roebe 0.5.147

data/lib/roebe/www/aging/aging.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1277 @@
+german('Aging') {
+autoextend
+ruby_favicon
+template1 '
+
+a:link,
+a:visited {
+  text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a:hover {
+  colour: lightblue;
+  text-decoration: underline;
+}
+
+div.default {
+  margin:  2px;
+  padding: 2px;
+}
+'
+body_css_class 'mar0px s2px padt2px VERDANAs'
+body_css_style 'background-color: #d3d2d1;'
+font_size '1.0em'
+
+# =========================================================================== #
+# === CSS_CLASS_FOR_DATUM
+# =========================================================================== #
+CSS_CLASS_FOR_DATUM = 'BG_Black gold pad0_5em wid25'
+
+doc('mar0px pad0px s0_4em wid98') {
+  dimg 'science/aging/AGING_LOGO.png',
+       'mart0_2em',
+       '',
+       'margin-left: 3%'
+  div('wid100 table_display',
+      '',
+      'border-spacing: 10px;') {
+    div('table_row') {
+      div('table_cell border_1px_dotted_tomato pad0_4em','',
+          'width: 35%;') {
+        # =================================================================== #
+        # === Gedicht von Goethe
+        # =================================================================== #
+        h3 'Das Alter'
+        p('larger marl2em') {
+          lembre "„Das Alter ist ein höflich' Mann:"
+          lembre "Einmal übers andre klopft er an."
+          lembre "Aber nun sagt niemand: Herein!"
+          lembre "Und vor der Türe will er nicht sein."
+          lembre "Da klinkt er auf, tritt ein so schnell,"
+          lembre "Und nun heißt's, er sei ein grober Gesell.“"
+          br
+          italic '- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe',
+                 'mars5em BOLD'
+        }
+        p('larger marl2em') {
+          lembre squote("Don't resent growing old. A great many
+          are denied that privilege",'no_italics')
+          br
+          italic '- Unknown',
+                 'mars5em BOLD'
+        }
+        p('larger marl2em') {
+          lembre squote("Gather ye rosebuds while ye may.<br>
+          Old Time is still a-flying:<br>
+          And this same flower that smiles today<br>
+          Tomorrow will be dying.",'no_italics')
+          br
+          italic '- Robert Herrick',
+                 'mars5em BOLD'
+        }
+      }
+      div('table_cell border_1px_dotted_tomato marl1_5em pad0_5em',
+          '',
+          '') {
+        # =================================================================== #
+        # === Gedicht von Annie Besant, 1886
+        # =================================================================== #
+        # Siehe: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Life,_Death,_and_Immortality
+        # =================================================================== #
+        h3 'LIFE, DEATH, AND IMMORTALITY'
+        p('larger marl2em') {
+          lembre "„Out of the darkness of the womb, into the darkness of the "\
+                 "grave,"
+          lembre "man passes across his narrow strip of life. Two vast"
+          lembre "eternities stretch oceanlike on either side of the"
+          lembre "island of individual exisence, and through"
+          lembre "the darkness that enshrouds them no"
+          lembre "human eye, it has been thought,"
+          lembre "could ever pierce."
+          br
+          italic '- Annie Besant, 1886',
+                 'mars5em BOLD'
+        }
+        p('larger marl2em') {
+          lembre squote("It's not that I'm afraid to die. I just
+          don't want to be there when it happens.",'no_italics')
+          br
+          italic '- Woody Allen',
+                 'mars5em BOLD'
+        }
+        # =================================================================== #
+        # === Death will eventually be abolished
+        # =================================================================== #
+        p('larger marl2em') {
+          lembre squote("He will swallow up death forever, and the
+          Lord God will wipe away tears from all faces.",
+          'no_italics')
+          br
+          italic '- Isaiah 25-8',
+                 'mars5em BOLD'
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  div('marl0_5em') {
+    embed_and_drag_remote_image 'https://i.imgur.com/mX9CGCf.jpg',
+                                'bblack2 marl1em',
+                                'drag_forgot_about_getting_older'
+    embed_and_drag_remote_image 'https://i.imgur.com/1L1VJPB.jpg',
+                                'bblack2 marl1em',
+                                'drag_growing_old'
+    embed_and_drag_remote_image 'https://i.imgur.com/Xazgapm.jpg',
+                                'bblack2 marl1em',
+                                'drag_old_woman_has_difficulties_crossing_the_street'
+  }
+  br
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === How mankind responded to death
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  div_default('mart1em') {
+    e 'Mankind responded to their physical vulnerabilities, death
+    and aging <b>by developing concepts such as life after death</b>,
+    in order to soften the harsh reality that comes with death.'
+    br
+    e 'In utopian worlds, such as those portrayed in various <i>science
+    fiction</i> novels, life often exists without disease, disability
+    or death. Places on earth where paradise exists and reigns.'
+    br
+    e 'The usual goal, already seen in the Babylonian legend
+    about Gilgamesh and Enkidu, was to attain <b>eternal
+    youth</b> and <b>immortality</b>.'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Fakten und Daten zum Altern
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  h2 'Fakten und Daten zum Altern:'
+  div_default {
+    e '- Die meisten Menschen scheinen ähnlich zu altern, wie bei einem
+    "<b>Entwicklungsprozess</b>". Dies muss zwar kein eigentlicher
+    Entwicklungsprozess sein, aber zumindest gibt es Ähnlichkeiten
+    beim Alterungsprozess zwischen verschiedenen Menschen. Es gibt
+    keinen Menschen der, a priori, nicht altert. Lediglich die
+    Geschwindigkeit und Unterschiede bei diesem Vorgang sind
+    gegeben.'
+    br
+    le '<b>Sarkopenie</b> kommt sowohl bei Menschen als auch bei
+    Fadenwürmern statt. Es handelt sich hier um den Verlust von
+    Muskeln und Körperkraft.'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Jeanne Calment
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  div_default {
+    e '<b>Jeanne Calment</b> wurde (angeblich) 122 Jahre alt.'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === datum: 01.09.2022
+  #
+  # Blaues Licht führt zu einem schnelleren Altern.
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000138697864/warum-blaues-licht-die-zellen-altern-laesst
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # http://localhost/programming/ruby/src/roebe/lib/roebe/www/aging/aging.cgi#date_01.09.2022
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  datum '01.09.2022',
+         CSS_CLASS_FOR_DATUM,
+         'date_01.09.2022'
+  div_default('mar0px') {
+    p_default {
+      e 'Blaues Licht wirkt sich negativ auf den Alterungsprozess der
+      Zellen aus und verkürzt die Lebensdauer - zumindest bei
+      <b>Fruchtfliegen</b>.' 
