rhodes 3.3.5 → 3.4.2

data/lib/extensions/openssl.so/ext/sources/crypto/ec/ecp_nistp521.c

@@ -0,0 +1,2025 @@
+/* crypto/ec/ecp_nistp521.c */
+/*
+ * Written by Adam Langley (Google) for the OpenSSL project
+ */
+/* Copyright 2011 Google Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * A 64-bit implementation of the NIST P-521 elliptic curve point multiplication
+ *
+ * OpenSSL integration was taken from Emilia Kasper's work in ecp_nistp224.c.
+ * Otherwise based on Emilia's P224 work, which was inspired by my curve25519
+ * work which got its smarts from Daniel J. Bernstein's work on the same.
+ */
+
+#include <openssl/opensslconf.h>
+#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_EC_NISTP_64_GCC_128
+
+#ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
+#include <stdint.h>
+#else
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <string.h>
+#include <openssl/err.h>
+#include "ec_lcl.h"
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ > 3 || (__GNUC__ == 3 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 1))
+  /* even with gcc, the typedef won't work for 32-bit platforms */
+  typedef __uint128_t uint128_t; /* nonstandard; implemented by gcc on 64-bit platforms */
+#else
+  #error "Need GCC 3.1 or later to define type uint128_t"
+#endif
+
+typedef uint8_t u8;
+typedef uint64_t u64;
+typedef int64_t s64;
+
+/* The underlying field.
+ *
+ * P521 operates over GF(2^521-1). We can serialise an element of this field
+ * into 66 bytes where the most significant byte contains only a single bit. We
+ * call this an felem_bytearray. */
+
+typedef u8 felem_bytearray[66];
+
+/* These are the parameters of P521, taken from FIPS 186-3, section D.1.2.5.
+ * These values are big-endian. */
+static const felem_bytearray nistp521_curve_params[5] =
+	{
+	{0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,  /* p */
+	 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+	 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+	 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+	 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+	 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+	 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+	 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+	 0xff, 0xff},
+	{0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,  /* a = -3 */
+	 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+	 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+	 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+	 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+	 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+	 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+	 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+	 0xff, 0xfc},
+	{0x00, 0x51, 0x95, 0x3e, 0xb9, 0x61, 0x8e, 0x1c,  /* b */
+	 0x9a, 0x1f, 0x92, 0x9a, 0x21, 0xa0, 0xb6, 0x85,
+	 0x40, 0xee, 0xa2, 0xda, 0x72, 0x5b, 0x99, 0xb3,
+	 0x15, 0xf3, 0xb8, 0xb4, 0x89, 0x91, 0x8e, 0xf1,
+	 0x09, 0xe1, 0x56, 0x19, 0x39, 0x51, 0xec, 0x7e,
+	 0x93, 0x7b, 0x16, 0x52, 0xc0, 0xbd, 0x3b, 0xb1,
+	 0xbf, 0x07, 0x35, 0x73, 0xdf, 0x88, 0x3d, 0x2c,
+	 0x34, 0xf1, 0xef, 0x45, 0x1f, 0xd4, 0x6b, 0x50,
+	 0x3f, 0x00},
+	{0x00, 0xc6, 0x85, 0x8e, 0x06, 0xb7, 0x04, 0x04,  /* x */
+	 0xe9, 0xcd, 0x9e, 0x3e, 0xcb, 0x66, 0x23, 0x95,
+	 0xb4, 0x42, 0x9c, 0x64, 0x81, 0x39, 0x05, 0x3f,
+	 0xb5, 0x21, 0xf8, 0x28, 0xaf, 0x60, 0x6b, 0x4d,
+	 0x3d, 0xba, 0xa1, 0x4b, 0x5e, 0x77, 0xef, 0xe7,
+	 0x59, 0x28, 0xfe, 0x1d, 0xc1, 0x27, 0xa2, 0xff,
+	 0xa8, 0xde, 0x33, 0x48, 0xb3, 0xc1, 0x85, 0x6a,
+	 0x42, 0x9b, 0xf9, 0x7e, 0x7e, 0x31, 0xc2, 0xe5,
+	 0xbd, 0x66},
+	{0x01, 0x18, 0x39, 0x29, 0x6a, 0x78, 0x9a, 0x3b,  /* y */
+	 0xc0, 0x04, 0x5c, 0x8a, 0x5f, 0xb4, 0x2c, 0x7d,
+	 0x1b, 0xd9, 0x98, 0xf5, 0x44, 0x49, 0x57, 0x9b,
+	 0x44, 0x68, 0x17, 0xaf, 0xbd, 0x17, 0x27, 0x3e,
+	 0x66, 0x2c, 0x97, 0xee, 0x72, 0x99, 0x5e, 0xf4,
+	 0x26, 0x40, 0xc5, 0x50, 0xb9, 0x01, 0x3f, 0xad,
+	 0x07, 0x61, 0x35, 0x3c, 0x70, 0x86, 0xa2, 0x72,
+	 0xc2, 0x40, 0x88, 0xbe, 0x94, 0x76, 0x9f, 0xd1,
+	 0x66, 0x50}
+	};
+
+/* The representation of field elements.
+ * ------------------------------------
+ *
+ * We represent field elements with nine values. These values are either 64 or
+ * 128 bits and the field element represented is:
+ *   v[0]*2^0 + v[1]*2^58 + v[2]*2^116 + ... + v[8]*2^464  (mod p)
+ * Each of the nine values is called a 'limb'. Since the limbs are spaced only
+ * 58 bits apart, but are greater than 58 bits in length, the most significant
+ * bits of each limb overlap with the least significant bits of the next.
+ *
+ * A field element with 64-bit limbs is an 'felem'. One with 128-bit limbs is a
+ * 'largefelem' */
+
+#define NLIMBS 9
+
+typedef uint64_t limb;
+typedef limb felem[NLIMBS];
+typedef uint128_t largefelem[NLIMBS];
+
+static const limb bottom57bits = 0x1ffffffffffffff;
+static const limb bottom58bits = 0x3ffffffffffffff;
+
+/* bin66_to_felem takes a little-endian byte array and converts it into felem
+ * form. This assumes that the CPU is little-endian. */
+static void bin66_to_felem(felem out, const u8 in[66])
+	{
+	out[0] = (*((limb*) &in[0])) & bottom58bits;
+	out[1] = (*((limb*) &in[7]) >> 2) & bottom58bits;
+	out[2] = (*((limb*) &in[14]) >> 4) & bottom58bits;
+	out[3] = (*((limb*) &in[21]) >> 6) & bottom58bits;
+	out[4] = (*((limb*) &in[29])) & bottom58bits;
+	out[5] = (*((limb*) &in[36]) >> 2) & bottom58bits;
+	out[6] = (*((limb*) &in[43]) >> 4) & bottom58bits;
+	out[7] = (*((limb*) &in[50]) >> 6) & bottom58bits;
+	out[8] = (*((limb*) &in[58])) & bottom57bits;
+	}
+
+/* felem_to_bin66 takes an felem and serialises into a little endian, 66 byte
+ * array. This assumes that the CPU is little-endian. */
+static void felem_to_bin66(u8 out[66], const felem in)
+	{
+	memset(out, 0, 66);
+	(*((limb*) &out[0])) = in[0];
+	(*((limb*) &out[7])) |= in[1] << 2;
+	(*((limb*) &out[14])) |= in[2] << 4;
+	(*((limb*) &out[21])) |= in[3] << 6;
+	(*((limb*) &out[29])) = in[4];
+	(*((limb*) &out[36])) |= in[5] << 2;
+	(*((limb*) &out[43])) |= in[6] << 4;
+	(*((limb*) &out[50])) |= in[7] << 6;
+	(*((limb*) &out[58])) = in[8];
+	}
+
+/* To preserve endianness when using BN_bn2bin and BN_bin2bn */
+static void flip_endian(u8 *out, const u8 *in, unsigned len)
+	{
+	unsigned i;
+	for (i = 0; i < len; ++i)
+		out[i] = in[len-1-i];
+	}
+
+/* BN_to_felem converts an OpenSSL BIGNUM into an felem */
+static int BN_to_felem(felem out, const BIGNUM *bn)
+	{
+	felem_bytearray b_in;
+	felem_bytearray b_out;
+	unsigned num_bytes;
+
+	/* BN_bn2bin eats leading zeroes */
+	memset(b_out, 0, sizeof b_out);
+	num_bytes = BN_num_bytes(bn);
+	if (num_bytes > sizeof b_out)
+		{
+		ECerr(EC_F_BN_TO_FELEM, EC_R_BIGNUM_OUT_OF_RANGE);
+		return 0;
+		}
+	if (BN_is_negative(bn))
+		{
+		ECerr(EC_F_BN_TO_FELEM, EC_R_BIGNUM_OUT_OF_RANGE);
+		return 0;
+		}
+	num_bytes = BN_bn2bin(bn, b_in);
+	flip_endian(b_out, b_in, num_bytes);
+	bin66_to_felem(out, b_out);
+	return 1;
+	}
+
+/* felem_to_BN converts an felem into an OpenSSL BIGNUM */
+static BIGNUM *felem_to_BN(BIGNUM *out, const felem in)
+	{
+	felem_bytearray b_in, b_out;
+	felem_to_bin66(b_in, in);
+	flip_endian(b_out, b_in, sizeof b_out);
+	return BN_bin2bn(b_out, sizeof b_out, out);
+	}
+
+
+/* Field operations
+ * ---------------- */
+
+static void felem_one(felem out)
+	{
+	out[0] = 1;
+	out[1] = 0;
+	out[2] = 0;
+	out[3] = 0;
+	out[4] = 0;
+	out[5] = 0;
+	out[6] = 0;
+	out[7] = 0;
+	out[8] = 0;
+	}
+
+static void felem_assign(felem out, const felem in)
+	{
+	out[0] = in[0];
+	out[1] = in[1];
+	out[2] = in[2];
+	out[3] = in[3];
+	out[4] = in[4];
+	out[5] = in[5];
+	out[6] = in[6];
+	out[7] = in[7];
+	out[8] = in[8];
+	}
+
+/* felem_sum64 sets out = out + in. */
+static void felem_sum64(felem out, const felem in)
+	{
+	out[0] += in[0];
+	out[1] += in[1];
+	out[2] += in[2];
+	out[3] += in[3];
+	out[4] += in[4];
+	out[5] += in[5];
+	out[6] += in[6];
+	out[7] += in[7];
+	out[8] += in[8];
+	}
+
+/* felem_scalar sets out = in * scalar */
+static void felem_scalar(felem out, const felem in, limb scalar)
+	{
+	out[0] = in[0] * scalar;
+	out[1] = in[1] * scalar;
+	out[2] = in[2] * scalar;
+	out[3] = in[3] * scalar;
+	out[4] = in[4] * scalar;
+	out[5] = in[5] * scalar;
+	out[6] = in[6] * scalar;
+	out[7] = in[7] * scalar;
+	out[8] = in[8] * scalar;
+	}
+
+/* felem_scalar64 sets out = out * scalar */
+static void felem_scalar64(felem out, limb scalar)
+	{
+	out[0] *= scalar;
+	out[1] *= scalar;
+	out[2] *= scalar;
+	out[3] *= scalar;
+	out[4] *= scalar;
+	out[5] *= scalar;
+	out[6] *= scalar;
+	out[7] *= scalar;
+	out[8] *= scalar;
+	}
+
+/* felem_scalar128 sets out = out * scalar */
+static void felem_scalar128(largefelem out, limb scalar)
+	{
+	out[0] *= scalar;
+	out[1] *= scalar;
+	out[2] *= scalar;
+	out[3] *= scalar;
+	out[4] *= scalar;
+	out[5] *= scalar;
+	out[6] *= scalar;
+	out[7] *= scalar;
+	out[8] *= scalar;
+	}
+
+/* felem_neg sets |out| to |-in|
+ * On entry:
+ *   in[i] < 2^59 + 2^14
+ * On exit:
+ *   out[i] < 2^62
+ */
+static void felem_neg(felem out, const felem in)
+	{
+	/* In order to prevent underflow, we subtract from 0 mod p. */
+	static const limb two62m3 = (((limb)1) << 62) - (((limb)1) << 5);
+	static const limb two62m2 = (((limb)1) << 62) - (((limb)1) << 4);
+
+	out[0] = two62m3 - in[0];
+	out[1] = two62m2 - in[1];
+	out[2] = two62m2 - in[2];
+	out[3] = two62m2 - in[3];
+	out[4] = two62m2 - in[4];
+	out[5] = two62m2 - in[5];
+	out[6] = two62m2 - in[6];
+	out[7] = two62m2 - in[7];
+	out[8] = two62m2 - in[8];
+	}
+
+/* felem_diff64 subtracts |in| from |out|
+ * On entry:
+ *   in[i] < 2^59 + 2^14
+ * On exit:
+ *   out[i] < out[i] + 2^62
+ */
+static void felem_diff64(felem out, const felem in)
+	{
+	/* In order to prevent underflow, we add 0 mod p before subtracting. */
+	static const limb two62m3 = (((limb)1) << 62) - (((limb)1) << 5);
+	static const limb two62m2 = (((limb)1) << 62) - (((limb)1) << 4);
+
+	out[0] += two62m3 - in[0];
+	out[1] += two62m2 - in[1];
+	out[2] += two62m2 - in[2];
+	out[3] += two62m2 - in[3];
+	out[4] += two62m2 - in[4];
+	out[5] += two62m2 - in[5];
+	out[6] += two62m2 - in[6];
+	out[7] += two62m2 - in[7];
+	out[8] += two62m2 - in[8];
+	}
+
+/* felem_diff_128_64 subtracts |in| from |out|
+ * On entry:
+ *   in[i] < 2^62 + 2^17
+ * On exit:
+ *   out[i] < out[i] + 2^63
+ */
+static void felem_diff_128_64(largefelem out, const felem in)
+	{
