d->depth++;
+  jsondec_wsch(d, '}');
+}
+
+static bool jsondec_objnext(jsondec* d) {
+  if (!jsondec_seqnext(d, '}')) return false;
+  if (jsondec_peek(d) != JD_STRING) {
+    jsondec_err(d, "Object must start with string");
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+/* JSON number ****************************************************************/
+
+static bool jsondec_tryskipdigits(jsondec* d) {
+  const char* start = d->ptr;
+
+  while (d->ptr < d->end) {
+    if (*d->ptr < '0' || *d->ptr > '9') {
+      break;
+    }
+    d->ptr++;
+  }
+
+  return d->ptr != start;
+}
+
+static void jsondec_skipdigits(jsondec* d) {
+  if (!jsondec_tryskipdigits(d)) {
+    jsondec_err(d, "Expected one or more digits");
+  }
+}
+
+static double jsondec_number(jsondec* d) {
+  const char* start = d->ptr;
+
+  assert(jsondec_rawpeek(d) == JD_NUMBER);
+
+  /* Skip over the syntax of a number, as specified by JSON. */
+  if (*d->ptr == '-') d->ptr++;
+
+  if (jsondec_tryparsech(d, '0')) {
+    if (jsondec_tryskipdigits(d)) {
+      jsondec_err(d, "number cannot have leading zero");
+    }
+  } else {
+    jsondec_skipdigits(d);
+  }
+
+  if (d->ptr == d->end) goto parse;
+  if (jsondec_tryparsech(d, '.')) {
+    jsondec_skipdigits(d);
+  }
+  if (d->ptr == d->end) goto parse;
+
+  if (*d->ptr == 'e' || *d->ptr == 'E') {
+    d->ptr++;
+    if (d->ptr == d->end) {
+      jsondec_err(d, "Unexpected EOF in number");
+    }
+    if (*d->ptr == '+' || *d->ptr == '-') {
+      d->ptr++;
+    }
+    jsondec_skipdigits(d);
+  }
+
+parse:
+  /* Having verified the syntax of a JSON number, use strtod() to parse
+   * (strtod() accepts a superset of JSON syntax). */
+  errno = 0;
+  {
+    char* end;
+    double val = strtod(start, &end);
+    assert(end == d->ptr);
+
+    /* Currently the min/max-val conformance tests fail if we check this.  Does
+     * this mean the conformance tests are wrong or strtod() is wrong, or
+     * something else?  Investigate further. */
+    /*
+    if (errno == ERANGE) {
+      jsondec_err(d, "Number out of range");
+    }
+    */
+
+    if (val > DBL_MAX || val < -DBL_MAX) {
+      jsondec_err(d, "Number out of range");
+    }
+
+    return val;
+  }
+}
+
+/* JSON string ****************************************************************/
+
+static char jsondec_escape(jsondec* d) {
+  switch (*d->ptr++) {
+    case '"':
+      return '\"';
+    case '\\':
+      return '\\';
+    case '/':
+      return '/';
+    case 'b':
+      return '\b';
+    case 'f':
+      return '\f';
+    case 'n':
+      return '\n';
+    case 'r':
+      return '\r';
+    case 't':
+      return '\t';
+    default:
+      jsondec_err(d, "Invalid escape char");
+  }
+}
+
+static uint32_t jsondec_codepoint(jsondec* d) {
+  uint32_t cp = 0;
+  const char* end;
+
+  if (d->end - d->ptr < 4) {
+    jsondec_err(d, "EOF inside string");
+  }
+
+  end = d->ptr + 4;
+  while (d->ptr < end) {
+    char ch = *d->ptr++;
+    if (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9') {
+      ch -= '0';
+    } else if (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'f') {
+      ch = ch - 'a' + 10;
+    } else if (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'F') {
+      ch = ch - 'A' + 10;
+    } else {
+      jsondec_err(d, "Invalid hex digit");
+    }
+    cp = (cp << 4) | ch;
+  }
+
+  return cp;
+}
+
+/* Parses a \uXXXX unicode escape (possibly a surrogate pair). */
+static size_t jsondec_unicode(jsondec* d, char* out) {
+  uint32_t cp = jsondec_codepoint(d);
+  if (cp >= 0xd800 && cp <= 0xdbff) {
+    /* Surrogate pair: two 16-bit codepoints become a 32-bit codepoint. */
+    uint32_t high = cp;
+    uint32_t low;
+    jsondec_parselit(d, "\\u");
+    low = jsondec_codepoint(d);
+    if (low < 0xdc00 || low > 0xdfff) {
+      jsondec_err(d, "Invalid low surrogate");
+    }
+    cp = (high & 0x3ff) << 10;
+    cp |= (low & 0x3ff);
+    cp += 0x10000;
+  } else if (cp >= 0xdc00 && cp <= 0xdfff) {
+    jsondec_err(d, "Unpaired low surrogate");
+  }
+
+  /* Write to UTF-8 */
+  if (cp <= 0x7f) {
+    out[0] = cp;
+    return 1;
+  } else if (cp <= 0x07FF) {
+    out[0] = ((cp >> 6) & 0x1F) | 0xC0;
+    out[1] = ((cp >> 0) & 0x3F) | 0x80;
+    return 2;
+  } else if (cp <= 0xFFFF) {
+    out[0] = ((cp >> 12) & 0x0F) | 0xE0;
+    out[1] = ((cp >> 6) & 0x3F) | 0x80;
+    out[2] = ((cp >> 0) & 0x3F) | 0x80;
+    return 3;
+  } else if (cp < 0x10FFFF) {
+    out[0] = ((cp >> 18) & 0x07) | 0xF0;
+    out[1] = ((cp >> 12) & 0x3f) | 0x80;
+    out[2] = ((cp >> 6) & 0x3f) | 0x80;
+    out[3] = ((cp >> 0) & 0x3f) | 0x80;
+    return 4;
+  } else {
+    jsondec_err(d, "Invalid codepoint");
+  }
+}
+
+static void jsondec_resize(jsondec* d, char** buf, char** end, char** buf_end) {
+  size_t oldsize = *buf_end - *buf;
+  size_t len = *end - *buf;
+  size_t size = UPB_MAX(8, 2 * oldsize);
+
+  *buf = upb_Arena_Realloc(d->arena, *buf, len, size);
+  if (!*buf) jsondec_err(d, "Out of memory");
+
+  *end = *buf + len;
+  *buf_end = *buf + size;
+}
+
+static upb_StringView jsondec_string(jsondec* d) {
+  char* buf = NULL;
+  char* end = NULL;