+      br
+      e 'Die Forschungsgruppe rund um <b>Jaga Giebultowicz</b> konnte
+      herausfinden das blaues Licht (bei Fruchtfliegen) nicht nur
+      von den Augen aufgenommen wird. Das Team konnte beobachten,
+      dass Fliegen, die dem blauen Licht ausgesetzt waren -
+      egal ob mit oder ohne Augen - Schäden an den Gehirnneuronen
+      aufwiesen, sich schlechter fortbewegen konnten und
+      auch kürzer lebten.'
+      br
+      e 'Weiters fand die Forschungsgruppe heraus, das das
+      Alter der Tiere einen wesentlichen Einfluss darauf
+      hat wie die Zellen reagieren. Mit zunehmendem Alter
+      verstärkte sich der Einfluss des blauen Lichts: Die
+      Lebensdauer verkürzte sich bei älteren Fliegen
+      noch einmal deutlicher, und auch die
+      Degeneration der Zellen im Gehirn stieg signifikant
+      an.'
+      br
+      e 'Aber wieso geschieht dies?'
+      br
+      e 'Vermutet wird das das blaue Licht Einfluss auf die
+      Mitochondrien in den Zellen hat.'
+    }
+    p_default {
+      abr_self 'https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000138697864/warum-blaues-licht-die-zellen-altern-laesst'
+    }
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === datum: 14.04.2022
+  #
+  # Hautzellen einer 53-jährigen Frau um 30 Jahre verjüngt.
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  datum '14.04.2022',
+         CSS_CLASS_FOR_DATUM
+  div_default {
+    boldbr 'Hautzellen einer 53-jährigen Frau um 30 Jahre verjüngt',
+           'larger'
+    br
+    le 'Einem Team des renommierten Babraham Institute im englischen
+    Cambridge ist es gelungen, den Alterungsprozess von Hautzellen
+    einer über 50-jährigen Person um rund 30 Jahre zu verjüngen.'
+    br
+    le "Wie hat es das Team um den aus Deutschland stammenden
+    Epigenetikspezialisten Wolf Reik geschafft, die biologische
+    Uhr der Hautzellen zurückzudrehen? Die Forscherinnen und
+    Forscher haben dafür vor allem jene Erkenntnisse
+    weiterentwickelt, für die der japanische Mediziner
+    Shin'ya Yamanaka 2012 gemeinsam mit John Gurdon
+    mit dem Medizinnobelpreis ausgezeichnet worden war."
+    br
+    le 'Yamanaka war es zuvor gelungen, entwickelte Bindegewebszellen
+    von Mäusen in sogenannte induzierte pluripotente Stammzellen
+    (iPS) zurückzuverwandeln. Diese sogenannte Reprogrammierung
+    wird durch eine Kombination aus vier Genen erzeugt
+    beziehungsweise induziert, den sogenannten Yamanaka-Faktoren.
+    Bei diesem Prozess, der 50 Tage lang dauert, werden nach
+    und nach die Merkmale der ausdifferenzierten Zellen
+    gelöscht, und ihr ursprünglicher Status wird
+    wiederhergestellt. Die solcherart rückverwandelten
+    Zellen können sich in alle möglichen Zelltypen
+    weiterentwickeln – nichts anderes bedeutet pluripotent.'
+    br
+    le 'Die neue Methode des Teams um Reik umging das Problem
+    der vollständigen Löschung der Zellidentität. Die
+    Reprogrammierung wurde nämlich bereits nach 13
+    Tagen gestoppt. Auf diese Weise wurde zwar einerseits
+    die Altersuhr der Zellen zurückgedreht, andererseits
+    blieb ihre spezialisierte Zellfunktion erhalten.
+    Die Hautzellen einer 53-Jährigen Frau blieben also
+    Hautzellen, doch diese hatten die Eigenschaften
+    von Hautzellen einer 20-Jährigen, wie Genomanalysen
+    zeigten.'
+    br
+    le 'Auch die Kollagenproduktion in den umprogrammierten
+    Zellen erreichte wieder ihr jugendliches Ausmaß. Und
+    Experimente, bei denen in der Petrischale eine Wunde
+    simuliert wurde, bestätigten ebenfalls die
+    Verjüngung: Die reprogrammierten Hautzellen
+    führten zu einem schnelleren Heilungsprozess.
+    Zudem zeigte sich, dass die Methode auch
+    günstige Auswirkungen auf Gene hatte, die
+    mit altersbedingten Krankheiten wie Alzheimer
+    und dem Grauen Star in Verbindung stehen.'
+    br
+    abr_self 'https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000134909845/hautzellen-einer-53-jaehrigen-frau-um-30-jahre-verjuengt'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === datum: 24.12.2009
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  datum '24.12.2009', CSS_CLASS_FOR_DATUM
+  div_default {
+    e 'Rüstige Altersrekordhalterin: Das Gorilla-Weibchen "Colo"
+    ist <b>60 Jahre alt geworden</b>, und war damit der älteste
+    in Gefangenschaft lebende Gorilla weltweit.'
+    br
+    abr_self 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colo_%28gorilla%29',
+             css_class: 'marl1em'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === datum: 04.04.2009
+  #
+  # Von APA/dpa.
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  datum '04.04.2009', CSS_CLASS_FOR_DATUM
+  div_default {
+    e '<b>Herzzellen</b> erneuern sich doch.'
+    br
+    e 'Schwedische Forscher zogen radioaktives Isotop als "Marker" zur
+    Altersbestimmung von Zellen heran'
+    br
+    e 'Stockholm/Washington - Entgegen bisherigen Annahmen bildet der 
+    Mensch im Lauf seines Lebens doch neue Herzzellen, allerdings 
+    nur in begrenztem Maß. Das kann nach einer neuen Untersuchung 
+    von Forschern des Karolinska-Institutes in Stockholm als 
+    "endgültig geklärt" angesehen werden, schreiben die Forscher 
+    im US-Fachjournal "Science" (Bd. 324, S. 98-102).'
+    br
+    e 'Der Kardiologe Olaf Bergmann und seine Kollegen nutzten für 
+    ihre Untersuchung die weltweite radioaktive Verseuchung nach 
+    einer der schlimmsten Umweltkatastrophen der letzten hundert 
+    Jahre: Atombombentests in der Atmosphäre während des 
+    Kalten Krieges haben das radioaktive Isotop Kohlenstoff-14 
+    freigesetzt und Spuren davon in menschlichen Zellen
+    hinterlassen.'
+    br
+    e 'Nach dem Verbot und Ende der oberirdischen Atombombentests 
+    1963 wurde kein neues Kohlenstoff-14 mehr freigesetzt, 
+    die vorhandene Menge in der menschlichen DNA verminderte 
+    sich langsam mit einer genau berechenbaren Geschwindigkeit.'