+	/* In order to prevent underflow, we add 0 mod p before subtracting. */
+	static const limb two63m6 = (((limb)1) << 62) - (((limb)1) << 5);
+	static const limb two63m5 = (((limb)1) << 62) - (((limb)1) << 4);
+
+	out[0] += two63m6 - in[0];
+	out[1] += two63m5 - in[1];
+	out[2] += two63m5 - in[2];
+	out[3] += two63m5 - in[3];
+	out[4] += two63m5 - in[4];
+	out[5] += two63m5 - in[5];
+	out[6] += two63m5 - in[6];
+	out[7] += two63m5 - in[7];
+	out[8] += two63m5 - in[8];
+	}
+
+/* felem_diff_128_64 subtracts |in| from |out|
+ * On entry:
+ *   in[i] < 2^126
+ * On exit:
+ *   out[i] < out[i] + 2^127 - 2^69
+ */
+static void felem_diff128(largefelem out, const largefelem in)
+	{
+	/* In order to prevent underflow, we add 0 mod p before subtracting. */
+	static const uint128_t two127m70 = (((uint128_t)1) << 127) - (((uint128_t)1) << 70);
+	static const uint128_t two127m69 = (((uint128_t)1) << 127) - (((uint128_t)1) << 69);
+
+	out[0] += (two127m70 - in[0]);
+	out[1] += (two127m69 - in[1]);
+	out[2] += (two127m69 - in[2]);
+	out[3] += (two127m69 - in[3]);
+	out[4] += (two127m69 - in[4]);
+	out[5] += (two127m69 - in[5]);
+	out[6] += (two127m69 - in[6]);
+	out[7] += (two127m69 - in[7]);
+	out[8] += (two127m69 - in[8]);
+	}
+
+/* felem_square sets |out| = |in|^2
+ * On entry:
+ *   in[i] < 2^62
+ * On exit:
+ *   out[i] < 17 * max(in[i]) * max(in[i])
+ */
+static void felem_square(largefelem out, const felem in)
+	{
+	felem inx2, inx4;
+	felem_scalar(inx2, in, 2);
+	felem_scalar(inx4, in, 4);
+
+	/* We have many cases were we want to do
+	 *   in[x] * in[y] +
+	 *   in[y] * in[x]
+	 * This is obviously just
+	 *   2 * in[x] * in[y]
+	 * However, rather than do the doubling on the 128 bit result, we
+	 * double one of the inputs to the multiplication by reading from
+	 * |inx2| */
+
+	out[0] = ((uint128_t) in[0]) * in[0];
+	out[1] = ((uint128_t) in[0]) * inx2[1];
+	out[2] = ((uint128_t) in[0]) * inx2[2] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in[1]) * in[1];
+	out[3] = ((uint128_t) in[0]) * inx2[3] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in[1]) * inx2[2];
+	out[4] = ((uint128_t) in[0]) * inx2[4] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in[1]) * inx2[3] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in[2]) * in[2];
+	out[5] = ((uint128_t) in[0]) * inx2[5] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in[1]) * inx2[4] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in[2]) * inx2[3];
+	out[6] = ((uint128_t) in[0]) * inx2[6] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in[1]) * inx2[5] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in[2]) * inx2[4] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in[3]) * in[3];
+	out[7] = ((uint128_t) in[0]) * inx2[7] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in[1]) * inx2[6] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in[2]) * inx2[5] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in[3]) * inx2[4];
+	out[8] = ((uint128_t) in[0]) * inx2[8] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in[1]) * inx2[7] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in[2]) * inx2[6] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in[3]) * inx2[5] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in[4]) * in[4];
+
+	/* The remaining limbs fall above 2^521, with the first falling at
+	 * 2^522. They correspond to locations one bit up from the limbs
+	 * produced above so we would have to multiply by two to align them.
+	 * Again, rather than operate on the 128-bit result, we double one of
+	 * the inputs to the multiplication. If we want to double for both this
+	 * reason, and the reason above, then we end up multiplying by four. */
+
+	/* 9 */
+	out[0] += ((uint128_t) in[1]) * inx4[8] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in[2]) * inx4[7] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in[3]) * inx4[6] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in[4]) * inx4[5];
+
+	/* 10 */
+	out[1] += ((uint128_t) in[2]) * inx4[8] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in[3]) * inx4[7] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in[4]) * inx4[6] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in[5]) * inx2[5];
+
+	/* 11 */
+	out[2] += ((uint128_t) in[3]) * inx4[8] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in[4]) * inx4[7] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in[5]) * inx4[6];
+
+	/* 12 */
+	out[3] += ((uint128_t) in[4]) * inx4[8] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in[5]) * inx4[7] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in[6]) * inx2[6];
+
+	/* 13 */
+	out[4] += ((uint128_t) in[5]) * inx4[8] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in[6]) * inx4[7];
+
+	/* 14 */
+	out[5] += ((uint128_t) in[6]) * inx4[8] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in[7]) * inx2[7];
+
+	/* 15 */
+	out[6] += ((uint128_t) in[7]) * inx4[8];
+
+	/* 16 */
+	out[7] += ((uint128_t) in[8]) * inx2[8];
+	}
+
+/* felem_mul sets |out| = |in1| * |in2|
+ * On entry:
+ *   in1[i] < 2^64
+ *   in2[i] < 2^63
+ * On exit:
+ *   out[i] < 17 * max(in1[i]) * max(in2[i])
+ */
+static void felem_mul(largefelem out, const felem in1, const felem in2)
+	{
+	felem in2x2;
+	felem_scalar(in2x2, in2, 2);
+
+	out[0] = ((uint128_t) in1[0]) * in2[0];
+
+	out[1] = ((uint128_t) in1[0]) * in2[1] +
+	         ((uint128_t) in1[1]) * in2[0];
+
+	out[2] = ((uint128_t) in1[0]) * in2[2] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[1]) * in2[1] +
+	         ((uint128_t) in1[2]) * in2[0];
+
+	out[3] = ((uint128_t) in1[0]) * in2[3] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[1]) * in2[2] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[2]) * in2[1] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[3]) * in2[0];
+
+	out[4] = ((uint128_t) in1[0]) * in2[4] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[1]) * in2[3] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[2]) * in2[2] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[3]) * in2[1] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[4]) * in2[0];
+
+	out[5] = ((uint128_t) in1[0]) * in2[5] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[1]) * in2[4] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[2]) * in2[3] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[3]) * in2[2] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[4]) * in2[1] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[5]) * in2[0];
+
+	out[6] = ((uint128_t) in1[0]) * in2[6] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[1]) * in2[5] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[2]) * in2[4] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[3]) * in2[3] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[4]) * in2[2] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[5]) * in2[1] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[6]) * in2[0];
+
+	out[7] = ((uint128_t) in1[0]) * in2[7] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[1]) * in2[6] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[2]) * in2[5] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[3]) * in2[4] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[4]) * in2[3] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[5]) * in2[2] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[6]) * in2[1] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[7]) * in2[0];
+
+	out[8] = ((uint128_t) in1[0]) * in2[8] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[1]) * in2[7] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[2]) * in2[6] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[3]) * in2[5] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[4]) * in2[4] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[5]) * in2[3] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[6]) * in2[2] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[7]) * in2[1] +
+		 ((uint128_t) in1[8]) * in2[0];
+
+	/* See comment in felem_square about the use of in2x2 here */
+
+	out[0] += ((uint128_t) in1[1]) * in2x2[8] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[2]) * in2x2[7] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[3]) * in2x2[6] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[4]) * in2x2[5] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[5]) * in2x2[4] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[6]) * in2x2[3] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[7]) * in2x2[2] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[8]) * in2x2[1];
+
+	out[1] += ((uint128_t) in1[2]) * in2x2[8] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[3]) * in2x2[7] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[4]) * in2x2[6] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[5]) * in2x2[5] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[6]) * in2x2[4] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[7]) * in2x2[3] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[8]) * in2x2[2];
+
+	out[2] += ((uint128_t) in1[3]) * in2x2[8] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[4]) * in2x2[7] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[5]) * in2x2[6] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[6]) * in2x2[5] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[7]) * in2x2[4] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[8]) * in2x2[3];
+
+	out[3] += ((uint128_t) in1[4]) * in2x2[8] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[5]) * in2x2[7] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[6]) * in2x2[6] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[7]) * in2x2[5] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[8]) * in2x2[4];
+
+	out[4] += ((uint128_t) in1[5]) * in2x2[8] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[6]) * in2x2[7] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[7]) * in2x2[6] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[8]) * in2x2[5];
+
+	out[5] += ((uint128_t) in1[6]) * in2x2[8] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[7]) * in2x2[7] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[8]) * in2x2[6];
+
+	out[6] += ((uint128_t) in1[7]) * in2x2[8] +
+		  ((uint128_t) in1[8]) * in2x2[7];
+
+	out[7] += ((uint128_t) in1[8]) * in2x2[8];
+	}
+
+static const limb bottom52bits = 0xfffffffffffff;
+
+/* felem_reduce converts a largefelem to an felem.
