ron 0.3 → 0.4
Sign up to get free protection for your applications and to get access to all the features.
- data/ron.gemspec +39 -51
- metadata +50 -77
- data/COPYING +0 -21
- data/README.md +0 -133
- data/Rakefile +0 -94
- data/bin/ron +0 -130
- data/lib/ron.rb +0 -16
- data/lib/ron/document.rb +0 -289
- data/lib/ron/layout.html +0 -75
- data/lib/ron/roff.rb +0 -180
- data/man/markdown.5 +0 -1614
- data/man/markdown.5.ron +0 -881
- data/man/ron.1 +0 -226
- data/man/ron.1.ron +0 -158
- data/man/ron.5 +0 -210
- data/man/ron.5.ron +0 -154
- data/man/ron.7 +0 -201
- data/man/ron.7.ron +0 -133
- data/test/angle_bracket_syntax.html +0 -12
- data/test/angle_bracket_syntax.ron +0 -12
- data/test/basic_document.html +0 -3
- data/test/basic_document.ron +0 -4
- data/test/custom_title_document.html +0 -3
- data/test/custom_title_document.ron +0 -5
- data/test/definition_list_syntax.html +0 -21
- data/test/definition_list_syntax.ron +0 -18
- data/test/document_test.rb +0 -88
- data/test/ron_test.rb +0 -59
- data/test/titleless_document.html +0 -2
- data/test/titleless_document.ron +0 -2
data/man/markdown.5.ron
DELETED
@@ -1,881 +0,0 @@
|
|
1
|
-
markdown(5) -- humane markup syntax
|
2
|
-
===================================
|
3
|
-
|
4
|
-
## SYNOPSIS
|
5
|
-
|
6
|
-
# Header 1 #
|
7
|
-
## Header 2 ##
|
8
|
-
### Header 3 ### (Hashes on right are optional)
|
9
|
-
#### Header 4 ####
|
10
|
-
##### Header 5 #####
|
11
|
-
|
12
|
-
This is a paragraph, which is text surrounded by whitespace.
|
13
|
-
Paragraphs can be on one line (or many), and can drone on for
|
14
|
-
hours.
|
15
|
-
|
16
|
-
[Reference style links][1] and [inline links](http://example.com)
|
17
|
-
[1]: http://example.com "Title is optional"
|
18
|
-
|
19
|
-
Inline markup like _italics_, **bold**, and `code()`.
|
20
|
-
|
21
|
-
![picture alt](/images/photo.jpeg "Title is optional")
|
22
|
-
|
23
|
-
> Blockquotes are like quoted text in email replies
|
24
|
-
>> And, they can be nested
|
25
|
-
|
26
|
-
code blocks are for preformatted
|
27
|
-
text and must be indented with four spaces
|
28
|
-
|
29
|
-
* Bullet lists are easy too
|
30
|
-
* You can
|
31
|
-
* even
|
32
|
-
* nest them
|
33
|
-
- Another one
|
34
|
-
+ Another one
|
35
|
-
|
36
|
-
## DESCRIPTION
|
37
|
-
|
38
|
-
### Philosophy
|
39
|
-
|
40
|
-
Markdown is intended to be as easy-to-read and easy-to-write as is feasible.
|
41
|
-
|
42
|
-
Readability, however, is emphasized above all else. A Markdown-formatted
|
43
|
-
document should be publishable as-is, as plain text, without looking
|
44
|
-
like it's been marked up with tags or formatting instructions. While
|
45
|
-
Markdown's syntax has been influenced by several existing text-to-HTML
|
46
|
-
filters -- including [Setext] [1], [atx] [2], [Textile] [3], [reStructuredText] [4],
|
47
|
-
[Grutatext] [5], and [EtText] [6] -- the single biggest source of
|
48
|
-
inspiration for Markdown's syntax is the format of plain text email.
|
49
|
-
|
50
|
-
[1]: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/mirror/setext.html
|
51
|
-
[2]: http://www.aaronsw.com/2002/atx/
|
52
|
-
[3]: http://textism.com/tools/textile/
|
53
|
-
[4]: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html
|
54
|
-
[5]: http://www.triptico.com/software/grutatxt.html
|
55
|
-
[6]: http://ettext.taint.org/doc/
|
56
|
-
|
57
|
-
To this end, Markdown's syntax is comprised entirely of punctuation
|
58
|
-
characters, which punctuation characters have been carefully chosen so
|
59
|
-
as to look like what they mean. E.g., asterisks around a word actually
|
60
|
-
look like \*emphasis\*. Markdown lists look like, well, lists. Even
|
61
|
-
blockquotes look like quoted passages of text, assuming you've ever
|
62
|
-
used email.
|
63
|
-
|
64
|
-
### Inline HTML
|
65
|
-
|
66
|
-
Markdown's syntax is intended for one purpose: to be used as a
|
67
|
-
format for *writing* for the web.
|
68
|
-
|
69
|
-
Markdown is not a replacement for HTML, or even close to it. Its
|
70
|
-
syntax is very small, corresponding only to a very small subset of
|
71
|
-
HTML tags. The idea is *not* to create a syntax that makes it easier
|
72
|
-
to insert HTML tags. In my opinion, HTML tags are already easy to
|
73
|
-
insert. The idea for Markdown is to make it easy to read, write, and
|
74
|
-
edit prose. HTML is a *publishing* format; Markdown is a *writing*
|
75
|
-
format. Thus, Markdown's formatting syntax only addresses issues that
|
76
|
-
can be conveyed in plain text.