+  char* buf_end = NULL;
+
+  jsondec_skipws(d);
+
+  if (*d->ptr++ != '"') {
+    jsondec_err(d, "Expected string");
+  }
+
+  while (d->ptr < d->end) {
+    char ch = *d->ptr++;
+
+    if (end == buf_end) {
+      jsondec_resize(d, &buf, &end, &buf_end);
+    }
+
+    switch (ch) {
+      case '"': {
+        upb_StringView ret;
+        ret.data = buf;
+        ret.size = end - buf;
+        *end = '\0'; /* Needed for possible strtod(). */
+        return ret;
+      }
+      case '\\':
+        if (d->ptr == d->end) goto eof;
+        if (*d->ptr == 'u') {
+          d->ptr++;
+          if (buf_end - end < 4) {
+            /* Allow space for maximum-sized code point (4 bytes). */
+            jsondec_resize(d, &buf, &end, &buf_end);
+          }
+          end += jsondec_unicode(d, end);
+        } else {
+          *end++ = jsondec_escape(d);
+        }
+        break;
+      default:
+        if ((unsigned char)*d->ptr < 0x20) {
+          jsondec_err(d, "Invalid char in JSON string");
+        }
+        *end++ = ch;
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+
+eof:
+  jsondec_err(d, "EOF inside string");
+}
+
+static void jsondec_skipval(jsondec* d) {
+  switch (jsondec_peek(d)) {
+    case JD_OBJECT:
+      jsondec_objstart(d);
+      while (jsondec_objnext(d)) {
+        jsondec_string(d);
+        jsondec_entrysep(d);
+        jsondec_skipval(d);
+      }
+      jsondec_objend(d);
+      break;
+    case JD_ARRAY:
+      jsondec_arrstart(d);
+      while (jsondec_arrnext(d)) {
+        jsondec_skipval(d);
+      }
+      jsondec_arrend(d);
+      break;
+    case JD_TRUE:
+      jsondec_true(d);
+      break;
+    case JD_FALSE:
+      jsondec_false(d);
+      break;
+    case JD_NULL:
+      jsondec_null(d);
+      break;
+    case JD_STRING:
+      jsondec_string(d);
+      break;
+    case JD_NUMBER:
+      jsondec_number(d);
+      break;
+  }
+}
+
+/* Base64 decoding for bytes fields. ******************************************/
+
+static unsigned int jsondec_base64_tablelookup(const char ch) {
+  /* Table includes the normal base64 chars plus the URL-safe variant. */
+  const signed char table[256] = {
+      -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,        -1,
+      -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,        -1,
+      -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,        -1,
+      -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,        -1,
+      -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,        -1,
+      -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,        -1,
+      -1,       62 /*+*/, -1,       62 /*-*/, -1,       63 /*/ */, 52 /*0*/,
+      53 /*1*/, 54 /*2*/, 55 /*3*/, 56 /*4*/, 57 /*5*/, 58 /*6*/,  59 /*7*/,
+      60 /*8*/, 61 /*9*/, -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,        -1,
+      -1,       -1,       0 /*A*/,  1 /*B*/,  2 /*C*/,  3 /*D*/,   4 /*E*/,
+      5 /*F*/,  6 /*G*/,  07 /*H*/, 8 /*I*/,  9 /*J*/,  10 /*K*/,  11 /*L*/,
+      12 /*M*/, 13 /*N*/, 14 /*O*/, 15 /*P*/, 16 /*Q*/, 17 /*R*/,  18 /*S*/,
+      19 /*T*/, 20 /*U*/, 21 /*V*/, 22 /*W*/, 23 /*X*/, 24 /*Y*/,  25 /*Z*/,
+      -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       63 /*_*/, -1,        26 /*a*/,
+      27 /*b*/, 28 /*c*/, 29 /*d*/, 30 /*e*/, 31 /*f*/, 32 /*g*/,  33 /*h*/,
+      34 /*i*/, 35 /*j*/, 36 /*k*/, 37 /*l*/, 38 /*m*/, 39 /*n*/,  40 /*o*/,
+      41 /*p*/, 42 /*q*/, 43 /*r*/, 44 /*s*/, 45 /*t*/, 46 /*u*/,  47 /*v*/,
+      48 /*w*/, 49 /*x*/, 50 /*y*/, 51 /*z*/, -1,       -1,        -1,
+      -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,        -1,
+      -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,        -1,
+      -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,        -1,
+      -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,        -1,
+      -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,        -1,
+      -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,        -1,
+      -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,        -1,
+      -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,        -1,
+      -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,        -1,
+      -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,        -1,
+      -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,        -1,
+      -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,        -1,
+      -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,        -1,
+      -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,        -1,
+      -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,        -1,
+      -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,        -1,
+      -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,        -1,
+      -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,       -1,        -1,
+      -1,       -1,       -1,       -1};
+
+  /* Sign-extend return value so high bit will be set on any unexpected char. */
+  return table[(unsigned)ch];
+}
+