+ * On entry:
+ *   in[i] < 2^128
+ * On exit:
+ *   out[i] < 2^59 + 2^14
+ */
+static void felem_reduce(felem out, const largefelem in)
+	{
+	u64 overflow1, overflow2;
+
+	out[0] = ((limb) in[0]) & bottom58bits;
+	out[1] = ((limb) in[1]) & bottom58bits;
+	out[2] = ((limb) in[2]) & bottom58bits;
+	out[3] = ((limb) in[3]) & bottom58bits;
+	out[4] = ((limb) in[4]) & bottom58bits;
+	out[5] = ((limb) in[5]) & bottom58bits;
+	out[6] = ((limb) in[6]) & bottom58bits;
+	out[7] = ((limb) in[7]) & bottom58bits;
+	out[8] = ((limb) in[8]) & bottom58bits;
+
+	/* out[i] < 2^58 */
+
+	out[1] += ((limb) in[0]) >> 58;
+	out[1] += (((limb) (in[0] >> 64)) & bottom52bits) << 6;
+	/* out[1] < 2^58 + 2^6 + 2^58
+	 *        = 2^59 + 2^6 */
+	out[2] += ((limb) (in[0] >> 64)) >> 52;
+
+	out[2] += ((limb) in[1]) >> 58;
+	out[2] += (((limb) (in[1] >> 64)) & bottom52bits) << 6;
+	out[3] += ((limb) (in[1] >> 64)) >> 52;
+
+	out[3] += ((limb) in[2]) >> 58;
+	out[3] += (((limb) (in[2] >> 64)) & bottom52bits) << 6;
+	out[4] += ((limb) (in[2] >> 64)) >> 52;
+
+	out[4] += ((limb) in[3]) >> 58;
+	out[4] += (((limb) (in[3] >> 64)) & bottom52bits) << 6;
+	out[5] += ((limb) (in[3] >> 64)) >> 52;
+
+	out[5] += ((limb) in[4]) >> 58;
+	out[5] += (((limb) (in[4] >> 64)) & bottom52bits) << 6;
+	out[6] += ((limb) (in[4] >> 64)) >> 52;
+
+	out[6] += ((limb) in[5]) >> 58;
+	out[6] += (((limb) (in[5] >> 64)) & bottom52bits) << 6;
+	out[7] += ((limb) (in[5] >> 64)) >> 52;
+
+	out[7] += ((limb) in[6]) >> 58;
+	out[7] += (((limb) (in[6] >> 64)) & bottom52bits) << 6;
+	out[8] += ((limb) (in[6] >> 64)) >> 52;
+
+	out[8] += ((limb) in[7]) >> 58;
+	out[8] += (((limb) (in[7] >> 64)) & bottom52bits) << 6;
+	/* out[x > 1] < 2^58 + 2^6 + 2^58 + 2^12
+	 *            < 2^59 + 2^13 */
+	overflow1 = ((limb) (in[7] >> 64)) >> 52;
+
+	overflow1 += ((limb) in[8]) >> 58;
+	overflow1 += (((limb) (in[8] >> 64)) & bottom52bits) << 6;
+	overflow2 = ((limb) (in[8] >> 64)) >> 52;
+
+	overflow1 <<= 1;  /* overflow1 < 2^13 + 2^7 + 2^59 */
+	overflow2 <<= 1;  /* overflow2 < 2^13 */
+
+	out[0] += overflow1;  /* out[0] < 2^60 */
+	out[1] += overflow2;  /* out[1] < 2^59 + 2^6 + 2^13 */
+
+	out[1] += out[0] >> 58; out[0] &= bottom58bits;
+	/* out[0] < 2^58
+	 * out[1] < 2^59 + 2^6 + 2^13 + 2^2
+	 *        < 2^59 + 2^14 */
+	}
+
+static void felem_square_reduce(felem out, const felem in)
+	{
+	largefelem tmp;
+	felem_square(tmp, in);
+	felem_reduce(out, tmp);
+	}
+
+static void felem_mul_reduce(felem out, const felem in1, const felem in2)
+	{
+	largefelem tmp;
+	felem_mul(tmp, in1, in2);
+	felem_reduce(out, tmp);
+	}
+
+/* felem_inv calculates |out| = |in|^{-1}
+ *
+ * Based on Fermat's Little Theorem:
+ *   a^p = a (mod p)
+ *   a^{p-1} = 1 (mod p)
+ *   a^{p-2} = a^{-1} (mod p)
+ */
+static void felem_inv(felem out, const felem in)
+	{
+	felem ftmp, ftmp2, ftmp3, ftmp4;
+	largefelem tmp;
+	unsigned i;
+
+	felem_square(tmp, in); felem_reduce(ftmp, tmp);		/* 2^1 */
+	felem_mul(tmp, in, ftmp); felem_reduce(ftmp, tmp);	/* 2^2 - 2^0 */
+	felem_assign(ftmp2, ftmp);
+	felem_square(tmp, ftmp); felem_reduce(ftmp, tmp);	/* 2^3 - 2^1 */
+	felem_mul(tmp, in, ftmp); felem_reduce(ftmp, tmp);	/* 2^3 - 2^0 */
+	felem_square(tmp, ftmp); felem_reduce(ftmp, tmp);	/* 2^4 - 2^1 */
+
+	felem_square(tmp, ftmp2); felem_reduce(ftmp3, tmp);	/* 2^3 - 2^1 */
+	felem_square(tmp, ftmp3); felem_reduce(ftmp3, tmp);	/* 2^4 - 2^2 */
+	felem_mul(tmp, ftmp3, ftmp2); felem_reduce(ftmp3, tmp);	/* 2^4 - 2^0 */
+
+	felem_assign(ftmp2, ftmp3);
+	felem_square(tmp, ftmp3); felem_reduce(ftmp3, tmp);	/* 2^5 - 2^1 */
+	felem_square(tmp, ftmp3); felem_reduce(ftmp3, tmp);	/* 2^6 - 2^2 */
+	felem_square(tmp, ftmp3); felem_reduce(ftmp3, tmp);	/* 2^7 - 2^3 */
+	felem_square(tmp, ftmp3); felem_reduce(ftmp3, tmp);	/* 2^8 - 2^4 */
+	felem_assign(ftmp4, ftmp3);
+	felem_mul(tmp, ftmp3, ftmp); felem_reduce(ftmp4, tmp);	/* 2^8 - 2^1 */
+	felem_square(tmp, ftmp4); felem_reduce(ftmp4, tmp);	/* 2^9 - 2^2 */
+	felem_mul(tmp, ftmp3, ftmp2); felem_reduce(ftmp3, tmp);	/* 2^8 - 2^0 */
+	felem_assign(ftmp2, ftmp3);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < 8; i++)
+		{
+		felem_square(tmp, ftmp3); felem_reduce(ftmp3, tmp);	/* 2^16 - 2^8 */
+		}
+	felem_mul(tmp, ftmp3, ftmp2); felem_reduce(ftmp3, tmp);	/* 2^16 - 2^0 */
+	felem_assign(ftmp2, ftmp3);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)
+		{
+		felem_square(tmp, ftmp3); felem_reduce(ftmp3, tmp);	/* 2^32 - 2^16 */
+		}
+	felem_mul(tmp, ftmp3, ftmp2); felem_reduce(ftmp3, tmp);	/* 2^32 - 2^0 */
+	felem_assign(ftmp2, ftmp3);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < 32; i++)
+		{
+		felem_square(tmp, ftmp3); felem_reduce(ftmp3, tmp);	/* 2^64 - 2^32 */
+		}
+	felem_mul(tmp, ftmp3, ftmp2); felem_reduce(ftmp3, tmp);	/* 2^64 - 2^0 */
+	felem_assign(ftmp2, ftmp3);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < 64; i++)
+		{
+		felem_square(tmp, ftmp3); felem_reduce(ftmp3, tmp);	/* 2^128 - 2^64 */
+		}
+	felem_mul(tmp, ftmp3, ftmp2); felem_reduce(ftmp3, tmp);	/* 2^128 - 2^0 */
+	felem_assign(ftmp2, ftmp3);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < 128; i++)
+		{
+		felem_square(tmp, ftmp3); felem_reduce(ftmp3, tmp);	/* 2^256 - 2^128 */
+		}
+	felem_mul(tmp, ftmp3, ftmp2); felem_reduce(ftmp3, tmp);	/* 2^256 - 2^0 */
+	felem_assign(ftmp2, ftmp3);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++)
+		{
+		felem_square(tmp, ftmp3); felem_reduce(ftmp3, tmp);	/* 2^512 - 2^256 */
+		}
+	felem_mul(tmp, ftmp3, ftmp2); felem_reduce(ftmp3, tmp);	/* 2^512 - 2^0 */
+
+	for (i = 0; i < 9; i++)
+		{
+		felem_square(tmp, ftmp3); felem_reduce(ftmp3, tmp);	/* 2^521 - 2^9 */
+		}
+	felem_mul(tmp, ftmp3, ftmp4); felem_reduce(ftmp3, tmp);	/* 2^512 - 2^2 */
+	felem_mul(tmp, ftmp3, in); felem_reduce(out, tmp);	/* 2^512 - 3 */
+}
+
+/* This is 2^521-1, expressed as an felem */
+static const felem kPrime =
+	{
+	0x03ffffffffffffff, 0x03ffffffffffffff, 0x03ffffffffffffff,
+	0x03ffffffffffffff, 0x03ffffffffffffff, 0x03ffffffffffffff,
+	0x03ffffffffffffff, 0x03ffffffffffffff, 0x01ffffffffffffff
+	};
+
+/* felem_is_zero returns a limb with all bits set if |in| == 0 (mod p) and 0
+ * otherwise.
+ * On entry:
+ *   in[i] < 2^59 + 2^14
+ */
+static limb felem_is_zero(const felem in)
+	{
+	felem ftmp;
+	limb is_zero, is_p;
+	felem_assign(ftmp, in);
+
+	ftmp[0] += ftmp[8] >> 57; ftmp[8] &= bottom57bits;
+	/* ftmp[8] < 2^57 */
+	ftmp[1] += ftmp[0] >> 58; ftmp[0] &= bottom58bits;
+	ftmp[2] += ftmp[1] >> 58; ftmp[1] &= bottom58bits;
+	ftmp[3] += ftmp[2] >> 58; ftmp[2] &= bottom58bits;
+	ftmp[4] += ftmp[3] >> 58; ftmp[3] &= bottom58bits;
+	ftmp[5] += ftmp[4] >> 58; ftmp[4] &= bottom58bits;
+	ftmp[6] += ftmp[5] >> 58; ftmp[5] &= bottom58bits;
+	ftmp[7] += ftmp[6] >> 58; ftmp[6] &= bottom58bits;
+	ftmp[8] += ftmp[7] >> 58; ftmp[7] &= bottom58bits;
+	/* ftmp[8] < 2^57 + 4 */
+
+	/* The ninth limb of 2*(2^521-1) is 0x03ffffffffffffff, which is
+	 * greater than our bound for ftmp[8]. Therefore we only have to check
+	 * if the zero is zero or 2^521-1. */
+
+	is_zero = 0;
+	is_zero |= ftmp[0];
+	is_zero |= ftmp[1];
+	is_zero |= ftmp[2];
+	is_zero |= ftmp[3];
+	is_zero |= ftmp[4];
+	is_zero |= ftmp[5];
+	is_zero |= ftmp[6];
+	is_zero |= ftmp[7];
+	is_zero |= ftmp[8];
+
+	is_zero--;
+	/* We know that ftmp[i] < 2^63, therefore the only way that the top bit
+	 * can be set is if is_zero was 0 before the decrement. */
+	is_zero = ((s64) is_zero) >> 63;
+
+	is_p = ftmp[0] ^ kPrime[0];
+	is_p |= ftmp[1] ^ kPrime[1];
+	is_p |= ftmp[2] ^ kPrime[2];
+	is_p |= ftmp[3] ^ kPrime[3];
+	is_p |= ftmp[4] ^ kPrime[4];
+	is_p |= ftmp[5] ^ kPrime[5];
+	is_p |= ftmp[6] ^ kPrime[6];
+	is_p |= ftmp[7] ^ kPrime[7];
+	is_p |= ftmp[8] ^ kPrime[8];
+
+	is_p--;
+	is_p = ((s64) is_p) >> 63;
+
+	is_zero |= is_p;
+	return is_zero;
+	}
+
+static int felem_is_zero_int(const felem in)
+	{
+	return (int) (felem_is_zero(in) & ((limb)1));
+	}
+
+/* felem_contract converts |in| to its unique, minimal representation.