|
77
|
-
|
78
|
-
For any markup that is not covered by Markdown's syntax, you simply
|
79
|
-
use HTML itself. There's no need to preface it or delimit it to
|
80
|
-
indicate that you're switching from Markdown to HTML; you just use
|
81
|
-
the tags.
|
82
|
-
|
83
|
-
The only restrictions are that block-level HTML elements -- e.g. `<div>`,
|
84
|
-
`<table>`, `<pre>`, `<p>`, etc. -- must be separated from surrounding
|
85
|
-
content by blank lines, and the start and end tags of the block should
|
86
|
-
not be indented with tabs or spaces. Markdown is smart enough not
|
87
|
-
to add extra (unwanted) `<p>` tags around HTML block-level tags.
|
88
|
-
|
89
|
-
For example, to add an HTML table to a Markdown article:
|
90
|
-
|
91
|
-
This is a regular paragraph.
|
92
|
-
|
93
|
-
<table>
|
94
|
-
<tr>
|
95
|
-
<td>Foo</td>
|
96
|
-
</tr>
|
97
|
-
</table>
|
98
|
-
|
99
|
-
This is another regular paragraph.
|
100
|
-
|
101
|
-
Note that Markdown formatting syntax is not processed within block-level
|
102
|
-
HTML tags. E.g., you can't use Markdown-style `*emphasis*` inside an
|
103
|
-
HTML block.
|
104
|
-
|
105
|
-
Span-level HTML tags -- e.g. `<span>`, `<cite>`, or `<del>` -- can be
|
106
|
-
used anywhere in a Markdown paragraph, list item, or header. If you
|
107
|
-
want, you can even use HTML tags instead of Markdown formatting; e.g. if
|
108
|
-
you'd prefer to use HTML `<a>` or `<img>` tags instead of Markdown's
|
109
|
-
link or image syntax, go right ahead.
|
110
|
-
|
111
|
-
Unlike block-level HTML tags, Markdown syntax *is* processed within
|
112
|
-
span-level tags.
|
113
|
-
|
114
|
-
### Automatic Escaping for Special Characters
|
115
|
-
|
116
|
-
In HTML, there are two characters that demand special treatment: `<`
|
117
|
-
and `&`. Left angle brackets are used to start tags; ampersands are
|
118
|
-
used to denote HTML entities. If you want to use them as literal
|
119
|
-
characters, you must escape them as entities, e.g. `<`, and
|
120
|
-
`&`.
|
121
|
-
|
122
|
-
Ampersands in particular are bedeviling for web writers. If you want to
|
123
|
-
write about 'AT&T', you need to write '`AT&T`'. You even need to
|
124
|
-
escape ampersands within URLs. Thus, if you want to link to:
|
125
|
-
|
126
|
-
http://images.google.com/images?num=30&q=larry+bird
|
127
|
-
|
128
|
-
you need to encode the URL as:
|
129
|
-
|
130
|
-
http://images.google.com/images?num=30&q=larry+bird
|
131
|
-
|
132
|
-
in your anchor tag `href` attribute. Needless to say, this is easy to
|
133
|
-
forget, and is probably the single most common source of HTML validation
|
134
|
-
errors in otherwise well-marked-up web sites.
|
135
|
-
|
136
|
-
Markdown allows you to use these characters naturally, taking care of
|
137
|
-
all the necessary escaping for you. If you use an ampersand as part of
|
138
|
-
an HTML entity, it remains unchanged; otherwise it will be translated
|
139
|
-
into `&`.
|
140
|
-
|
141
|
-
So, if you want to include a copyright symbol in your article, you can write:
|
142
|
-
|
143
|
-
©
|
144
|
-
|
145
|
-
and Markdown will leave it alone. But if you write:
|
146
|
-
|
147
|
-
AT&T
|
148
|
-
|
149
|
-
Markdown will translate it to:
|
150
|
-
|
151
|
-
AT&T
|
152
|
-
|
153
|
-
Similarly, because Markdown supports [inline HTML](#html), if you use
|
154
|
-
angle brackets as delimiters for HTML tags, Markdown will treat them as
|
155
|
-
such. But if you write:
|
156
|
-
|
157
|
-
4 < 5
|
158
|
-
|
159
|
-
Markdown will translate it to:
|
160
|
-
|
161
|
-
4 < 5
|
162
|
-
|
163
|
-
However, inside Markdown code spans and blocks, angle brackets and
|
164
|
-
ampersands are *always* encoded automatically. This makes it easy to use
|
165
|
-
Markdown to write about HTML code. (As opposed to raw HTML, which is a
|
166
|
-
terrible format for writing about HTML syntax, because every single `<`
|
167
|
-
and `&` in your example code needs to be escaped.)
