railties 3.0.11 → 3.0.12.rc1
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<li><a href="#setup">Setup</a><ul><li><a href="#either-generate-a-vendored-plugin">Either generate a vendored plugin…</a></li> <li><a href="#or-generate-a-gemified-plugin">Or generate a gemified plugin.</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#testing-your-newly-generated-plugin">Testing your newly generated plugin</a></li><li><a href="#extending-core-classes">Extending Core Classes</a></li><li><a href="#add-an-acts_as-method-to-active-record">Add an “acts_as” Method to Active Record</a><ul><li><a href="#add-a-class-method">Add a Class Method</a></li> <li><a href="#add-an-instance-method">Add an Instance Method</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#generators">Generators</a></li><li><a href="#publishing-your-gem">Publishing your Gem</a></li><li><a href="#non-gem-plugins">Non-Gem Plugins</a></li><li><a href="#rdoc-documentation">RDoc Documentation</a><ul><li><a href="#references">References</a></li></ul></li></ol></div>
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<p>Use the <tt>rails generate plugin</tt> command in your Rails root directory
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to create a new plugin that will live in the <tt>vendor/plugins</tt>
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directory. See usage and options by asking for help:</p>
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<h4 id="or-generate-a-gemified-plugin">1.2 Or generate a gemified plugin.</h4>
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<p>Writing your Rails plugin as a gem, rather than as a vendored plugin,
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lets you share your plugin across different rails applications using
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RubyGems and Bundler.</p>
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<p>Rails 3.1 ships with a <tt>rails plugin new</tt> command which creates a
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skeleton for developing any kind of Rails extension with the ability
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to run integration tests using a dummy Rails application. See usage
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<h3 id="testing-your-newly-generated-plugin">2 Testing your newly generated plugin</h3>
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<p>You can navigate to the directory that contains the plugin, run the <tt>bundle install</tt> command
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and run the one generated test using the <tt>rake</tt> command.</p>
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<p>You should see:</p>
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<p>This will tell you that everything got generated properly and you are ready to start adding functionality.</p>
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<h3 id="extending-core-classes">3 Extending Core Classes</h3>
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<p>This section will explain how to add a method to String that will be available anywhere in your rails application.</p>
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<p>In this example you will add a method to String named <tt>to_squawk</tt>. To begin, create a new test file with a few assertions:</p>
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class CoreExtTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
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def test_to_squawk_prepends_the_word_squawk
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assert_equal "squawk! Hello World", "Hello World".to_squawk
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<p>Run <tt>rake</tt> to run the test. This test should fail because we haven’t implemented the <tt>to_squawk</tt> method:</p>
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test_to_squawk_prepends_the_word_squawk(CoreExtTest):
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NoMethodError: undefined method `to_squawk' for "Hello World":String
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test/core_ext_test.rb:5:in `test_to_squawk_prepends_the_word_squawk'
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</div>
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<p>Great – now you are ready to start development.</p>
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<p>Then in <tt>lib/yaffle.rb</tt> require <tt>lib/core_ext</tt>:</p>
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require "yaffle/core_ext"
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<p>Finally, create the <tt>core_ext.rb</tt> file and add the <tt>to_squawk</tt> method:</p>
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<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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# yaffle/lib/yaffle/core_ext.rb
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String.class_eval do
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def to_squawk
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"squawk! #{self}".strip
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<p>To test that your method does what it says it does, run the unit tests with <tt>rake</tt> from your plugin directory.</p>
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<p>To see this in action, change to the test/dummy directory, fire up a console and start squawking:</p>
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$ rails console
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=> "squawk! Hello World"
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<h3 id="add-an-acts_as-method-to-active-record">4 Add an “acts_as” Method to Active Record</h3>
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<p>A common pattern in plugins is to add a method called ‘acts_as_something’ to models. In this case, you
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want to write a method called ‘acts_as_yaffle’ that adds a ‘squawk’ method to your Active Record models.</p>
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<p>To begin, set up your files so that you have:</p>
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# yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb
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require 'test_helper'
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class ActsAsYaffleTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
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# yaffle/lib/yaffle.rb
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require "yaffle/core_ext"
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require 'yaffle/acts_as_yaffle'
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module Yaffle
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end
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</pre>
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<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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# yaffle/lib/yaffle/acts_as_yaffle.rb
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module Yaffle
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module ActsAsYaffle
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# your code will go here
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</pre>
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</div>
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<h4 id="add-a-class-method">4.1 Add a Class Method</h4>
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<p>This plugin will expect that you’ve added a method to your model named ‘last_squawk’. However, the
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plugin users might have already defined a method on their model named ‘last_squawk’ that they use
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for something else. This plugin will allow the name to be changed by adding a class method called ‘yaffle_text_field’.</p>
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<p>To start out, write a failing test that shows the behavior you’d like:</p>
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# yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb
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require 'test_helper'
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class ActsAsYaffleTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
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def test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk
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assert_equal "last_squawk", Hickwall.yaffle_text_field
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end
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def test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet
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assert_equal "last_tweet", Wickwall.yaffle_text_field
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end
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end
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</pre>
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</div>
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<p>When you run <tt>rake</tt>, you should see the following:</p>
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1) Error:
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test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk(ActsAsYaffleTest):
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NameError: uninitialized constant ActsAsYaffleTest::Hickwall
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test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:6:in `test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk'
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2) Error:
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test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet(ActsAsYaffleTest):
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NameError: uninitialized constant ActsAsYaffleTest::Wickwall
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test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:10:in `test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet'
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</pre>
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</div>
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<p>This tells us that we don’t have the necessary models (Hickwall and Wickwall) that we are trying to test.