+ * On entry:
+ *   in[i] < 2^59 + 2^14
+ */
+static void felem_contract(felem out, const felem in)
+	{
+	limb is_p, is_greater, sign;
+	static const limb two58 = ((limb)1) << 58;
+
+	felem_assign(out, in);
+
+	out[0] += out[8] >> 57; out[8] &= bottom57bits;
+	/* out[8] < 2^57 */
+	out[1] += out[0] >> 58; out[0] &= bottom58bits;
+	out[2] += out[1] >> 58; out[1] &= bottom58bits;
+	out[3] += out[2] >> 58; out[2] &= bottom58bits;
+	out[4] += out[3] >> 58; out[3] &= bottom58bits;
+	out[5] += out[4] >> 58; out[4] &= bottom58bits;
+	out[6] += out[5] >> 58; out[5] &= bottom58bits;
+	out[7] += out[6] >> 58; out[6] &= bottom58bits;
+	out[8] += out[7] >> 58; out[7] &= bottom58bits;
+	/* out[8] < 2^57 + 4 */
+
+	/* If the value is greater than 2^521-1 then we have to subtract
+	 * 2^521-1 out. See the comments in felem_is_zero regarding why we
+	 * don't test for other multiples of the prime. */
+
+	/* First, if |out| is equal to 2^521-1, we subtract it out to get zero. */
+
+	is_p = out[0] ^ kPrime[0];
+	is_p |= out[1] ^ kPrime[1];
+	is_p |= out[2] ^ kPrime[2];
+	is_p |= out[3] ^ kPrime[3];
+	is_p |= out[4] ^ kPrime[4];
+	is_p |= out[5] ^ kPrime[5];
+	is_p |= out[6] ^ kPrime[6];
+	is_p |= out[7] ^ kPrime[7];
+	is_p |= out[8] ^ kPrime[8];
+
+	is_p--;
+	is_p &= is_p << 32;
+	is_p &= is_p << 16;
+	is_p &= is_p << 8;
+	is_p &= is_p << 4;
+	is_p &= is_p << 2;
+	is_p &= is_p << 1;
+	is_p = ((s64) is_p) >> 63;
+	is_p = ~is_p;
+
+	/* is_p is 0 iff |out| == 2^521-1 and all ones otherwise */
+
+	out[0] &= is_p;
+	out[1] &= is_p;
+	out[2] &= is_p;
+	out[3] &= is_p;
+	out[4] &= is_p;
+	out[5] &= is_p;
+	out[6] &= is_p;
+	out[7] &= is_p;
+	out[8] &= is_p;
+
+	/* In order to test that |out| >= 2^521-1 we need only test if out[8]
+	 * >> 57 is greater than zero as (2^521-1) + x >= 2^522 */
+	is_greater = out[8] >> 57;
+	is_greater |= is_greater << 32;
+	is_greater |= is_greater << 16;
+	is_greater |= is_greater << 8;
+	is_greater |= is_greater << 4;
+	is_greater |= is_greater << 2;
+	is_greater |= is_greater << 1;
+	is_greater = ((s64) is_greater) >> 63;
+
+	out[0] -= kPrime[0] & is_greater;
+	out[1] -= kPrime[1] & is_greater;
+	out[2] -= kPrime[2] & is_greater;
+	out[3] -= kPrime[3] & is_greater;
+	out[4] -= kPrime[4] & is_greater;
+	out[5] -= kPrime[5] & is_greater;
+	out[6] -= kPrime[6] & is_greater;
+	out[7] -= kPrime[7] & is_greater;
+	out[8] -= kPrime[8] & is_greater;
+
+	/* Eliminate negative coefficients */
+	sign = -(out[0] >> 63); out[0] += (two58 & sign); out[1] -= (1 & sign);
+	sign = -(out[1] >> 63); out[1] += (two58 & sign); out[2] -= (1 & sign);
+	sign = -(out[2] >> 63); out[2] += (two58 & sign); out[3] -= (1 & sign);
+	sign = -(out[3] >> 63); out[3] += (two58 & sign); out[4] -= (1 & sign);
+	sign = -(out[4] >> 63); out[4] += (two58 & sign); out[5] -= (1 & sign);
+	sign = -(out[0] >> 63); out[5] += (two58 & sign); out[6] -= (1 & sign);
+	sign = -(out[6] >> 63); out[6] += (two58 & sign); out[7] -= (1 & sign);
+	sign = -(out[7] >> 63); out[7] += (two58 & sign); out[8] -= (1 & sign);
+	sign = -(out[5] >> 63); out[5] += (two58 & sign); out[6] -= (1 & sign);
+	sign = -(out[6] >> 63); out[6] += (two58 & sign); out[7] -= (1 & sign);
+	sign = -(out[7] >> 63); out[7] += (two58 & sign); out[8] -= (1 & sign);
+	}
+
+/* Group operations
+ * ----------------
+ *
+ * Building on top of the field operations we have the operations on the
+ * elliptic curve group itself. Points on the curve are represented in Jacobian
+ * coordinates */
+
+/* point_double calcuates 2*(x_in, y_in, z_in)
+ *
+ * The method is taken from:
+ *   http://hyperelliptic.org/EFD/g1p/auto-shortw-jacobian-3.html#doubling-dbl-2001-b
+ *
+ * Outputs can equal corresponding inputs, i.e., x_out == x_in is allowed.
+ * while x_out == y_in is not (maybe this works, but it's not tested). */
+static void
+point_double(felem x_out, felem y_out, felem z_out,
+	     const felem x_in, const felem y_in, const felem z_in)
+	{
+	largefelem tmp, tmp2;
+	felem delta, gamma, beta, alpha, ftmp, ftmp2;
+
+	felem_assign(ftmp, x_in);
+	felem_assign(ftmp2, x_in);
+
+	/* delta = z^2 */
+	felem_square(tmp, z_in);
+	felem_reduce(delta, tmp);  /* delta[i] < 2^59 + 2^14 */
+
+	/* gamma = y^2 */
+	felem_square(tmp, y_in);
+	felem_reduce(gamma, tmp);  /* gamma[i] < 2^59 + 2^14 */
+
+	/* beta = x*gamma */
+	felem_mul(tmp, x_in, gamma);
+	felem_reduce(beta, tmp);  /* beta[i] < 2^59 + 2^14 */
+
+	/* alpha = 3*(x-delta)*(x+delta) */
+	felem_diff64(ftmp, delta);
+	/* ftmp[i] < 2^61 */
+	felem_sum64(ftmp2, delta);
+	/* ftmp2[i] < 2^60 + 2^15 */
+	felem_scalar64(ftmp2, 3);
+	/* ftmp2[i] < 3*2^60 + 3*2^15 */
+	felem_mul(tmp, ftmp, ftmp2);
+	/* tmp[i] < 17(3*2^121 + 3*2^76)
+	 *        = 61*2^121 + 61*2^76
+	 *        < 64*2^121 + 64*2^76
+	 *        = 2^127 + 2^82
+	 *        < 2^128 */
+	felem_reduce(alpha, tmp);
+
+	/* x' = alpha^2 - 8*beta */
+	felem_square(tmp, alpha);
+	/* tmp[i] < 17*2^120
+	 *        < 2^125 */
+	felem_assign(ftmp, beta);
+	felem_scalar64(ftmp, 8);
+	/* ftmp[i] < 2^62 + 2^17 */
+	felem_diff_128_64(tmp, ftmp);
+	/* tmp[i] < 2^125 + 2^63 + 2^62 + 2^17 */
+	felem_reduce(x_out, tmp);
+
+	/* z' = (y + z)^2 - gamma - delta */
+	felem_sum64(delta, gamma);
+	/* delta[i] < 2^60 + 2^15 */
+	felem_assign(ftmp, y_in);
+	felem_sum64(ftmp, z_in);
+	/* ftmp[i] < 2^60 + 2^15 */
+	felem_square(tmp, ftmp);
+	/* tmp[i] < 17(2^122)
+	 *        < 2^127 */
+	felem_diff_128_64(tmp, delta);
+	/* tmp[i] < 2^127 + 2^63 */
+	felem_reduce(z_out, tmp);
+
+	/* y' = alpha*(4*beta - x') - 8*gamma^2 */
+	felem_scalar64(beta, 4);
+	/* beta[i] < 2^61 + 2^16 */
+	felem_diff64(beta, x_out);
+	/* beta[i] < 2^61 + 2^60 + 2^16 */
+	felem_mul(tmp, alpha, beta);
+	/* tmp[i] < 17*((2^59 + 2^14)(2^61 + 2^60 + 2^16))
+	 *        = 17*(2^120 + 2^75 + 2^119 + 2^74 + 2^75 + 2^30) 
+	 *        = 17*(2^120 + 2^119 + 2^76 + 2^74 + 2^30)
+	 *        < 2^128 */
+	felem_square(tmp2, gamma);
+	/* tmp2[i] < 17*(2^59 + 2^14)^2
+	 *         = 17*(2^118 + 2^74 + 2^28) */
+	felem_scalar128(tmp2, 8);
+	/* tmp2[i] < 8*17*(2^118 + 2^74 + 2^28)
+	 *         = 2^125 + 2^121 + 2^81 + 2^77 + 2^35 + 2^31
+	 *         < 2^126 */
+	felem_diff128(tmp, tmp2);
+	/* tmp[i] < 2^127 - 2^69 + 17(2^120 + 2^119 + 2^76 + 2^74 + 2^30)
+	 *        = 2^127 + 2^124 + 2^122 + 2^120 + 2^118 + 2^80 + 2^78 + 2^76 +
+	 *          2^74 + 2^69 + 2^34 + 2^30
+	 *        < 2^128 */
+	felem_reduce(y_out, tmp);
+	}
+
+/* copy_conditional copies in to out iff mask is all ones. */
+static void
+copy_conditional(felem out, const felem in, limb mask)
+	{
+	unsigned i;
+	for (i = 0; i < NLIMBS; ++i)
+		{
+		const limb tmp = mask & (in[i] ^ out[i]);
+		out[i] ^= tmp;
+		}
+	}
+
+/* point_add calcuates (x1, y1, z1) + (x2, y2, z2)
+ *
+ * The method is taken from
+ *   http://hyperelliptic.org/EFD/g1p/auto-shortw-jacobian-3.html#addition-add-2007-bl,
+ * adapted for mixed addition (z2 = 1, or z2 = 0 for the point at infinity).