|
168
|
-
|
169
|
-
## BLOCK ELEMENTS
|
170
|
-
|
171
|
-
### Paragraphs and Line Breaks
|
172
|
-
|
173
|
-
A paragraph is simply one or more consecutive lines of text, separated
|
174
|
-
by one or more blank lines. (A blank line is any line that looks like a
|
175
|
-
blank line -- a line containing nothing but spaces or tabs is considered
|
176
|
-
blank.) Normal paragraphs should not be indented with spaces or tabs.
|
177
|
-
|
178
|
-
The implication of the "one or more consecutive lines of text" rule is
|
179
|
-
that Markdown supports "hard-wrapped" text paragraphs. This differs
|
180
|
-
significantly from most other text-to-HTML formatters (including Movable
|
181
|
-
Type's "Convert Line Breaks" option) which translate every line break
|
182
|
-
character in a paragraph into a `<br />` tag.
|
183
|
-
|
184
|
-
When you *do* want to insert a `<br />` break tag using Markdown, you
|
185
|
-
end a line with two or more spaces, then type return.
|
186
|
-
|
187
|
-
Yes, this takes a tad more effort to create a `<br />`, but a simplistic
|
188
|
-
"every line break is a `<br />`" rule wouldn't work for Markdown.
|
189
|
-
Markdown's email-style [blockquoting][bq] and multi-paragraph [list items][l]
|
190
|
-
work best -- and look better -- when you format them with hard breaks.
|
191
|
-
|
192
|
-
[bq]: #blockquote
|
193
|
-
[l]: #list
|
194
|
-
|
195
|
-
### Headers
|
196
|
-
|
197
|
-
Markdown supports two styles of headers, [Setext] [1] and [atx] [2].
|
198
|
-
|
199
|
-
Setext-style headers are "underlined" using equal signs (for first-level
|
200
|
-
headers) and dashes (for second-level headers). For example:
|
201
|
-
|
202
|
-
This is an H1
|
203
|
-
=============
|
204
|
-
|
205
|
-
This is an H2
|
206
|
-
-------------
|
207
|
-
|
208
|
-
Any number of underlining `=`'s or `-`'s will work.
|
209
|
-
|
210
|
-
Atx-style headers use 1-6 hash characters at the start of the line,
|
211
|
-
corresponding to header levels 1-6. For example:
|
212
|
-
|
213
|
-
# This is an H1
|
214
|
-
|
215
|
-
## This is an H2
|
216
|
-
|
217
|
-
###### This is an H6
|
218
|
-
|
219
|
-
Optionally, you may "close" atx-style headers. This is purely
|
220
|
-
cosmetic -- you can use this if you think it looks better. The
|
221
|
-
closing hashes don't even need to match the number of hashes
|
222
|
-
used to open the header. (The number of opening hashes
|
223
|
-
determines the header level.) :
|
224
|
-
|
225
|
-
# This is an H1 #
|
226
|
-
|
227
|
-
## This is an H2 ##
|
228
|
-
|
229
|
-
### This is an H3 ######
|
230
|
-
|
231
|
-
### Blockquotes
|
232
|
-
|
233
|
-
Markdown uses email-style `>` characters for blockquoting. If you're
|
234
|
-
familiar with quoting passages of text in an email message, then you
|
235
|
-
know how to create a blockquote in Markdown. It looks best if you hard
|
236
|
-
wrap the text and put a `>` before every line:
|
237
|
-
|
238
|
-
> This is a blockquote with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
|
239
|
-
> consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus.
|
240
|
-
> Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.
|
241
|
-
>
|
242
|
-
> Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse
|
243
|
-
> id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.
|
244
|
-
|
245
|
-
Markdown allows you to be lazy and only put the `>` before the first
|
246
|
-
line of a hard-wrapped paragraph:
|
247
|
-
|
248
|
-
> This is a blockquote with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
|
249
|
-
consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus.
|
250
|
-
Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.
|
251
|
-
|
252
|
-
> Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse
|
253
|
-
id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.
|
254
|
-
|
255
|
-
Blockquotes can be nested (i.e. a blockquote-in-a-blockquote) by
|
256
|
-
adding additional levels of `>`:
|
257
|
-
|
258
|
-
> This is the first level of quoting.
|
259
|
-
>
|
260
|
-
> > This is nested blockquote.
|
261
|
-
>
|
262
|
-
> Back to the first level.
|
263
|
-
|
264
|
-
Blockquotes can contain other Markdown elements, including headers, lists,
|
265
|
-
and code blocks:
|
266
|
-
|
267
|
-
> ## This is a header.
|
268
|
-
>
|
269
|
-
> 1. This is the first list item.
|
270
|
-
> 2. This is the second list item.
|
271
|
-
>
|
272
|
-
> Here's some example code:
|
273
|
-
>
|
274
|
-
> return shell_exec("echo $input | $markdown_script");
|
275
|
-
|
276
|
-
Any decent text editor should make email-style quoting easy. For
|
277
|
-
example, with BBEdit, you can make a selection and choose Increase
|
278
|
-
Quote Level from the Text menu.
|
279
|
-
|
280
|
-
### Lists
|
281
|
-
|
282
|
-
Markdown supports ordered (numbered) and unordered (bulleted) lists.