+    br
+    e 'Auf dieser Grundlage konnten die Forscher den Isotopen-Anteil
+    als "Marker" zur Altersbestimmung der Herzzellen von Menschen 
+    nutzen, die entweder vor oder nach den Atomtests auf die Welt 
+    gekommen waren.'
+    br
+    e 'Dabei fanden die Forscher heraus, dass sich die Herzzellen 
+    über eine Lebensspanne langsam erneuern können. Im Alter von 
+    25 Jahren beträgt die jährliche Regeneration demnach ein 
+    Prozent. Bis zum 75. Lebensjahr sinkt sie auf 0,45 Prozent 
+    pro Jahr. Insgesamt werden der Studie zufolge innerhalb 
+    eines normalen menschlichen Lebens weniger als die Hälfte 
+    aller Herzzellen erneuert. Dieses Faktum solle "therapeutisch 
+    genutzt werden", meinten die Forscher.'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === datum: 03.02.2009
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  datum 'datum: 03.02.2009', CSS_CLASS_FOR_DATUM
+  div_default {
+    e 'Auch bei Europäern bestätigt: das Langlebigkeits-Gen.'
+    br
+    e 'Kieler Wissenschafter untersuchten 388 Personen über 100 
+    und fanden auffällig oft eine Variation in dem Gen FOXO3A'
+    br
+    e 'Kiel/Washington - In den 90er Jahren hatten Wissenschafter ein 
+    Gen bei einem Wurm und einer Fliege entdeckt, das - so 
+    die Vermutung - für deren Langlebigkeit zumindest mitverantwortlich 
+    ist. Im September 2008 konnten US-amerikanische Forscher 
+    dieses Gen auch bei sehr alten amerikanischen Männern 
+    japanischer Herkunft nachweisen. Nun gelang dasselbe bei 
+    greisen Europäern. Die Wissenschafter sprechen von 
+    einer weiteren Bestätigung dafür, dass ein hohes Alter auch 
+    genetisch bedingt sein kann.'
+    br
+    e 'Wie Forscher von der Universität Kiel nachwiesen tritt 
+    eine Variation in dem Gen FOXO3A auffällig oft bei Menschen 
+    über 100 Jahren auf und beeinflusst damit vermutlich weltweit 
+    positiv die Lebenserwartung. Das Team rund um Stefan 
+    Schreiber hatte bei seinen Untersuchungen DNA-Proben 
+    von 388 hundertjährigen Deutschen mit 731 jüngeren Menschen 
+    verglichen.'
+    br
+    e 'Mit der deutschen Stichprobe und mit zusätzlichen 
+    Untersuchungen in Frankreich sei der Zusammenhang zwischen 
+    FOXO3A und Langlebigkeit nunmehr bestätigt und auch für 
+    Frauen festgestellt worden, schreiben die Forscher in den 
+    "Proceedings" der US-Akademie der Wissenschaften.'
+    br
+    e 'Dieser Befund sei von besonderer Bedeutung, weil Japaner 
+    und Europäer genetisch relativ unterschiedlich sind, erläuterte 
+    die Leiterin der Kieler Forschungsgruppe "Gesundes Altern", 
+    Almut Nebel. "Jetzt können wir davon ausgehen, dass 
+    dieses Gen für das Erreichen eines hohen Alters wahrscheinlich 
+    weltweit eine Rolle spielt."'
+    br
+    e squote('Am schwierigsten ist es, für solch eine Studie hochbejahrte 
+    Teilnehmer zu gewinnen, insbesondere 100-Jährige. Interessanterweise 
+    sind die genetischen Effekte bei 100- jährigen Menschen deutlicher 
+    zu sehen als bei 90-jährigen','italic')+', schilderte Friederike
+    Flachsbart vom Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie der
+    Universität Kiel.'
+    br
+    e 'Mit Unterstützung der schleswig-holsteinischen Biodatenbank 
+    Popgen, die zurzeit mehr als 660 Erbgutproben von 100-Jährigen
+    enthält, kann das Institut auf eine der weltweit größten 
+    DNA-Sammlungen sehr alter Probanden zugreifen. (APA)'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === datum: 30.01.2009
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  datum '30.01.2009',
+        CSS_CLASS_FOR_DATUM
+  div_default {
+    boldbr 'Kalorienreduktion verbessert Gedächtnis'
+    br
+    e 'Ergebnisse aus Tierversuchen bei älteren Menschen bestätigt'
+    br
+    e 'Washington - Eine eingeschränkte Kalorienzufuhr kann bei 
+    älteren Menschen das Gedächtnis bessern. Eine Studie der 
+    Universität Münster bestätigt damit Ergebnisse aus Tierversuchen 
+    erstmals auch am Menschen.'
+    br
+    e 'Die Neurologen um Veronica Witte teilten 50 Menschen im 
+    Alter um 60 Jahre in drei Gruppen ein. Bei den Personen der 
+    ersten Gruppe schränkten sie die Kalorienaufnahme um etwa 30 
+    Prozent ein. In der zweiten Gruppe erhöhten sie die Aufnahme 
+    von ungesättigten Fettsäuren, wie sie etwa in Olivenöl 
+    oder Fisch vorkommen, um 20 Prozent. Die übrigen Teilnehmer
+    dienten als Kontrollgruppe.'
+    br
+    e 'Nach drei Monaten stellten die Forscher bei jenen Menschen,
+    die weniger Kalorien aufgenommen hatten, ein besseres Wortgedächtnis
+    fest.'
+    br
+    e 'Damit einher gingen geringere Insulinwerte und geringere Mengen 
+    eines Proteins, das auf Entzündungen hinweist. Möglicherweise seien 
+    Entzündungsstoffe und hohe Insulinkonzentrationen am Abbau des 
+    Gedächtnisses im Alter beteiligt, schreiben die Forscher im 
+    Fachblatt "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === datum: 31.12.2008
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  datum '31.12.2008',
+         CSS_CLASS_FOR_DATUM
+  div_default {
+    e "It is almost New Year's Eve, a time for plunging into boisterous
+    crowds bathed in loud music. And for some of us, that means turning
+    to an old friend and hearing things like this:"
+    br
+    padl2em squote('Did you know (BOOM-da-da-BOOM) went over (Bob!
+    You look wonder- ) so she said (clink-clink) and then I (Here,
+    have another one) what would you do?')
+    brbr
+    e "Too noisy to hear! But wait - how come these younger people
+    understood what she said? What's wrong with your ears?"
+    br
+    e 'Actually, part of the problem might be your <b>brain</b>.'
+    br
+    e "It might lie in your brain's dimmer switch for controlling the
+    input from your ears."
