radiant-rc 0.9.0

data/vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/variable.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  module JSON
+    # A string that returns itself as its JSON-encoded form.
+    class Variable < String
+      def to_json(options=nil)
+        self
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/locale/en.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+en:
+  date:
+    formats:
+      # Use the strftime parameters for formats.
+      # When no format has been given, it uses default.
+      # You can provide other formats here if you like!
+      default: "%Y-%m-%d"
+      short: "%b %d"
+      long: "%B %d, %Y"
+      
+    day_names: [Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday]
+    abbr_day_names: [Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri, Sat]
+      
+    # Don't forget the nil at the beginning; there's no such thing as a 0th month
+    month_names: [~, January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December]
+    abbr_month_names: [~, Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec]
+    # Used in date_select and datime_select.
+    order: [ :year, :month, :day ]
+
+  time:
+    formats:
+      default: "%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %z"
+      short: "%d %b %H:%M"
+      long: "%B %d, %Y %H:%M"
+    am: "am"
+    pm: "pm"
+      
+# Used in array.to_sentence.
+  support:
+    array:
+      words_connector: ", "
+      two_words_connector: " and "
+      last_word_connector: ", and "

data/vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/memoizable.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  module Memoizable
+    def self.memoized_ivar_for(symbol)
+      "@_memoized_#{symbol.to_s.sub(/\?\Z/, '_query').sub(/!\Z/, '_bang')}".to_sym
+    end
+
+    module InstanceMethods
+      def self.included(base)
+        base.class_eval do
+          unless base.method_defined?(:freeze_without_memoizable)
+            alias_method_chain :freeze, :memoizable
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def freeze_with_memoizable
+        memoize_all unless frozen?
+        freeze_without_memoizable
+      end
+
+      def memoize_all
+        prime_cache ".*"
+      end
+
+      def unmemoize_all
+        flush_cache ".*"
+      end
+
+      def prime_cache(*syms)
+        syms.each do |sym|
+          methods.each do |m|
+            if m.to_s =~ /^_unmemoized_(#{sym})/
+              if method(m).arity == 0
+                __send__($1)
+              else
+                ivar = ActiveSupport::Memoizable.memoized_ivar_for($1)
+                instance_variable_set(ivar, {})
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def flush_cache(*syms, &block)
+        syms.each do |sym|
+          (methods + private_methods + protected_methods).each do |m|
+            if m.to_s =~ /^_unmemoized_(#{sym})/
+              ivar = ActiveSupport::Memoizable.memoized_ivar_for($1)
+              instance_variable_get(ivar).clear if instance_variable_defined?(ivar)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def memoize(*symbols)
+      symbols.each do |symbol|
+        original_method = :"_unmemoized_#{symbol}"
+        memoized_ivar = ActiveSupport::Memoizable.memoized_ivar_for(symbol)
+
+        class_eval <<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__
+          include InstanceMethods                                                  # include InstanceMethods
+                                                                                   #
+          if method_defined?(:#{original_method})                                  # if method_defined?(:_unmemoized_mime_type)
+            raise "Already memoized #{symbol}"                                     #   raise "Already memoized mime_type"
+          end                                                                      # end
+          alias #{original_method} #{symbol}                                       # alias _unmemoized_mime_type mime_type
+                                                                                   #
+          if instance_method(:#{symbol}).arity == 0                                # if instance_method(:mime_type).arity == 0
+            def #{symbol}(reload = false)                                          #   def mime_type(reload = false)
+              if reload || !defined?(#{memoized_ivar}) || #{memoized_ivar}.empty?  #     if reload || !defined?(@_memoized_mime_type) || @_memoized_mime_type.empty?
+                #{memoized_ivar} = [#{original_method}.freeze]                     #       @_memoized_mime_type = [_unmemoized_mime_type.freeze]
+              end                                                                  #     end
+              #{memoized_ivar}[0]                                                  #     @_memoized_mime_type[0]
+            end                                                                    #   end
+          else                                                                     # else
+            def #{symbol}(*args)                                                   #   def mime_type(*args)
+              #{memoized_ivar} ||= {} unless frozen?                               #     @_memoized_mime_type ||= {} unless frozen?