|
283
|
-
|
284
|
-
Unordered lists use asterisks, pluses, and hyphens -- interchangably
|
285
|
-
-- as list markers:
|
286
|
-
|
287
|
-
* Red
|
288
|
-
* Green
|
289
|
-
* Blue
|
290
|
-
|
291
|
-
is equivalent to:
|
292
|
-
|
293
|
-
+ Red
|
294
|
-
+ Green
|
295
|
-
+ Blue
|
296
|
-
|
297
|
-
and:
|
298
|
-
|
299
|
-
- Red
|
300
|
-
- Green
|
301
|
-
- Blue
|
302
|
-
|
303
|
-
Ordered lists use numbers followed by periods:
|
304
|
-
|
305
|
-
1. Bird
|
306
|
-
2. McHale
|
307
|
-
3. Parish
|
308
|
-
|
309
|
-
It's important to note that the actual numbers you use to mark the
|
310
|
-
list have no effect on the HTML output Markdown produces. The HTML
|
311
|
-
Markdown produces from the above list is:
|
312
|
-
|
313
|
-
<ol>
|
314
|
-
<li>Bird</li>
|
315
|
-
<li>McHale</li>
|
316
|
-
<li>Parish</li>
|
317
|
-
</ol>
|
318
|
-
|
319
|
-
If you instead wrote the list in Markdown like this:
|
320
|
-
|
321
|
-
1. Bird
|
322
|
-
1. McHale
|
323
|
-
1. Parish
|
324
|
-
|
325
|
-
or even:
|
326
|
-
|
327
|
-
3. Bird
|
328
|
-
1. McHale
|
329
|
-
8. Parish
|
330
|
-
|
331
|
-
you'd get the exact same HTML output. The point is, if you want to,
|
332
|
-
you can use ordinal numbers in your ordered Markdown lists, so that
|
333
|
-
the numbers in your source match the numbers in your published HTML.
|
334
|
-
But if you want to be lazy, you don't have to.
|
335
|
-
|
336
|
-
If you do use lazy list numbering, however, you should still start the
|
337
|
-
list with the number 1. At some point in the future, Markdown may support
|
338
|
-
starting ordered lists at an arbitrary number.
|
339
|
-
|
340
|
-
List markers typically start at the left margin, but may be indented by
|
341
|
-
up to three spaces. List markers must be followed by one or more spaces
|
342
|
-
or a tab.
|
343
|
-
|
344
|
-
To make lists look nice, you can wrap items with hanging indents:
|
345
|
-
|
346
|
-
* Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
|
347
|
-
Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi,
|
348
|
-
viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.
|
349
|
-
* Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit.
|
350
|
-
Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.
|
351
|
-
|
352
|
-
But if you want to be lazy, you don't have to:
|
353
|
-
|
354
|
-
* Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
|
355
|
-
Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi,
|
356
|
-
viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.
|
357
|
-
* Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit.
|
358
|
-
Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.
|
359
|
-
|
360
|
-
If list items are separated by blank lines, Markdown will wrap the
|
361
|
-
items in `<p>` tags in the HTML output. For example, this input:
|
362
|
-
|
363
|
-
* Bird
|
364
|
-
* Magic
|
365
|
-
|
366
|
-
will turn into:
|
367
|
-
|
368
|
-
<ul>
|
369
|
-
<li>Bird</li>
|
370
|
-
<li>Magic</li>
|
371
|
-
</ul>
|
372
|
-
|
373
|
-
But this:
|
374
|
-
|
375
|
-
* Bird
|
376
|
-
|
377
|
-
* Magic
|
378
|
-
|
379
|
-
will turn into:
|
380
|
-
|
381
|
-
<ul>
|
382
|
-
<li><p>Bird</p></li>
|
383
|
-
<li><p>Magic</p></li>
|
384
|
-
</ul>
|
385
|
-
|
386
|
-
List items may consist of multiple paragraphs. Each subsequent
|
387
|
-
paragraph in a list item must be indented by either 4 spaces
|
388
|
-
or one tab:
|
389
|
-
|
390
|
-
1. This is a list item with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor
|
391
|
-
sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit
|
392
|
-
mi posuere lectus.
|
393
|
-
|
394
|
-
Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet
|
395
|
-
vitae, risus. Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum
|
396
|
-
sit amet velit.
|
397
|
-
|
398
|
-
2. Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.
|
399
|
-
|
400
|
-
It looks nice if you indent every line of the subsequent
|
401
|
-
paragraphs, but here again, Markdown will allow you to be
|
402
|
-
lazy:
|
403
|
-
|
404
|
-
* This is a list item with two paragraphs.
|
405
|
-
|
406
|
-
This is the second paragraph in the list item. You're
|
407
|
-
only required to indent the first line. Lorem ipsum dolor
|
408
|
-
sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
|
409
|
-
|
410
|
-
* Another item in the same list.
|
411
|
-
|
412
|
-
To put a blockquote within a list item, the blockquote's `>`
|
413
|
-
delimiters need to be indented:
|
414
|
-
|
415
|
-
* A list item with a blockquote:
|
416
|
-
|
417
|
-
> This is a blockquote
|
418
|
-
> inside a list item.