+    br
+    e 'That bit of brain circuitry appears to falter with age, and
+    scientists are getting some clues about why. If you have trouble
+    understanding conversation in a noisy room, you are experiencing
+    what is sometimes called the cocktail party problem.'
+    br
+    e 'That can be one of the first signs of an age-related hearing loss -- 
+    a more general problem that can creep in during middle age and affects 
+    one-third of adults ages 65 to 75.'
+    br
+    e 'Scientists are still trying to piece together why our hearing
+    goes downhill with age, with the goal of trying to slow it or 
+    even reverse it.'
+    br
+    e "When it comes to the cocktail party problem, the dimmer
+    switch is a piece of that story, though it's not clear
+    just how big a factor."
+    br
+    e '"I think it is a significant player," said Robert Frisina of
+    the University of Rochester in New York.'
+    br
+    e 'Scientists have long known that the brain not only receives
+    signals from the ears but can also talk back to them. When 
+    there is too much noise, this dimmer-switch brain circuitry
+    tells the ears to reduce their flow of signals to the brain.'
+    br
+    e 'This helps the sensitive auditory system handle loud sounds
+    that otherwise would overwhelm it and become distorted, as when
+    a radio is turned up too loud for the speaker to handle. The 
+    dimmer switch probably can block out distracting background 
+    noise more than it does speech, Frisina said.'
+    br
+    e 'Frisina and colleagues published evidence in <b>2002</b> that
+    the dimmer switch effectiveness <b>declines with age</b>.'
+    br
+    e "Then they showed the same thing happens in mice, which meant
+    they could study those animals to get clues to what's going on
+    in people. Last year, they found a possible cause in mice for
+    the decline:"
+    br
+    e 'reduced supplies of a key structure on the surfaces of the
+    nerve cells in the dimmer-switch circuitry.'
+    br
+    e 'There is some evidence that shortcomings in this wiring
+    harm the inner ear as well, he said.'
+    br
+    e 'The inner ear is where sound is converted to nerve signals 
+    using delicate  hairs to detect sound waves. These hair 
+    cells can be damaged by aging and by long hours in loud 
+    environments.'
+    br
+    e 'The Problem?'
+    br
+    e "The brain not only receives signals from the ears but can
+    also talk back to them. When there's too much noise, this
+    dimmer-switch brain circuitry tells the ears to reduce 
+    their flow of signals to the brain. This helps the sensitive
+    auditory system handle loud sounds that otherwise would 
+    overwhelm it. That bit of brain circuitry appears to falter 
+    with age."
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === datum: 15.07.2008
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  datum '15.07.2008', CSS_CLASS_FOR_DATUM
+  div_default {
+    e 'Die deutsche Zeitschrift "Bild der Wissenschaft" berichtet
+    in ihrer August-Ausgabe, dass Sport das Altern hinauszögern
+    kann.'
+    br  
+    e "Die Forscher um Lynn Cherkas vom Londoner King's College
+    stellten demnach im Erbgut der durchschnittlich 49 Jahre
+    alten Geschwister je nach körperlicher Aktivität deutliche
+    Unterschiede fest."
+    br
+    e 'So waren die Endstücke der Chromosomen, die sogenannten
+    Telomere, bei sportlich aktiven Zwillingen um etwa 200 
+    DNA-Bausteine (Basenpaare) länger als bei genetisch 
+    identischen Bewegungsmuffeln.'
+    br
+    e 'Die Molekularbiologen konnten den Prozess der frühzeitigen 
+    DNA-Rückbildung im Labor verfolgen. Dabei untersuchten sie
+    die Länge der Telomere, die sich bei jeder Zellteilung um
+    rund 20 Basenpaare verkürzen. Bei sportbegeisterten Zwillingen
+    schritt die Abnutzung dieser Molekül-Abschnitte langsamer
+    voran.'
+    br
+    e 'Damit sind körperlich fitte Menschen nach Ansicht der Autoren 
+    nicht nur weniger anfällig für Übergewicht, Herzkrankheiten 
+    und Diabetes, sondern scheinen auch besser vor vorschnellem 
+    Altern geschützt zu sein als Nicht-Sportler.'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === datum: 20.11.2003
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  datum 'datum: 20.11.2003', CSS_CLASS_FOR_DATUM
+  div_default {
+    e 'Kakerlaken überleben zwar so ziemlich alle Katastrophen, aber 
+    als Greise bauen sie ab und werden tatterig und fußlahm. Die 
+    Gelenke rosten ein, bei Steigungen kommen die Küchenschaben 
+    schnell aus der Puste, fanden amerikanische Forscher heraus.'
+    br
+    e 'Haben sie erst einmal das für sie biblische Alter von 60 Wochen 
+    erreicht, rosten ihre Gelenke ein, sie beginnen zu stolpern und 
+    kommen kaum noch eine Steigung hoch. Auch meiden sie das Flanieren
+    auf offener, ungeschützter Fläche, fanden Angela Ridgel und 
+    Kollegen von der Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland (Ohio) 
+    nach einem Bericht des Fachmagazins "New Scientist"
+    (Nr. 2422, S. 20) heraus.'
+    br
+    e 'Die Biologen setzten die alternden Küchenschaben der Art Blaberus
+    discoidalis zum Test auf ein Mini-Laufband und stellten fest, dass sie
+    nur noch halb so viele Schritte machten "wie einst im Mai", also 
+    im Vergleich zu einwöchigen jungen Kakerlaken-Hüpfern. Zudem traten 
+    die Oldtimer sich alle paar Schritte auf die eigenen Füße. Auch eine
+    45 prozentige Steigung schaffte nur noch knapp die Hälfte von ihnen.'
+    br
+    e 'Die Originalarbeit ist im "Journal of Experimental Biology"
+    (Bd. 206, S. 4453) veröffentlicht.'
+    br
+    abr_self 'https://www.rp-online.de/wissen/wiss-leben/auch-kakerlaken-leiden-an-altersschwaeche-1.2283677'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === 30.05.2001
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  datum '30.05.2001', CSS_CLASS_FOR_DATUM
+  div_default {
+    e 'Frauen mit breiten Hüften leben länger.'
+    br
+    e 'Frauen mit breiten Hüften leben nach einer schwedischen Studie länger
+    und bleiben gesünder als schmale Frauen. So sei das Risiko für Diabetes,
+    Herzinfarkt und anderen Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen bei Frauen mit
+    schmalen Hüften höher, berichtete die Zeitung Göteborgs-Posten am
+    Dienstag.'
+    br
+    e 'Die Medizinerin Laureen Lissner hatte Gesundheit und Sterblichkeit
+    von 1.462 Frauen aus Göteborg untersucht. "Die Faktoren, die die
+    Gesundheit bei Frauen mit breiten Hüften begünstigen, sind noch nicht
+    ganz verstanden", räumte die Forscherin ein.'
