rb-gsl 1.15.3.1

data/rdoc/tensor.rdoc

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+#
+# = Tensor manipulations
+# The tensor library is developed by J. Burguet and distributed 
+# as an add-on package of GSL. See {here}[http://sources.redhat.com/ml/gsl-discuss/2004-q4/msg00053.html"target="_top] and {here}[http://sources.redhat.com/ml/gsl-discuss/2004-q4/msg00055.html"target="_top].
+#
+# == {}[link:index.html"name="1] Class methods
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor.new(rank, dimention)
+# * GSL::Tensor.alloc(rank, dimention)
+# * GSL::Tensor[rank, dimention]
+#
+#   Create a tensor of rank <tt>rank</tt> and dimension <tt>dimention</tt>.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor.calloc(rank, dimention)
+#
+#   Creates a tensor of rank <tt>rank</tt> and dimension <tt>dimention</tt>,
+#   and initializes all the elements to zero.
+#  
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor.copy(tensor)
+#
+#   Create a tensor copying the existing tensor <tt>tensor</tt>.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor.memcpy(dest, src)
+#
+#   Copies the tensor <tt>src</tt> to another <tt>dest</tt>. The two
+#   tensors must have the same shape.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor.swap(a, b)
+#
+#   Exchanges the elements of the tensor <tt>a</tt> and <tt>b</tt>.
+#
+# == {}[link:index.html"name="2] Instance methods
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="2.1] Accessing tensor elements
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#set_zero
+#
+#   Sets all the element of the tensor <tt>self</tt> to zero.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#set_all(x)
+#
+#   Sets all the element of the tensor <tt>self</tt> to <tt>x</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#set(indices, x)
+# * GSL::Tensor#[indices]=x
+#
+#   Sets the element of the given indices to <tt>x</tt>.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#get(indices)
+# * GSL::Tensor#[indices]
+#
+#   Returns the tensor element. If the number of indices given is smaller than the
+#   rank of the tensor, the method GSL::Tensor#subtensor is called.
+#
+#   Ex:
+#       >> t = Tensor.new(2, 3)
+#       => #<GSL::Tensor:0x762ae8>
+#       >> t.set(1, 2, 2, 123)
+#       => #<GSL::Tensor:0x762ae8>
+#       >> t.get(1, 2, 2)
+#       => 123.0
+#       >> t[0, 0, 2] = 456
+#       => 456
+#       >> t[0, 0, 2]
+#       => 456.0
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#subtensor(indices)
+# * GSL::Tensor#[indices]
+#
+#   Return a subtensor.
+#  
+#   Ex:
+#       >> require("gsl")
+#       => true
+#       >> t = Vector[1..125].to_tensor(3, 5)
+#       => GSL::Tensor: 
+#       [ 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 3.000e+00 4.000e+00 5.000e+00 6.000e+00 7.000e+00 ... ]
+#       >> t[0]
+#       => GSL::Tensor::View: 
+#       [ 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 3.000e+00 4.000e+00 5.000e+00 
+#         6.000e+00 7.000e+00 8.000e+00 9.000e+00 1.000e+01 
+#         1.100e+01 1.200e+01 1.300e+01 1.400e+01 1.500e+01 
+#         1.600e+01 1.700e+01 1.800e+01 1.900e+01 2.000e+01 
+#         2.100e+01 2.200e+01 2.300e+01 2.400e+01 2.500e+01 ]
+#       >> t[0,2]
+#       => GSL::Tensor::View: 
+#       [ 1.100e+01 1.200e+01 1.300e+01 1.400e+01 1.500e+01 ]
+#       >> t[3,1]
+#       => GSL::Tensor::View: 
+#       [ 8.100e+01 8.200e+01 8.300e+01 8.400e+01 8.500e+01 ]
+#       >> t[1][2]
+#       => GSL::Tensor::View: 
+#       [ 3.600e+01 3.700e+01 3.800e+01 3.900e+01 4.000e+01 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#swap_indices(i, j)
+# * GSL::Tensor#data
+#
+#   Returns the data as <tt>GSL::Vector::View</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#to_v
+#
+#   Creates a new vector from the tensor.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#to_vector
+#
+#   Converts the tensor of rank 1 into a <tt>GSL::Vector::View</tt> object.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#to_matrix
+#
+#   Converts the tensor of rank 2 into a <tt>GSL::Matrix::View</tt> object.
+#   
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="2.2] IO
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#fwrite(io)
+# * GSL::Tensor#fwrite(filename)
+# * GSL::Tensor#fread(io)
+# * GSL::Tensor#fread(filename)
+# * GSL::Tensor#fprintf(io, format="%g")
+# * GSL::Tensor#fprintf(filename, format="%g")
+# * GSL::Tensor#fscanf(io)
+# * GSL::Tensor#fscanf(filename)
+#
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="2.3] Max, min
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#max
+# * GSL::Tensor#min
+# * GSL::Tensor#minmax
+# * GSL::Tensor#max_index
+# * GSL::Tensor#min_index
+# * GSL::Tensor#minmax_index
+#
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="2.4] Tensor operations
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#add(b)
+# * GSL::Tensor#+(b)
+#
+#   Creates a new tensor adding two tensors <tt>self</tt> and <tt>b</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#add!(b)
+#
+#   Adds the element of tensor <tt>b</tt> to the elements of <tt>self</tt> , <tt>in-place</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#sub(b)
+# * GSL::Tensor#+(b)
+#
+#   Creates a new tensor subtracting the tensors <tt>b</tt> from <tt>self</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#sub!(b)
+#
+#   Subtracts the element of tensor <tt>b</tt> from the elements of <tt>self</tt> , <tt>in-place</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#mul_elements(b)
+#
+#   This calculate element-by-element multiplication of <tt>self</tt> and <tt>b</tt>, 
+#   and returns a new tensor.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#mul_elements!(b)
+#
+#   Multiplies the elements of tensor <tt>self</tt> to the elements of <tt>b</tt> , <tt>in-place</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#div_elements(b)
+# * GSL::Tensor#/(b)
+#
+#   This calculate element-by-element division of <tt>self</tt> and <tt>b</tt>, 
+#   and returns a new tensor.
+#   Multiplies the elements of tensor <tt>b</tt> to the elements of <tt>self</tt> , <tt>in-place</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#div_elements!(b)
+#
+#   Divides the elements of tensor <tt>self</tt> to the elements of <tt>b</tt> , <tt>in-place</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#add_constant(x)
+#
+#   Creates a new tensor adding the constant <tt>x</tt> to the tensor <tt>self</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#add_constant!(x)
+#
+#   Adds the constant <tt>x</tt> to the elements of tensor <tt>self</tt> , <tt>in-place</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#scale(x)
+#
+#   Creates a new tensor scaling the tensor <tt>self</tt> by the constant <tt>x</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#scale!(x)
+#
+#   Multiplies the constant <tt>x</tt> to the elements of tensor <tt>self</tt> , <tt>in-place</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#add_diagonal(x)
+#
+#   Creates a new tensor adding the constant <tt>x</tt> to the diagonal elements
+#   of the tensor <tt>self</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#add_diagonal!(x)
+#
+#   Adds the constant <tt>x</tt> to the diagonal elements of tensor <tt>self</tt> , <tt>in-place</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#product(b)
+# * GSL::Tensor#*(b)
+#
+#   Calculate tensorian product of <tt>self</tt> and <tt>b</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#contract(i, j)
+#
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#equal?(b, eps = 1e-10)
+# * GSL::Tensor#==(b)
+#
+#   Returns <tt>true</tt> if the tensors have same size and elements
+#   equal to absolute accurary <tt>eps</tt> for all the indices, 
+#   and <tt>false</tt> otherwise.