|
419
|
-
|
420
|
-
To put a code block within a list item, the code block needs
|
421
|
-
to be indented *twice* -- 8 spaces or two tabs:
|
422
|
-
|
423
|
-
* A list item with a code block:
|
424
|
-
|
425
|
-
<code goes here>
|
426
|
-
|
427
|
-
|
428
|
-
It's worth noting that it's possible to trigger an ordered list by
|
429
|
-
accident, by writing something like this:
|
430
|
-
|
431
|
-
1986. What a great season.
|
432
|
-
|
433
|
-
In other words, a *number-period-space* sequence at the beginning of a
|
434
|
-
line. To avoid this, you can backslash-escape the period:
|
435
|
-
|
436
|
-
1986\. What a great season.
|
437
|
-
|
438
|
-
### Code Blocks
|
439
|
-
|
440
|
-
Pre-formatted code blocks are used for writing about programming or
|
441
|
-
markup source code. Rather than forming normal paragraphs, the lines
|
442
|
-
of a code block are interpreted literally. Markdown wraps a code block
|
443
|
-
in both `<pre>` and `<code>` tags.
|
444
|
-
|
445
|
-
To produce a code block in Markdown, simply indent every line of the
|
446
|
-
block by at least 4 spaces or 1 tab. For example, given this input:
|
447
|
-
|
448
|
-
This is a normal paragraph:
|
449
|
-
|
450
|
-
This is a code block.
|
451
|
-
|
452
|
-
Markdown will generate:
|
453
|
-
|
454
|
-
<p>This is a normal paragraph:</p>
|
455
|
-
|
456
|
-
<pre><code>This is a code block.
|
457
|
-
</code></pre>
|
458
|
-
|
459
|
-
One level of indentation -- 4 spaces or 1 tab -- is removed from each
|
460
|
-
line of the code block. For example, this:
|
461
|
-
|
462
|
-
Here is an example of AppleScript:
|
463
|
-
|
464
|
-
tell application "Foo"
|
465
|
-
beep
|
466
|
-
end tell
|
467
|
-
|
468
|
-
will turn into:
|
469
|
-
|
470
|
-
<p>Here is an example of AppleScript:</p>
|
471
|
-
|
472
|
-
<pre><code>tell application "Foo"
|
473
|
-
beep
|
474
|
-
end tell
|
475
|
-
</code></pre>
|
476
|
-
|
477
|
-
A code block continues until it reaches a line that is not indented
|
478
|
-
(or the end of the article).
|
479
|
-
|
480
|
-
Within a code block, ampersands (`&`) and angle brackets (`<` and `>`)
|
481
|
-
are automatically converted into HTML entities. This makes it very
|
482
|
-
easy to include example HTML source code using Markdown -- just paste
|
483
|
-
it and indent it, and Markdown will handle the hassle of encoding the
|
484
|
-
ampersands and angle brackets. For example, this:
|
485
|
-
|
486
|
-
<div class="footer">
|
487
|
-
© 2004 Foo Corporation
|
488
|
-
</div>
|
489
|
-
|
490
|
-
will turn into:
|
491
|
-
|
492
|
-
<pre><code><div class="footer">
|
493
|
-
&copy; 2004 Foo Corporation
|
494
|
-
</div>
|
495
|
-
</code></pre>
|
496
|
-
|
497
|
-
Regular Markdown syntax is not processed within code blocks. E.g.,
|
498
|
-
asterisks are just literal asterisks within a code block. This means
|
499
|
-
it's also easy to use Markdown to write about Markdown's own syntax.
|
500
|
-
|
501
|
-
|
502
|
-
|
503
|
-
### Horizontal Rules
|
504
|
-
|
505
|
-
You can produce a horizontal rule tag (`<hr />`) by placing three or
|
506
|
-
more hyphens, asterisks, or underscores on a line by themselves. If you
|
507
|
-
wish, you may use spaces between the hyphens or asterisks. Each of the
|
508
|
-
following lines will produce a horizontal rule:
|
509
|
-
|
510
|
-
* * *
|
511
|
-
|
512
|
-
***
|
513
|
-
|
514
|
-
*****
|
515
|
-
|
516
|
-
- - -
|
517
|
-
|
518
|
-
---------------------------------------
|
519
|
-
|
520
|
-
|
521
|
-
## SPAN ELEMENTS
|
522
|
-
|
523
|
-
### Links
|
524
|
-
|
525
|
-
Markdown supports two style of links: *inline* and *reference*.
|
526
|
-
|
527
|
-
In both styles, the link text is delimited by [square brackets].
|
528
|
-
|
529
|
-
To create an inline link, use a set of regular parentheses immediately
|
530
|
-
after the link text's closing square bracket. Inside the parentheses,
|
531
|
-
put the URL where you want the link to point, along with an *optional*
|
532
|
-
title for the link, surrounded in quotes. For example:
|
533
|
-
|
534
|
-
This is [an example](http://example.com/ "Title") inline link.
|
535
|
-
|
536
|
-
[This link](http://example.net/) has no title attribute.
|
537
|
-
|
538
|
-
Will produce:
|
539
|
-
|
540
|
-
<p>This is <a href="http://example.com/" title="Title">
|
541
|
-
an example</a> inline link.</p>
|
542
|
-
|
543
|
-
<p><a href="http://example.net/">This link</a> has no
|
544
|
-
title attribute.</p>
|
545
|
-
|
546
|
-
If you're referring to a local resource on the same server, you can
|
547
|
-
use relative paths:
|
548
|
-
|
549
|
-
See my [About](/about/) page for details.