+static char* jsondec_partialbase64(jsondec* d, const char* ptr, const char* end,
+                                   char* out) {
+  int32_t val = -1;
+
+  switch (end - ptr) {
+    case 2:
+      val = jsondec_base64_tablelookup(ptr[0]) << 18 |
+            jsondec_base64_tablelookup(ptr[1]) << 12;
+      out[0] = val >> 16;
+      out += 1;
+      break;
+    case 3:
+      val = jsondec_base64_tablelookup(ptr[0]) << 18 |
+            jsondec_base64_tablelookup(ptr[1]) << 12 |
+            jsondec_base64_tablelookup(ptr[2]) << 6;
+      out[0] = val >> 16;
+      out[1] = (val >> 8) & 0xff;
+      out += 2;
+      break;
+  }
+
+  if (val < 0) {
+    jsondec_err(d, "Corrupt base64");
+  }
+
+  return out;
+}
+
+static size_t jsondec_base64(jsondec* d, upb_StringView str) {
+  /* We decode in place. This is safe because this is a new buffer (not
+   * aliasing the input) and because base64 decoding shrinks 4 bytes into 3. */
+  char* out = (char*)str.data;
+  const char* ptr = str.data;
+  const char* end = ptr + str.size;
+  const char* end4 = ptr + (str.size & -4); /* Round down to multiple of 4. */
+
+  for (; ptr < end4; ptr += 4, out += 3) {
+    int val = jsondec_base64_tablelookup(ptr[0]) << 18 |
+              jsondec_base64_tablelookup(ptr[1]) << 12 |
+              jsondec_base64_tablelookup(ptr[2]) << 6 |
+              jsondec_base64_tablelookup(ptr[3]) << 0;
+
+    if (val < 0) {
+      /* Junk chars or padding. Remove trailing padding, if any. */
+      if (end - ptr == 4 && ptr[3] == '=') {
+        if (ptr[2] == '=') {
+          end -= 2;
+        } else {
+          end -= 1;
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    out[0] = val >> 16;
+    out[1] = (val >> 8) & 0xff;
+    out[2] = val & 0xff;
+  }
+
+  if (ptr < end) {
+    /* Process remaining chars. We do not require padding. */
+    out = jsondec_partialbase64(d, ptr, end, out);
+  }
+
+  return out - str.data;
+}
+
+/* Low-level integer parsing **************************************************/
+
+/* We use these hand-written routines instead of strto[u]l() because the "long
+ * long" variants aren't in c89. Also our version allows setting a ptr limit. */
+
+static const char* jsondec_buftouint64(jsondec* d, const char* ptr,
+                                       const char* end, uint64_t* val) {
+  uint64_t u64 = 0;
+  while (ptr < end) {
+    unsigned ch = *ptr - '0';
+    if (ch >= 10) break;
+    if (u64 > UINT64_MAX / 10 || u64 * 10 > UINT64_MAX - ch) {
+      jsondec_err(d, "Integer overflow");
+    }
+    u64 *= 10;
+    u64 += ch;
+    ptr++;
+  }
+
+  *val = u64;
+  return ptr;
+}
+
+static const char* jsondec_buftoint64(jsondec* d, const char* ptr,
+                                      const char* end, int64_t* val) {
+  bool neg = false;
+  uint64_t u64;
+
+  if (ptr != end && *ptr == '-') {
+    ptr++;
+    neg = true;
+  }
+
+  ptr = jsondec_buftouint64(d, ptr, end, &u64);
+  if (u64 > (uint64_t)INT64_MAX + neg) {
+    jsondec_err(d, "Integer overflow");
+  }
+
+  *val = neg ? -u64 : u64;
+  return ptr;
+}
+
+static uint64_t jsondec_strtouint64(jsondec* d, upb_StringView str) {
+  const char* end = str.data + str.size;
+  uint64_t ret;
+  if (jsondec_buftouint64(d, str.data, end, &ret) != end) {
+    jsondec_err(d, "Non-number characters in quoted integer");
+  }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+static int64_t jsondec_strtoint64(jsondec* d, upb_StringView str) {
+  const char* end = str.data + str.size;
+  int64_t ret;
+  if (jsondec_buftoint64(d, str.data, end, &ret) != end) {
+    jsondec_err(d, "Non-number characters in quoted integer");
+  }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+/* Primitive value types ******************************************************/
+
+/* Parse INT32 or INT64 value. */
+static upb_MessageValue jsondec_int(jsondec* d, const upb_FieldDef* f) {
+  upb_MessageValue val;
+
+  switch (jsondec_peek(d)) {
+    case JD_NUMBER: {
+      double dbl = jsondec_number(d);
+      if (dbl > 9223372036854774784.0 || dbl < -9223372036854775808.0) {
+        jsondec_err(d, "JSON number is out of range.");
+      }
+      val.int64_val = dbl; /* must be guarded, overflow here is UB */
+      if (val.int64_val != dbl) {
+        jsondec_errf(d, "JSON number was not integral (%f != %" PRId64 ")", dbl,
+                     val.int64_val);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    case JD_STRING: {
+      upb_StringView str = jsondec_string(d);
+      val.int64_val = jsondec_strtoint64(d, str);
+      break;
+    }
+    default:
+      jsondec_err(d, "Expected number or string");
+  }
+
+  if (upb_FieldDef_CType(f) == kUpb_CType_Int32 ||
+      upb_FieldDef_CType(f) == kUpb_CType_Enum) {
+    if (val.int64_val > INT32_MAX || val.int64_val < INT32_MIN) {
+      jsondec_err(d, "Integer out of range.");
+    }
+    val.int32_val = (int32_t)val.int64_val;
+  }
+
+  return val;
+}
+
+/* Parse UINT32 or UINT64 value. */
+static upb_MessageValue jsondec_uint(jsondec* d, const upb_FieldDef* f) {
+  upb_MessageValue val = {0};
+
+  switch (jsondec_peek(d)) {
+    case JD_NUMBER: {