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="2.5] Tensor properties
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#isnull
+#
+#   Returns 1 if all the elements of the tensor are zero, and 0 otherwise.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#isnull?
+#
+#   Returns <tt>true</tt> if all the elements of the tensor are zero, and <tt>false</tt> otherwise.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#rank
+#
+#   Returns the rank
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#dimension
+#
+#   Returns the dimension
+# ---
+# * GSL::Tensor#size
+#
+#   Returns the size
+#
+# {prev}[link:files/rdoc/rngextra_rdoc.html]
+# {next}[link:files/rdoc/narray_rdoc.html]
+#
+# {Reference index}[link:files/rdoc/ref_rdoc.html]
+# {top}[link:files/rdoc/index_rdoc.html]
+#
+#

data/rdoc/tut.rdoc

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+#
+# = Ruby/GSL Tutorial
+# 1. {Getting started}[link:files/rdoc/start_rdoc.html]
+#
+#

data/rdoc/use.rdoc

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+#
+# = Using Ruby/GSL
+# == {}[link:index.html"name="1] Installation
+# See {here}[link:files/rdoc/index_rdoc.html].
+#
+# == {}[link:index.html"name="2] Load the library
+# Put at the head of your scripts,
+#     
+#     require 'rubygems' # if installed via RubyGems
+#     require 'gsl'
+#
+# == {}[link:index.html"name="3] Naming conventions, C Structs and Ruby Classes
+#
+# Most of the GSL data types, functions or constants are named as <tt>gsl_xxx</tt> or <tt>GSL_XXX</tt>. 
+# In Ruby/GSL, the prefix <tt>gsl_</tt> is replaced by the module identifier <tt>GSL::</tt>, 
+# where <tt>GSL</tt> is the top level module of Ruby/GSL,
+# and the Ruby classes are defined for each of the GSL C structs under the <tt>GSL</tt> module.
+# According to the Ruby manner, the name of each class begins with a capital. For example,
+#
+# * Struct <tt>gsl_vector</tt> ---> Ruby class <tt>GSL::Vector</tt>
+#   * Function call as <tt>v = gsl_vector_alloc(5);</tt> ---> Class method <tt>v = GSL::Vector.alloc(5)</tt>
+#   * Function call as <tt>gsl_vector_set(v, i, 1.5);</tt> ---> Method <tt>v.set(i, 1.5)</tt> or <tt>v[i] = 1.5</tt>
+# * Constant <tt>GSL_SUCCESS</tt> ---> Ruby module constant <tt>GSL::SUCCESS</tt>
+# * Function <tt>gsl_sf_bessel_J0(x)</tt> --->
+#   * Submodule <tt>GSL::Sf</tt>
+#   * Module function <tt>GSL::Sf::bessel_J0(x)</tt>
+#     * <tt>GSL::Sf::Bessel::J0(x)</tt> is also OK, where <tt>J0(x)</tt> is a module function of the sub-sub-module <tt>GSL::Sf::Bessel</tt>.
+# * Function <tt>gsl_linalg_LU_decomp</tt> --->
+#   * Module <tt>GSL::Linalg::LU</tt>
+#     * Singleton method <tt>GSL::Linalg::LU_decomp</tt>
+#     * Submodule <tt>GSL::Linalg::LU</tt>
+#       * Singleton method <tt>GSL::Linalg::LU.decomp</tt>
+#   * Method <tt>GSL::Matrix#LU_decomp</tt>
+#
+# == {}[link:index.html"name="4] Examples
+# See the directories "examples/" and "tests/".
+#
+# Some of the examples use the <tt>graph</tt> utility to show the results. The <tt>graph</tt>
+# utility is included in the {GNU plotutils}[http://www.gnu.org/software/plotutils/plotutils.html"target="_top] package. Windows-cygwin binaries of <tt>GNU plotutils</tt> and 
+# related packages are available from 
+# {here}[http://rustam.uwp.edu/support"target="_top].
+#
+# == {}[link:index.html"name="5] Modules and Classes
+# The following is the list of Ruby/GSL modules and classes, <Name> (<Module or Class>)
+#
+# * GSL (Module) 
+#   * Complex (Class) 
+#   * Poly (Class) 
+#     * Workspace (Class)
+#     * DividedDifferenceRepresentation (Class)
+#     * Taylor (Class)
+#   * Sf (Module) 
+#     * Result (Class)
+#   * Block (Class)
+#     * Int (Class)
+#     * Byte (Class)
+#     * Index < Permutation
+#   * Vector (Class) 
+#     * View < Vector
+#     * Complex (Class)
+#       * View < Vector::Complex
+#   * Matrix (Class) 
+#     * View < Matrix (Class)
+#     * Complex (Class)
+#       * View < Matrix::Complex
+#   * Permutation (Class) 
+#   * Combination (Class) 
+#   * Linalg (Module) 
+#     * LU (Module)
+#     * QR (Module)
+#     * QRPT (Module)
+#     * LQ (Module)
+#     * LQPT (Module)
+#     * SV (Module)
+#     * Cholesky (Module)
+#     * Symmtd (Module)
+#     * HH (Module)
+#   * Eigen (Module)
+#     * EigenValues < Vector
+#     * EigenVectors < Matrix
+#     * Symm (Module)
+#       * Workspace (Class)
+#     * Symmv (Module)
+#       * Workspace (Class)
+#     * Unsymm (Module)
+#       * Workspace (Class)
+#     * Unsymmv (Module)
+#       * Workspace (Class)
+#     * Herm (Module)
+#       * Workspace (Class)
+#     * Hermv (Module)
+#       * Workspace (Class)
+#   * FFT (Module) 
+#     * ComplexWavetable (Class)
+#     * ComplexWorkspace (Class)
+#     * HalfComplexWavetable (Class)
+#     * RealWavetable (Class)
+#     * RealWorkspace (Class)      
+#   * Wavelet (Class)
+#     * Wavelet2d < Wavelet
+#   * Function (Class)
+#   * Function_fdf (Class)
+#   * Integration (Module)
+#     * Workspace
+#     * QAWS_Table
+#     * QAWO_Table
+#   * Rng (Class) 
+#   * QRng (Class)
+#   * Ran (Module)
+#   * Stats (Module) 
+#   * Histogram (Class) 
+#     * Integral < Histogram
+#     * Pdf (Class)
+#   * Histogram2d (Class)
+#   * N-tuples 
+#     * SelectFn (Class)
+#     * ValueFn (Class)
+#   * Monte (Module)
+#     * Function (Class)
+#     * Plain (Class)
+#     * Miser (Class)
+#     * Vegas (Class)
+#   * Siman (Module)
+#     * Efunc (Class)
+#     * Step (Class)
+#     * Metric (Class)
+#     * Print (Class)
+#     * Params (Class)
+#     * Solver (Class)
+#   * Odeiv (Module)
+#     * Control (Class)
+#     * Evolve (Class)
+#     * System (Class)
+#     * Solver (Class)
+#   * Interp (Class)
+#     * Accel (Class)
+#   * Spline (Class)
+#   * Diff (Module) 
+#   * Deriv (Module)
+#   * Cheb (Class) 
+#   * Sum (Module) 
+#     * Levin_u (Class)
+#     * Levin_utrunc (Class)
+#   * Dht (Class) 
+#   * Root (Module)
+#     * Solver (Class)
+#     * FdfSolver (Class)
+#   * Min(Module) 
+#     * FMinimizer (Class)
+#   * MultiRoot (Module)
+#     * Function (Class)
+#     * FSolver (Class)
+#     * Function_fdf (Class)
+#     * FdfSolver (Class)
+#   * MultiMin (Module) 