+ *
+ * This function includes a branch for checking whether the two input points
+ * are equal (while not equal to the point at infinity). This case never
+ * happens during single point multiplication, so there is no timing leak for
+ * ECDH or ECDSA signing. */
+static void point_add(felem x3, felem y3, felem z3,
+	const felem x1, const felem y1, const felem z1,
+	const int mixed, const felem x2, const felem y2, const felem z2)
+	{
+	felem ftmp, ftmp2, ftmp3, ftmp4, ftmp5, ftmp6, x_out, y_out, z_out;
+	largefelem tmp, tmp2;
+	limb x_equal, y_equal, z1_is_zero, z2_is_zero;
+
+	z1_is_zero = felem_is_zero(z1);
+	z2_is_zero = felem_is_zero(z2);
+
+	/* ftmp = z1z1 = z1**2 */
+	felem_square(tmp, z1);
+	felem_reduce(ftmp, tmp);
+
+	if (!mixed)
+		{
+		/* ftmp2 = z2z2 = z2**2 */
+		felem_square(tmp, z2);
+		felem_reduce(ftmp2, tmp);
+
+		/* u1 = ftmp3 = x1*z2z2 */
+		felem_mul(tmp, x1, ftmp2);
+		felem_reduce(ftmp3, tmp);
+
+		/* ftmp5 = z1 + z2 */
+		felem_assign(ftmp5, z1);
+		felem_sum64(ftmp5, z2);
+		/* ftmp5[i] < 2^61 */
+
+		/* ftmp5 = (z1 + z2)**2 - z1z1 - z2z2 = 2*z1z2 */
+		felem_square(tmp, ftmp5);
+		/* tmp[i] < 17*2^122 */
+		felem_diff_128_64(tmp, ftmp);
+		/* tmp[i] < 17*2^122 + 2^63 */
+		felem_diff_128_64(tmp, ftmp2);
+		/* tmp[i] < 17*2^122 + 2^64 */
+		felem_reduce(ftmp5, tmp);
+
+		/* ftmp2 = z2 * z2z2 */
+		felem_mul(tmp, ftmp2, z2);
+		felem_reduce(ftmp2, tmp);
+
+		/* s1 = ftmp6 = y1 * z2**3 */
+		felem_mul(tmp, y1, ftmp2);
+		felem_reduce(ftmp6, tmp);
+		}
+	else
+		{
+		/* We'll assume z2 = 1 (special case z2 = 0 is handled later) */
+
+		/* u1 = ftmp3 = x1*z2z2 */
+		felem_assign(ftmp3, x1);
+
+		/* ftmp5 = 2*z1z2 */
+		felem_scalar(ftmp5, z1, 2);
+
+		/* s1 = ftmp6 = y1 * z2**3 */
+		felem_assign(ftmp6, y1);
+		}
+
+	/* u2 = x2*z1z1 */
+	felem_mul(tmp, x2, ftmp);
+	/* tmp[i] < 17*2^120 */
+
+	/* h = ftmp4 = u2 - u1 */
+	felem_diff_128_64(tmp, ftmp3);
+	/* tmp[i] < 17*2^120 + 2^63 */
+	felem_reduce(ftmp4, tmp);
+
+	x_equal = felem_is_zero(ftmp4);
+
+	/* z_out = ftmp5 * h */
+	felem_mul(tmp, ftmp5, ftmp4);
+	felem_reduce(z_out, tmp);
+
+	/* ftmp = z1 * z1z1 */
+	felem_mul(tmp, ftmp, z1);
+	felem_reduce(ftmp, tmp);
+
+	/* s2 = tmp = y2 * z1**3 */
+	felem_mul(tmp, y2, ftmp);
+	/* tmp[i] < 17*2^120 */
+
+	/* r = ftmp5 = (s2 - s1)*2 */
+	felem_diff_128_64(tmp, ftmp6);
+	/* tmp[i] < 17*2^120 + 2^63 */
+	felem_reduce(ftmp5, tmp);
+	y_equal = felem_is_zero(ftmp5);
+	felem_scalar64(ftmp5, 2);
+	/* ftmp5[i] < 2^61 */
+
+	if (x_equal && y_equal && !z1_is_zero && !z2_is_zero)
+		{
+		point_double(x3, y3, z3, x1, y1, z1);
+		return;
+		}
+
+	/* I = ftmp = (2h)**2 */
+	felem_assign(ftmp, ftmp4);
+	felem_scalar64(ftmp, 2);
+	/* ftmp[i] < 2^61 */
+	felem_square(tmp, ftmp);
+	/* tmp[i] < 17*2^122 */
+	felem_reduce(ftmp, tmp);
+
+	/* J = ftmp2 = h * I */
+	felem_mul(tmp, ftmp4, ftmp);
+	felem_reduce(ftmp2, tmp);
+
+	/* V = ftmp4 = U1 * I */
+	felem_mul(tmp, ftmp3, ftmp);
+	felem_reduce(ftmp4, tmp);
+
+	/* x_out = r**2 - J - 2V */
+	felem_square(tmp, ftmp5);
+	/* tmp[i] < 17*2^122 */
+	felem_diff_128_64(tmp, ftmp2);
+	/* tmp[i] < 17*2^122 + 2^63 */
+	felem_assign(ftmp3, ftmp4);
+	felem_scalar64(ftmp4, 2);
+	/* ftmp4[i] < 2^61 */
+	felem_diff_128_64(tmp, ftmp4);
+	/* tmp[i] < 17*2^122 + 2^64 */
+	felem_reduce(x_out, tmp);
+
+	/* y_out = r(V-x_out) - 2 * s1 * J */
+	felem_diff64(ftmp3, x_out);
+	/* ftmp3[i] < 2^60 + 2^60
+	 *          = 2^61 */
+	felem_mul(tmp, ftmp5, ftmp3);
+	/* tmp[i] < 17*2^122 */
+	felem_mul(tmp2, ftmp6, ftmp2);
+	/* tmp2[i] < 17*2^120 */
+	felem_scalar128(tmp2, 2);
+	/* tmp2[i] < 17*2^121 */
+	felem_diff128(tmp, tmp2);
+	/* tmp[i] < 2^127 - 2^69 + 17*2^122
+	 *        = 2^126 - 2^122 - 2^6 - 2^2 - 1
+	 *        < 2^127 */
+	felem_reduce(y_out, tmp);
+
+	copy_conditional(x_out, x2, z1_is_zero);
+	copy_conditional(x_out, x1, z2_is_zero);
+	copy_conditional(y_out, y2, z1_is_zero);
+	copy_conditional(y_out, y1, z2_is_zero);
+	copy_conditional(z_out, z2, z1_is_zero);
+	copy_conditional(z_out, z1, z2_is_zero);
+	felem_assign(x3, x_out);
+	felem_assign(y3, y_out);
+	felem_assign(z3, z_out);
+	}
+
+/* Base point pre computation
+ * --------------------------
+ *
+ * Two different sorts of precomputed tables are used in the following code.
+ * Each contain various points on the curve, where each point is three field
+ * elements (x, y, z).
+ *
+ * For the base point table, z is usually 1 (0 for the point at infinity).
+ * This table has 16 elements:
+ * index | bits    | point
+ * ------+---------+------------------------------
+ *     0 | 0 0 0 0 | 0G
+ *     1 | 0 0 0 1 | 1G
+ *     2 | 0 0 1 0 | 2^130G
+ *     3 | 0 0 1 1 | (2^130 + 1)G
+ *     4 | 0 1 0 0 | 2^260G
+ *     5 | 0 1 0 1 | (2^260 + 1)G
+ *     6 | 0 1 1 0 | (2^260 + 2^130)G
+ *     7 | 0 1 1 1 | (2^260 + 2^130 + 1)G
+ *     8 | 1 0 0 0 | 2^390G
+ *     9 | 1 0 0 1 | (2^390 + 1)G
+ *    10 | 1 0 1 0 | (2^390 + 2^130)G
+ *    11 | 1 0 1 1 | (2^390 + 2^130 + 1)G
+ *    12 | 1 1 0 0 | (2^390 + 2^260)G
+ *    13 | 1 1 0 1 | (2^390 + 2^260 + 1)G
+ *    14 | 1 1 1 0 | (2^390 + 2^260 + 2^130)G
+ *    15 | 1 1 1 1 | (2^390 + 2^260 + 2^130 + 1)G
+ *
+ * The reason for this is so that we can clock bits into four different
+ * locations when doing simple scalar multiplies against the base point.
+ *
+ * Tables for other points have table[i] = iG for i in 0 .. 16. */
+
+/* gmul is the table of precomputed base points */
+static const felem gmul[16][3] =
+	{{{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+	  {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+	  {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}},
+	 {{0x017e7e31c2e5bd66, 0x022cf0615a90a6fe, 0x00127a2ffa8de334,
+	   0x01dfbf9d64a3f877, 0x006b4d3dbaa14b5e, 0x014fed487e0a2bd8,
+	   0x015b4429c6481390, 0x03a73678fb2d988e, 0x00c6858e06b70404},
+	  {0x00be94769fd16650, 0x031c21a89cb09022, 0x039013fad0761353,
+	   0x02657bd099031542, 0x03273e662c97ee72, 0x01e6d11a05ebef45,
+	   0x03d1bd998f544495, 0x03001172297ed0b1, 0x011839296a789a3b},
+	  {1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}},
+	 {{0x0373faacbc875bae, 0x00f325023721c671, 0x00f666fd3dbde5ad,
+	   0x01a6932363f88ea7, 0x01fc6d9e13f9c47b, 0x03bcbffc2bbf734e,
+	   0x013ee3c3647f3a92, 0x029409fefe75d07d, 0x00ef9199963d85e5},
+	  {0x011173743ad5b178, 0x02499c7c21bf7d46, 0x035beaeabb8b1a58,
+	   0x00f989c4752ea0a3, 0x0101e1de48a9c1a3, 0x01a20076be28ba6c,
+	   0x02f8052e5eb2de95, 0x01bfe8f82dea117c, 0x0160074d3c36ddb7},
+	  {1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}},
+	 {{0x012f3fc373393b3b, 0x03d3d6172f1419fa, 0x02adc943c0b86873,
+	   0x00d475584177952b, 0x012a4d1673750ee2, 0x00512517a0f13b0c,
+	   0x02b184671a7b1734, 0x0315b84236f1a50a, 0x00a4afc472edbdb9},
+	  {0x00152a7077f385c4, 0x03044007d8d1c2ee, 0x0065829d61d52b52,
+	   0x00494ff6b6631d0d, 0x00a11d94d5f06bcf, 0x02d2f89474d9282e,
+	   0x0241c5727c06eeb9, 0x0386928710fbdb9d, 0x01f883f727b0dfbe},
+	  {1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}},
+	 {{0x019b0c3c9185544d, 0x006243a37c9d97db, 0x02ee3cbe030a2ad2,
+	   0x00cfdd946bb51e0d, 0x0271c00932606b91, 0x03f817d1ec68c561,