+      double dbl = jsondec_number(d);
+      if (dbl > 18446744073709549568.0 || dbl < 0) {
+        jsondec_err(d, "JSON number is out of range.");
+      }
+      val.uint64_val = dbl; /* must be guarded, overflow here is UB */
+      if (val.uint64_val != dbl) {
+        jsondec_errf(d, "JSON number was not integral (%f != %" PRIu64 ")", dbl,
+                     val.uint64_val);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    case JD_STRING: {
+      upb_StringView str = jsondec_string(d);
+      val.uint64_val = jsondec_strtouint64(d, str);
+      break;
+    }
+    default:
+      jsondec_err(d, "Expected number or string");
+  }
+
+  if (upb_FieldDef_CType(f) == kUpb_CType_UInt32) {
+    if (val.uint64_val > UINT32_MAX) {
+      jsondec_err(d, "Integer out of range.");
+    }
+    val.uint32_val = (uint32_t)val.uint64_val;
+  }
+
+  return val;
+}
+
+/* Parse DOUBLE or FLOAT value. */
+static upb_MessageValue jsondec_double(jsondec* d, const upb_FieldDef* f) {
+  upb_StringView str;
+  upb_MessageValue val = {0};
+
+  switch (jsondec_peek(d)) {
+    case JD_NUMBER:
+      val.double_val = jsondec_number(d);
+      break;
+    case JD_STRING:
+      str = jsondec_string(d);
+      if (jsondec_streql(str, "NaN")) {
+        val.double_val = NAN;
+      } else if (jsondec_streql(str, "Infinity")) {
+        val.double_val = INFINITY;
+      } else if (jsondec_streql(str, "-Infinity")) {
+        val.double_val = -INFINITY;
+      } else {
+        val.double_val = strtod(str.data, NULL);
+      }
+      break;
+    default:
+      jsondec_err(d, "Expected number or string");
+  }
+
+  if (upb_FieldDef_CType(f) == kUpb_CType_Float) {
+    if (val.double_val != INFINITY && val.double_val != -INFINITY &&
+        (val.double_val > FLT_MAX || val.double_val < -FLT_MAX)) {
+      jsondec_err(d, "Float out of range");
+    }
+    val.float_val = val.double_val;
+  }
+
+  return val;
+}
+
+/* Parse STRING or BYTES value. */
+static upb_MessageValue jsondec_strfield(jsondec* d, const upb_FieldDef* f) {
+  upb_MessageValue val;
+  val.str_val = jsondec_string(d);
+  if (upb_FieldDef_CType(f) == kUpb_CType_Bytes) {
+    val.str_val.size = jsondec_base64(d, val.str_val);
+  }
+  return val;
+}
+
+static upb_MessageValue jsondec_enum(jsondec* d, const upb_FieldDef* f) {
+  switch (jsondec_peek(d)) {
+    case JD_STRING: {
+      upb_StringView str = jsondec_string(d);
+      const upb_EnumDef* e = upb_FieldDef_EnumSubDef(f);
+      const upb_EnumValueDef* ev =
+          upb_EnumDef_FindValueByNameWithSize(e, str.data, str.size);
+      upb_MessageValue val;
+      if (ev) {
+        val.int32_val = upb_EnumValueDef_Number(ev);
+      } else {
+        if (d->options & upb_JsonDecode_IgnoreUnknown) {
+          val.int32_val = 0;
+        } else {
+          jsondec_errf(d, "Unknown enumerator: '" UPB_STRINGVIEW_FORMAT "'",
+                       UPB_STRINGVIEW_ARGS(str));
+        }
+      }
+      return val;
+    }
+    case JD_NULL: {
+      if (jsondec_isnullvalue(f)) {
+        upb_MessageValue val;
+        jsondec_null(d);
+        val.int32_val = 0;
+        return val;
+      }
+    }
+      /* Fallthrough. */
+    default:
+      return jsondec_int(d, f);
+  }
+}
+
+static upb_MessageValue jsondec_bool(jsondec* d, const upb_FieldDef* f) {
+  bool is_map_key = upb_FieldDef_Number(f) == 1 &&
+                    upb_MessageDef_IsMapEntry(upb_FieldDef_ContainingType(f));
+  upb_MessageValue val;
+
+  if (is_map_key) {
+    upb_StringView str = jsondec_string(d);
+    if (jsondec_streql(str, "true")) {
+      val.bool_val = true;
+    } else if (jsondec_streql(str, "false")) {
+      val.bool_val = false;
+    } else {
+      jsondec_err(d, "Invalid boolean map key");
+    }
+  } else {
+    switch (jsondec_peek(d)) {
+      case JD_TRUE:
+        val.bool_val = true;
+        jsondec_true(d);
+        break;
+      case JD_FALSE:
+        val.bool_val = false;
+        jsondec_false(d);
+        break;
+      default:
+        jsondec_err(d, "Expected true or false");
+    }
+  }
+
+  return val;
+}
+
+/* Composite types (array/message/map) ****************************************/
+
+static void jsondec_array(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg, const upb_FieldDef* f) {
+  upb_Array* arr = upb_Message_Mutable(msg, f, d->arena).array;
+
+  jsondec_arrstart(d);
+  while (jsondec_arrnext(d)) {
+    upb_MessageValue elem = jsondec_value(d, f);
+    upb_Array_Append(arr, elem, d->arena);
+  }
+  jsondec_arrend(d);
+}
+
+static void jsondec_map(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg, const upb_FieldDef* f) {
+  upb_Map* map = upb_Message_Mutable(msg, f, d->arena).map;
+  const upb_MessageDef* entry = upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(f);
+  const upb_FieldDef* key_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(entry, 1);
+  const upb_FieldDef* val_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(entry, 2);
+
+  jsondec_objstart(d);
+  while (jsondec_objnext(d)) {
+    upb_MessageValue key, val;
+    key = jsondec_value(d, key_f);
+    jsondec_entrysep(d);