+#     * Function (Class)
+#     * FMinimizer (Class)
+#     * Function_fdf (Class)
+#     * FdfMinimizer (Class)
+#   * Fit (Module) 
+#   * MultiFit (Module)
+#     * Workspace (Class)
+#     * Solver (Class)
+#     * Function_fdf (Class)
+#     * FdfSolver (Class)
+#   * CONST (Module) 
+#     * MKSA (Module)
+#     * CGSM (Module)
+#     * NUM (Module)
+#
+# {prev}[link:files/rdoc/intro_rdoc.html]
+# {next}[link:files/rdoc/ehandling_rdoc.html]
+#
+# {Reference index}[link:files/rdoc/ref_rdoc.html]
+# {top}[link:files/rdoc/index_rdoc.html]
+#
+#

data/rdoc/vector.rdoc

@@ -0,0 +1,1243 @@
+#
+# = GSL::Vector class
+#
+# Contents:
+# 1. {Class methods}[link:files/rdoc/vector_rdoc.html#1]
+# 1. {Notes}[link:files/rdoc/vector_rdoc.html#2]
+# 1. {Methods}[link:files/rdoc/vector_rdoc.html#3]
+#    1. {Accessing vector elements}[link:files/rdoc/vector_rdoc.html#3.1]
+#    1. {Initializing vector elements}[link:files/rdoc/vector_rdoc.html#3.2]
+#    1. {Iterators}[link:files/rdoc/vector_rdoc.html#3.3]
+#    1. {IO}[link:files/rdoc/vector_rdoc.html#3.4]
+#    1. {Copying vectors}[link:files/rdoc/vector_rdoc.html#3.5]
+#    1. {Vector views}[link:files/rdoc/vector_rdoc.html#3.6]
+#    1. {Vector operations}[link:files/rdoc/vector_rdoc.html#3.7]
+#    1. {Vector operations with size changes}[link:files/rdoc/vector_rdoc.html#3.8]
+#    1. {Finding maximum and minimum elements of vectors}[link:files/rdoc/vector_rdoc.html#3.9]
+#    1. {Vector properties}[link:files/rdoc/vector_rdoc.html#3.10]
+#    1. {Element-wise vector comparison}[link:files/rdoc/vector_rdoc.html#3.11]
+#    1. {Histogram}[link:files/rdoc/vector_rdoc.html#3.12]
+#    1. {Sorting}[link:files/rdoc/vector_rdoc.html#3.13]
+#    1. {BLAS methods}[link:files/rdoc/vector_rdoc.html#3.14]
+#    1. {Data type conversions}[link:files/rdoc/vector_rdoc.html#3.15]
+# 1. {NArray}[link:files/rdoc/vector_rdoc.html#3.16]
+# 1. {GNU graph interface}[link:files/rdoc/vector_rdoc.html#3.17]
+#
+# See also {GSL::Vector::Complex}[link:files/rdoc/vector_complex_rdoc.html].
+#
+# == {}[link:index.html"name="1] Class methods
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector.alloc(ary) 
+# * GSL::Vector.alloc(ary) 
+# * GSL::Vector.alloc(range) 
+# * GSL::Vector.alloc(size) 
+# * GSL::Vector.alloc(elm0, elm1, ....) 
+# * GSL::Vector[elm0, elm1, ....]
+#
+#   Constructors.
+#
+#   Ex:
+#      >> v1 = GSL::Vector.alloc(5)
+#      => GSL::Vector: [ 0.000e+00 0.000e+00 0.000e+00 0.000e+00 0.000e+00 ]
+#      >> v2 = GSL::Vector.alloc(1, 3, 5, 2)
+#      => GSL::Vector: [ 1.000e+00 3.000e+00 5.000e+00 2.000e+00 ]
+#      >> v3 = GSL::Vector[1, 3, 5, 2]
+#      => GSL::Vector: [ 1.000e+00 3.000e+00 5.000e+00 2.000e+00 ]
+#      >> v4 = GSL::Vector.alloc([1, 3, 5, 2])
+#      => GSL::Vector: [ 1.000e+00 3.000e+00 5.000e+00 2.000e+00 ]
+#      >> v5 = GSL::Vector[1..6]
+#      => GSL::Vector: [ 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 3.000e+00 4.000e+00 5.000e+00 6.000e+00 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector.calloc(size)
+#
+#   This method creates a vector object, and initializes all the elements to zero.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector.linspace(min, max, n = 10)
+#
+#   Creates an <tt>GSL::Vector</tt> with <tt>n</tt> linearly spaced elements 
+#   between <tt>min</tt> and <tt>max</tt>. If <tt>min</tt> is greater than <tt>max</tt>, 
+#   the elements are stored in decreasing order. This mimics the <tt>linspace</tt>
+#   function of {GNU Octave}[http://www.octave.org/"target="_top].
+#
+#   Ex: 
+#       >> x = GSL::Vector.linspace(0, 10, 5)
+#       [ 0.000e+00 2.500e+00 5.000e+00 7.500e+00 1.000e+01 ]
+#       >> y = GSL::Vector.linspace(10, 0, 5)
+#       [ 1.000e+01 7.500e+00 5.000e+00 2.500e+00 0.000e+00 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector.logspace(min, max, n)
+#
+#   Similar to <tt>GSL::Vector#linspace</tt> except that the values are 
+#   logarithmically spaced from 10^<tt>min</tt> to 10^<tt>max</tt>.
+#
+#   Ex:
+#       >> x = GSL::Vector.logspace(1, 3, 5)
+#       [ 1.000e+01 3.162e+01 1.000e+02 3.162e+02 1.000e+03 ]
+#       >> x = GSL::Vector.logspace(3, 1, 5)
+#       [ 1.000e+03 3.162e+02 1.000e+02 3.162e+01 1.000e+01 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector.logspace2(min, max, n)
+#
+#   Similar to <tt>GSL::Vector#linspace</tt> except that the values are 
+#   logarithmically spaced from <tt>min</tt> to <tt>max</tt>.
+#
+#   Ex:
+#       >> x = GSL::Vector.logspace2(10, 1000, 5)
+#       [ 1.000e+01 3.162e+01 1.000e+02 3.162e+02 1.000e+03 ]
+#       >> x = GSL::Vector.logspace2(1000, 10, 5)
+#       [ 1.000e+03 3.162e+02 1.000e+02 3.162e+01 1.000e+01 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector.indgen(n, start=0, step=1)
+#
+#   This creates a vector of length <tt>n</tt> with elements from <tt>start</tt>
+#   with interval <tt>step</tt> (mimics NArray#indgen).
+#   
+#   Ex:
+#       >> v = GSL::Vector::Int.indgen(5)
+#       => GSL::Vector::Int: 
+#       [ 0 1 2 3 4 ]
+#       >> v = GSL::Vector::Int.indgen(5, 3)
+#       => GSL::Vector::Int: 
+#       [ 3 4 5 6 7 ]
+#       >> v = GSL::Vector.indgen(4, 1.2, 0.3)
+#       => GSL::Vector
+#       [ 1.200e+00 1.500e+00 1.800e+00 2.100e+00 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector.filescan(filename)
+#
+#   Reads a formatted ascii file and returns an array of vectors.
+#   For a data file <tt>a.dat</tt> as
+#     1 5 6 5
+#     3 5 6 7
+#     5 6 7 9
+#   then <tt>a, b, c, d = Vetor.filescan("a.dat")</tt> yields
+#     a = [1, 3, 5]
+#     b = [5, 5, 6]
+#     c = [6, 6, 7]
+#     d = [5, 7, 9]
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="1.1] NArray Extension
+# If an <tt>NArray</tt> object is given, a newly allocated vector is created.
+#
+# Ex:
+#         na = NArray[1.0, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+#         p na                <----- NArray.float(5): 
+#                                    [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0]
+#         v = GSL::Vector.alloc(na)  
+#         p v                 <----- [ 1 2 3 4 5 ]
+#
+#
+# See also {here}[link:files/rdoc/vector_rdoc.html#3.16].