|
550
|
-
|
551
|
-
Reference-style links use a second set of square brackets, inside
|
552
|
-
which you place a label of your choosing to identify the link:
|
553
|
-
|
554
|
-
This is [an example][id] reference-style link.
|
555
|
-
|
556
|
-
You can optionally use a space to separate the sets of brackets:
|
557
|
-
|
558
|
-
This is [an example] [id] reference-style link.
|
559
|
-
|
560
|
-
Then, anywhere in the document, you define your link label like this,
|
561
|
-
on a line by itself:
|
562
|
-
|
563
|
-
[id]: http://example.com/ "Optional Title Here"
|
564
|
-
|
565
|
-
That is:
|
566
|
-
|
567
|
-
* Square brackets containing the link identifier (optionally
|
568
|
-
indented from the left margin using up to three spaces);
|
569
|
-
* followed by a colon;
|
570
|
-
* followed by one or more spaces (or tabs);
|
571
|
-
* followed by the URL for the link;
|
572
|
-
* optionally followed by a title attribute for the link, enclosed
|
573
|
-
in double or single quotes, or enclosed in parentheses.
|
574
|
-
|
575
|
-
The following three link definitions are equivalent:
|
576
|
-
|
577
|
-
[foo]: http://example.com/ "Optional Title Here"
|
578
|
-
[foo]: http://example.com/ 'Optional Title Here'
|
579
|
-
[foo]: http://example.com/ (Optional Title Here)
|
580
|
-
|
581
|
-
**Note:** There is a known bug in Markdown.pl 1.0.1 which prevents
|
582
|
-
single quotes from being used to delimit link titles.
|
583
|
-
|
584
|
-
The link URL may, optionally, be surrounded by angle brackets:
|
585
|
-
|
586
|
-
[id]: <http://example.com/> "Optional Title Here"
|
587
|
-
|
588
|
-
You can put the title attribute on the next line and use extra spaces
|
589
|
-
or tabs for padding, which tends to look better with longer URLs:
|
590
|
-
|
591
|
-
[id]: http://example.com/longish/path/to/resource/here
|
592
|
-
"Optional Title Here"
|
593
|
-
|
594
|
-
Link definitions are only used for creating links during Markdown
|
595
|
-
processing, and are stripped from your document in the HTML output.
|
596
|
-
|
597
|
-
Link definition names may consist of letters, numbers, spaces, and
|
598
|
-
punctuation -- but they are *not* case sensitive. E.g. these two
|
599
|
-
links:
|
600
|
-
|
601
|
-
[link text][a]
|
602
|
-
[link text][A]
|
603
|
-
|
604
|
-
are equivalent.
|
605
|
-
|
606
|
-
The *implicit link name* shortcut allows you to omit the name of the
|
607
|
-
link, in which case the link text itself is used as the name.
|
608
|
-
Just use an empty set of square brackets -- e.g., to link the word
|
609
|
-
"Google" to the google.com web site, you could simply write:
|
610
|
-
|
611
|
-
[Google][]
|
612
|
-
|
613
|
-
And then define the link:
|
614
|
-
|
615
|
-
[Google]: http://google.com/
|
616
|
-
|
617
|
-
Because link names may contain spaces, this shortcut even works for
|
618
|
-
multiple words in the link text:
|
619
|
-
|
620
|
-
Visit [Daring Fireball][] for more information.
|
621
|
-
|
622
|
-
And then define the link:
|
623
|
-
|
624
|
-
[Daring Fireball]: http://daringfireball.net/
|
625
|
-
|
626
|
-
Link definitions can be placed anywhere in your Markdown document. I
|
627
|
-
tend to put them immediately after each paragraph in which they're
|
628
|
-
used, but if you want, you can put them all at the end of your
|
629
|
-
document, sort of like footnotes.
|
630
|
-
|
631
|
-
Here's an example of reference links in action:
|
632
|
-
|
633
|
-
I get 10 times more traffic from [Google] [1] than from
|
634
|
-
[Yahoo] [2] or [MSN] [3].
|
635
|
-
|
636
|
-
[1]: http://google.com/ "Google"
|
637
|
-
[2]: http://search.yahoo.com/ "Yahoo Search"
|
638
|
-
[3]: http://search.msn.com/ "MSN Search"
|
639
|
-
|
640
|
-
Using the implicit link name shortcut, you could instead write:
|
641
|
-
|
642
|
-
I get 10 times more traffic from [Google][] than from
|
643
|
-
[Yahoo][] or [MSN][].
|
644
|
-
|
645
|
-
[google]: http://google.com/ "Google"
|
646
|
-
[yahoo]: http://search.yahoo.com/ "Yahoo Search"
|
647
|
-
[msn]: http://search.msn.com/ "MSN Search"
|
648
|
-
|
649
|
-
Both of the above examples will produce the following HTML output:
|
650
|
-
|
651
|
-
<p>I get 10 times more traffic from <a href="http://google.com/"
|
652
|
-
title="Google">Google</a> than from
|
653
|
-
<a href="http://search.yahoo.com/" title="Yahoo Search">Yahoo</a>
|
654
|
-
or <a href="http://search.msn.com/" title="MSN Search">MSN</a>.</p>
|
655
|
-
|
656
|
-
For comparison, here is the same paragraph written using
|
657
|
-
Markdown's inline link style:
|
658
|
-
|
659
|
-
I get 10 times more traffic from [Google](http://google.com/ "Google")
|
660
|
-
than from [Yahoo](http://search.yahoo.com/ "Yahoo Search") or
|
661
|
-
[MSN](http://search.msn.com/ "MSN Search").
