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-.. -*- rst -*-
-.. highlightlang:: none
-.. groonga-command
-.. database: reference_grn_expr_query_syntax
-Query syntax
-============
-Query syntax is a syntax to specify search condition for common Web
-search form. It is similar to the syntax of Google's search form. For
-example, ``word1 word2`` means that groonga searches records that
-contain both ``word1`` and ``word2``. ``word1 OR word2`` means that
-groogna searches records that contain either ``word1`` or ``word2``.
-Query syntax consists of ``conditional expression``, ``combind
-expression`` and ``assignment expression``. Nomrally ``assignment
-expression`` can be ignored. Because ``assignment expression`` is
-disabled in ``--query`` option of :doc:`/reference/commands/select`. You can use
-it if you use groonga as library and customize query syntax parser
-options.
-``Conditinal expression`` specifies an condition. ``Combinded
-expression`` consists of one or more ``conditional expression``,
-``combined expression`` or ``assignment expression``. ``Assignment
-expression`` can assigns a column to a value.
-Sample data
------------
-Here are a schema definition and sample data to show usage.
-.. groonga-command
-.. include:: ../../example/reference/grn_expr/query_syntax/setup.log
-.. table_create Entries TABLE_PAT_KEY ShortText
-.. column_create Entries content COLUMN_SCALAR Text
-.. column_create Entries n_likes COLUMN_SCALAR UInt32
-.. table_create Terms TABLE_PAT_KEY ShortText --default_tokenizer TokenBigram --normalizer NormalizerAuto
-.. column_create Terms entries_key_index COLUMN_INDEX|WITH_POSITION Entries _key
-.. column_create Terms entries_content_index COLUMN_INDEX|WITH_POSITION Entries content
-.. load --table Entries
-.. [
-.. {"_key":    "The first post!",
-..  "content": "Welcome! This is my first post!",
-..  "n_likes": 5},
-.. {"_key":    "Groonga",
-..  "content": "I started to use Groonga. It's very fast!",
-..  "n_likes": 10},
-.. {"_key":    "Mroonga",
-..  "content": "I also started to use Mroonga. It's also very fast! Really fast!",
-..  "n_likes": 15},
-.. {"_key":    "Good-bye Senna",
-..  "content": "I migrated all Senna system!",
-..  "n_likes": 3},
-.. {"_key":    "Good-bye Tritonn",
-..  "content": "I also migrated all Tritonn system!",
-..  "n_likes": 3}
-.. ]
-There is a table, ``Entries``, for blog entries. An entry has title,
-content and the number of likes for the entry. Title is key of
-``Entries``. Content is value of ``Entries.content`` column. The
-number of likes is value of ``Entries.n_likes`` column.
-``Entries._key`` column and ``Entries.content`` column are indexed
-using ``TokenBigram`` tokenizer. So both ``Entries._key`` and
-``Entries.content`` are fulltext search ready.
-OK. The schema and data for examples are ready.
-Escape
-------
-There are special characters in query syntax. To use a special
-character as itself, it should be escaped by prepending ``\``. For
-example, ``"`` is a special character. It is escaped as ``\"``.
-Here is a special character list:
-  * ``[space]`` (escaped as ``[backslash][space]``) (You should
-    substitute ``[space]`` with a white space character that is 0x20
-    in ASCII and ``[backslash]`` with ``\\``.)
-  * ``"`` (escaped as ``\"``)
-  * ``'`` (escaped as ``\'``)
-  * ``(`` (escaped as ``\(``)
-  * ``)`` (escaped as ``\)``)
-  * ``\`` (escaped as ``\\``)
-You can use quote instead of escape special characters except ``\``
-(backslash). You need to use backslash for escaping backslash like
-``\\`` in quote.
-Quote syntax is ``"..."`` or ``'...'``. You need escape ``"`` as
-``\"`` in ``"..."`` quote syntax.  You need escape ``'`` as ``\'`` in
-``'...'`` quote syntax. For example, ``Alice's brother (Bob)`` can be
-quoted ``"Alice's brother (Bob)"`` or ``'Alice\'s brother (Bob)'``.