+    br
+    e 'Frühere Studien hätten gezeigt, dass dickere Frauen und Männer
+    früher krank würden, betonte die Forscherin. Der <b>Hüftumfang</b>
+    sei dagegen bislang zu wenig beachtet worden.'
+    br
+    e 'Lissner und ihr Team hatten die untersuchten Frauen nach ihrer
+    Hüftbreite in vier Gruppen aufgeteilt und dabei Raucherinnen,
+    Ältere und Jüngere sowie Dicke und Dünne gleichmäßig verteilt,
+    so dass diese Eigenschaften die Ergebnisse nicht verfälschten.
+    Sowohl bei Krankheiten als auch bei den krankheitsbedingten
+    Todesfällen ergaben sich erhebliche Unterschiede je nach
+    Hüftumfang.'
+  }
+  # ====================================================================== #
+  # === Argumente pro und kontra verschiedener Aging Theories.
+  # ====================================================================== #
+  div_default {
+    h2 'Argumente pro und kontra verschiedener Aging Theories:',
+       'marb1em'
+    e 'Telomeres Pro:'
+    br
+    lembre '- Explanations are extremely simple based on telomeres getting shorter.'
+    lembre '- Werner Syndrom (mutation in WRN gene which plays a role in telomeres)'
+    lembre '- Gene silencing effects of shorter telomeres.'
+    lembre '- Diversity of aging as a process (showing multiple, diverse effects)'
+    lembre '- progeria (instable nuclear lamina, shows similar results to Werner syndrome)'
+    lembre '- cancer cells often (85%) have an active telomerase'
+    lembre '- zoe cells have an active telomerase while soma cells dont'
+    lembre '- calorie reduction will slow down cell-cycle (because less nutritions
+    and energy are available to warrant a new mitosis) and slower cell
+    cycle also means that telomeres wont be shortened as often (since they
+    shorten only after a round of replication)'
+    lembre '- People with thicker bones/waist live slightly longer. This may be
+    explained partially because they have a bigger pool of available
+    stem cells.'
+    lembre '- Cells that are in G0 resting phase of the cell cycle can be
+    generated from G1 cells by putting these G1-cells into medium which
+    do not contain nutritial value.'
+    br
+    e 'Things that yet have to be explained:'
+    br
+    e '- People that are thick often die earlier than people who
+    are slim.'
+    br
+    e 'Other "facts" or important questions'
+    br
+    lembre '  - Somatic cells sometimes express telomerase. Cancer
+    cells are MUCH more likely to express telomerase, thus making 
+    telomerase a "cancer marker".'
+    br
+    lem '  - If we get DNA from a human being, can we somehow 
+    determine from this DNA alone how old someone is? What if
+    we replace all the DNA of a human being?'
+  }
+  pretty_spacer
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === August Weismann
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # http://localhost/programming/ruby/src/roebe/lib/roebe/www/aging/aging.cgi#weismann
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  h2 'August Weismann'
+  p_default(id: 'weismann') {
+    e string_a('August Weismann',
+      content: 'https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Weismann',
+      css_class: 'BOLD')
+    +' was one of the early pioneers of aging concepts in 
+    science.'
+    br
+    e 'One of his key insights was that the duration of life is largely
+    forced upon an organism by causes outside itself.'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Aging handled in literature, such as in book
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  h2 'Aging handled in literature, such as in books',
+     'martb4px'
+  div_default {
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # Jonathan's Swift "Gulliver's Travels"
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    h2 "Jonathan's Swift \"Gulliver's Travels\""
+    p_default {
+      e 'Gulliver travels to Laputa, where he encounters a group
+      of people known as the <b>Luggnaggians</b>.'
+      br
+      e 'On rare occasions, a Luggnaggian child is
+      born with a red dot on its forehead, signaling
+      that the child will be immortal. These Immortals, also
+      known as Struldbruggs, fascinated Gulliver.'
+      br
+      e 'Gulliver assumed they would live a wondrous life, but
+      the Luggnaggians were confused about Gulliver, as past
+      age 30 they would, while immortal, become frail and
+      incur all the usual disadvantages which old age brings along
+      with it. Thus, <b>they were immortal - but old</b>.'
+      br
+      e 'The "<b class="italic">take-home</b>" message from
+      this story is that a long life is a curse when not
+      accompanied by good health.'
+    }
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === What did wise people and older civilisations say about aging?
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  h2 'What did wise people and older civilisations say about aging?',
+     'martb4px'
+  p_default {
+    e 'The notion that paradise is not only real but
+    is also accessible to everyone is a common theme among early
+    legends of Life, Death and Aging.'
+    br
+    e 'The major religions modified this theme to incorporate a paradise
+    that was accessible only after death. Furthermore, only those who
+    lived according to the religion would achieve this goal - others
+    were condemned to failure.'
+  }
+  div_default {
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # === Avicenna from the Islamic tradition
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    h4 'Avicenna from the Islamic tradition',
+       'martb2px'
+    p_default {
+      le string_a(:avicenna,
+      content: 'Avicenna',
+      css_class: 'BOLD')+
+      ' (980-1037 after Jesus Christ) had a remarkable insight in that
+      he suggested that the art of maintaing the health is not the art
+      of averting death or of securing the utmost longevity possible.
+      Instead <b class="italic">the art of maintaining health consists
+      in guiding the body to its natural span of life</b>.'
+    }
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # === St. Thomas Aquinas
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    h4 'St. Thomas Aquinas',
+       'martb2px'
+    p_default {
+      le string_a(:thomas_aquinas,
+      content: 'St. Thomas Aquinas',
+      css_class: 'BOLD')+
+      ' (1225-1274 after Jesus Christ) linked death to the inability
+      of men and women to control their minds or maintain their
+      willpower. This was interesting in that the implication has been
+      that the supernatural power taken by God could be restored,
+      achieving perfect health and immortality, if "the mind triumps
+      over the body". This philosophy remains an important element
+      of the ideology that drives the modern <b>anti-aging movement</b>.'
+    }
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # === The Taoists and their "vital breath concept"           (Taoist tag)
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # http://localhost/programming/ruby/src/roebe/lib/roebe/www/aging/aging.cgi#taoists
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    h4 'The Taoists',
+       'martb2px',
+       'taoists'
+    p_default {
+      le string_a(:the_taoists,
+      content: 'The Taoists',
+      css_class: 'BOLD')+
+      ' had some interesting concepts in regards to <b>aging</b>, <b>death</b>
+      and <b>immortality</b>. They took prolongevitism from the realm of
+      magic and carried it forward towards some sort of <b>proto-science</b>.'