|
662
|
-
|
663
|
-
The point of reference-style links is not that they're easier to
|
664
|
-
write. The point is that with reference-style links, your document
|
665
|
-
source is vastly more readable. Compare the above examples: using
|
666
|
-
reference-style links, the paragraph itself is only 81 characters
|
667
|
-
long; with inline-style links, it's 176 characters; and as raw HTML,
|
668
|
-
it's 234 characters. In the raw HTML, there's more markup than there
|
669
|
-
is text.
|
670
|
-
|
671
|
-
With Markdown's reference-style links, a source document much more
|
672
|
-
closely resembles the final output, as rendered in a browser. By
|
673
|
-
allowing you to move the markup-related metadata out of the paragraph,
|
674
|
-
you can add links without interrupting the narrative flow of your
|
675
|
-
prose.
|
676
|
-
|
677
|
-
### Emphasis
|
678
|
-
|
679
|
-
Markdown treats asterisks (`*`) and underscores (`_`) as indicators of
|
680
|
-
emphasis. Text wrapped with one `*` or `_` will be wrapped with an
|
681
|
-
HTML `<em>` tag; double `*`'s or `_`'s will be wrapped with an HTML
|
682
|
-
`<strong>` tag. E.g., this input:
|
683
|
-
|
684
|
-
*single asterisks*
|
685
|
-
|
686
|
-
_single underscores_
|
687
|
-
|
688
|
-
**double asterisks**
|
689
|
-
|
690
|
-
__double underscores__
|
691
|
-
|
692
|
-
will produce:
|
693
|
-
|
694
|
-
<em>single asterisks</em>
|
695
|
-
|
696
|
-
<em>single underscores</em>
|
697
|
-
|
698
|
-
<strong>double asterisks</strong>
|
699
|
-
|
700
|
-
<strong>double underscores</strong>
|
701
|
-
|
702
|
-
You can use whichever style you prefer; the lone restriction is that
|
703
|
-
the same character must be used to open and close an emphasis span.
|
704
|
-
|
705
|
-
Emphasis can be used in the middle of a word:
|
706
|
-
|
707
|
-
un*frigging*believable
|
708
|
-
|
709
|
-
But if you surround an `*` or `_` with spaces, it'll be treated as a
|
710
|
-
literal asterisk or underscore.
|
711
|
-
|
712
|
-
To produce a literal asterisk or underscore at a position where it
|
713
|
-
would otherwise be used as an emphasis delimiter, you can backslash
|
714
|
-
escape it:
|
715
|
-
|
716
|
-
\*this text is surrounded by literal asterisks\*
|
717
|
-
|
718
|
-
|
719
|
-
### Code
|
720
|
-
|
721
|
-
To indicate a span of code, wrap it with backtick quotes (`` ` ``).
|
722
|
-
Unlike a pre-formatted code block, a code span indicates code within a
|
723
|
-
normal paragraph. For example:
|
724
|
-
|
725
|
-
Use the `printf()` function.
|
726
|
-
|
727
|
-
will produce:
|
728
|
-
|
729
|
-
<p>Use the <code>printf()</code> function.</p>
|
730
|
-
|
731
|
-
To include a literal backtick character within a code span, you can use
|
732
|
-
multiple backticks as the opening and closing delimiters:
|
733
|
-
|
734
|
-
``There is a literal backtick (`) here.``
|
735
|
-
|
736
|
-
which will produce this:
|
737
|
-
|
738
|
-
<p><code>There is a literal backtick (`) here.</code></p>
|
739
|
-
|
740
|
-
The backtick delimiters surrounding a code span may include spaces --
|
741
|
-
one after the opening, one before the closing. This allows you to place
|
742
|
-
literal backtick characters at the beginning or end of a code span:
|
743
|
-
|
744
|
-
A single backtick in a code span: `` ` ``
|
745
|
-
|
746
|
-
A backtick-delimited string in a code span: `` `foo` ``
|
747
|
-
|
748
|
-
will produce:
|
749
|
-
|
750
|
-
<p>A single backtick in a code span: <code>`</code></p>
|
751
|
-
|
752
|
-
<p>A backtick-delimited string in a code span: <code>`foo`</code></p>
|
753
|
-
|
754
|
-
With a code span, ampersands and angle brackets are encoded as HTML
|
755
|
-
entities automatically, which makes it easy to include example HTML
|
756
|
-
tags. Markdown will turn this:
|
757
|
-
|
758
|
-
Please don't use any `<blink>` tags.
|
759
|
-
|
760
|
-
into:
|
761
|
-
|
762
|
-
<p>Please don't use any <code><blink></code> tags.</p>
|
763
|
-
|
764
|
-
You can write this:
|
765
|
-
|
766
|
-
`—` is the decimal-encoded equivalent of `—`.