+	   0x03f37009806a369c, 0x03c1f30baf184fd5, 0x01091022d6d2f065},
+	  {0x0292c583514c45ed, 0x0316fca51f9a286c, 0x00300af507c1489a,
+	   0x0295f69008298cf1, 0x02c0ed8274943d7b, 0x016509b9b47a431e,
+	   0x02bc9de9634868ce, 0x005b34929bffcb09, 0x000c1a0121681524},
+	  {1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}},
+	 {{0x0286abc0292fb9f2, 0x02665eee9805b3f7, 0x01ed7455f17f26d6,
+	   0x0346355b83175d13, 0x006284944cd0a097, 0x0191895bcdec5e51,
+	   0x02e288370afda7d9, 0x03b22312bfefa67a, 0x01d104d3fc0613fe},
+	  {0x0092421a12f7e47f, 0x0077a83fa373c501, 0x03bd25c5f696bd0d,
+	   0x035c41e4d5459761, 0x01ca0d1742b24f53, 0x00aaab27863a509c,
+	   0x018b6de47df73917, 0x025c0b771705cd01, 0x01fd51d566d760a7},
+	  {1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}},
+	 {{0x01dd92ff6b0d1dbd, 0x039c5e2e8f8afa69, 0x0261ed13242c3b27,
+	   0x0382c6e67026e6a0, 0x01d60b10be2089f9, 0x03c15f3dce86723f,
+	   0x03c764a32d2a062d, 0x017307eac0fad056, 0x018207c0b96c5256},
+	  {0x0196a16d60e13154, 0x03e6ce74c0267030, 0x00ddbf2b4e52a5aa,
+	   0x012738241bbf31c8, 0x00ebe8dc04685a28, 0x024c2ad6d380d4a2,
+	   0x035ee062a6e62d0e, 0x0029ed74af7d3a0f, 0x00eef32aec142ebd},
+	  {1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}},
+	 {{0x00c31ec398993b39, 0x03a9f45bcda68253, 0x00ac733c24c70890,
+	   0x00872b111401ff01, 0x01d178c23195eafb, 0x03bca2c816b87f74,
+	   0x0261a9af46fbad7a, 0x0324b2a8dd3d28f9, 0x00918121d8f24e23},
+	  {0x032bc8c1ca983cd7, 0x00d869dfb08fc8c6, 0x01693cb61fce1516,
+	   0x012a5ea68f4e88a8, 0x010869cab88d7ae3, 0x009081ad277ceee1,
+	   0x033a77166d064cdc, 0x03955235a1fb3a95, 0x01251a4a9b25b65e},
+	  {1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}},
+	 {{0x00148a3a1b27f40b, 0x0123186df1b31fdc, 0x00026e7beaad34ce,
+	   0x01db446ac1d3dbba, 0x0299c1a33437eaec, 0x024540610183cbb7,
+	   0x0173bb0e9ce92e46, 0x02b937e43921214b, 0x01ab0436a9bf01b5},
+	  {0x0383381640d46948, 0x008dacbf0e7f330f, 0x03602122bcc3f318,
+	   0x01ee596b200620d6, 0x03bd0585fda430b3, 0x014aed77fd123a83,
+	   0x005ace749e52f742, 0x0390fe041da2b842, 0x0189a8ceb3299242},
+	  {1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}},
+	 {{0x012a19d6b3282473, 0x00c0915918b423ce, 0x023a954eb94405ae,
+	   0x00529f692be26158, 0x0289fa1b6fa4b2aa, 0x0198ae4ceea346ef,
+	   0x0047d8cdfbdedd49, 0x00cc8c8953f0f6b8, 0x001424abbff49203},
+	  {0x0256732a1115a03a, 0x0351bc38665c6733, 0x03f7b950fb4a6447,
+	   0x000afffa94c22155, 0x025763d0a4dab540, 0x000511e92d4fc283,
+	   0x030a7e9eda0ee96c, 0x004c3cd93a28bf0a, 0x017edb3a8719217f},
+	  {1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}},
+	 {{0x011de5675a88e673, 0x031d7d0f5e567fbe, 0x0016b2062c970ae5,
+	   0x03f4a2be49d90aa7, 0x03cef0bd13822866, 0x03f0923dcf774a6c,
+	   0x0284bebc4f322f72, 0x016ab2645302bb2c, 0x01793f95dace0e2a},
+	  {0x010646e13527a28f, 0x01ca1babd59dc5e7, 0x01afedfd9a5595df,
+	   0x01f15785212ea6b1, 0x0324e5d64f6ae3f4, 0x02d680f526d00645,
+	   0x0127920fadf627a7, 0x03b383f75df4f684, 0x0089e0057e783b0a},
+	  {1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}},
+	 {{0x00f334b9eb3c26c6, 0x0298fdaa98568dce, 0x01c2d24843a82292,
+	   0x020bcb24fa1b0711, 0x02cbdb3d2b1875e6, 0x0014907598f89422,
+	   0x03abe3aa43b26664, 0x02cbf47f720bc168, 0x0133b5e73014b79b},
+	  {0x034aab5dab05779d, 0x00cdc5d71fee9abb, 0x0399f16bd4bd9d30,
+	   0x03582fa592d82647, 0x02be1cdfb775b0e9, 0x0034f7cea32e94cb,
+	   0x0335a7f08f56f286, 0x03b707e9565d1c8b, 0x0015c946ea5b614f},
+	  {1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}},
+	 {{0x024676f6cff72255, 0x00d14625cac96378, 0x00532b6008bc3767,
+	   0x01fc16721b985322, 0x023355ea1b091668, 0x029de7afdc0317c3,
+	   0x02fc8a7ca2da037c, 0x02de1217d74a6f30, 0x013f7173175b73bf},
+	  {0x0344913f441490b5, 0x0200f9e272b61eca, 0x0258a246b1dd55d2,
+	   0x03753db9ea496f36, 0x025e02937a09c5ef, 0x030cbd3d14012692,
+	   0x01793a67e70dc72a, 0x03ec1d37048a662e, 0x006550f700c32a8d},
+	  {1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}},
+	 {{0x00d3f48a347eba27, 0x008e636649b61bd8, 0x00d3b93716778fb3,
+	   0x004d1915757bd209, 0x019d5311a3da44e0, 0x016d1afcbbe6aade,
+	   0x0241bf5f73265616, 0x0384672e5d50d39b, 0x005009fee522b684},
+	  {0x029b4fab064435fe, 0x018868ee095bbb07, 0x01ea3d6936cc92b8,
+	   0x000608b00f78a2f3, 0x02db911073d1c20f, 0x018205938470100a,
+	   0x01f1e4964cbe6ff2, 0x021a19a29eed4663, 0x01414485f42afa81},
+	  {1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}},
+	 {{0x01612b3a17f63e34, 0x03813992885428e6, 0x022b3c215b5a9608,
+	   0x029b4057e19f2fcb, 0x0384059a587af7e6, 0x02d6400ace6fe610,
+	   0x029354d896e8e331, 0x00c047ee6dfba65e, 0x0037720542e9d49d},
+	  {0x02ce9eed7c5e9278, 0x0374ed703e79643b, 0x01316c54c4072006,
+	   0x005aaa09054b2ee8, 0x002824000c840d57, 0x03d4eba24771ed86,
+	   0x0189c50aabc3bdae, 0x0338c01541e15510, 0x00466d56e38eed42},
+	  {1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}},
+	 {{0x007efd8330ad8bd6, 0x02465ed48047710b, 0x0034c6606b215e0c,
+	   0x016ae30c53cbf839, 0x01fa17bd37161216, 0x018ead4e61ce8ab9,
+	   0x005482ed5f5dee46, 0x037543755bba1d7f, 0x005e5ac7e70a9d0f},
+	  {0x0117e1bb2fdcb2a2, 0x03deea36249f40c4, 0x028d09b4a6246cb7,
+	   0x03524b8855bcf756, 0x023d7d109d5ceb58, 0x0178e43e3223ef9c,
+	   0x0154536a0c6e966a, 0x037964d1286ee9fe, 0x0199bcd90e125055},
+	 {1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}}};
+
+/* select_point selects the |idx|th point from a precomputation table and
+ * copies it to out. */
+static void select_point(const limb idx, unsigned int size, const felem pre_comp[/* size */][3],
+			 felem out[3])
+	{
+	unsigned i, j;
+	limb *outlimbs = &out[0][0];
+	memset(outlimbs, 0, 3 * sizeof(felem));
+
+	for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
+		{
+		const limb *inlimbs = &pre_comp[i][0][0];
+		limb mask = i ^ idx;
+		mask |= mask >> 4;
+		mask |= mask >> 2;
+		mask |= mask >> 1;
+		mask &= 1;
+		mask--;
+		for (j = 0; j < NLIMBS * 3; j++)
+			outlimbs[j] |= inlimbs[j] & mask;
+		}
+	}
+
+/* get_bit returns the |i|th bit in |in| */
+static char get_bit(const felem_bytearray in, int i)
+	{
+	if (i < 0)
+		return 0;
+	return (in[i >> 3] >> (i & 7)) & 1;
+	}
+
+/* Interleaved point multiplication using precomputed point multiples:
+ * The small point multiples 0*P, 1*P, ..., 16*P are in pre_comp[],
+ * the scalars in scalars[]. If g_scalar is non-NULL, we also add this multiple
+ * of the generator, using certain (large) precomputed multiples in g_pre_comp.
+ * Output point (X, Y, Z) is stored in x_out, y_out, z_out */
+static void batch_mul(felem x_out, felem y_out, felem z_out,
+	const felem_bytearray scalars[], const unsigned num_points, const u8 *g_scalar,
+	const int mixed, const felem pre_comp[][17][3], const felem g_pre_comp[16][3])
+	{
+	int i, skip;
+	unsigned num, gen_mul = (g_scalar != NULL);
+	felem nq[3], tmp[4];
+	limb bits;
+	u8 sign, digit;
+
+	/* set nq to the point at infinity */
+	memset(nq, 0, 3 * sizeof(felem));
+
+	/* Loop over all scalars msb-to-lsb, interleaving additions
+	 * of multiples of the generator (last quarter of rounds)
+	 * and additions of other points multiples (every 5th round).
