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<p>This guide should provide you with all you need to get started using model classes. Active Model allow for Action Pack helpers to interact with non-ActiveRecord models. Active Model also helps building custom ORMs for use outside of the Rails framework.</p>
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<li><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a><ul><li><a href="#attributemethods">AttributeMethods</a></li> <li><a href="#callbacks">Callbacks</a></li> <li><a href="#conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="#dirty">Dirty</a></li> <li><a href="#validations">Validations</a></li></ul></li></ol></div>
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<p>AttributeMethods module can add custom prefixes and suffixes on methods of a class. It is used by defining the prefixes and suffixes, which methods on the object will use them.</p>
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<p>An object becomes dirty when an object is gone through one or more changes to its attributes and not yet saved. This gives the ability to check whether an object has been changed or not. It also has attribute based accessor methods. Lets consider a Person class with attributes first_name and last_name</p>
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<li><a href="#what-is-active-record">What is Active Record?</a><ul><li><a href="#the-active-record-pattern">The Active Record Pattern</a></li> <li><a href="#object-relational-mapping">Object Relational Mapping</a></li> <li><a href="#active-record-as-an-orm-framework">Active Record as an <span class="caps">ORM</span> Framework</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#convention-over-configuration-in-active-record">Convention over Configuration in Active Record</a><ul><li><a href="#naming-conventions">Naming Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="#schema-conventions">Schema Conventions</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#creating-active-record-models">Creating Active Record Models</a></li><li><a href="#overriding-the-naming-conventions">Overriding the Naming Conventions</a></li><li><a href="#crud-reading-and-writing-data"><span class="caps">CRUD</span>: Reading and Writing Data</a><ul><li><a href="#create">Create</a></li> <li><a href="#read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="#update">Update</a></li> <li><a href="#delete">Delete</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#validations">Validations</a></li><li><a href="#callbacks">Callbacks</a></li><li><a href="#migrations">Migrations</a></li></ol></div>
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<p>Active Record is the M in <a href="getting_started.html#the-mvc-architecture"><span class="caps">MVC</span></a> – the model – which is the layer of the system responsible for representing business data and logic. Active Record facilitates the creation and use of business objects whose data requires persistent storage to a database. It is an implementation of the Active Record pattern which itself is a description of an Object Relational Mapping system.</p>
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<p>Active Record was described by Martin Fowler in his book <em>Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture</em>. In Active Record, objects carry both persistent data and behavior which operates on that data. Active Record takes the opinion that ensuring data access logic is part of the object will educate users of that object on how to write to and read from the database.</p>
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<p>Object-Relational Mapping, commonly referred to as its abbreviation <span class="caps">ORM</span>, is a technique that connects the rich objects of an application to tables in a relational database management system. Using <span class="caps">ORM</span>, the properties and relationships of the objects in an application can be easily stored and retrieved from a database without writing <span class="caps">SQL</span> statements directly and with less overall database access code.</p>
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<p>Active Record gives us several mechanisms, the most important being the ability to:</p>
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<p>When writing applications using other programming languages or frameworks, it may be necessary to write a lot of configuration code. This is particularly true for <span class="caps">ORM</span> frameworks in general. However, if you follow the conventions adopted by Rails, you’ll need to write very little configuration (in some case no configuration at all) when creating Active Record models. The idea is that if you configure your applications in the very same way most of the times then this should be the default way. In this cases, explicit configuration would be needed only in those cases where you can’t follow the conventions for any reason.</p>
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<p>By default, Active Record uses some naming conventions to find out how the mapping between models and database tables should be created. Rails will pluralize your class names to find the respective database table. So, for a class <tt>Book</tt>, you should have a database table called <strong>books</strong>. The Rails pluralization mechanisms are very powerful, being capable to pluralize (and singularize) both regular and irregular words. When using class names composed of two or more words, the model class name should follow the Ruby conventions, using the CamelCase form, while the table name must contain the words separated by underscores. Examples:</p>
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<p>Active Record uses naming conventions for the columns in database tables, depending on the purpose of these columns.</p>
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<li><strong>Foreign keys</strong> – These fields should be named following the pattern <tt>singularized_table_name_id</tt> (e.g., <tt>item_id</tt>, <tt>order_id</tt>). These are the fields that Active Record will look for when you create associations between your models.</li>
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<p>There are also some optional column names that will create additional features to Active Record instances:</p>
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<li><tt>(table_name)_count</tt> – Used to cache the number of belonging objects on associations. For example, a <tt>comments_count</tt> column in a <tt>Post</tt> class that has many instances of <tt>Comment</tt> will cache the number of existent comments for each post.</li>
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<div class="note"><p>While these column names are optional, they are in fact reserved by Active Record. Steer clear of reserved keywords unless you want the extra functionality. For example, <tt>type</tt> is a reserved keyword used to designate a table using Single Table Inheritance (<span class="caps">STI</span>). If you are not using <span class="caps">STI</span>, try an analogous keyword like “context”, that may still accurately describe the data you are modeling.</p></div>