+      br
+      e '<b>Taoists</b> tried to link between the mortal body and the immortal
+      heavens. They would <b>attempt to control the breath</b> - also
+      known as "vital breath" or <i>ching</i> - as means of physical
+      contact with the heavens. They would reduce their metabolic
+      rate and use of oxygen, while adopting a near-starvation diet
+      consisting mostly of fruits.'
+      br
+      e 'The belief was that transformation from one thing to
+      another (such as turning lead into gold) could also be applied
+      to the sick, in other words to convert sickness into health,
+      or mortality to immortality - these were the basic beliefs
+      of the <b>Taoists</b>.'
+      br
+      e 'The Taoists believed in the presence of <b>hsien</b>:
+      <b>immortalizing substances</b>.'
+      br
+      e 'Do note that <b>Taoists</b> were not the first to have
+      originated the notion of prolongevity, though.'
+      br
+      e 'A more modern version of the ancient Taoist method for
+      extending life is <b>caloric restriction</b>.'
+      br
+      e 'Note that the Taoists were not the only one to assume
+      a vital force to exist. In Indian folklore a similar
+      concept is called <b>Prana</b>, referring to <b>life
+      force</b>.'
+      br
+      e "While \"vital breath\" and similar exercises may improve
+      one's health, the simple truth is that none of these
+      practices will significantly extend an individual's life."
+      br
+      e 'A common theme in these "important substances" theories
+      is that the substance was lost during the course of
+      life and can somehow gained back. The vitamin supplement
+      theory builds upon a similar theme.'
+    }
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # === The old Alchemists
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    h4 'The old Alchemists',
+       'martb2px'
+    p_default {
+      le string_a(:the_old_alchemists,
+      content: 'The old Alchemists',
+      css_class: 'BOLD')+
+      ' believed that all the proper steps required to transform mortal
+      men into immortal beings would eventuelly be discovered.'
+    }
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # === The Uttarakurus legend
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    h4 'The Uttarakurus legend',
+       'martb2px'
+    p_default {
+      le string_a(:the_uttarakurus_legend,
+      content: 'The Uttarakurus legend',
+      css_class: 'BOLD')+
+      ' is a Hyperborean legend from India.'
+      br
+      e 'Here it was said that in the land called Uttarakurus - far to
+      the north - people enjoyed perfect health and lived for a thousand
+      years. The source of these abilities came from the fruit of the
+      Jambu tree, which conferred immunity from illness and old age.'
+    }
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # === Breathing bad air and aging
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    h4 'Breathing bad air and aging',
+       'martb2px'
+    p_default {
+      e 'Already by the thirteenth century it was known that breathing the
+      same air as someone who was sick could spread disease. It was then
+      reasoned that '+squote('health could be transmitted')+'.'
+      br
+      e 'Based on this peculiar belief it was further reasoned that the
+      breath of a young virgin could be used as a form of antiaging
+      therapy for old men.'
+    }
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # === The Antediluvian legends
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # http://localhost/programming/ruby/src/roebe/lib/roebe/www/aging/aging.cgi#the_antediluvian_legends
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    h4 'The Antediluvian legends',
+       'martb2px',
+       'the_antediluvian_legends'
+    p_default {
+      e 'The '+string_a(:antediluvian_legends,
+      content: 'Antediluvian legends',
+      css_class: 'BOLD')+' was the belief that people from the
+      distant past lived far longer than people today.'
+      br
+      e 'This was not a unique belief. Cultures and religions of
+      Old maintain legends that our ancient ancestors lived much
+      longer than people live today.'
+      br
+      e 'For instance, the <b>Bible</b> - if interpreted literally -
+      claimed that there was a time in history when <b>mankind was</b>
+      either <b>immortal</b> (such as in the Garden of Eden during the
+      time of Adam) or <b>extremely long-lived</b> (such as during the
+      time between Adam and Noah).'
+      br
+      e 'Such visions of a GOlden Age when aging and sickness
+      did not exist have been captured in Antediluvian myths and
+      people have dreamed of "returning" to this glorious age.
+      Today is no different.'
+      br
+      # ===================================================================== #
+      # === The Heroic Age
+      # ===================================================================== #
+      e 'The Ancient Greek philosopher Hsiod claimed that Zeus created
+      a godlike race (the <b>demigods</b>) who lived life without pain
+      and suffering in what was called <b>The Heroic Age</b>.'
+    }
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # === The Hyperborean Legends
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    h4 'The Hyperborean Legends',
+       'martb2px'
+    p_default {
+      e 'The '+string_a(:the_hyperborean_legends,
+      content: 'Hyperborean legends',
+      css_class: 'BOLD')+', according to ancient Greek mythology,
+      were assumed to be a people who lived long lives
+      free from disease and aging. These people were called
+      the <b>Hyperboreans</b> and were assumed to live some
+      distant place to the Far North.'
+    }
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # === The Midrash
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    h4 'The Midrash',
+       'martb2px'
+    p_default {
+      e 'The <b>Midrash</b> is an old interpretation of the Bible, where
+      Jewish scholars wrote that during the era of the great patriarchs,
+      people grew to adulthood and then remained physically youthful
+      throughout their lives.'
+      br
+      e 'When death finally arrived, it happened quickly, with the soul
+      departing through the nose with a sneeze. The phrases "Bless you"
+      and "Gesundheit" offered today when someone sneezes are linguistic
+      artifacts from this biblical story, originally uttered to prevent
+      the soul from leaving the body.'
+    }
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # === The Fountain Legends
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    h4 'The Fountain Legends',
+       'martb2px'
+    p_default {
+      e 'The '+string_a(:fountain_legends,
+      content: 'Fountain legends',
+      css_class: 'BOLD')+' are typically centered around the
+      mythical <b>Fountain of Youth</b>.'
+      br
+      e 'Legend has it that this fountain may restore youth,
+      that is, cancel age and aging effects.'
+      br
+      e 'Thus, this tale is ultimately another tale about
+      longevity, based on water, food and other substances
+      believed to possess special powers to combat disease,
+      aging and death.'
+      br
+      e 'Sometimes these tales are combined in other tales,
+      such as the Hyperborean and Antediulvian legends
+      that involve the use of one or more of these
+      substances.'
+      br
+      e 'There is a weak connection to history, in regards
+      to the Fountain of Youth. For instance, Ponce de 
+      Leon is the most famous person (a Spanish
+      explorer) who on his voyage to America would
+      hear the native people speak about a spring that
+      would restore youth to all who bathed in it - or
+      drank its magical waters. He would then try to
+      seek this fountain, in the year <b>1513</b>.'
+      br
+      e 'The histories of Fountain of Youth legends goes much
+      farther into the past, too, back to 700 B. C. already.'