+	 */
+	skip = 1; /* save two point operations in the first round */
+	for (i = (num_points ? 520 : 130); i >= 0; --i)
+		{
+		/* double */
+		if (!skip)
+			point_double(nq[0], nq[1], nq[2], nq[0], nq[1], nq[2]);
+
+		/* add multiples of the generator */
+		if (gen_mul && (i <= 130))
+			{
+			bits = get_bit(g_scalar, i + 390) << 3;
+			if (i < 130)
+				{
+				bits |= get_bit(g_scalar, i + 260) << 2;
+				bits |= get_bit(g_scalar, i + 130) << 1;
+				bits |= get_bit(g_scalar, i);
+				}
+			/* select the point to add, in constant time */
+			select_point(bits, 16, g_pre_comp, tmp);
+			if (!skip)
+				{
+				point_add(nq[0], nq[1], nq[2],
+					nq[0], nq[1], nq[2],
+					1 /* mixed */, tmp[0], tmp[1], tmp[2]);
+				}
+			else
+				{
+				memcpy(nq, tmp, 3 * sizeof(felem));
+				skip = 0;
+				}
+			}
+
+		/* do other additions every 5 doublings */
+		if (num_points && (i % 5 == 0))
+			{
+			/* loop over all scalars */
+			for (num = 0; num < num_points; ++num)
+				{
+				bits = get_bit(scalars[num], i + 4) << 5;
+				bits |= get_bit(scalars[num], i + 3) << 4;
+				bits |= get_bit(scalars[num], i + 2) << 3;
+				bits |= get_bit(scalars[num], i + 1) << 2;
+				bits |= get_bit(scalars[num], i) << 1;
+				bits |= get_bit(scalars[num], i - 1);
+				ec_GFp_nistp_recode_scalar_bits(&sign, &digit, bits);
+
+				/* select the point to add or subtract, in constant time */
+				select_point(digit, 17, pre_comp[num], tmp);
+				felem_neg(tmp[3], tmp[1]); /* (X, -Y, Z) is the negative point */
+				copy_conditional(tmp[1], tmp[3], (-(limb) sign));
+
+				if (!skip)
+					{
+					point_add(nq[0], nq[1], nq[2],
+						nq[0], nq[1], nq[2],
+						mixed, tmp[0], tmp[1], tmp[2]);
+					}
+				else
+					{
+					memcpy(nq, tmp, 3 * sizeof(felem));
+					skip = 0;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	felem_assign(x_out, nq[0]);
+	felem_assign(y_out, nq[1]);
+	felem_assign(z_out, nq[2]);
+	}
+
+
+/* Precomputation for the group generator. */
+typedef struct {
+	felem g_pre_comp[16][3];
+	int references;
+} NISTP521_PRE_COMP;
+
+const EC_METHOD *EC_GFp_nistp521_method(void)
+	{
+	static const EC_METHOD ret = {
+		EC_FLAGS_DEFAULT_OCT,
+		NID_X9_62_prime_field,
+		ec_GFp_nistp521_group_init,
+		ec_GFp_simple_group_finish,
+		ec_GFp_simple_group_clear_finish,
+		ec_GFp_nist_group_copy,
+		ec_GFp_nistp521_group_set_curve,
+		ec_GFp_simple_group_get_curve,
+		ec_GFp_simple_group_get_degree,
+		ec_GFp_simple_group_check_discriminant,
+		ec_GFp_simple_point_init,
+		ec_GFp_simple_point_finish,
+		ec_GFp_simple_point_clear_finish,
+		ec_GFp_simple_point_copy,
+		ec_GFp_simple_point_set_to_infinity,
+		ec_GFp_simple_set_Jprojective_coordinates_GFp,
+		ec_GFp_simple_get_Jprojective_coordinates_GFp,
+		ec_GFp_simple_point_set_affine_coordinates,
+		ec_GFp_nistp521_point_get_affine_coordinates,
+		0 /* point_set_compressed_coordinates */,
+		0 /* point2oct */,
+		0 /* oct2point */,
+		ec_GFp_simple_add,
+		ec_GFp_simple_dbl,
+		ec_GFp_simple_invert,
+		ec_GFp_simple_is_at_infinity,
+		ec_GFp_simple_is_on_curve,
+		ec_GFp_simple_cmp,
+		ec_GFp_simple_make_affine,
+		ec_GFp_simple_points_make_affine,
+		ec_GFp_nistp521_points_mul,
+		ec_GFp_nistp521_precompute_mult,
+		ec_GFp_nistp521_have_precompute_mult,
+		ec_GFp_nist_field_mul,
+		ec_GFp_nist_field_sqr,
+		0 /* field_div */,
+		0 /* field_encode */,
+		0 /* field_decode */,
+		0 /* field_set_to_one */ };
+
+	return &ret;
+	}
+
+
+/******************************************************************************/
+/*		       FUNCTIONS TO MANAGE PRECOMPUTATION
+ */
+
+static NISTP521_PRE_COMP *nistp521_pre_comp_new()
+	{
+	NISTP521_PRE_COMP *ret = NULL;
+	ret = (NISTP521_PRE_COMP *)OPENSSL_malloc(sizeof(NISTP521_PRE_COMP));
+	if (!ret)
+		{
+		ECerr(EC_F_NISTP521_PRE_COMP_NEW, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
+		return ret;
+		}
+	memset(ret->g_pre_comp, 0, sizeof(ret->g_pre_comp));
+	ret->references = 1;
+	return ret;
+	}
+
+static void *nistp521_pre_comp_dup(void *src_)
+	{
+	NISTP521_PRE_COMP *src = src_;
+
+	/* no need to actually copy, these objects never change! */
+	CRYPTO_add(&src->references, 1, CRYPTO_LOCK_EC_PRE_COMP);
+
+	return src_;
+	}
+
+static void nistp521_pre_comp_free(void *pre_)
+	{
+	int i;
+	NISTP521_PRE_COMP *pre = pre_;
+
+	if (!pre)
+		return;
+
+	i = CRYPTO_add(&pre->references, -1, CRYPTO_LOCK_EC_PRE_COMP);
+	if (i > 0)
+		return;
+
+	OPENSSL_free(pre);
+	}
+
+static void nistp521_pre_comp_clear_free(void *pre_)
+	{
+	int i;
+	NISTP521_PRE_COMP *pre = pre_;
+
+	if (!pre)
+		return;
+
+	i = CRYPTO_add(&pre->references, -1, CRYPTO_LOCK_EC_PRE_COMP);
+	if (i > 0)
+		return;
+
+	OPENSSL_cleanse(pre, sizeof(*pre));
+	OPENSSL_free(pre);
+	}
+
+/******************************************************************************/
+/*			   OPENSSL EC_METHOD FUNCTIONS
+ */
+
+int ec_GFp_nistp521_group_init(EC_GROUP *group)
+	{
+	int ret;
+	ret = ec_GFp_simple_group_init(group);
+	group->a_is_minus3 = 1;
+	return ret;
+	}
+
+int ec_GFp_nistp521_group_set_curve(EC_GROUP *group, const BIGNUM *p,
+	const BIGNUM *a, const BIGNUM *b, BN_CTX *ctx)
+	{
+	int ret = 0;
+	BN_CTX *new_ctx = NULL;
+	BIGNUM *curve_p, *curve_a, *curve_b;
+
+	if (ctx == NULL)
+		if ((ctx = new_ctx = BN_CTX_new()) == NULL) return 0;
+	BN_CTX_start(ctx);
+	if (((curve_p = BN_CTX_get(ctx)) == NULL) ||
+		((curve_a = BN_CTX_get(ctx)) == NULL) ||
+		((curve_b = BN_CTX_get(ctx)) == NULL)) goto err;
+	BN_bin2bn(nistp521_curve_params[0], sizeof(felem_bytearray), curve_p);
+	BN_bin2bn(nistp521_curve_params[1], sizeof(felem_bytearray), curve_a);
+	BN_bin2bn(nistp521_curve_params[2], sizeof(felem_bytearray), curve_b);
+	if ((BN_cmp(curve_p, p)) || (BN_cmp(curve_a, a)) ||
+		(BN_cmp(curve_b, b)))
+		{
+		ECerr(EC_F_EC_GFP_NISTP521_GROUP_SET_CURVE,
+			EC_R_WRONG_CURVE_PARAMETERS);
+		goto err;
+		}
+	group->field_mod_func = BN_nist_mod_521;
+	ret = ec_GFp_simple_group_set_curve(group, p, a, b, ctx);
+err:
+	BN_CTX_end(ctx);
+	if (new_ctx != NULL)
+		BN_CTX_free(new_ctx);
+	return ret;
+	}
+
+/* Takes the Jacobian coordinates (X, Y, Z) of a point and returns
+ * (X', Y') = (X/Z^2, Y/Z^3) */
+int ec_GFp_nistp521_point_get_affine_coordinates(const EC_GROUP *group,
+	const EC_POINT *point, BIGNUM *x, BIGNUM *y, BN_CTX *ctx)
+	{
+	felem z1, z2, x_in, y_in, x_out, y_out;
+	largefelem tmp;
+
+	if (EC_POINT_is_at_infinity(group, point))
+		{
+		ECerr(EC_F_EC_GFP_NISTP521_POINT_GET_AFFINE_COORDINATES,
+			EC_R_POINT_AT_INFINITY);
+		return 0;
+		}
+	if ((!BN_to_felem(x_in, &point->X)) || (!BN_to_felem(y_in, &point->Y)) ||
+		(!BN_to_felem(z1, &point->Z))) return 0;
+	felem_inv(z2, z1);
+	felem_square(tmp, z2); felem_reduce(z1, tmp);
+	felem_mul(tmp, x_in, z1); felem_reduce(x_in, tmp);
+	felem_contract(x_out, x_in);
+	if (x != NULL)
+		{
+		if (!felem_to_BN(x, x_out))
+			{
+			ECerr(EC_F_EC_GFP_NISTP521_POINT_GET_AFFINE_COORDINATES, ERR_R_BN_LIB);
+			return 0;
+			}
+		}
+	felem_mul(tmp, z1, z2); felem_reduce(z1, tmp);
+	felem_mul(tmp, y_in, z1); felem_reduce(y_in, tmp);
+	felem_contract(y_out, y_in);
+	if (y != NULL)
+		{
+		if (!felem_to_BN(y, y_out))
+			{
+			ECerr(EC_F_EC_GFP_NISTP521_POINT_GET_AFFINE_COORDINATES, ERR_R_BN_LIB);
+			return 0;
+			}
+		}
+	return 1;
+	}
+
+static void make_points_affine(size_t num, felem points[/* num */][3], felem tmp_felems[/* num+1 */])
+	{
+	/* Runs in constant time, unless an input is the point at infinity
+	 * (which normally shouldn't happen). */
+	ec_GFp_nistp_points_make_affine_internal(
+		num,
+		points,
+		sizeof(felem),
+		tmp_felems,
+		(void (*)(void *)) felem_one,
+		(int (*)(const void *)) felem_is_zero_int,
+		(void (*)(void *, const void *)) felem_assign,
+		(void (*)(void *, const void *)) felem_square_reduce,
+		(void (*)(void *, const void *, const void *)) felem_mul_reduce,
+		(void (*)(void *, const void *)) felem_inv,
+		(void (*)(void *, const void *)) felem_contract);
+	}
+
+/* Computes scalar*generator + \sum scalars[i]*points[i], ignoring NULL values
+ * Result is stored in r (r can equal one of the inputs). */
+int ec_GFp_nistp521_points_mul(const EC_GROUP *group, EC_POINT *r,
+	const BIGNUM *scalar, size_t num, const EC_POINT *points[],
+	const BIGNUM *scalars[], BN_CTX *ctx)
+	{
+	int ret = 0;
+	int j;
+	int mixed = 0;
+	BN_CTX *new_ctx = NULL;
+	BIGNUM *x, *y, *z, *tmp_scalar;
+	felem_bytearray g_secret;
+	felem_bytearray *secrets = NULL;
+	felem (*pre_comp)[17][3] = NULL;
+	felem *tmp_felems = NULL;
+	felem_bytearray tmp;
+	unsigned i, num_bytes;
+	int have_pre_comp = 0;
+	size_t num_points = num;
+	felem x_in, y_in, z_in, x_out, y_out, z_out;
+	NISTP521_PRE_COMP *pre = NULL;
+	felem (*g_pre_comp)[3] = NULL;
+	EC_POINT *generator = NULL;
+	const EC_POINT *p = NULL;
+	const BIGNUM *p_scalar = NULL;
+
+	if (ctx == NULL)
+		if ((ctx = new_ctx = BN_CTX_new()) == NULL) return 0;
+	BN_CTX_start(ctx);
+	if (((x = BN_CTX_get(ctx)) == NULL) ||
+		((y = BN_CTX_get(ctx)) == NULL) ||
+		((z = BN_CTX_get(ctx)) == NULL) ||
+		((tmp_scalar = BN_CTX_get(ctx)) == NULL))
+		goto err;
+
+	if (scalar != NULL)
+		{
+		pre = EC_EX_DATA_get_data(group->extra_data,
+			nistp521_pre_comp_dup, nistp521_pre_comp_free,
+			nistp521_pre_comp_clear_free);
+		if (pre)
+			/* we have precomputation, try to use it */
+			g_pre_comp = &pre->g_pre_comp[0];
+		else
+			/* try to use the standard precomputation */
+			g_pre_comp = (felem (*)[3]) gmul;