+              reload = args.pop if args.last == true || args.last == :reload       #     reload = args.pop if args.last == true || args.last == :reload
+                                                                                   #
+              if defined?(#{memoized_ivar}) && #{memoized_ivar}                    #     if defined?(@_memoized_mime_type) && @_memoized_mime_type
+                if !reload && #{memoized_ivar}.has_key?(args)                      #       if !reload && @_memoized_mime_type.has_key?(args)
+                  #{memoized_ivar}[args]                                           #         @_memoized_mime_type[args]
+                elsif #{memoized_ivar}                                             #       elsif @_memoized_mime_type
+                  #{memoized_ivar}[args] = #{original_method}(*args).freeze        #         @_memoized_mime_type[args] = _unmemoized_mime_type(*args).freeze
+                end                                                                #       end
+              else                                                                 #     else
+                #{original_method}(*args)                                          #       _unmemoized_mime_type(*args)
+              end                                                                  #     end
+            end                                                                    #   end
+          end                                                                      # end
+                                                                                   #
+          if private_method_defined?(#{original_method.inspect})                   # if private_method_defined?(:_unmemoized_mime_type)
+            private #{symbol.inspect}                                              #   private :mime_type
+          end                                                                      # end
+        EOS
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_encryptor.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+require 'openssl'
+
+module ActiveSupport
+  # MessageEncryptor is a simple way to encrypt values which get stored somewhere 
+  # you don't trust.
+  # 
+  # The cipher text and initialization vector are base64 encoded and returned to you.
+  #
+  # This can be used in situations similar to the MessageVerifier, but where you don't
+  # want users to be able to determine the value of the payload.
+  class MessageEncryptor
+    class InvalidMessage < StandardError; end
+    OpenSSLCipherError = OpenSSL::Cipher.const_defined?(:CipherError) ? OpenSSL::Cipher::CipherError : OpenSSL::CipherError
+
+    def initialize(secret, cipher = 'aes-256-cbc')
+      @secret = secret
+      @cipher = cipher
+    end
+    
+    def encrypt(value)
+      cipher = new_cipher
+      # Rely on OpenSSL for the initialization vector
+      iv = cipher.random_iv
+      
+      cipher.encrypt 
+      cipher.key = @secret
+      cipher.iv  = iv
+      
+      encrypted_data = cipher.update(Marshal.dump(value)) 
+      encrypted_data << cipher.final
+
+      [encrypted_data, iv].map {|v| ActiveSupport::Base64.encode64s(v)}.join("--")
+    end
+    
+    def decrypt(encrypted_message)
+      cipher = new_cipher
+      encrypted_data, iv = encrypted_message.split("--").map {|v| ActiveSupport::Base64.decode64(v)}
+      
+      cipher.decrypt
+      cipher.key = @secret
+      cipher.iv  = iv
+
+      decrypted_data = cipher.update(encrypted_data)
+      decrypted_data << cipher.final
+      
+      Marshal.load(decrypted_data)
+    rescue OpenSSLCipherError, TypeError
+      raise InvalidMessage
+    end
+    
+    def encrypt_and_sign(value)
+      verifier.generate(encrypt(value))
+    end
+    
+    def decrypt_and_verify(value)
+      decrypt(verifier.verify(value))
+    end
+    
+    
+    
+    private 
+      def new_cipher
+        OpenSSL::Cipher::Cipher.new(@cipher)
+      end
+      
+      def verifier
+        MessageVerifier.new(@secret)
+      end
+  end
+end

data/vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_verifier.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  # MessageVerifier makes it easy to generate and verify messages which are signed
+  # to prevent tampering.
+  # 
+  # This is useful for cases like remember-me tokens and auto-unsubscribe links where the
+  # session store isn't suitable or available.