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We can easily generate these models in our “dummy” Rails application by running the following commands from the
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test/dummy directory:</p>
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$ cd test/dummy
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$ rails generate model Hickwall last_squawk:string
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$ rails generate model Wickwall last_squawk:string last_tweet:string
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</pre>
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</div>
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<p>Now you can create the necessary database tables in your testing database by navigating to your dummy app
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and migrating the database. First</p>
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<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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$ cd test/dummy
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$ rake db:migrate
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$ rake db:test:prepare
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</pre>
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</div>
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<p>While you are here, change the Hickwall and Wickwall models so that they know that they are supposed to act
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like yaffles.</p>
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<div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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# test/dummy/app/models/hickwall.rb
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class Hickwall < ActiveRecord::Base
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acts_as_yaffle
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end
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# test/dummy/app/models/wickwall.rb
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class Wickwall < ActiveRecord::Base
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acts_as_yaffle :yaffle_text_field => :last_tweet
|
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end
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</pre>
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</div>
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<p>We will also add code to define the acts_as_yaffle method.</p>
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<div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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# yaffle/lib/yaffle/acts_as_yaffle.rb
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module Yaffle
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module ActsAsYaffle
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extend ActiveSupport::Concern
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included do
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end
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module ClassMethods
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def acts_as_yaffle(options = {})
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# your code will go here
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end
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end
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end
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end
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ActiveRecord::Base.send :include, Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle
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</pre>
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</div>
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<p>You can then return to the root directory (<tt>cd ../..</tt>) of your plugin and rerun the tests using <tt>rake</tt>.</p>
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<div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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1) Error:
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test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk(ActsAsYaffleTest):
|
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NoMethodError: undefined method `yaffle_text_field' for #<Class:0x000001016661b8>
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/Users/xxx/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p136@xxx/gems/activerecord-3.0.3/lib/active_record/base.rb:1008:in `method_missing'
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test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:5:in `test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk'
|
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|
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2) Error:
|
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test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet(ActsAsYaffleTest):
|
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NoMethodError: undefined method `yaffle_text_field' for #<Class:0x00000101653748>
|
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Users/xxx/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p136@xxx/gems/activerecord-3.0.3/lib/active_record/base.rb:1008:in `method_missing'
|
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test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:9:in `test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet'
|
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|
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5 tests, 3 assertions, 0 failures, 2 errors, 0 skips
|
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</pre>
|
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</div>
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<p>Getting closer… Now we will implement the code of the acts_as_yaffle method to make the tests pass.</p>
|
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<div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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# yaffle/lib/yaffle/acts_as_yaffle.rb
|
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|
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|
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|
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module Yaffle
|
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|
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module ActsAsYaffle
|
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|
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extend ActiveSupport::Concern
|
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|
-
|
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|
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included do
|
393
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end
|
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|
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|
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module ClassMethods
|
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|