-.. note::
-   There is an important point which you have to care. The ``\``
-   (backslash) character is interpreted by command line shell. So if
-   you want to search ``(`` itself for example, you need to escape
-   twice (``\\(``) in command line shell.  The command line shell
-   interprets ``\\(`` as ``\(``, then pass such a literal to
-   Groonga. Groonga regards ``\(`` as ``(``, then search ``(`` itself
-   from database. If you can't do intended search by Groonga, confirm
-   whether special character is escaped properly.
-.. _query-syntax-conditional-expression:
-Conditional expression
-----------------------
-Here is available conditional expression list.
-.. _query-syntax-full-text-search-condition:
-Full text search condition
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-Its syntax is ``keyword``.
-``Full text search condition`` specifies a full text search condition
-against the default match columns. Match columns are full text search
-target columns.
-You should specify the default match columns for full text
-search. They can be specified by ``--match_columns`` option of
-:doc:`/reference/commands/select`. If you don't specify the default match
-columns, this conditional expression fails.
-This conditional expression does full text search with
-``keyword``. ``keyword`` should not contain any spaces. If ``keyword``
-contains a space such as ``search keyword``, it means two full text
-search conditions; ``search`` and ``keyword``. If you want to
-specifies a keyword that contains one or more spaces, you can use
-``phrase search condition`` that is described below.
-Here is a simple example.
-.. groonga-command
-.. include:: ../../example/reference/grn_expr/query_syntax/simple_full_text_search.log
-.. select Entries --match_columns content --query fast
-The expression matches records that contain a word ``fast`` in
-``content`` column value.
-``content`` column is the default match column.
-.. _query-syntax-phrase-search-condition:
-Phrase search condition
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-Its syntax is ``"search keyword"``.
-``Phrase search condition`` specifies a phrase search condition
-against the default match columns.
-You should specify the default match columns for full text
-search. They can be specified by ``--match_columns`` option of
-:doc:`/reference/commands/select`. If you don't specify the default match
-columns, this conditional expression fails.
-This conditional expression does phrase search with ``search
-keyword``. Phrase search searches records that contain ``search`` and
-``keyword`` and those terms are appeared in the same order and
-adjacent. Thus, ``Put a search keyword in the form`` is matched but
-``Search by the keyword`` and ``There is a keyword. Search by it!``
-aren't matched.
-Here is a simple example.
-.. groonga-command
-.. include:: ../../example/reference/grn_expr/query_syntax/simple_phrase_search.log
-.. select Entries --match_columns content --query '"I started"'
-The expression matches records that contain a phrase ``I started`` in
-``content`` column value. ``I also started`` isn't matched because
-``I`` and ``started`` aren't adjacent.
-``content`` column is the default match column.
-.. _query-syntax-full-text-search-condition-with-explicit-match-column:
-Full text search condition (with explicit match column)
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-Its syntax is ``column:@keyword``.
-It's similar to ``full text search condition`` but it doesn't require
-the default match columns. You need to specify match column for the
-full text search condition by ``column:`` instead of
-``--match_columns`` option of :doc:`/reference/commands/select`.
-This condtional expression is useful when you want to use two or more
-full text search against different columns. The default match columns
-specified by ``--match_columns`` option can't be specified multiple
-times. You need to specify the second match column by this conditional
-expression.
-The different between ``full text search condition`` and ``full text
-search condition (with explicit match column)`` is whether advanced
-match columns are supported or not. ``Full text search condition``
-supports advanced match columns but ``full text search condition (with
-explicit match column)`` isn't supported. Advanced match columns has
-the following features:
-  * Weight is supported.
-  * Using multiple columns are supported.
-  * Using index column as a match column is supported.
-See description of ``--match_columns`` option of
-:doc:`/reference/commands/select` about them.
-Here is a simple example.
-.. groonga-command
-.. include:: ../../example/reference/grn_expr/query_syntax/simple_full_text_search_with_explicit_match_column.log
-.. select Entries --query content:@fast
-The expression matches records that contain a word ``fast`` in
-``content`` column value.
-Phrase search condition (with explicit match column)
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-Its syntax is ``column:@"search keyword"``.
-It's similar to ``phrase search condition`` but it doesn't require the
-default match columns. You need to specify match column for the phrase
-search condition by ``column:`` instead of ``--match_columns`` option
-of :doc:`/reference/commands/select`.
-The different between ``phrase search condition`` and ``phrase search
-condition (with explicit match column)`` is similar to between ``full
-text search condition`` and ``full text search condition (with
-explicit match column)``. ``Phrase search condition`` supports
-advanced match columns but ``phrase search condition (with explicit
-match column)`` isn't supported. See description of ``full text search
-condition (with explicit match column)`` about advanced match columns.