+  #
+  # Remember Me:
+  #   cookies[:remember_me] = @verifier.generate([@user.id, 2.weeks.from_now])
+  # 
+  # In the authentication filter:
+  #
+  #   id, time = @verifier.verify(cookies[:remember_me])
+  #   if time < Time.now
+  #     self.current_user = User.find(id)
+  #   end
+  # 
+  class MessageVerifier
+    class InvalidSignature < StandardError; end
+    
+    def initialize(secret, digest = 'SHA1')
+      @secret = secret
+      @digest = digest
+    end
+    
+    def verify(signed_message)
+      data, digest = signed_message.split("--")
+      if secure_compare(digest, generate_digest(data))
+        Marshal.load(ActiveSupport::Base64.decode64(data))
+      else
+        raise InvalidSignature
+      end
+    end
+    
+    def generate(value)
+      data = ActiveSupport::Base64.encode64s(Marshal.dump(value))
+      "#{data}--#{generate_digest(data)}"
+    end
+    
+    private
+      # constant-time comparison algorithm to prevent timing attacks
+      def secure_compare(a, b)
+        if a.length == b.length
+          result = 0
+          for i in 0..(a.length - 1)
+            result |= a[i] ^ b[i]
+          end
+          result == 0
+        else
+          false
+        end
+      end
+
+      def generate_digest(data)
+        require 'openssl' unless defined?(OpenSSL)
+        OpenSSL::HMAC.hexdigest(OpenSSL::Digest::Digest.new(@digest), @secret, data)
+      end
+  end
+end

data/vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+
+module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
+  module Multibyte
+    # A list of all available normalization forms. See http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr15/tr15-29.html for more
+    # information about normalization.
+    NORMALIZATION_FORMS = [:c, :kc, :d, :kd]
+
+    # The Unicode version that is supported by the implementation
+    UNICODE_VERSION = '5.1.0'
+
+    # The default normalization used for operations that require normalization. It can be set to any of the
+    # normalizations in NORMALIZATION_FORMS.
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #   ActiveSupport::Multibyte.default_normalization_form = :c
+    mattr_accessor :default_normalization_form
+    self.default_normalization_form = :kc
+
+    # The proxy class returned when calling mb_chars. You can use this accessor to configure your own proxy
+    # class so you can support other encodings. See the ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars implementation for
+    # an example how to do this.
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #   ActiveSupport::Multibyte.proxy_class = CharsForUTF32
+    def self.proxy_class=(klass)
+      @proxy_class = klass
+    end
+
+    # Returns the currect proxy class
+    def self.proxy_class
+      @proxy_class ||= ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars
+    end
+
+    # Regular expressions that describe valid byte sequences for a character
+    VALID_CHARACTER = {
+      # Borrowed from the Kconv library by Shinji KONO - (also as seen on the W3C site)
+      'UTF-8' => /\A(?:
+                  [\x00-\x7f]                                         |
+                  [\xc2-\xdf] [\x80-\xbf]                             |
+                  \xe0        [\xa0-\xbf] [\x80-\xbf]                 |
+                  [\xe1-\xef] [\x80-\xbf] [\x80-\xbf]                 |
+                  \xf0        [\x90-\xbf] [\x80-\xbf] [\x80-\xbf]     |
+                  [\xf1-\xf3] [\x80-\xbf] [\x80-\xbf] [\x80-\xbf]     |
+                  \xf4        [\x80-\x8f] [\x80-\xbf] [\x80-\xbf])\z /xn,
+      # Quick check for valid Shift-JIS characters, disregards the odd-even pairing
+      'Shift_JIS' => /\A(?:
+                  [\x00-\x7e \xa1-\xdf]                                     |
+                  [\x81-\x9f \xe0-\xef] [\x40-\x7e \x80-\x9e \x9f-\xfc])\z /xn
+    }
+  end
+end
+
+require 'active_support/multibyte/chars'
+require 'active_support/multibyte/exceptions'
+require 'active_support/multibyte/unicode_database'
+require 'active_support/multibyte/utils'

data/vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/chars.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,707 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+
+module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
+  module Multibyte #:nodoc:
+    # Chars enables you to work transparently with UTF-8 encoding in the Ruby String class without having extensive
+    # knowledge about the encoding. A Chars object accepts a string upon initialization and proxies String methods in an
+    # encoding safe manner. All the normal String methods are also implemented on the proxy.
+    #
+    # String methods are proxied through the Chars object, and can be accessed through the +mb_chars+ method. Methods
+    # which would normally return a String object now return a Chars object so methods can be chained.