+#
+# == {}[link:index.html"name="2] NOTE:
+# In Ruby/GSL, vector length is limited within the range of Fixnum.
+# For 32-bit CPU, the maximum of vector length is 2^30 ~ 1e9.
+#
+# == {}[link:index.html"name="3] Methods
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="3.1] Accessing vector elements
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#get(args)
+# * GSL::Vector#[args]
+#
+#   Returns elements(s) of the vector <tt>self</tt> if <tt>args</tt> is a single
+#   <tt>Fixnum</tt>, a single <tt>Array</tt> of <tt>Fixnums</tt>, or a single
+#   <tt>GSL::Permutation</tt> (or <tt>GSL::Index</tt>).  For all other <tt>args</tt>,
+#   the arguments are treated as with <tt>Vector#subvector</tt> and a
+#   <tt>Vector::View</tt> is returned. 
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#set(args, val)
+# * GSL::Vector#[args] = val
+#
+#   If <tt>args</tt> is empty, behaves as <tt>#set_all</tt> and <tt>val</tt> must be a
+#   <tt>Numeric</tt>.
+#
+#   If <tt>args</tt> is a single <tt>Fixnum</tt>, <tt>i</tt>, sets the <tt>i</tt>-th
+#   element of the vector <tt>self</tt> to <tt>val</tt>, which must be a
+#   <tt>Numeric</tt>.
+#
+#   All other <tt>args</tt> specify a subvector (as with <tt>#subvector</tt>) whose
+#   elements are assigned from <tt>val</tt>.  In this case, <tt>val</tt> can be an
+#   <tt>Array</tt>, <tt>Range</tt>, <tt>GSL::Vector</tt>, or <tt>Numeric</tt>.
+#
+#   NOTE: GSL does not provide a vector copy function that properly copies data
+#   across overlapping memory regions, so watch out if assigning to part of a
+#   Vector from another part of itself (see example below).
+#
+#   Ex:
+#       >> require 'gsl'
+#       => true
+#       >> v = GSL::Vector[0..5]
+#       => GSL::Vector
+#       [ 0.000e+00 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 3.000e+00 4.000e+00 5.000e+00 ]
+#       >> v[2]
+#       => 2.0
+#       >> v[1,2,3]
+#       => GSL::Vector::View
+#       [ 1.000e+00 3.000e+00 5.000e+00 ]
+#       >> v[[1,2,3]]
+#       => GSL::Vector
+#       [ 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 3.000e+00 ]
+#       >> v[3] = 9
+#       => 9
+#       >> v[-1] = 123
+#       => 123
+#       >> v
+#       => GSL::Vector
+#       [ 0.000e+00 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 9.000e+00 4.000e+00 1.230e+02 ]
+#       >> v[2,3] = 0
+#       => 0
+#       >> v
+#       => GSL::Vector
+#       [ 0.000e+00 1.000e+00 0.000e+00 0.000e+00 0.000e+00 1.230e+02 ]
+#       >> v[2,3] = [4,5,6]
+#       => [4, 5, 6]
+#       >> v
+#       => GSL::Vector
+#       [ 0.000e+00 1.000e+00 4.000e+00 5.000e+00 6.000e+00 1.230e+02 ]
+#       >> v[1,4] = v[0,4] # !!! Overlapping !!!
+#       => GSL::Vector::View
+#       [ 0.000e+00 0.000e+00 0.000e+00 0.000e+00 ]
+#       >> v
+#       => GSL::Vector
+#       [ 0.000e+00 0.000e+00 0.000e+00 0.000e+00 0.000e+00 1.230e+02 ]
+#
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="3.2] Initializing vector elements
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#set_all(x)
+#
+#   This method sets all the elements of the vector to the value <tt>x</tt>.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#set_zero
+#
+#   This method sets all the elements of the vector to zero.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#set_basis!(i)
+#
+#   This method makes a basis vector by setting all the elements of the vector
+#   to zero except for the <tt>i</tt>-th element, which is set to one. 
+#   For a vector <tt>v</tt> of size 10, the method
+#     v.set_basis!(4)
+#   sets the vector <tt>v</tt> to a basis vector <tt>[0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]</tt>. 
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#set_basis(i)
+#
+#   This method returns a new basis vector by setting all the elements of the 
+#   vector to zero except for the i-th element which is set to one. 
+#   For a vector <tt>v</tt> of size 10, the method
+#     vb = v.set_basis(4)
+#   creates a new vector <tt>vb</tt> with elements <tt>[0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]</tt>. 
+#   The vector <tt>v</tt> is not changed.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#indgen!(start=0, step=1)
+# * GSL::Vector#indgen(start=0, step=1)
+#
+#   Mimics NArray#indgen!.
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="3.3] Iterators
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#each
+# * GSL::Vector#reverse_each
+#
+#   An iterator for each of the vector elements, used as
+#
+#     v.each do |x|    # Show all the elements
+#       p x
+#     end
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#each_index
+# * GSL::Vector#reverse_each_index
+#
+#   Iterators 
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#collect { |item| .. }
+# * GSL::Vector#map { |item| .. }
+#
+#   Creates a new vector by collecting the vector elements modified with some
+#   operations.
+#
+#   Ex:
+#     >> a = GSL::Vector::Int[0..5]
+#     => GSL::Vector::Int
+#     [ 0 1 2 3 4 5 ]
+#     >> b = a.collect {|v| v*v}
+#     => GSL::Vector::Int
+#     [ 0 1 4 9 16 25 ]
+#     >> a
+#     => GSL::Vector::Int
+#     [ 0 1 2 3 4 5 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#collect! { |item| .. }
+# * GSL::Vector#map! { |item| .. }
+#
+#   Ex:
+#     >> a = GSL::Vector::Int[0..5]
+#     => GSL::Vector::Int
+#     [ 0 1 2 3 4 5 ]
+#     >> a.collect! {|v| v*v}
+#     => GSL::Vector::Int
+#     [ 0 1 4 9 16 25 ]
+#     >> a
+#     => GSL::Vector::Int
+#     [ 0 1 4 9 16 25 ]
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="3.4] IO
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#print
+# * GSL::Vector#fprintf(io, format = "%e")
+# * GSL::Vector#fprintf(filename, format = "%e")
+# * GSL::Vector#fscanf(io)
+# * GSL::Vector#fscanf(filename)
+# * GSL::Vector#fwrite(io)
+# * GSL::Vector#fwrite(filename)
+# * GSL::Vector#fread(io)
+# * GSL::Vector#fread(filename)
+#
+#   Methods for writing or reading the vector. 
+#   The first argument is an <tt>IO</tt> or a <tt>String</tt> object.
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="3.5] Copying vectors
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#clone
+# * GSL::Vector#duplicate
+#
+#   Create a new vector of the same elements.
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="3.6] Vector views
+# The <tt>GSL::Vector::View</tt> class is defined to be used as "references" to
+# vectors. Since the <tt>Vector::View</tt> class is a subclass of <tt>Vector</tt>,
+# an instance of the <tt>View</tt> class created by slicing a <tt>Vector</tt> object 
+# can be used same as the original vector. A
+# <tt>View</tt> object shares the data with the original vector, i.e. any changes
+# in the elements of the <tt>View</tt> object affect to the original vector.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#subvector
+# * GSL::Vector#subvector(n)
+# * GSL::Vector#subvector(offset, n)
+# * GSL::Vector#subvector(offset, stride, n)
+# * GSL::Vector#subvector(range, stride=1)
+#
+#   Create a <tt>Vector::View</tt> object slicing <tt>n</tt> elements
+#   of the vector <tt>self</tt> from the offset <tt>offset</tt>. If called with one
+#   argument <tt>n</tt>, <tt>offset</tt> is set to 0. With no arguments, a view is
+#   created with the same length of the original vector.  If called with a
+#   <tt>range</tt> parameter (and optional <tt>stride</tt>), a view is created for
+#   that range (and stride).  Note the <tt>n</tt>, if given, is the length of the
+#   returned View.