-Here is a simple example.
-.. groonga-command
-.. include:: ../../example/reference/grn_expr/query_syntax/simple_phrase_search_with_explicit_match_column.log
-.. select Entries --query 'content:@"I started"'
-The expression matches records that contain a phrase ``I started`` in
-``content`` column value. ``I also started`` isn't matched because
-``I`` and ``started`` aren't adjacent.
-.. _query-syntax-prefix-search-condition:
-Prefix search condition
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-Its syntax is ``column:^value`` or ``value*``.
-This conditional expression does prefix search with ``value``. Prefix
-search searches records that contain a word that starts with ``value``.
-You can use fast prefix search against a column. The column must be
-indexed and index table must be patricia trie table
-(``TABLE_PAT_KEY``) or double array trie table
-(``TABLE_DAT_KEY``). You can also use fast prefix search against
-``_key`` pseudo column of patricia trie table or double array trie
-table. You don't need to index ``_key``.
-Prefix search can be used with other table types but it causes all
-records scan. It's not problem for small records but it spends more
-time for large records.
-It doesn't require the default match columns such as ``full text
-search condition`` and ``phrase search condition``.
-Here is a simple example.
-.. groonga-command
-.. include:: ../../example/reference/grn_expr/query_syntax/simple_prefix_search.log
-.. select Entries --query '_key:^Goo'
-The expression matches records that contain a word that starts with
-``Goo`` in ``_key`` pseudo column value. ``Good-bye Senna`` and
-``Good-bye Tritonn`` are matched with the expression.
-.. _query-syntax-suffix-search-condition:
-Suffix search condition
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-Its syntax is ``column:$value``.
-This conditional expression does suffix search with ``value``. Suffix
-search searches records that contain a word that ends with ``value``.
-You can use fast suffix search against a column. The column must be
-indexed and index table must be patricia trie table
-(``TABLE_PAT_KEY``) with ``KEY_WITH_SIS`` flag. You can also use fast
-suffix search against ``_key`` pseudo column of patricia trie table
-(``TABLE_PAT_KEY``) with ``KEY_WITH_SIS`` flag. You don't need to
-index ``_key``. We recommended that you use index column based fast
-suffix search instead of ``_key`` based fast suffix search. ``_key``
-based fast suffix search returns automatically registered
-substrings. (TODO: write document about suffix search and link to it
-from here.)
-.. note::
-   Fast suffix search can be used only for non-ASCII characters such
-   as hiragana in Japanese. You cannot use fast suffix search for
-   ASCII character.
-Suffix search can be used with other table types or patricia trie
-table without ``KEY_WITH_SIS`` flag but it causes all records
-scan. It's not problem for small records but it spends more time for
-large records.
-It doesn't require the default match columns such as ``full text
-search condition`` and ``phrase search condition``.
-Here is a simple example. It uses fast suffix search for hiragana in
-Japanese that is one of non-ASCII characters.
-.. groonga-command
-.. include:: ../../example/reference/grn_expr/query_syntax/simple_suffix_search.log
-.. table_create Titles TABLE_NO_KEY
-.. column_create Titles content COLUMN_SCALAR ShortText
-.. table_create SuffixSearchTerms TABLE_PAT_KEY|KEY_WITH_SIS ShortText
-.. column_create SuffixSearchTerms index COLUMN_INDEX Titles content
-.. load --table Titles
-.. [
-.. {"content": "ぐるんが"},
-.. {"content": "むるんが"},
-.. {"content": "せな"},
-.. {"content": "とりとん"}
-.. ]
-.. select Titles --query 'content:$んが'
-The expression matches records that have value that ends with ``んが``
-in ``content`` column value. ``ぐるんが`` and ``むるんが`` are matched
-with the expression.
-.. _query-syntax-near-search-condition:
-Near search condition
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-TODO
-.. _query-syntax-similar-search-condition:
-Similar search condition
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-TODO
-.. _query-syntax-equal-condition:
-Equal condition
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-Its syntax is ``column:value``.
-It matches records that ``column`` value is equal to ``value``.
-It doesn't require the default match columns such as ``full text
-search condition`` and ``phrase search condition``.