+      br
+      e 'A Fountain legend also appears in the Old Testament,
+      where there is a description of a River of Immortality
+      that confers eternal life.'
+      br
+      e "Yet another Fountain legend variant appears in the
+      Old Testament. It was claimed that Alexander the Great
+      was searching for a Fountain of Youth. According to
+      this legend, a dried fish suddenly came back to life
+      when it was being cleaned in a spring by one of Alexander's
+      personal cooks. The cook promptly bathed himself in
+      the water and became immortal. When the cook refused
+      to reveal the location of the spring, Alexnader tried
+      to kill him. Discovering that an immortal could not
+      be killed, Alexander threw him into the sea, where the
+      cook continued to live in demonic form."
+      br
+      e 'Genes are, respectively the DNA that codes for a
+      particular gene, immortal. They are thus <b>the
+      ultimate time travelers</b>. The river of DNA flows
+      through time, not space. It is a river of information.'
+      br
+      e 'Once born, the journey through life is fraught with
+      danger.'
+      br
+      e 'Death is the price we pay for the immortality of our
+      genes.'
+      br
+      e 'From a biological point of view, <b>the purpose of
+      life</b> is <b>reproduction</b>.'
+      br
+      e 'Aging - or prevention of aging - can be compared to
+      engineering. For instance, if we have to design a car for
+      a car race then one viable strategy is to engineer that
+      the critical parts of the car last beyond the end of the
+      race. This is similar to building a bridge to withstand
+      more weight than would ever be encountered under
+      ordinary conditions.'
+      br
+      e 'Logically Fountains of Youth do not work (or have not
+      been shared with other people), as otherwise advocates
+      of prolongevity would themselves not have died.'
+      br
+      e "Thus, all these fountain-legends ultimately suffer from
+      <b>aging denial</b>: a reckless refusal to acknowledge and
+      accept one's own mortality."
+    }
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Manufactured Time
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  h2 'Manufactured Time'
+  div_default {
+    e '<b>Manufactured Time</b> refers to extending the lives of people
+    beyond their biological limits implied by the law of mortality.
+    That is to use science to help people reach a higher age.'
+    br
+    e 'People can live longer these days because medical technology is
+    able to <i>manufacture</i> <b>survival time</b> for them.'
+    br
+    e 'The term also implies that death would have occurred
+    without the intervention, which is not always trivial to
+    demonstrate.'
+    br
+    e 'Manufactured Time also means that children who live longer
+    will logically tie at older age. Thus, in other words, death
+    has been redistributed from the young to the old.'
+    br
+    e 'The primary causes of death at old age are <b>heart
+    disease</b>, <b>cancer</b>, <b>infectious diseases</b> 
+    and <b>stroke</b>.'
+    br
+    e 'Medical technology could be transforming fatal diseases
+    into nonfatal chronic diseases, partocularly at the end of
+    life when the risk of frailty and disability is at its
+    highest.'
+    br
+    e 'Medical miraclemakers may be successful in their attempts
+    to <b>manufacture survival time</b> and maintain health.'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Loss of Bone Mass at high age
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  h2 'Loss of Bone Mass at high age'
+  div_default {
+    e 'The elderly lose bone mass at high age. One simple but effective
+    approach to counter this at the least partially is to use diet and
+    exercise to build up as much bone as possible before the inevitable
+    loss begins. The more bone mass there is, the longer it takes to
+    whittle the remaining bone away.'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Manufactured Time
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  h2 'Manufactured Time'
+  div_default {
+    e 'Luigi Cornaro maintained back in 1550 to 1560 already that
+    longevity was desirable. He rejected those who believed man
+    must suffer in this life to attain salvation in the next,
+    arguing that there was no reason one could not enjoy
+    both his earthly existence and his heavenly one.'
+    br
+    e 'Thus, he had an optimistic future on life and age at
+    the same time.'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Successful Aging, aka "age successfully"
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  h2 'Successful Aging'
+  div_default {
+    e 'This paradigm stipulates that aging is not just a process of
+    deterioration, and that aging-related causes of frailty and
+    disease are more amenable to modification than generally
+    believed.'
+    br
+    e 'One goal of this paradigm is to study and understand which 
+    characteristics are shared by people who survive
+    to older ages with their mental and physical health
+    intact. These characteristics are defined as the
+    ability to perform common activities of daily living: <b>ADLs</b>.
+    These including walking, toileting, dressing and similar
+    acitivites.'
+    br
+    e 'The definition is problematic, though. People who do not age
+    in this way - that is, are in a physically good condition 
+    even at old age - have, by definition, not aged successfully.'
+    br
+    e 'Defining success by the attributes of a highly select
+    subgroup deems most people to "failure", which can be damaging
+    even in the absence of attached blame.'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === The longevity potential
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  h2 'The longevity potential'
+  div_default {
+    e 'Genes contribute to the longevity potential of individual human
+    beings; the extent of which is still up for debate.'
+    br
+    e 'Some people may reach their "longevity potential".'
+    br
+    e 'People who live to the oldest ages were probably born with
+    a genetic potential for extreme longevity.'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Aging and Vitamins                                     (vitamins tag)
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  h2 'Aging and Vitamins'
+  div_default {
+    e 'Why do so many people take excess vitamins - or other substances?'
+    br
+    e "The potential payoff is so big - that is, to extend one's life - 
+    that even a small chance of winning is better than not playing
+    the game at all. However had, most people who hope to win big
+    in the health and longevity lottery are going to be disappointed."
+    br
+    e 'The basic argument made by those who claim that vitamin supplements
+    have antiaging properties is that aging is an unnatural disease
+    process that, like many other disease processes, can be slowed
+    down and even reversed.'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Life Extension Experiments
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  h2 'Life Extension Experiments'
+  div_default {
+    le 'The experiments by Michael Rose (in regards to flies) as well
+    as many other experiments showed that the genetic factors that
+    influence longevity can be modified.'
+    br
+    le 'Michael Rose was able to demonstrate that fruit flies
+    could be produced - in the laboratory - that lived longer
+    than each preceding generation. However had, when these
+    flies were put in a natural environment, such as a garbage
+    dump, they died out more quickly than their outdoor
+    relatives because they were unable to withstand
+    the rigors of living outside the laboratory.'
+    br
+    le 'The flies had sacrificed hardiness for longevity,
+    an exceedingly high price to pay.'