+    val = jsondec_value(d, val_f);
+    upb_Map_Set(map, key, val, d->arena);
+  }
+  jsondec_objend(d);
+}
+
+static void jsondec_tomsg(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
+                          const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  if (upb_MessageDef_WellKnownType(m) == kUpb_WellKnown_Unspecified) {
+    jsondec_object(d, msg, m);
+  } else {
+    jsondec_wellknown(d, msg, m);
+  }
+}
+
+static upb_MessageValue jsondec_msg(jsondec* d, const upb_FieldDef* f) {
+  const upb_MessageDef* m = upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(f);
+  upb_Message* msg = upb_Message_New(m, d->arena);
+  upb_MessageValue val;
+
+  jsondec_tomsg(d, msg, m);
+  val.msg_val = msg;
+  return val;
+}
+
+static void jsondec_field(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
+                          const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  upb_StringView name;
+  const upb_FieldDef* f;
+  const upb_FieldDef* preserved;
+
+  name = jsondec_string(d);
+  jsondec_entrysep(d);
+
+  if (name.size >= 2 && name.data[0] == '[' &&
+      name.data[name.size - 1] == ']') {
+    f = upb_DefPool_FindExtensionByNameWithSize(d->symtab, name.data + 1,
+                                                name.size - 2);
+    if (f && upb_FieldDef_ContainingType(f) != m) {
+      jsondec_errf(
+          d, "Extension %s extends message %s, but was seen in message %s",
+          upb_FieldDef_FullName(f),
+          upb_MessageDef_FullName(upb_FieldDef_ContainingType(f)),
+          upb_MessageDef_FullName(m));
+    }
+  } else {
+    f = upb_MessageDef_FindByJsonNameWithSize(m, name.data, name.size);
+  }
+
+  if (!f) {
+    if ((d->options & upb_JsonDecode_IgnoreUnknown) == 0) {
+      jsondec_errf(d, "No such field: " UPB_STRINGVIEW_FORMAT,
+                   UPB_STRINGVIEW_ARGS(name));
+    }
+    jsondec_skipval(d);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (jsondec_peek(d) == JD_NULL && !jsondec_isvalue(f)) {
+    /* JSON "null" indicates a default value, so no need to set anything. */
+    jsondec_null(d);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (upb_FieldDef_RealContainingOneof(f) &&
+      upb_Message_WhichOneof(msg, upb_FieldDef_ContainingOneof(f))) {
+    jsondec_err(d, "More than one field for this oneof.");
+  }
+
+  preserved = d->debug_field;
+  d->debug_field = f;
+
+  if (upb_FieldDef_IsMap(f)) {
+    jsondec_map(d, msg, f);
+  } else if (upb_FieldDef_IsRepeated(f)) {
+    jsondec_array(d, msg, f);
+  } else if (upb_FieldDef_IsSubMessage(f)) {
+    upb_Message* submsg = upb_Message_Mutable(msg, f, d->arena).msg;
+    const upb_MessageDef* subm = upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(f);
+    jsondec_tomsg(d, submsg, subm);
+  } else {
+    upb_MessageValue val = jsondec_value(d, f);
+    upb_Message_Set(msg, f, val, d->arena);
+  }
+
+  d->debug_field = preserved;
+}
+
+static void jsondec_object(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
+                           const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  jsondec_objstart(d);
+  while (jsondec_objnext(d)) {
+    jsondec_field(d, msg, m);
+  }
+  jsondec_objend(d);
+}
+
+static upb_MessageValue jsondec_value(jsondec* d, const upb_FieldDef* f) {
+  switch (upb_FieldDef_CType(f)) {
+    case kUpb_CType_Bool:
+      return jsondec_bool(d, f);
+    case kUpb_CType_Float:
+    case kUpb_CType_Double:
+      return jsondec_double(d, f);
+    case kUpb_CType_UInt32:
+    case kUpb_CType_UInt64:
+      return jsondec_uint(d, f);
+    case kUpb_CType_Int32:
+    case kUpb_CType_Int64:
+      return jsondec_int(d, f);
+    case kUpb_CType_String:
+    case kUpb_CType_Bytes:
+      return jsondec_strfield(d, f);
+    case kUpb_CType_Enum:
+      return jsondec_enum(d, f);
+    case kUpb_CType_Message:
+      return jsondec_msg(d, f);
+    default:
+      UPB_UNREACHABLE();
+  }
+}
+
+/* Well-known types ***********************************************************/
+
+static int jsondec_tsdigits(jsondec* d, const char** ptr, size_t digits,
+                            const char* after) {
+  uint64_t val;
+  const char* p = *ptr;
+  const char* end = p + digits;
+  size_t after_len = after ? strlen(after) : 0;
+
+  UPB_ASSERT(digits <= 9); /* int can't overflow. */
+
+  if (jsondec_buftouint64(d, p, end, &val) != end ||
+      (after_len && memcmp(end, after, after_len) != 0)) {
+    jsondec_err(d, "Malformed timestamp");
+  }
+
+  UPB_ASSERT(val < INT_MAX);
+
+  *ptr = end + after_len;
+  return (int)val;
+}
+
+static int jsondec_nanos(jsondec* d, const char** ptr, const char* end) {
+  uint64_t nanos = 0;
+  const char* p = *ptr;
+
+  if (p != end && *p == '.') {
+    const char* nano_end = jsondec_buftouint64(d, p + 1, end, &nanos);
+    int digits = (int)(nano_end - p - 1);
+    int exp_lg10 = 9 - digits;
+    if (digits > 9) {
+      jsondec_err(d, "Too many digits for partial seconds");
+    }
+    while (exp_lg10--) nanos *= 10;
+    *ptr = nano_end;
+  }
+
+  UPB_ASSERT(nanos < INT_MAX);
+
+  return (int)nanos;
+}
+