-Here is a simple example.
-.. groonga-command
-.. include:: ../../example/reference/grn_expr/query_syntax/simple_equal.log
-.. select Entries --query _key:Groonga
-The expression matches records that ``_key`` column value is
-equal to ``Groonga``.
-.. _query-syntax-not-equal-condition:
-Not equal condition
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-Its syntax is ``column:!value``.
-It matches records that ``column`` value isn't equal to ``value``.
-It doesn't require the default match columns such as ``full text
-search condition`` and ``phrase search condition``.
-Here is a simple example.
-.. groonga-command
-.. include:: ../../example/reference/grn_expr/query_syntax/simple_not_equal.log
-.. select Entries --query _key:!Groonga
-The expression matches records that ``_key`` column value is not equal
-to ``Groonga``.
-.. _query-syntax-less-than-condition:
-Less than condition
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-Its syntax is ``column:<value``.
-It matches records that ``column`` value is less than ``value``.
-If ``column`` type is numerical type such as ``Int32``, ``column``
-value and ``value`` are compared as number. If ``column`` type is text
-type such as ``ShortText``, ``column`` value and ``value`` are
-compared as bit sequence.
-It doesn't require the default match columns such as ``full text
-search condition`` and ``phrase search condition``.
-Here is a simple example.
-.. groonga-command
-.. include:: ../../example/reference/grn_expr/query_syntax/simple_less_than.log
-.. select Entries --query n_likes:<10
-The expression matches records that ``n_likes`` column value is less
-than ``10``.
-.. _query-syntax-greater-than-condition:
-Greater than condition
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-Its syntax is ``column:>value``.
-It matches records that ``column`` value is greater than ``value``.
-If ``column`` type is numerical type such as ``Int32``, ``column``
-value and ``value`` are compared as number. If ``column`` type is text
-type such as ``ShortText``, ``column`` value and ``value`` are
-compared as bit sequence.
-It doesn't require the default match columns such as ``full text
-search condition`` and ``phrase search condition``.
-Here is a simple example.
-.. groonga-command
-.. include:: ../../example/reference/grn_expr/query_syntax/simple_greater_than.log
-.. select Entries --query n_likes:>10
-The expression matches records that ``n_likes`` column value is greater
-than ``10``.
-.. _query-syntax-less-than-or-equal-condition:
-Less than or equal to condition
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-Its syntax is ``column:<=value``.
-It matches records that ``column`` value is less than or equal to
-``value``.
-If ``column`` type is numerical type such as ``Int32``, ``column``
-value and ``value`` are compared as number. If ``column`` type is text
-type such as ``ShortText``, ``column`` value and ``value`` are
-compared as bit sequence.
-It doesn't require the default match columns such as ``full text
-search condition`` and ``phrase search condition``.
-Here is a simple example.
-.. groonga-command
-.. include:: ../../example/reference/grn_expr/query_syntax/simple_less_than_or_equal_to.log
-.. select Entries --query n_likes:<=10
-The expression matches records that ``n_likes`` column value is less
-than or equal to ``10``.
-.. _query-syntax-greater-than-or-equal-condition:
-Greater than or equal to condition
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-Its syntax is ``column:>=value``.
-It matches records that ``column`` value is greater than or equal to
-``value``.
-If ``column`` type is numerical type such as ``Int32``, ``column``
-value and ``value`` are compared as number. If ``column`` type is text
-type such as ``ShortText``, ``column`` value and ``value`` are
-compared as bit sequence.
-It doesn't require the default match columns such as ``full text
-search condition`` and ``phrase search condition``.
-Here is a simple example.
-.. groonga-command
-.. include:: ../../example/reference/grn_expr/query_syntax/simple_greater_than_or_equal_to.log
-.. select Entries --query n_likes:>=10
-The expression matches records that ``n_likes`` column value is
-greater than or equal to ``10``.
-.. _query-syntax-regular-expression-condition:
-Regular expression condition
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.. versionadded:: 5.0.1
-Its syntax is ``column:~pattern``.
-It matches records that ``column`` value is matched to
-``pattern``. ``pattern`` must be valid
-:doc:`/reference/regular_expression`.
-The following example uses ``.roonga`` as pattern. It matches
-``Groonga``, ``Mroonga`` and so on.