+#
+#   * Example:
+#      #!/usr/bin/env ruby
+#      require("gsl")
+#
+#      v = GSL::Vector[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+#      view = v.subvector(1, 4)
+#      p view.class         <----- GSL::Vector::View
+#      view.print           <----- [ 2 3 4 5 ]
+#
+#      view[2] = 99
+#      view.print           <----- [ 2 3 99 5 ]
+#      v.print              <----- [ 1 2 3 99 5 6 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#subvector_with_stride(stride)
+# * GSL::Vector#subvector_with_stride(offset, stride)
+# * GSL::Vector#subvector_with_stride(offset, stride, n)
+#
+#   Return a <tt>Vector::View</tt> object of a subvector of another vector
+#   <tt>self</tt> with an additional stride argument. The subvector is formed in
+#   the same way as for <tt>Vector#subvector</tt> but the new vector view has
+#   <tt>n</tt> elements with a step-size of <tt>stride</tt> from one element to the
+#   next in the original vector.  Note that <tt>n</tt>, if given, is the length of
+#   the returned View.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#matrix_view(n1, n2)
+#
+#   This creates a <tt>Matrix::View</tt> object from the vector <tt>self</tt>.
+#   It enables to use the vector as a {Matrix}[link:files/rdoc/matrix_rdoc.html] object.
+#
+#   * Ex:
+#
+#       >> v = GSL::Vector::Int.alloc(1..9)
+#       => GSL::Vector::Int: 
+#       [ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ]
+#       >> m = v.matrix_view(3, 3)
+#       => GSL::Matrix::Int::View: 
+#       [ 1 2 3 
+#         4 5 6 
+#         7 8 9 ]
+#       >> m[1][2] = 99
+#       => 99
+#       >> v
+#       => GSL::Vector::Int: 
+#       [ 1 2 3 4 5 99 7 8 9 ]
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="3.7] Vector operations
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#swap_elements(i, j)
+#
+#   This method exchanges the i-th and j-th elements of the vector <tt>in-place</tt>. 
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#reverse
+#
+#   Reverses the order of the elements of the vector.
+#
+#     >> v = GSL::Vector::Int[1..5]
+#     => GSL::Vector::Int: 
+#     [ 1 2 3 4 5 ]
+#     >> v.reverse
+#     => GSL::Vector::Int: 
+#     [ 5 4 3 2 1 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#trans
+# * GSL::Vector#transpose
+# * GSL::Vector#col
+# * GSL::Vector#row
+#
+#   Transpose the vector from a row vector into a column vector and vice versa.
+#
+#     >> v = GSL::Vector::Int[1..5]
+#     => GSL::Vector::Int: 
+#     [ 1 2 3 4 5 ]
+#     >> v.col
+#     => GSL::Vector::Int::Col: 
+#     [ 1 
+#       2 
+#       3 
+#       4 
+#       5 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#add(b)
+#
+#   Adds the elements of vector <tt>b</tt> to the elements 
+#   of the vector <tt>self</tt>. A new vector is created, and the vector
+#   <tt>self</tt> is not changed.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#sub(b)
+#
+#   Subtracts the element of vector <tt>b</tt> from the elements of <tt>self</tt>.
+#   A new vector is created, and the vector <tt>self</tt> is not changed.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#mul(b)
+#
+#   Multiplies the elements of vector <tt>self</tt> by the elements of vector <tt>b</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#div(b)
+#
+#   Divides the elements of vector <tt>self</tt> by the elements of vector <tt>b</tt>.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#scale(x)
+# * GSL::Vector#scale!(x)
+#
+#   This method multiplies the elements of vector <tt>self</tt> by 
+#   the constant factor <tt>x</tt>.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#add_constant(x)
+# * GSL::Vector#add_constant!(x)
+#
+#   Adds the constant value <tt>x</tt> to the elements of the vector <tt>self</tt>.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#+(b)
+#
+#   For <tt>b</tt>,
+#     * a Number: ---> <tt>self.add_constanb(b)</tt>
+#     * a Vector: ---> <tt>self.add(b)</tt>
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#-(b)
+#
+#   For <tt>b</tt>,
+#     * a Number: ---> <tt>self.add_constanb(-b)</tt>
+#     * a Vector: ---> <tt>self.sub(b)</tt>
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#/(b)
+#
+#   For <tt>b</tt>,
+#     * a Number: ---> <tt>self.scale(1/b)</tt>
+#     * a Vector: ---> <tt>self.div(b)</tt>
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#*(b)
+#
+#   Vector multiplication.
+#
+# 1. Scale
+#         >> v = GSL::Vector[1, 2]
+#         [ 1 2 ]
+#         >> v*2
+#         [ 2 4 ]                           
+# 1. Element-by-element multiplication
+#         >> a = GSL::Vector[1, 2]; b = GSL::Vector[3, 4]
+#         [ 3 4 ]
+#         >> a*b
+#         [ 3 8 ]                             
+# 1. Inner product
+#         >> a = GSL::Vector[1, 2]; b = GSL::Vector[3, 4]
+#         [ 3 
+#           4 ]
+#         >> a*b.col
+#         => 11.0                        
+# 1. GSL::Vector::Col*Vector -> GSL::Matrix
+#         >> a = GSL::Vector::Col[1, 2]; b = GSL::Vector[3, 4]
+#         [ 3 4 ]
+#         >> a*b
+#         [ 3 4 
+#           6 8 ]
+# 1. GSL::Matrix*Vector::Col -> GSL::Vector::Col
+#         >> a = GSL::Vector[1, 2]; m = GSL::Matrix[[2, 3], [4, 5]]
+#         [ 2 3 
+#           4 5 ]
+#         >> m*a          <--- Error
+#         TypeError: Operation with GSL::Vector is not defined (GSL::Vector::Col expected)
+#                 from (irb):30:in `*'
+#                 from (irb):30
+#         >> m*a.col
+#         [ 8 
+#           14 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#add!(b)
+# * GSL::Vector#sub!(b)
+# * GSL::Vector#mul!(b)
+# * GSL::Vector#div!(b)
+#
+#   In-place operations with a vector <tt>b</tt>.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#pow(p)
+# * GSL::Vector#**(p)
+# * GSL::Vector#pow!(p)
+#
+#   Element-wise calculation of power p.
+#
+#   Ex)
+#      >> require("gsl")
+#      >> v = GSL::Vector[1, 2, 3]
+#      => GSL::Vector
+#      [ 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 3.000e+00 ]
+#      >> v.pow(2)
+#      => GSL::Vector
+#      [ 1.000e+00 4.000e+00 9.000e+00 ]
+#      >> v**2
+#      => GSL::Vector
+#      [ 1.000e+00 4.000e+00 9.000e+00 ]
+#      >> v
+#      => GSL::Vector
+#      [ 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 3.000e+00 ]
+#      >> v.pow!(2)
+#      => GSL::Vector
+#      [ 1.000e+00 4.000e+00 9.000e+00 ]
+#      >> v
+#      => GSL::Vector
+#      [ 1.000e+00 4.000e+00 9.000e+00 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#swap_elements(i, j)
+#
+#   This exchanges the <tt>i</tt>-th and <tt>j</tt>-th elements of the vector <tt>self</tt> in-place.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#clone
+# * GSL::Vector#duplicate
+#
+#   These create a copy of the vector <tt>self</tt>.