+/* jsondec_epochdays(1970, 1, 1) == 1970-01-01 == 0. */
+int jsondec_epochdays(int y, int m, int d) {
+  const uint32_t year_base = 4800; /* Before min year, multiple of 400. */
+  const uint32_t m_adj = m - 3;    /* March-based month. */
+  const uint32_t carry = m_adj > (uint32_t)m ? 1 : 0;
+  const uint32_t adjust = carry ? 12 : 0;
+  const uint32_t y_adj = y + year_base - carry;
+  const uint32_t month_days = ((m_adj + adjust) * 62719 + 769) / 2048;
+  const uint32_t leap_days = y_adj / 4 - y_adj / 100 + y_adj / 400;
+  return y_adj * 365 + leap_days + month_days + (d - 1) - 2472632;
+}
+
+static int64_t jsondec_unixtime(int y, int m, int d, int h, int min, int s) {
+  return (int64_t)jsondec_epochdays(y, m, d) * 86400 + h * 3600 + min * 60 + s;
+}
+
+static void jsondec_timestamp(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
+                              const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  upb_MessageValue seconds;
+  upb_MessageValue nanos;
+  upb_StringView str = jsondec_string(d);
+  const char* ptr = str.data;
+  const char* end = ptr + str.size;
+
+  if (str.size < 20) goto malformed;
+
+  {
+    /* 1972-01-01T01:00:00 */
+    int year = jsondec_tsdigits(d, &ptr, 4, "-");
+    int mon = jsondec_tsdigits(d, &ptr, 2, "-");
+    int day = jsondec_tsdigits(d, &ptr, 2, "T");
+    int hour = jsondec_tsdigits(d, &ptr, 2, ":");
+    int min = jsondec_tsdigits(d, &ptr, 2, ":");
+    int sec = jsondec_tsdigits(d, &ptr, 2, NULL);
+
+    seconds.int64_val = jsondec_unixtime(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec);
+  }
+
+  nanos.int32_val = jsondec_nanos(d, &ptr, end);
+
+  {
+    /* [+-]08:00 or Z */
+    int ofs_hour = 0;
+    int ofs_min = 0;
+    bool neg = false;
+
+    if (ptr == end) goto malformed;
+
+    switch (*ptr++) {
+      case '-':
+        neg = true;
+        /* fallthrough */
+      case '+':
+        if ((end - ptr) != 5) goto malformed;
+        ofs_hour = jsondec_tsdigits(d, &ptr, 2, ":");
+        ofs_min = jsondec_tsdigits(d, &ptr, 2, NULL);
+        ofs_min = ((ofs_hour * 60) + ofs_min) * 60;
+        seconds.int64_val += (neg ? ofs_min : -ofs_min);
+        break;
+      case 'Z':
+        if (ptr != end) goto malformed;
+        break;
+      default:
+        goto malformed;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (seconds.int64_val < -62135596800) {
+    jsondec_err(d, "Timestamp out of range");
+  }
+
+  upb_Message_Set(msg, upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 1), seconds,
+                  d->arena);
+  upb_Message_Set(msg, upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 2), nanos, d->arena);
+  return;
+
+malformed:
+  jsondec_err(d, "Malformed timestamp");
+}
+
+static void jsondec_duration(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
+                             const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  upb_MessageValue seconds;
+  upb_MessageValue nanos;
+  upb_StringView str = jsondec_string(d);
+  const char* ptr = str.data;
+  const char* end = ptr + str.size;
+  const int64_t max = (uint64_t)3652500 * 86400;
+
+  /* "3.000000001s", "3s", etc. */
+  ptr = jsondec_buftoint64(d, ptr, end, &seconds.int64_val);
+  nanos.int32_val = jsondec_nanos(d, &ptr, end);
+
+  if (end - ptr != 1 || *ptr != 's') {
+    jsondec_err(d, "Malformed duration");
+  }
+
+  if (seconds.int64_val < -max || seconds.int64_val > max) {
+    jsondec_err(d, "Duration out of range");
+  }
+
+  if (seconds.int64_val < 0) {
+    nanos.int32_val = -nanos.int32_val;
+  }
+
+  upb_Message_Set(msg, upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 1), seconds,
+                  d->arena);
+  upb_Message_Set(msg, upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 2), nanos, d->arena);
+}
+
+static void jsondec_listvalue(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
+                              const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  const upb_FieldDef* values_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 1);
+  const upb_MessageDef* value_m = upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(values_f);
+  upb_Array* values = upb_Message_Mutable(msg, values_f, d->arena).array;
+
+  jsondec_arrstart(d);
+  while (jsondec_arrnext(d)) {
+    upb_Message* value_msg = upb_Message_New(value_m, d->arena);
+    upb_MessageValue value;
+    value.msg_val = value_msg;
+    upb_Array_Append(values, value, d->arena);
+    jsondec_wellknownvalue(d, value_msg, value_m);
+  }
+  jsondec_arrend(d);
+}
+
+static void jsondec_struct(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
+                           const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  const upb_FieldDef* fields_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 1);
+  const upb_MessageDef* entry_m = upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(fields_f);
+  const upb_FieldDef* value_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(entry_m, 2);
+  const upb_MessageDef* value_m = upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(value_f);
+  upb_Map* fields = upb_Message_Mutable(msg, fields_f, d->arena).map;