-.. groonga-command
-.. include:: ../../example/reference/grn_expr/query_syntax/simple_regular_expression.log
-.. select Entries --query content:~.roonga
-In most cases, regular expression is evaluated sequentially. So it may
-be slow against many records.
-In some cases, Groonga evaluates regular expression by index. It's
-very fast. See :doc:`/reference/regular_expression` for details.
-.. _query-syntax-combined-expression:
-Combined expression
--------------------
-Here is available combined expression list.
-Logical OR
-^^^^^^^^^^
-Its syntax is ``a OR b``.
-``a`` and ``b`` are conditional expressions, conbinded expressions or
-assignment expressions.
-If at least one of ``a`` and ``b`` are matched, ``a OR b`` is matched.
-Here is a simple example.
-.. groonga-command
-.. include:: ../../example/reference/grn_expr/query_syntax/simple_logical_or.log
-.. select Entries --query 'n_likes:>10 OR content:@senna'
-The expression matches records that ``n_likes`` column value is
-greater than ``10`` or contain a word ``senna`` in ``content`` column
-value.
-Logical AND
-^^^^^^^^^^^
-Its syntax is ``a + b`` or just ``a b``.
-``a`` and ``b`` are conditional expressions, conbinded expressions or
-assignment expressions.
-If both ``a`` and ``b`` are matched, ``a + b`` is matched.
-You can specify ``+`` the first expression such as ``+a``. The ``+``
-is just ignored.
-Here is a simple example.
-.. groonga-command
-.. include:: ../../example/reference/grn_expr/query_syntax/simple_logical_and.log
-.. select Entries --query 'n_likes:>=10 + content:@groonga'
-The expression matches records that ``n_likes`` column value is
-greater than or equal to ``10`` and contain a word ``groonga`` in
-``content`` column value.
-Logical NOT
-^^^^^^^^^^^
-Its syntax is ``a - b``.
-``a`` and ``b`` are conditional expressions, conbinded expressions or
-assignment expressions.
-If ``a`` is matched and ``b`` is not matched, ``a - b`` is matched.
-You can not specify ``-`` the first expression such as ``-a``. It's
-syntax error.
-Here is a simple example.
-.. groonga-command
-.. include:: ../../example/reference/grn_expr/query_syntax/simple_logical_not.log
-.. select Entries --query 'n_likes:>=10 - content:@groonga'
-The expression matches records that ``n_likes`` column value is
-greater than or equal to ``10`` and don't contain a word ``groonga`` in
-``content`` column value.
-Grouping
-^^^^^^^^
-Its syntax is ``(...)``. ``...`` is space separated expression list.
-``(...)`` groups one ore more expressions and they can be
-processed as an expression. ``a b OR c`` means that ``a`` and ``b``
-are matched or ``c`` is matched. ``a (b OR c)`` means that ``a`` and
-one of ``b`` and ``c`` are matched.
-Here is a simple example.
-.. groonga-command
-.. include:: ../../example/reference/grn_expr/query_syntax/simple_grouping.log
-.. select Entries --query 'n_likes:<5 content:@senna OR content:@fast'
-.. select Entries --query 'n_likes:<5 (content:@senna OR content:@fast)'
-The first expression doesn't use grouping. It matches records that
-``n_likes:<5`` and ``content:@senna`` are matched or
-``content:@fast`` is matched.
-The second expression uses grouping. It matches records that
-``n_likes:<5`` and one of ``content:@senna`` or ``content:@fast``
-are matched.
-Assignment expression
----------------------
-This section is for advanced users. Because assignment expression is
-disabled in ``--query`` option of :doc:`/reference/commands/select` by
-default. You need to specify ``ALLOW_COLUMN|ALLOW_UPDATE`` as
-``--query_flags`` option value to enable assignment expression.
-Assignment expression in query syntax has some limitations. So you
-should use :doc:`/reference/grn_expr/script_syntax` instead of query syntax for
-assignment.
-There is only one syntax for assignment expression. It's ``column:=value``.
-``value`` is assigend to ``column``. ``value`` is always processed as
-string in query syntax. ``value`` is casted to the type of ``column``
-automatically. It causes some limitations. For example, you cannot use
-boolean literal such as ``true`` and ``false`` for ``Bool`` type
-column. You need to use empty string for ``false`` but query syntax
-doesn't support ``column:=`` syntax.
-See :doc:`/reference/cast` about cast.