+    br
+    le 'Thus, one challenge will be to increase longevity without
+    at the expense of health and hardiness.'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === The free radical hypothesis of aging
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  h2 'The free radical hypothesis of aging'
+  div_default {
+    e '<b>Denham Harman</b> is the father of the free radical hypothesis of
+    aging. He demonstrated that mice live longer when fed a diet supplemented
+    by substances thought to reduce the quantity of free radicals.'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Slogans related to Aging                    (slogans tag, slogan tag)
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  h3 dot105?+
+     'Slogans related to Aging'
+  div_default {
+    le '- Legendary quests for immortality and perpetual youth appear to
+    spring from a near-universal fear of the aging process and its
+    consequences.'
+    br
+    le '- Advocates of extreme prolongevity often claim that aging is just
+    another disease.'
+    br
+    le '- Grönlandwale werden vermutlich über 200 Jahre alt. Dies
+    macht sie zu den langlebigsten Säugetieren auf der Welt.'
+    br
+    le '- Cells from long-lived animals are generally better at maintaining
+    themselves and their DNA.'
+    br
+    le '- One goal in aging is to identify the genetic determinants of
+    (human) longevity.'
+    br
+    le '- The consequences of the First Longevity Revolution is that
+    extending old age, an increase in frailty and disability 
+    occurs as well, and a postponement of death that has been
+    emotionally and financially devasting for the dying as
+    well as their surviving relatives.'
+    br
+    le '- The age structure of the human species has been shaped like
+    a pyramid in the last 130.000 years.'
+    br
+    le '- Die lebensverlängernde Wirkung der Mutation von Indy wird
+    durch eine Reduktion der Genaktivität erreicht.'
+    br
+    le '- Bei Fruchtfliegen führt eine Diät zu einem längeren Leben,
+    bei gleichzeitig stattfindender, verringerter Fruchtbarkeit.'
+    br
+    le '- Eine Theorie wieso Lebewesen altern lautet, dass bei dem
+    Mechanismus des Elektronentransports in den Mitochondrien
+    sogenannte freie Radikale entstehen, welche alle möglichen
+    Schäden in den Zellen hervorrufen und somit das Altern
+    bewirken oder beschleunigen.'
+    br
+    le '- An der Universität von Colorado enstanden durch Mutation
+    eines einzigen Gens (age-1) Fadenwürmer, die eine etwa 70%
+    höhere Lebensdauer hatten.'
+    br
+    le '- Most modern diseases are caused by aging.'
+    br
+    le '- Die Lebenserwartung der Eskimos ist auch heute (~2000)
+    in Grönland deutlich geringer ist als die des Mitteleuropäers.
+    Bei einem Vergleich zwischen Eskimos und Dänen in Dänemark
+    ist die standardisierte Mortalitätsrate der Eskimos an
+    ischämischen Herzkrankheiten niedriger, die gesamte
+    kardiovaskuläre Mortalität aber gleich und die
+    cerebrovaskuläre Mortalität doppelt so hoch. Die Lebensweise
+    und insbesondere die Ernährung, aber auch genetische Faktoren
+    scheinen die Grönländer vor ischämischen Herzkrankheiten zu
+    schützen, aber zu cerebrovaskulären Todesursachen zu
+    prädisponieren.'
+    br
+    le "- Nature's nanomachines repair (biological) cells
+    imperfectly."
+    br
+    le '- To save those we love from dissolution.'
+    br
+    le '- To speak of "immortality" when the prospect is only
+    long life would be to ignore the facts or to misuse
+    words.'
+    br
+    le '- Awake not to a world of strangers but to the smiles
+    of familiar faces.'
+    br
+    le '- <b>Immune senescence</b> can also be called
+    the <b>aging of the immune system</b>.'
+    br
+    le '- The prolongation of life has always been a goal of
+    biomedical science.'
+    br
+    le '- Young Today - Old Tomorrow. Take Care of the Elderly.'
+    br
+    le '- The miraclemakers of the future will undoubtedly
+    continue to discover new ways to prolong life.'
+    br
+    le '- Women who tend to reach menopause at older ages tend to
+    live longer than women who experience menopause at younger
+    ages.'
+    br
+    le '- The ancient pharaohs took every means available to ensure
+    their own vestigial future persistence through the ages.'
+    br
+    le '- Jeder Fünfte stirbt an den Folgen des Konsums von Tabak
+    und Alkohol.'
+    br
+    le '- Mankind has always fought the diseases that end life
+    and will never stop seeking ways to delay death.'
+    br
+    le '- Die <b>rate of living theory</b> ist ein Argument für "biochemical 
+    imperfection".'
+    br
+    le '- Lebewesen mit einem großen Hirngewicht leben länger. Von dieser
+    Regel scheint es, anders als bei der Körpergewichtsregel nur
+    wenige Ausnahmen zu geben.'
+    br
+    le '- Genetic studies of Okinawan centenarians have shown that while
+    there is some genetic protection that helps the Okinawans live
+    to extreme ages, most of the "successful aging" phenomenon
+    is due to lifestyle.'
+    br
+    le '- Although West African gerontocracies are generally
+    male-dominated, old women also enjoy enhanced social
+    status.'
+    br
+    le '- People who live more than eighty-five years are confronted
+    by a veritable minefield of aging-related diseases and
+    disorders that rise in frequency with increasing age.'
+    br
+    le '- Life is a selection experiment for people just as
+    it is for fruit flies in a laboratory or animals in nature.'
+    br
+    le '- Becoming <b>healthier</b> does <b>not</b> mean that
+    one grows <b>younger</b>.'
+    br
+    le '- Fear of tomorrow can cause you to miss moments
+    of happiness that can be shared today.'
+    br  
+    le '- As people benfit from reduced death rates,
+    they not only live longer, they may also remain
+    older longer.'
+    br
+    le '- Just because death from a killer disease is delayed
+    does not mean that the underlying disease process has
+    been similarly delayed.'
+    br
+    le '- The <b>dialysis machine</b> was one of the first
+    technological advances to trigger what has become
+    an all-too-familiar conflict between the availability
+    of lifesaving technologies and the ability to pay
+    for them.'
+    br
+    le '- Obesity and lethargy operate as potent accelerators
+    of aging, with specific and often dramatic life-shortening
+    effects.'
+    br
+    le '- The premise behind using vitamin supplements to
+    forestall the aging process is that aging is caused
+    by the accumulation of damage to DNA created by
+    free radicals.'
+    br
+    le '- The biological clocks of aging move in only
+    one direction: <b>forward</b>.'
+    br
+    le '- Aging is nearly universal for all living things.'
+    br
+    le '- Aging is <b>a continuous process</b>.'
+    br
+    le '- Measuring time in days forces us to acknowledge that
+    life is lived one day at a time. The Roman poet Lucretius
+    observed that no matter how long life is lived, it is
+    insignificant compared to the infinite amount of time
+    that is spent dead.'
+    br
+    le '- Staying alive means securing energy and raw materials
+    from the environment.'
+  }
+}}