+
+  jsondec_objstart(d);
+  while (jsondec_objnext(d)) {
+    upb_MessageValue key, value;
+    upb_Message* value_msg = upb_Message_New(value_m, d->arena);
+    key.str_val = jsondec_string(d);
+    value.msg_val = value_msg;
+    upb_Map_Set(fields, key, value, d->arena);
+    jsondec_entrysep(d);
+    jsondec_wellknownvalue(d, value_msg, value_m);
+  }
+  jsondec_objend(d);
+}
+
+static void jsondec_wellknownvalue(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
+                                   const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  upb_MessageValue val;
+  const upb_FieldDef* f;
+  upb_Message* submsg;
+
+  switch (jsondec_peek(d)) {
+    case JD_NUMBER:
+      /* double number_value = 2; */
+      f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 2);
+      val.double_val = jsondec_number(d);
+      break;
+    case JD_STRING:
+      /* string string_value = 3; */
+      f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 3);
+      val.str_val = jsondec_string(d);
+      break;
+    case JD_FALSE:
+      /* bool bool_value = 4; */
+      f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 4);
+      val.bool_val = false;
+      jsondec_false(d);
+      break;
+    case JD_TRUE:
+      /* bool bool_value = 4; */
+      f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 4);
+      val.bool_val = true;
+      jsondec_true(d);
+      break;
+    case JD_NULL:
+      /* NullValue null_value = 1; */
+      f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 1);
+      val.int32_val = 0;
+      jsondec_null(d);
+      break;
+    /* Note: these cases return, because upb_Message_Mutable() is enough. */
+    case JD_OBJECT:
+      /* Struct struct_value = 5; */
+      f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 5);
+      submsg = upb_Message_Mutable(msg, f, d->arena).msg;
+      jsondec_struct(d, submsg, upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(f));
+      return;
+    case JD_ARRAY:
+      /* ListValue list_value = 6; */
+      f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 6);
+      submsg = upb_Message_Mutable(msg, f, d->arena).msg;
+      jsondec_listvalue(d, submsg, upb_FieldDef_MessageSubDef(f));
+      return;
+    default:
+      UPB_UNREACHABLE();
+  }
+
+  upb_Message_Set(msg, f, val, d->arena);
+}
+
+static upb_StringView jsondec_mask(jsondec* d, const char* buf,
+                                   const char* end) {
+  /* FieldMask fields grow due to inserted '_' characters, so we can't do the
+   * transform in place. */
+  const char* ptr = buf;
+  upb_StringView ret;
+  char* out;
+
+  ret.size = end - ptr;
+  while (ptr < end) {
+    ret.size += (*ptr >= 'A' && *ptr <= 'Z');
+    ptr++;
+  }
+
+  out = upb_Arena_Malloc(d->arena, ret.size);
+  ptr = buf;
+  ret.data = out;
+
+  while (ptr < end) {
+    char ch = *ptr++;
+    if (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z') {
+      *out++ = '_';
+      *out++ = ch + 32;
+    } else if (ch == '_') {
+      jsondec_err(d, "field mask may not contain '_'");
+    } else {
+      *out++ = ch;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+static void jsondec_fieldmask(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
+                              const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  /* repeated string paths = 1; */
+  const upb_FieldDef* paths_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 1);
+  upb_Array* arr = upb_Message_Mutable(msg, paths_f, d->arena).array;
+  upb_StringView str = jsondec_string(d);
+  const char* ptr = str.data;
+  const char* end = ptr + str.size;
+  upb_MessageValue val;
+
+  while (ptr < end) {
+    const char* elem_end = memchr(ptr, ',', end - ptr);
+    if (elem_end) {
+      val.str_val = jsondec_mask(d, ptr, elem_end);
+      ptr = elem_end + 1;
+    } else {
+      val.str_val = jsondec_mask(d, ptr, end);
+      ptr = end;
+    }
+    upb_Array_Append(arr, val, d->arena);
+  }
+}
+
+static void jsondec_anyfield(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
+                             const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  if (upb_MessageDef_WellKnownType(m) == kUpb_WellKnown_Unspecified) {
+    /* For regular types: {"@type": "[user type]", "f1": <V1>, "f2": <V2>}
+     * where f1, f2, etc. are the normal fields of this type. */
+    jsondec_field(d, msg, m);
+  } else {
+    /* For well-known types: {"@type": "[well-known type]", "value": <X>}
+     * where <X> is whatever encoding the WKT normally uses. */
+    upb_StringView str = jsondec_string(d);
+    jsondec_entrysep(d);
+    if (!jsondec_streql(str, "value")) {
+      jsondec_err(d, "Key for well-known type must be 'value'");
+    }
+    jsondec_wellknown(d, msg, m);
+  }
+}
+
+static const upb_MessageDef* jsondec_typeurl(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
+                                             const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  const upb_FieldDef* type_url_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 1);