+#   
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector.connect(v1, v2, v3, ...)
+# * GSL::Vector#connect(v2, v3, ...)
+#
+#   Creates a new vector by connecting all the elements of the given vectors.
+#
+#     >> v1 = GSL::Vector::Int[1, 3]
+#     => GSL::Vector::Int: 
+#     [ 1 3 ]
+#     >> v2 = GSL::Vector::Int[4, 3, 5]
+#     => GSL::Vector::Int: 
+#     [ 4 3 5 ]
+#     >> v1.connect(v2)
+#     => GSL::Vector::Int: 
+#     [ 1 3 4 3 5 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#sgn
+# * GSL::Vector#signum
+#
+#   Creates a new vector, with elements +1 if <tt>x_i</tt> > 0, -1 if <tt>x_i</tt> <
+#   0, otherwise 0.  Note that this definition gives the signum of NaN as 0
+#   rather than NaN.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#abs
+# * GSL::Vector#fabs
+#
+#   Creates a new vector, with elements <tt>fabs(x_i)</tt>.
+#
+#     >> v = GSL::Vector::Int[-3, 2, -5, 4]
+#     => GSL::Vector::Int: 
+#     [ -3 2 -5 4 ]
+#     >> v.abs
+#     => GSL::Vector::Int: 
+#     [ 3 2 5 4 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#square
+# * GSL::Vector#abs2
+#
+#   Create a new vector, with elements <tt>x_i*x_i</tt>.
+#
+#     >> v = GSL::Vector::Int[1..4]
+#     => GSL::Vector::Int: 
+#     [ 1 2 3 4 ]
+#     >> v.square
+#     => GSL::Vector::Int: 
+#     [ 1 4 9 16 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#sqrt
+#
+#   Creates a new vector, with elements <tt>sqrt</tt>(<tt>x_i</tt>).
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#floor
+# * GSL::Vector#ceil
+# * GSL::Vector#round
+#
+#
+#   Ex:
+#     >> v = GSL::Vector[1.1, 2.7, 3.5, 4.3]
+#     => GSL::Vector
+#     [ 1.100e+00 2.700e+00 3.500e+00 4.300e+00 ]
+#     >> v.floor
+#     => GSL::Vector::Int
+#     [ 1 2 3 4 ]
+#     >> v.ceil
+#     => GSL::Vector::Int
+#     [ 2 3 4 5 ]
+#     >> v.round
+#     => GSL::Vector::Int
+#     [ 1 3 4 4 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#normalize(nrm = 1.0)
+#
+#   Creates a new vector of norm <tt>nrm</tt>, by scaling the vector <tt>self</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#normalize!(nrm = 1.0)
+#
+#   This normalizes the vector <tt>self</tt> in-place.
+#
+#   Ex:
+#     tcsh> irb
+#     >> require("gsl")
+#     => true
+#     >> a = GSL::Vector[-1, -2, -3, -4]
+#     => GSL::Vector: 
+#     [ -1.000e+00 -2.000e+00 -3.000e+00 -4.000e+00 ]
+#     >> b = a.abs
+#     => GSL::Vector: 
+#     [ 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 3.000e+00 4.000e+00 ]
+#     >> b.sqrt
+#     => GSL::Vector: 
+#     [ 1.000e+00 1.414e+00 1.732e+00 2.000e+00 ]
+#     >> b.square
+#     => GSL::Vector: 
+#     [ 1.000e+00 4.000e+00 9.000e+00 1.600e+01 ]
+#     >> c = b.normalize(2)
+#     => GSL::Vector: 
+#     [ 2.582e-01 5.164e-01 7.746e-01 1.033e+00 ]
+#     >> c.square.sum
+#     => 2.0
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#decimate(n)
+#
+#   Creates a new vector by averaring every <tt>n</tt> 
+#   points of the vector <tt>self</tt> down to one point.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#diff(k = 1)
+#
+#   Calculate <tt>k</tt>-th differences of a vector <tt>self</tt>.
+#
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#join(sep = " ")
+#
+#   Converts the vector to a <tt>String</tt> by joining all the elements with a
+#   separator <tt>sep</tt>.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#zip(vec, ...)
+# * GSL::Vector.zip(vec, ...)
+#
+#   Create an <tt>Array</tt> of vectors by merging the elements of <tt>self</tt>
+#   with corresponding elements from each arguments.
+#
+#   Ex:
+#     >> require("gsl")
+#     >> a = GSL::Vector[4, 5, 6]
+#     >> b = GSL::Vector[7, 8, 9]
+#     >> GSL::Vector[1, 2, 3].zip(a, b)
+#     [[ 1.000e+00 4.000e+00 7.000e+00 ], 
+#      [ 2.000e+00 5.000e+00 8.000e+00 ], 
+#      [ 3.000e+00 6.000e+00 9.000e+00 ]]
+#     >> GSL::Vector[1, 2].zip(a, b)
+#     [[ 1.000e+00 4.000e+00 7.000e+00 ], 
+#      [ 2.000e+00 5.000e+00 8.000e+00 ]]
+#     >> a.zip(GSL::Vector[1, 2], GSL::Vector[8.0])
+#     [[ 4.000e+00 1.000e+00 8.000e+00 ],
+#      [ 5.000e+00 2.000e+00 0.000e+00 ],
+#      [ 6.000e+00 0.000e+00 0.000e+00 ]]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#concat(x)
+#
+#   Returns a new Vector that contains the concatenation <tt>self</tt> and
+#   <tt>x</tt>, which must be an <tt>Array</tt>, <tt>Fixnum</tt>, <tt>Bignum</tt>,
+#   <tt>Float</tt>, <tt>Range</tt>, or <tt>GSL::Vector</tt>.
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="3.8] Vector operations with size changes
+# The methods below change vector length of <tt>self</tt>.  A Vector's length may
+# not extend past its original allocation.  Use of these methods is discouraged.
+# Existing Views may still refer to elements beyond the end of the shortened
+# Vector.  These elements remain allocated, but are effectvely unmanaged.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#delete(x)
+#
+#   Deletes items from <tt>self</tt> that are equal to <tt>x</tt>.  If the item is
+#   not found, returns <tt>nil</tt>, otherwise returns <tt>x</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#delete_at(i)
+#
+#   Deletes the element at the specified index <tt>i</tt>, 
+#   returning that  element, or <tt>nil</tt> if the index is out of range.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#delete_if { |x| ... }
+#
+#   Deletes every element of <tt>self</tt> for which block evaluates to <tt>true</tt>
+#   and returns <tt>self</tt>.
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="3.9] Finding maximum and minimum elements of vectors
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#max
+#
+#   This method returns the maximum value in the vector.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#min
+#
+#   This method returns the minimum value in the vector.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#minmax
+#
+#   This method returns an array of two elements, the minimum and the maximum values
+#   in the vector <tt>self</tt>.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#max_index
+#
+#   This method returns the index of the maximum value in the vector. When there are 
+#   several equal maximum elements then the lowest index is returned. 
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#min_index
+#
+#   This method returns the index of the minimum value in the vector. When there are 
+#   several equal minimum elements then the lowest index is returned. 
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#minmax_index
+#
+#   This method returns an array of two elements which has the indices 
+#   of the minimum and the maximum values in the vector <tt>self</tt>.
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="3.10] Vector Properties
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#size
+# * GSL::Vector#len
+# * GSL::Vector#length
+#
+#   Return the vector length.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#stride
+#
+#   Return the vector stride.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#sum
+#
+#   Returns the sum of the vector elements.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#prod
+#
+#   Returns the product of the vector elements.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#cumsum
+#
+#   Calculate the cumulative sum of elements of <tt>self</tt> and returns as a new vector.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#cumprod
+#
+#   Calculate the cumulative product of elements of <tt>self</tt> and returns as a new vector.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#isnull
+#
+#   Returns 1 if all the elements of the vector <tt>self</tt> 
+#   are zero, and 0 otherwise.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#isnull?