|
767
|
-
|
768
|
-
to produce:
|
769
|
-
|
770
|
-
<p><code>&#8212;</code> is the decimal-encoded
|
771
|
-
equivalent of <code>&mdash;</code>.</p>
|
772
|
-
|
773
|
-
|
774
|
-
### Images
|
775
|
-
|
776
|
-
Admittedly, it's fairly difficult to devise a "natural" syntax for
|
777
|
-
placing images into a plain text document format.
|
778
|
-
|
779
|
-
Markdown uses an image syntax that is intended to resemble the syntax
|
780
|
-
for links, allowing for two styles: *inline* and *reference*.
|
781
|
-
|
782
|
-
Inline image syntax looks like this:
|
783
|
-
|
784
|
-
![Alt text](/path/to/img.jpg)
|
785
|
-
|
786
|
-
![Alt text](/path/to/img.jpg "Optional title")
|
787
|
-
|
788
|
-
That is:
|
789
|
-
|
790
|
-
* An exclamation mark: `!`;
|
791
|
-
* followed by a set of square brackets, containing the `alt`
|
792
|
-
attribute text for the image;
|
793
|
-
* followed by a set of parentheses, containing the URL or path to
|
794
|
-
the image, and an optional `title` attribute enclosed in double
|
795
|
-
or single quotes.
|
796
|
-
|
797
|
-
Reference-style image syntax looks like this:
|
798
|
-
|
799
|
-
![Alt text][id]
|
800
|
-
|
801
|
-
Where "id" is the name of a defined image reference. Image references
|
802
|
-
are defined using syntax identical to link references:
|
803
|
-
|
804
|
-
[id]: url/to/image "Optional title attribute"
|
805
|
-
|
806
|
-
As of this writing, Markdown has no syntax for specifying the
|
807
|
-
dimensions of an image; if this is important to you, you can simply
|
808
|
-
use regular HTML `<img>` tags.
|
809
|
-
|
810
|
-
|
811
|
-
## MISCELLANEOUS
|
812
|
-
|
813
|
-
### Automatic Links
|
814
|
-
|
815
|
-
Markdown supports a shortcut style for creating "automatic" links for URLs and email addresses: simply surround the URL or email address with angle brackets. What this means is that if you want to show the actual text of a URL or email address, and also have it be a clickable link, you can do this:
|
816
|
-
|
817
|
-
<http://example.com/>
|
818
|
-
|
819
|
-
Markdown will turn this into:
|
820
|
-
|
821
|
-
<a href="http://example.com/">http://example.com/</a>
|
822
|
-
|
823
|
-
Automatic links for email addresses work similarly, except that
|
824
|
-
Markdown will also perform a bit of randomized decimal and hex
|
825
|
-
entity-encoding to help obscure your address from address-harvesting
|
826
|
-
spambots. For example, Markdown will turn this:
|
827
|
-
|
828
|
-
<address@example.com>
|
829
|
-
|
830
|
-
into something like this:
|
831
|
-
|
832
|
-
<a href="mailto:addre
|
833
|
-
ss@example.co
|
834
|
-
m">address@exa
|
835
|
-
mple.com</a>
|
836
|
-
|
837
|
-
which will render in a browser as a clickable link to "address@example.com".
|
838
|
-
|
839
|
-
(This sort of entity-encoding trick will indeed fool many, if not
|
840
|
-
most, address-harvesting bots, but it definitely won't fool all of
|
841
|
-
them. It's better than nothing, but an address published in this way
|
842
|
-
will probably eventually start receiving spam.)
|
843
|
-
|
844
|
-
|
845
|
-
### Backslash Escapes
|
846
|
-
|
847
|
-
Markdown allows you to use backslash escapes to generate literal
|
848
|
-
characters which would otherwise have special meaning in Markdown's
|
849
|
-
formatting syntax. For example, if you wanted to surround a word
|
850
|
-
with literal asterisks (instead of an HTML `<em>` tag), you can use
|
851
|
-
backslashes before the asterisks, like this:
|
852
|
-
|
853
|
-
\*literal asterisks\*
|
854
|
-
|
855
|
-
Markdown provides backslash escapes for the following characters:
|
856
|
-
|
857
|
-
\ backslash
|
858
|
-
` backtick
|
859
|
-
* asterisk
|
860
|
-
_ underscore
|
861
|
-
{} curly braces
|
862
|
-
[] square brackets
|
863
|
-
() parentheses
|
864
|
-
# hash mark
|
865
|
-
+ plus sign
|
866
|
-
- minus sign (hyphen)
|
867
|
-
. dot
|
868
|
-
! exclamation mark
|
869
|
-
|
870
|
-
## AUTHOR
|
871
|
-
|
872
|
-
Markdown was created by John Gruber.
|
873
|
-
|
874
|
-
Manual page by Ryan Tomayko. It's pretty much a direct copy of the
|
875
|
-
[Markdown Syntax Reference](http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/syntax),
|
876
|
-
also by John Gruber.
|
877
|
-
|
878
|
-
## SEE ALSO
|
879
|
-
|
880
|
-
ron(5)
|
881
|
-
<http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/>
|