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def acts_as_yaffle(options = {})
|
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|
-
cattr_accessor :yaffle_text_field
|
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|
-
self.yaffle_text_field = (options[:yaffle_text_field] || :last_squawk).to_s
|
399
|
-
end
|
400
|
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end
|
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-
end
|
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|
-
end
|
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|
-
|
404
|
-
ActiveRecord::Base.send :include, Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle
|
405
|
-
</pre>
|
406
|
-
</div>
|
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|
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<p>When you run <tt>rake</tt> you should see the tests all pass:</p>
|
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<div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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5 tests, 5 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
|
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</pre>
|
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|
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</div>
|
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|
-
<h4 id="add-an-instance-method">4.2 Add an Instance Method</h4>
|
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<p>This plugin will add a method named ‘squawk’ to any Active Record object that calls ‘acts_as_yaffle’. The ‘squawk’
|
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method will simply set the value of one of the fields in the database.</p>
|
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<p>To start out, write a failing test that shows the behavior you’d like:</p>
|
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<div class="code_container">
|
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<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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|
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# yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb
|
420
|
-
require 'test_helper'
|
421
|
-
|
422
|
-
class ActsAsYaffleTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
|
423
|
-
|
424
|
-
def test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk
|
425
|
-
assert_equal "last_squawk", Hickwall.yaffle_text_field
|
426
|
-
end
|
427
|
-
|
428
|
-
def test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet
|
429
|
-
assert_equal "last_tweet", Wickwall.yaffle_text_field
|
430
|
-
end
|
431
|
-
|
432
|
-
def test_hickwalls_squawk_should_populate_last_squawk
|
433
|
-
hickwall = Hickwall.new
|
434
|
-
hickwall.squawk("Hello World")
|
435
|
-
assert_equal "squawk! Hello World", hickwall.last_squawk
|
436
|
-
end
|
437
|
-
|
438
|
-
def test_wickwalls_squawk_should_populate_last_tweet
|
439
|
-
wickwall = Wickwall.new
|
440
|
-
wickwall.squawk("Hello World")
|
441
|
-
assert_equal "squawk! Hello World", wickwall.last_tweet
|
442
|
-
end
|
443
|
-
end
|
444
|
-
</pre>
|
445
|
-
</div>
|
446
|
-
<p>Run the test to make sure the last two tests fail with an error that contains “NoMethodError: undefined method `squawk’”,
|
447
|
-
then update ‘acts_as_yaffle.rb’ to look like this:</p>
|
448
|
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<div class="code_container">
|
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|
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<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
450
|
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# yaffle/lib/yaffle/acts_as_yaffle.rb
|
451
|
-
|
452
|
-
module Yaffle
|
453
|
-
module ActsAsYaffle
|
454
|
-
extend ActiveSupport::Concern
|
455
|
-
|
456
|
-
included do
|
457
|
-
end
|
458
|
-
|
459
|
-
module ClassMethods
|
460
|
-
def acts_as_yaffle(options = {})
|
461
|
-
cattr_accessor :yaffle_text_field
|
462
|
-
self.yaffle_text_field = (options[:yaffle_text_field] || :last_squawk).to_s
|
463
|
-
end
|
464
|
-
end
|
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|
-
|
466
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def squawk(string)
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write_attribute(self.class.yaffle_text_field, string.to_squawk)
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end
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end
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end
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ActiveRecord::Base.send :include, Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle
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</pre>
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</div>
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<p>Run <tt>rake</tt> one final time and you should see:</p>
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<div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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7 tests, 7 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
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</pre>
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</div>
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<div class="note"><p>The use of <tt>write_attribute</tt> to write to the field in model is just one example of how a plugin can interact with the model, and will not always be the right method to use. For example, you could also use <tt>send(“#{self.class.yaffle_text_field}=”, string.to_squawk)</tt>.</p></div>
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<h3 id="generators">5 Generators</h3>
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<p>Generators can be included in your gem simply by creating them in a lib/generators directory of your plugin. More information about
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the creation of generators can be found in the <a href="generators.html">Generators Guide</a></p>
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<h3 id="publishing-your-gem">6 Publishing your Gem</h3>
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<p>Gem plugins currently in development can easily be shared from any Git repository. To share the Yaffle gem with others, simply
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commit the code to a Git repository (like Github) and add a line to the Gemfile of the application in question:</p>
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<div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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gem 'yaffle', :git => 'git://github.com/yaffle_watcher/yaffle.git'
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</pre>
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</div>
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<p>After running <tt>bundle install</tt>, your gem functionality will be available to the application.</p>
|
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<p>When the gem is ready to be shared as a formal release, it can be published to <a href="http://www.rubygems.org">RubyGems</a>.