+#
+#   Return <tt>true</tt> if all the elements of the vector <tt>self</tt> 
+#   are zero, and <tt>false</tt> otherwise.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#ispos
+# * GSL::Vector#ispos?
+# * GSL::Vector#isneg
+# * GSL::Vector#isneg?
+#
+#   (GSL-1.9 or later) Return 1 (true) if all the elements of the vector <tt>self</tt> are zero, strictly positive, strictly negative respectively, and 0 (false) otherwise.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#isnonneg
+# * GSL::Vector#isnonneg?
+#
+#   (GSL-1.10 or later) Return 1 (true) if all the elements of the vector <tt>self</tt> are non-negative , and 0 (false) otherwise. 
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#all?
+#
+#   Returns <tt>true</tt> if all the vector elements are non-zero, and <tt>false</tt> 
+#   otherwise. If a block is given, the method returns <tt>true</tt> if the
+#   tests are true for all the elements.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#any?
+#
+#   Returns <tt>true</tt> if any the vector elements are non-zero, and <tt>false</tt> 
+#   otherwise. If a block is given, the method returns <tt>true</tt> if the
+#   tests are true for any of the elements.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#none?
+#
+#   Returns <tt>true</tt> if all the elements of the vector <tt>self</tt> 
+#   are zero, and <tt>false</tt> otherwise (just as <tt>GSL::Vector#isnull?</tt>).
+#   If a block is given, the method returns <tt>true</tt> if the
+#   tests are false for all the elements.
+#
+#   Ex:
+#     >> a = GSL::Vector[1, 2, 3]
+#     >> b = GSL::Vector[1, 2, 0]
+#     >> c = GSL::Vector[0, 0, 0]
+#     >> a.all?
+#     => true
+#     >> b.all?
+#     => false
+#     >> b.any?
+#     => true
+#     >> c.any?
+#     => false
+#     >> a.none?
+#     => false
+#     >> c.none?
+#     => true
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#all
+# * GSL::Vector#any
+# * GSL::Vector#none
+#
+#   Returns 1 or 0.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#equal?(other, eps = 1e-10)
+# * GSL::Vector#==(other, eps = 1e-10)
+#
+#   Returns <tt>true</tt> if the vectors have same size and elements
+#   equal to absolute accurary <tt>eps</tt> for all the indices, 
+#   and <tt>false</tt> otherwise.
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="3.11] Element-wise vector comparison
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#eq(other)
+# * GSL::Vector#ne(other)
+# * GSL::Vector#gt(other)
+# * GSL::Vector#ge(other)
+# * GSL::Vector#lt(other)
+# * GSL::Vector#le(other)
+#
+#   Return a <tt>Block::Byte</tt> object with elements 0/1 by comparing the two vectors
+#   <tt>self</tt> and <tt>other</tt>. Note that the values returned are 0/1, 
+#   not <tt>true/false</tt>, thus all of the elements are "true" in Ruby.
+#
+#   Ex:
+#      >> a = GSL::Vector[1, 2, 3]
+#      >> b = GSL::Vector[1, 2, 5]
+#      >> a.eq(b)
+#      [ 1 1 0 ]
+#      >> a.ne(b)
+#      [ 0 0 1 ]
+#      >> a.gt(b)
+#      [ 0 0 0 ]
+#      >> a.ge(b)
+#      [ 1 1 0 ]
+#      >> a.eq(3)
+#      [ 0 0 1 ]
+#      >> a.ne(2)
+#      [ 1 0 1 ]
+#      >> a.ge(2)
+#      [ 0 1 1 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#and(other)
+# * GSL::Vector#or(other)
+# * GSL::Vector#xor(other)    
+# * GSL::Vector#not
+#
+#
+#   Ex:
+#     >> a = GSL::Vector[1, 0, 3, 0]
+#     >> b = GSL::Vector[3, 4, 0, 0]
+#     >> a.and(b)
+#     [ 1 0 0 0 ]
+#     >> a.or(b)
+#     [ 1 1 1 0 ]
+#     >> a.xor(b)
+#     [ 0 1 1 0 ]
+#     >> a.not
+#     [ 0 1 0 1 ]
+#     >> b.not
+#     [ 0 0 1 1 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#where
+# * GSL::Vector#where { |elm| ... }
+#
+#   Returns the vector indices where the tests are true. If all the test failed
+#   <tt>nil</tt> is returned.
+#
+#   Ex:
+#     >> v = GSL::Vector::Int[0, 3, 0, -2, 3, 5, 0, 3]
+#     >> v.where
+#     [ 1 3 4 5 7 ]                   # where elements are non-zero
+#     >> v.where { |elm| elm == -2 }
+#     [ 3 ]
+#     >> a = GSL::Vector[0, 0, 0]
+#     >> a.where
+#     => nil
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="3.12] Histogram
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#histogram(n)
+# * GSL::Vector#histogram(ranges)
+# * GSL::Vector#histogram(n, min, max)
+# * GSL::Vector#histogram(n, [min, max])
+#
+#   Creates a histogram filling the vector <tt>self</tt>.
+#
+#   Example:
+#      >> r = GSL::Rng.alloc           # Random number generator
+#      => #<GSL::Rng:0x6d8594>
+#      >> v = r.gaussian(1, 1000)    # Generate 1000 Gaussian random numbers
+#      => GSL::Vector
+#      [ 1.339e-01 -8.810e-02 1.674e+00 7.336e-01 9.975e-01 -1.278e+00 -2.397e+00 ... ]
+#      >> h = v.histogram(50, [-4, 4])  # Creates a histogram of size 50, range [-4, 4)
+#      => #<GSL::Histogram:0x6d28b0>
+#      >> h.graph("-T X -C -g 3")    # Show the histogram
+#      => true
+#
+#   This is equivalent to
+#      h = Histogram.alloc(50, [-4, 4])
+#      h.increment(v)
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="3.13] Sorting
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#sort
+# * GSL::Vector#sort!
+#
+#   These methods sort the vector <tt>self</tt> in ascending numerical order.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#sort_index
+#
+#   This method indirectly sorts the elements of the vector <tt>self</tt> into 
+#   ascending order, and returns the resulting permutation. 
+#   The elements of permutation give the index of the vector element which 
+#   would have been stored in that position if the vector had been sorted in place. 
+#   The first element of permutation gives the index of the least element in the
+#   vector, and the last element of permutation gives the index of the greatest 
+#   vector element. The vector <tt>self</tt> is not changed.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#sort_smallest(n)
+# * GSL::Vector#sort_largest(n)
+# * GSL::Vector#sort_smallest_index(n)
+# * GSL::Vector#sort_largest_index(n)
+#
+#
+#   Ex:
+#       >> v = GSL::Vector::Int[8, 2, 3, 7, 9, 1, 4]
+#       => GSL::Vector::Int: 
+#       [ 8 2 3 7 9 1 4 ]
+#       >> v.sort
+#       => GSL::Vector::Int: 
+#       [ 1 2 3 4 7 8 9 ]
+#       >> v.sort_index
+#       => GSL::Permutation: 
+#       [ 5 1 2 6 3 0 4 ]
+#       >> v.sort_largest(3)
+#       => GSL::Vector::Int: 
+#       [ 9 8 7 ]
+#       >> v.sort_smallest(3)
+#       => GSL::Vector::Int: 
+#       [ 1 2 3 ]
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="3.14] BLAS Methods
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#nrm2
+# * GSL::Vector#dnrm2
+#
+#   Compute the Euclidean norm ||x||_2 = sqrt {sum x_i^2} of the vector.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#asum
+# * GSL::Vector#dasum
+#
+#   Compute the absolute sum \sum |x_i| of the elements of the vector.