+  const upb_MessageDef* type_m;
+  upb_StringView type_url = jsondec_string(d);
+  const char* end = type_url.data + type_url.size;
+  const char* ptr = end;
+  upb_MessageValue val;
+
+  val.str_val = type_url;
+  upb_Message_Set(msg, type_url_f, val, d->arena);
+
+  /* Find message name after the last '/' */
+  while (ptr > type_url.data && *--ptr != '/') {
+  }
+
+  if (ptr == type_url.data || ptr == end) {
+    jsondec_err(d, "Type url must have at least one '/' and non-empty host");
+  }
+
+  ptr++;
+  type_m = upb_DefPool_FindMessageByNameWithSize(d->symtab, ptr, end - ptr);
+
+  if (!type_m) {
+    jsondec_err(d, "Type was not found");
+  }
+
+  return type_m;
+}
+
+static void jsondec_any(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg, const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  /* string type_url = 1;
+   * bytes value = 2; */
+  const upb_FieldDef* value_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 2);
+  upb_Message* any_msg;
+  const upb_MessageDef* any_m = NULL;
+  const char* pre_type_data = NULL;
+  const char* pre_type_end = NULL;
+  upb_MessageValue encoded;
+
+  jsondec_objstart(d);
+
+  /* Scan looking for "@type", which is not necessarily first. */
+  while (!any_m && jsondec_objnext(d)) {
+    const char* start = d->ptr;
+    upb_StringView name = jsondec_string(d);
+    jsondec_entrysep(d);
+    if (jsondec_streql(name, "@type")) {
+      any_m = jsondec_typeurl(d, msg, m);
+      if (pre_type_data) {
+        pre_type_end = start;
+        while (*pre_type_end != ',') pre_type_end--;
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (!pre_type_data) pre_type_data = start;
+      jsondec_skipval(d);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!any_m) {
+    jsondec_err(d, "Any object didn't contain a '@type' field");
+  }
+
+  any_msg = upb_Message_New(any_m, d->arena);
+
+  if (pre_type_data) {
+    size_t len = pre_type_end - pre_type_data + 1;
+    char* tmp = upb_Arena_Malloc(d->arena, len);
+    const char* saved_ptr = d->ptr;
+    const char* saved_end = d->end;
+    memcpy(tmp, pre_type_data, len - 1);
+    tmp[len - 1] = '}';
+    d->ptr = tmp;
+    d->end = tmp + len;
+    d->is_first = true;
+    while (jsondec_objnext(d)) {
+      jsondec_anyfield(d, any_msg, any_m);
+    }
+    d->ptr = saved_ptr;
+    d->end = saved_end;
+  }
+
+  while (jsondec_objnext(d)) {
+    jsondec_anyfield(d, any_msg, any_m);
+  }
+
+  jsondec_objend(d);
+
+  encoded.str_val.data = upb_Encode(any_msg, upb_MessageDef_MiniTable(any_m), 0,
+                                    d->arena, &encoded.str_val.size);
+  upb_Message_Set(msg, value_f, encoded, d->arena);
+}
+
+static void jsondec_wrapper(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
+                            const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  const upb_FieldDef* value_f = upb_MessageDef_FindFieldByNumber(m, 1);
+  upb_MessageValue val = jsondec_value(d, value_f);
+  upb_Message_Set(msg, value_f, val, d->arena);
+}
+
+static void jsondec_wellknown(jsondec* d, upb_Message* msg,
+                              const upb_MessageDef* m) {
+  switch (upb_MessageDef_WellKnownType(m)) {
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_Any:
+      jsondec_any(d, msg, m);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_FieldMask:
+      jsondec_fieldmask(d, msg, m);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_Duration:
+      jsondec_duration(d, msg, m);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_Timestamp:
+      jsondec_timestamp(d, msg, m);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_Value:
+      jsondec_wellknownvalue(d, msg, m);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_ListValue:
+      jsondec_listvalue(d, msg, m);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_Struct:
+      jsondec_struct(d, msg, m);
+      break;
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_DoubleValue:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_FloatValue:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_Int64Value:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_UInt64Value:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_Int32Value:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_UInt32Value:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_StringValue:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_BytesValue:
+    case kUpb_WellKnown_BoolValue:
+      jsondec_wrapper(d, msg, m);
+      break;
+    default:
+      UPB_UNREACHABLE();
+  }
+}
+
+bool upb_JsonDecode(const char* buf, size_t size, upb_Message* msg,
+                    const upb_MessageDef* m, const upb_DefPool* symtab,
+                    int options, upb_Arena* arena, upb_Status* status) {
+  jsondec d;
+
+  if (size == 0) return true;
+
+  d.ptr = buf;
+  d.end = buf + size;
+  d.arena = arena;
+  d.symtab = symtab;
+  d.status = status;
+  d.options = options;
+  d.depth = 64;
+  d.line = 1;
+  d.line_begin = d.ptr;
+  d.debug_field = NULL;
+  d.is_first = false;
+
+  if (UPB_SETJMP(d.err)) return false;
+
+  jsondec_tomsg(&d, msg, m);
+  return true;
+}