|
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For more information about publishing gems to RubyGems, see: <a href="http://blog.thepete.net/2010/11/creating-and-publishing-your-first-ruby.html">http://blog.thepete.net/2010/11/creating-and-publishing-your-first-ruby.html</a></p>
|
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|
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<h3 id="non-gem-plugins">7 Non-Gem Plugins</h3>
|
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|
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<p>Non-gem plugins are useful for functionality that won’t be shared with another project. Keeping your custom functionality in the
|
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|
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vendor/plugins directory un-clutters the rest of the application.</p>
|
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<p>Move the directory that you created for the gem based plugin into the vendor/plugins directory of a generated Rails application, create a vendor/plugins/yaffle/init.rb file that contains “require ‘yaffle’” and everything will still work.</p>
|
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<div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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|
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# yaffle/init.rb
|
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|
-
|
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|
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require 'yaffle'
|
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|
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</pre>
|
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|
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</div>
|
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|
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<p>You can test this by changing to the Rails application that you added the plugin to and starting a rails console. Once in the
|
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|
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console we can check to see if the String has an instance method to_squawk:</p>
|
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|
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<div class="code_container">
|
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<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
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|
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$ cd my_app
|
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|
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$ rails console
|
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|
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$ "Rails plugins are easy!".to_squawk
|
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|
-
</pre>
|
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</div>
|
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<p>You can also remove the .gemspec, Gemfile and Gemfile.lock files as they will no longer be needed.</p>
|
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|
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<h3 id="rdoc-documentation">8 RDoc Documentation</h3>
|
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|
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<p>Once your plugin is stable and you are ready to deploy do everyone else a favor and document it! Luckily, writing documentation for your plugin is easy.</p>
|
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|
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<p>The first step is to update the <span class="caps">README</span> file with detailed information about how to use your plugin. A few key things to include are:</p>
|
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|
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<ul>
|
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|
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<li>Your name</li>
|
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|
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<li>How to install</li>
|
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|
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<li>How to add the functionality to the app (several examples of common use cases)</li>
|
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|
-
<li>Warnings, gotchas or tips that might help users and save them time</li>
|
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|
-
</ul>
|
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|
-
<p>Once your <span class="caps">README</span> is solid, go through and add rdoc comments to all of the methods that developers will use. It’s also customary to add ‘#:nodoc:’ comments to those parts of the code that are not included in the public api.</p>
|
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|
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<p>Once your comments are good to go, navigate to your plugin directory and run:</p>
|
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|
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<div class="code_container">
|
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|
-
<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
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|
-
$ rake rdoc
|
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|
-
</pre>
|
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|
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</div>
|
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|
-
<h4 id="references">8.1 References</h4>
|
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|
-
<ul>
|
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|
-
<li><a href="https://github.com/radar/guides/blob/master/gem-development.md">Developing a RubyGem using Bundler</a></li>
|
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|
-
<li><a href="http://yehudakatz.com/2010/04/02/using-gemspecs-as-intended/">Using Gemspecs As Intended</a></li>
|
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|
-
<li><a href="http://docs.rubygems.org/read/chapter/20">Gemspec Reference</a></li>
|
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|
-
<li><a href="http://www.mbleigh.com/2008/06/11/gemplugins-a-brief-introduction-to-the-future-of-rails-plugins">GemPlugins</a></li>
|
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|
-
<li><a href="http://daddy.platte.name/2007/05/rails-plugins-keep-initrb-thin.html">Keeping init.rb thin</a></li>
|
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|
-
</ul>
|
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|
-
|
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|
-
<h3>Feedback</h3>
|
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|
-
<p>
|
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|
-
You're encouraged to help improve the quality of this guide.
|
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|
-
</p>
|
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|
-
<p>
|
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|
-
If you see any typos or factual errors you are confident to
|
549
|
-
patch, please clone <a href="https://github.com/lifo/docrails">docrails</a>
|
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|
-
and push the change yourself. That branch of Rails has public write access.
|
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|
-
Commits are still reviewed, but that happens after you've submitted your
|
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|
-
contribution. <a href="https://github.com/lifo/docrails">docrails</a> is
|
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|
-
cross-merged with master periodically.
|
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|
-
</p>
|
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|
-
<p>
|
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|
-
You may also find incomplete content, or stuff that is not up to date.
|
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|
-
Please do add any missing documentation for master. Check the
|
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|
-
<a href="ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.html">Ruby on Rails Guides Guidelines</a>
|
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|
-
for style and conventions.
|
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|
-
</p>
|
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|
-
<p>
|
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|
-
If for whatever reason you spot something to fix but cannot patch it yourself, please
|
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|
-
<a href="https://github.com/rails/rails/issues">open an issue</a>.
|
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|
-
</p>
|
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|
-
<p>And last but not least, any kind of discussion regarding Ruby on Rails
|
566
|
-
documentation is very welcome in the <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-docs">rubyonrails-docs mailing list</a>.
|
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|
-
</p>
|
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|
-
</div>
|
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</div>
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</div>
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<hr class="hide" />
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<div id="footer">
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<div class="wrapper">
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<p>This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0</a> License</p>
|
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|
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<p>"Rails", "Ruby on Rails", and the Rails logo are trademarks of David Heinemeier Hansson. All rights reserved.</p>
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