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<p>It is very easy to create Active Record models. All you have to do is to subclass the <tt>ActiveRecord::Base</tt> class and you’re good to go:</p>
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<p>This will create a <tt>Product</tt> model, mapped to a <tt>products</tt> table at the database. By doing this you’ll also have the ability to map the columns of each row in that table with the attributes of the instances of your model. Suppose that the <tt>products</tt> table was created using an <span class="caps">SQL</span> sentence like:</p>
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<h3 id="overriding-the-naming-conventions">4 Overriding the Naming Conventions</h3>
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<p>What if you need to follow a different naming convention or need to use your Rails application with a legacy database? No problem, you can easily override the default conventions.</p>
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<p>You can use the <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.set_table_name</tt> method to specify the table name that should be used:</p>
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<p>If you do so, you will have to define manually the class name that is hosting the fixtures (class_name.yml) using the <tt>set_fixture_class</tt> method in your test definition:</p>
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<p>It’s also possible to override the column that should be used as the table’s primary key using the <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.set_primary_key</tt> method:</p>
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<p><span class="caps">CRUD</span> is an acronym for the four verbs we use to operate on data: *C*reate, *R*ead, *U*pdate and *D*elete. Active Record automatically creates methods to allow an application to read and manipulate data stored within its tables.</p>
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<p>Active Record objects can be created from a hash, a block or have their attributes manually set after creation. The <tt>new</tt> method will return a new object while <tt>create</tt> will return the object and save it to the database.</p>
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<p>For example, given a model <tt>User</tt> with attributes of <tt>name</tt> and <tt>occupation</tt>, the <tt>create</tt> method call will create and save a new record into the database:</p>
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<p>Using the <tt>new</tt> method, an object can be created without being saved:</p>
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<p>Finally, if a block is provided, both <tt>create</tt> and <tt>new</tt> will yield the new object to that block for initialization:</p>
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<h4 id="read">5.2 Read</h4>
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<p>Active Record provides a rich <span class="caps">API</span> for accessing data within a database. Below are a few examples of different data access methods provided by Active Record.</p>
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<p>You can learn more about querying an Active Record model in the “Active Record Query Interface”:“active_record_querying.html” guide.</p>
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<h4 id="update">5.3 Update</h4>
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<p>Once an Active Record object has been retrieved, its attributes can be modified and it can be saved to the database.</p>
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<h4 id="delete">5.4 Delete</h4>
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<p>Likewise, once retrieved an Active Record object can be destroyed which removes it from the database.</p>
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<h3 id="validations">6 Validations</h3>
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<p>Active Record allows you to validate the state of a model before it gets written into the database. There are several methods that you can use to check your models and validate that an attribute value is not empty, is unique and not already in the database, follows a specific format and many more. You can learn more about validations in the <a href="active_record_validations_callbacks.html#validations-overview">Active Record Validations and Callbacks guide</a>.</p>
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<p>Active Record callbacks allow you to attach code to certain events in the life-cycle of your models. This enables you to add behavior to your models by transparently executing code when those events occur, like when you create a new record, update it, destroy it and so on. You can learn more about callbacks in the <a href="active_record_validations_callbacks.html#callbacks-overview">Active Record Validations and Callbacks guide</a>.</p>
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<p>Rails provides a domain-specific language for managing a database schema called migrations. Migrations are stored in files which are executed against any database that Active Record support using rake. Rails keeps track of which files have been committed to the database and provides rollback features. You can learn more about migrations in the <a href="migrations.html">Active Record Migrations guide</a></p>
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You're encouraged to help improve the quality of this guide.
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If you see any typos or factual errors you are confident to
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contribution. <a href="https://github.com/lifo/docrails">docrails</a> is
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You may also find incomplete content, or stuff that is not up to date.
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Please do add any missing documentation for master. Check the
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<a href="ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.html">Ruby on Rails Guides Guidelines</a>
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for style and conventions.
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If for whatever reason you spot something to fix but cannot patch it yourself, please
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<a href="https://github.com/rails/rails/issues">open an issue</a>.
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<p>And last but not least, any kind of discussion regarding Ruby on Rails
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documentation is very welcome in the <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-docs">rubyonrails-docs mailing list</a>.
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<p>This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0</a> License</p>
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<p>"Rails", "Ruby on Rails", and the Rails logo are trademarks of David Heinemeier Hansson. All rights reserved.</p>
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