+		generator = EC_POINT_new(group);
+		if (generator == NULL)
+			goto err;
+		/* get the generator from precomputation */
+		if (!felem_to_BN(x, g_pre_comp[1][0]) ||
+			!felem_to_BN(y, g_pre_comp[1][1]) ||
+			!felem_to_BN(z, g_pre_comp[1][2]))
+			{
+			ECerr(EC_F_EC_GFP_NISTP521_POINTS_MUL, ERR_R_BN_LIB);
+			goto err;
+			}
+		if (!EC_POINT_set_Jprojective_coordinates_GFp(group,
+				generator, x, y, z, ctx))
+			goto err;
+		if (0 == EC_POINT_cmp(group, generator, group->generator, ctx))
+			/* precomputation matches generator */
+			have_pre_comp = 1;
+		else
+			/* we don't have valid precomputation:
+			 * treat the generator as a random point */
+			num_points++;
+		}
+
+	if (num_points > 0)
+		{
+		if (num_points >= 2)
+			{
+			/* unless we precompute multiples for just one point,
+			 * converting those into affine form is time well spent  */
+			mixed = 1;
+			}
+		secrets = OPENSSL_malloc(num_points * sizeof(felem_bytearray));
+		pre_comp = OPENSSL_malloc(num_points * 17 * 3 * sizeof(felem));
+		if (mixed)
+			tmp_felems = OPENSSL_malloc((num_points * 17 + 1) * sizeof(felem));
+		if ((secrets == NULL) || (pre_comp == NULL) || (mixed && (tmp_felems == NULL)))
+			{
+			ECerr(EC_F_EC_GFP_NISTP521_POINTS_MUL, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
+			goto err;
+			}
+
+		/* we treat NULL scalars as 0, and NULL points as points at infinity,
+		 * i.e., they contribute nothing to the linear combination */
+		memset(secrets, 0, num_points * sizeof(felem_bytearray));
+		memset(pre_comp, 0, num_points * 17 * 3 * sizeof(felem));
+		for (i = 0; i < num_points; ++i)
+			{
+			if (i == num)
+				/* we didn't have a valid precomputation, so we pick
+				 * the generator */
+				{
+				p = EC_GROUP_get0_generator(group);
+				p_scalar = scalar;
+				}
+			else
+				/* the i^th point */
+				{
+				p = points[i];
+				p_scalar = scalars[i];
+				}
+			if ((p_scalar != NULL) && (p != NULL))
+				{
+				/* reduce scalar to 0 <= scalar < 2^521 */
+				if ((BN_num_bits(p_scalar) > 521) || (BN_is_negative(p_scalar)))
+					{
+					/* this is an unusual input, and we don't guarantee
+					 * constant-timeness */
+					if (!BN_nnmod(tmp_scalar, p_scalar, &group->order, ctx))
+						{
+						ECerr(EC_F_EC_GFP_NISTP521_POINTS_MUL, ERR_R_BN_LIB);
+						goto err;
+						}
+					num_bytes = BN_bn2bin(tmp_scalar, tmp);
+					}
+				else
+					num_bytes = BN_bn2bin(p_scalar, tmp);
+				flip_endian(secrets[i], tmp, num_bytes);
+				/* precompute multiples */
+				if ((!BN_to_felem(x_out, &p->X)) ||
+					(!BN_to_felem(y_out, &p->Y)) ||
+					(!BN_to_felem(z_out, &p->Z))) goto err;
+				memcpy(pre_comp[i][1][0], x_out, sizeof(felem));
+				memcpy(pre_comp[i][1][1], y_out, sizeof(felem));
+				memcpy(pre_comp[i][1][2], z_out, sizeof(felem));
+				for (j = 2; j <= 16; ++j)
+					{
+					if (j & 1)
+						{
+						point_add(
+							pre_comp[i][j][0], pre_comp[i][j][1], pre_comp[i][j][2],
+							pre_comp[i][1][0], pre_comp[i][1][1], pre_comp[i][1][2],
+							0, pre_comp[i][j-1][0], pre_comp[i][j-1][1], pre_comp[i][j-1][2]);
+						}
+					else
+						{
+						point_double(
+							pre_comp[i][j][0], pre_comp[i][j][1], pre_comp[i][j][2],
+							pre_comp[i][j/2][0], pre_comp[i][j/2][1], pre_comp[i][j/2][2]);
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		if (mixed)
+			make_points_affine(num_points * 17, pre_comp[0], tmp_felems);
+		}
+
+	/* the scalar for the generator */
+	if ((scalar != NULL) && (have_pre_comp))
+		{
+		memset(g_secret, 0, sizeof(g_secret));
+		/* reduce scalar to 0 <= scalar < 2^521 */
+		if ((BN_num_bits(scalar) > 521) || (BN_is_negative(scalar)))
+			{
+			/* this is an unusual input, and we don't guarantee
+			 * constant-timeness */
+			if (!BN_nnmod(tmp_scalar, scalar, &group->order, ctx))
+				{
+				ECerr(EC_F_EC_GFP_NISTP521_POINTS_MUL, ERR_R_BN_LIB);
+				goto err;
+				}
+			num_bytes = BN_bn2bin(tmp_scalar, tmp);
+			}
+		else
+			num_bytes = BN_bn2bin(scalar, tmp);
+		flip_endian(g_secret, tmp, num_bytes);
+		/* do the multiplication with generator precomputation*/
+		batch_mul(x_out, y_out, z_out,
+			(const felem_bytearray (*)) secrets, num_points,
+			g_secret,
+			mixed, (const felem (*)[17][3]) pre_comp,
+			(const felem (*)[3]) g_pre_comp);
+		}
+	else
+		/* do the multiplication without generator precomputation */
+		batch_mul(x_out, y_out, z_out,
+			(const felem_bytearray (*)) secrets, num_points,
+			NULL, mixed, (const felem (*)[17][3]) pre_comp, NULL);
+	/* reduce the output to its unique minimal representation */
+	felem_contract(x_in, x_out);
+	felem_contract(y_in, y_out);
+	felem_contract(z_in, z_out);
+	if ((!felem_to_BN(x, x_in)) || (!felem_to_BN(y, y_in)) ||
+		(!felem_to_BN(z, z_in)))
+		{
+		ECerr(EC_F_EC_GFP_NISTP521_POINTS_MUL, ERR_R_BN_LIB);
+		goto err;
+		}
+	ret = EC_POINT_set_Jprojective_coordinates_GFp(group, r, x, y, z, ctx);
+
+err:
+	BN_CTX_end(ctx);
+	if (generator != NULL)
+		EC_POINT_free(generator);
+	if (new_ctx != NULL)
+		BN_CTX_free(new_ctx);
+	if (secrets != NULL)
+		OPENSSL_free(secrets);
+	if (pre_comp != NULL)
+		OPENSSL_free(pre_comp);
+	if (tmp_felems != NULL)
+		OPENSSL_free(tmp_felems);
+	return ret;
+	}
+
+int ec_GFp_nistp521_precompute_mult(EC_GROUP *group, BN_CTX *ctx)
+	{
+	int ret = 0;
+	NISTP521_PRE_COMP *pre = NULL;
+	int i, j;
+	BN_CTX *new_ctx = NULL;
+	BIGNUM *x, *y;
+	EC_POINT *generator = NULL;
+	felem tmp_felems[16];
+
+	/* throw away old precomputation */
+	EC_EX_DATA_free_data(&group->extra_data, nistp521_pre_comp_dup,
+		nistp521_pre_comp_free, nistp521_pre_comp_clear_free);
+	if (ctx == NULL)
+		if ((ctx = new_ctx = BN_CTX_new()) == NULL) return 0;
+	BN_CTX_start(ctx);
+	if (((x = BN_CTX_get(ctx)) == NULL) ||
+		((y = BN_CTX_get(ctx)) == NULL))
+		goto err;
+	/* get the generator */
+	if (group->generator == NULL) goto err;
+	generator = EC_POINT_new(group);
+	if (generator == NULL)
+		goto err;
+	BN_bin2bn(nistp521_curve_params[3], sizeof (felem_bytearray), x);
+	BN_bin2bn(nistp521_curve_params[4], sizeof (felem_bytearray), y);
+	if (!EC_POINT_set_affine_coordinates_GFp(group, generator, x, y, ctx))
+		goto err;
+	if ((pre = nistp521_pre_comp_new()) == NULL)
+		goto err;
+	/* if the generator is the standard one, use built-in precomputation */
+	if (0 == EC_POINT_cmp(group, generator, group->generator, ctx))
+		{
+		memcpy(pre->g_pre_comp, gmul, sizeof(pre->g_pre_comp));
+		ret = 1;
+		goto err;
+		}
+	if ((!BN_to_felem(pre->g_pre_comp[1][0], &group->generator->X)) ||
+		(!BN_to_felem(pre->g_pre_comp[1][1], &group->generator->Y)) ||
+		(!BN_to_felem(pre->g_pre_comp[1][2], &group->generator->Z)))
+		goto err;
+	/* compute 2^130*G, 2^260*G, 2^390*G */
+	for (i = 1; i <= 4; i <<= 1)
+		{
+		point_double(pre->g_pre_comp[2*i][0], pre->g_pre_comp[2*i][1],
+			pre->g_pre_comp[2*i][2], pre->g_pre_comp[i][0],
+			pre->g_pre_comp[i][1], pre->g_pre_comp[i][2]);
+		for (j = 0; j < 129; ++j)
+			{
+			point_double(pre->g_pre_comp[2*i][0],
+				pre->g_pre_comp[2*i][1],
+				pre->g_pre_comp[2*i][2],
+				pre->g_pre_comp[2*i][0],
+				pre->g_pre_comp[2*i][1],
+				pre->g_pre_comp[2*i][2]);
+			}
+		}
+	/* g_pre_comp[0] is the point at infinity */
+	memset(pre->g_pre_comp[0], 0, sizeof(pre->g_pre_comp[0]));
+	/* the remaining multiples */
+	/* 2^130*G + 2^260*G */
+	point_add(pre->g_pre_comp[6][0], pre->g_pre_comp[6][1],
+		pre->g_pre_comp[6][2], pre->g_pre_comp[4][0],
+		pre->g_pre_comp[4][1], pre->g_pre_comp[4][2],
+		0, pre->g_pre_comp[2][0], pre->g_pre_comp[2][1],
+		pre->g_pre_comp[2][2]);
+	/* 2^130*G + 2^390*G */
+	point_add(pre->g_pre_comp[10][0], pre->g_pre_comp[10][1],
+		pre->g_pre_comp[10][2], pre->g_pre_comp[8][0],
+		pre->g_pre_comp[8][1], pre->g_pre_comp[8][2],
+		0, pre->g_pre_comp[2][0], pre->g_pre_comp[2][1],
+		pre->g_pre_comp[2][2]);
+	/* 2^260*G + 2^390*G */
+	point_add(pre->g_pre_comp[12][0], pre->g_pre_comp[12][1],
+		pre->g_pre_comp[12][2], pre->g_pre_comp[8][0],
+		pre->g_pre_comp[8][1], pre->g_pre_comp[8][2],
+		0, pre->g_pre_comp[4][0], pre->g_pre_comp[4][1],
+		pre->g_pre_comp[4][2]);
+	/* 2^130*G + 2^260*G + 2^390*G */
+	point_add(pre->g_pre_comp[14][0], pre->g_pre_comp[14][1],
+		pre->g_pre_comp[14][2], pre->g_pre_comp[12][0],
+		pre->g_pre_comp[12][1], pre->g_pre_comp[12][2],
+		0, pre->g_pre_comp[2][0], pre->g_pre_comp[2][1],
+		pre->g_pre_comp[2][2]);
+	for (i = 1; i < 8; ++i)
+		{
+		/* odd multiples: add G */
+		point_add(pre->g_pre_comp[2*i+1][0], pre->g_pre_comp[2*i+1][1],
+			pre->g_pre_comp[2*i+1][2], pre->g_pre_comp[2*i][0],
+			pre->g_pre_comp[2*i][1], pre->g_pre_comp[2*i][2],
+			0, pre->g_pre_comp[1][0], pre->g_pre_comp[1][1],
+			pre->g_pre_comp[1][2]);
+		}
+	make_points_affine(15, &(pre->g_pre_comp[1]), tmp_felems);
+
+	if (!EC_EX_DATA_set_data(&group->extra_data, pre, nistp521_pre_comp_dup,
+			nistp521_pre_comp_free, nistp521_pre_comp_clear_free))
+		goto err;
+	ret = 1;
+	pre = NULL;
+ err:
+	BN_CTX_end(ctx);
+	if (generator != NULL)
+		EC_POINT_free(generator);
+	if (new_ctx != NULL)
+		BN_CTX_free(new_ctx);
+	if (pre)
+		nistp521_pre_comp_free(pre);
+	return ret;
+	}
+
+int ec_GFp_nistp521_have_precompute_mult(const EC_GROUP *group)
+	{
+	if (EC_EX_DATA_get_data(group->extra_data, nistp521_pre_comp_dup,
+			nistp521_pre_comp_free, nistp521_pre_comp_clear_free)
+		!= NULL)
+		return 1;
+	else
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+#else
+static void *dummy=&dummy;
+#endif