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="3.15] Data type conversions
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#to_a 
+#
+#   This method converts the vector into a Ruby array. A Ruby array also can be
+#   converted into a GSL::Vector object with the <tt>to_gv</tt> method. For example,
+#
+#     v = GSL::Vector.alloc([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+#     a = v.to_a   -> GSL::Vector to an array
+#     p a          -> [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0]
+#     a[2] = 12.0
+#     v2 = a.to_gv  -> a new GSL::Vector object
+#     v2.print     -> 1.0000e+00 2.0000e+00 1.2000e+01 4.0000e+00 5.0000e+00
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#to_m(nrow, ncol)
+#
+#   Creates a <tt>GSL::Matrix</tt> object of <tt>nrow</tt> rows and <tt>ncol</tt> columns.
+#
+#     >> v = GSL::Vector::Int[1..5]
+#     => GSL::Vector::Int: 
+#     [ 1 2 3 4 5 ]
+#     >> v.to_m(2, 3)
+#     => GSL::Matrix::Int: 
+#     [ 1 2 3 
+#       4 5 0 ]
+#     >> v.to_m(2, 2)
+#     => GSL::Matrix::Int: 
+#     [ 1 2 
+#       3 4 ]
+#     >> v.to_m(3, 2)
+#     => GSL::Matrix::Int: 
+#     [ 1 2 
+#       3 4 
+#       5 0 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#to_m_diagonal
+#
+#   Converts the vector into a diagonal matrix. 
+#   See also {GSL::Matrix.diagonal(v)}[link:files/rdoc/matrix_rdoc.html].
+#
+#      >> v = GSL::Vector[1..4].to_i
+#      => GSL::Vector::Int: 
+#      [ 1 2 3 4 ]
+#      >> v.to_m_diagonal
+#      => GSL::Matrix::Int: 
+#      [ 1 0 0 0 
+#        0 2 0 0 
+#        0 0 3 0 
+#        0 0 0 4 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#to_m_circulant
+#
+#   Creates a circulant matrix.
+#
+#     >> v = GSL::Vector::Int[1..5]
+#     => GSL::Vector::Int: 
+#     [ 1 2 3 4 5 ]
+#     >> v.to_m_circulant
+#     => GSL::Matrix::Int: 
+#     [ 5 1 2 3 4   
+#       4 5 1 2 3   
+#       3 4 5 1 2   
+#       2 3 4 5 1   
+#       1 2 3 4 5 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#to_complex
+# * GSL::Vector#to_complex2
+#
+#   Example:
+#
+#     >> v = GSL::Vector[1..4]
+#     => GSL::Vector
+#     [ 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 3.000e+00 4.000e+00 ]
+#     >> v.to_complex
+#     [ [1.000e+00 0.000e+00] [2.000e+00 0.000e+00] [3.000e+00 0.000e+00] [4.000e+00 0.000e+00] ]
+#     => #<GSL::Vector::Complex:0x6d7d24>
+#     >> v.to_complex2
+#     [ [1.000e+00 2.000e+00] [3.000e+00 4.000e+00] ]
+#     => #<GSL::Vector::Complex:0x6d6424>
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#to_tensor(rank, dimension)
+#
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="3.16] GSL::Vector <---> NArray
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#to_na
+#
+#   Converts a vector <tt>self</tt> into an <tt>NArray</tt> object. 
+#   The data are copied to newly allocated memory.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#to_na2
+# * GSL::Vector#to_na_ref
+#
+#   Create an <tt>NArray</tt> reference of the vector <tt>self</tt>.
+#
+#   Example:
+#     >> v = GSL::Vector::Int[1, 2, 3, 4]
+#     => GSL::Vector::Int
+#     [ 1 2 3 4 ]
+#     >> na = v.to_na
+#     => NArray.int(4): 
+#     [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ]
+#     >> na2 = v.to_na2
+#     => NArray(ref).int(4): 
+#     [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ]
+#     >> na[1] = 99
+#     => 99
+#     >> v              # na and v are independent
+#     => GSL::Vector::Int
+#     [ 1 2 3 4 ]
+#     >> na2[1] = 99    # na2 points to the data of v
+#     => 99
+#     >> v
+#     => GSL::Vector::Int
+#     [ 1 99 3 4 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * NArray#to_gv
+# * NArray#to_gslv
+#
+#   Create <tt>GSL::Vector</tt> object from the <tt>NArray</tt> object <tt>self</tt>.
+#
+# ---
+# * NArray#to_gv_view
+# * NArray#to_gv2
+# * NArray#to_gslv_view
+#
+#   A <tt>GSL::Vector::View</tt> object is created from the NArray object <tt>self</tt>. 
+#   This method does not allocate memory for the data: the data of <tt>self</tt> 
+#   are not copied, but shared with the <tt>View</tt> object created, thus 
+#   any modifications to the <tt>View</tt> object affect on the original NArray 
+#   object. In other words, the <tt>View</tt> object can be used as a <tt>reference</tt> 
+#   to the NArray object. 
+#
+#   Ex:
+#      tcsh> irb
+#      >> require("gsl")
+#      => true
+#      >> na = NArray[1.0, 2, 3, 4, 5]    
+#      => NArray.float(5): 
+#      [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 ]
+#      >> vv = na.to_gv_view   # Create a view sharing the memory
+#      => GSL::Vector::View 
+#      [ 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 3.000e+00 4.000e+00 5.000e+00 ]
+#      >> vv[3] = 9
+#      => 9
+#      >> na
+#      => NArray.float(5): 
+#      [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 9.0, 5.0 ]           # The data are changed
+#      >> v = na.to_gv         # A vector with newly allocated memory
+#      => GSL::Vector 
+#      [ 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 3.000e+00 9.000e+00 5.000e+00 ]
+#      >> v[1] = 123
+#      => 123
+#      >> v
+#      => GSL::Vector 
+#      [ 1.000e+00 1.230e+02 3.000e+00 9.000e+00 5.000e+00 ]
+#      >> na                   
+#      => NArray.float(5): 
+#      [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 9.0, 5.0 ]           # v and na are independent 
+#      >> na = NArray[1.0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+#      => NArray.float(6): 
+#      [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 ]
+#      >> m = na.to_gv_view.matrix_view(2, 3)
+#      => GSL::Matrix::View
+#      [  1.000e+00  2.000e+00  3.000e+00 
+#         4.000e+00  5.000e+00  6.000e+00 ]
+#      >> m[1][2] = 9
+#      => 9
+#      >> na
+#      => NArray.float(6): 
+#      [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 9.0 ]
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="3.17] Graphics
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector.graph(y)
+# * GSL::Vector.graph(y, options)
+# * GSL::Vector.graph(x, y)
+# * GSL::Vector.graph(x, y, options)
+# * GSL::Vector#graph(options)
+# * GSL::Vector#graph(x, options)
+#
+#   These methods use the GNU plotutils <tt>graph</tt> application to plot
+#   a vector <tt>self</tt>. The options of <tt>graph</tt> as "-T X -C" can be given by a String.
+#
+#   Example:
+#     >> x = GSL::Vector.linspace(0, 2.0*M_PI, 20)
+#     >> c = GSL::Sf::cos(x)
+#     >> s = GSL::Sf::sin(x)
+#     >> GSL::Vector.graph(x, c, s, "-T X -C -L 'cos(x), sin(x)'")
+#
+# {prev}[link:files/rdoc/sf_rdoc.html]
+# {next}[link:files/rdoc/matrix_rdoc.html]
+#
+# {Reference index}[link:files/rdoc/ref_rdoc.html]
+# {top}[link:files/rdoc/index_rdoc.html]
+#   
+#