+    #
+    #   "The Perfect String  ".mb_chars.downcase.strip.normalize #=> "the perfect string"
+    #
+    # Chars objects are perfectly interchangeable with String objects as long as no explicit class checks are made.
+    # If certain methods do explicitly check the class, call +to_s+ before you pass chars objects to them.
+    #
+    #   bad.explicit_checking_method "T".mb_chars.downcase.to_s
+    #
+    # The default Chars implementation assumes that the encoding of the string is UTF-8, if you want to handle different
+    # encodings you can write your own multibyte string handler and configure it through 
+    # ActiveSupport::Multibyte.proxy_class.
+    #
+    #   class CharsForUTF32
+    #     def size
+    #       @wrapped_string.size / 4
+    #     end
+    #
+    #     def self.accepts?(string)
+    #       string.length % 4 == 0
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   ActiveSupport::Multibyte.proxy_class = CharsForUTF32
+    class Chars
+      # Hangul character boundaries and properties
+      HANGUL_SBASE = 0xAC00
+      HANGUL_LBASE = 0x1100
+      HANGUL_VBASE = 0x1161
+      HANGUL_TBASE = 0x11A7
+      HANGUL_LCOUNT = 19
+      HANGUL_VCOUNT = 21
+      HANGUL_TCOUNT = 28
+      HANGUL_NCOUNT = HANGUL_VCOUNT * HANGUL_TCOUNT
+      HANGUL_SCOUNT = 11172
+      HANGUL_SLAST = HANGUL_SBASE + HANGUL_SCOUNT
+      HANGUL_JAMO_FIRST = 0x1100
+      HANGUL_JAMO_LAST = 0x11FF
+
+      # All the unicode whitespace
+      UNICODE_WHITESPACE = [
+        (0x0009..0x000D).to_a, # White_Space # Cc   [5] <control-0009>..<control-000D>
+        0x0020,                # White_Space # Zs       SPACE
+        0x0085,                # White_Space # Cc       <control-0085>
+        0x00A0,                # White_Space # Zs       NO-BREAK SPACE
+        0x1680,                # White_Space # Zs       OGHAM SPACE MARK
+        0x180E,                # White_Space # Zs       MONGOLIAN VOWEL SEPARATOR
+        (0x2000..0x200A).to_a, # White_Space # Zs  [11] EN QUAD..HAIR SPACE
+        0x2028,                # White_Space # Zl       LINE SEPARATOR
+        0x2029,                # White_Space # Zp       PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR
+        0x202F,                # White_Space # Zs       NARROW NO-BREAK SPACE
+        0x205F,                # White_Space # Zs       MEDIUM MATHEMATICAL SPACE
+        0x3000,                # White_Space # Zs       IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE
+      ].flatten.freeze
+
+      # BOM (byte order mark) can also be seen as whitespace, it's a non-rendering character used to distinguish
+      # between little and big endian. This is not an issue in utf-8, so it must be ignored.
+      UNICODE_LEADERS_AND_TRAILERS = UNICODE_WHITESPACE + [65279] # ZERO-WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE aka BOM
+
+      # Returns a regular expression pattern that matches the passed Unicode codepoints
+      def self.codepoints_to_pattern(array_of_codepoints) #:nodoc:
+        array_of_codepoints.collect{ |e| [e].pack 'U*' }.join('|')
+      end
+      UNICODE_TRAILERS_PAT = /(#{codepoints_to_pattern(UNICODE_LEADERS_AND_TRAILERS)})+\Z/
+      UNICODE_LEADERS_PAT = /\A(#{codepoints_to_pattern(UNICODE_LEADERS_AND_TRAILERS)})+/
+
+      UTF8_PAT = ActiveSupport::Multibyte::VALID_CHARACTER['UTF-8']
+
+      attr_reader :wrapped_string
+      alias to_s wrapped_string
+      alias to_str wrapped_string
+
+      if '1.9'.respond_to?(:force_encoding)
+        # Creates a new Chars instance by wrapping _string_.
+        def initialize(string)
+          @wrapped_string = string
+          @wrapped_string.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8) unless @wrapped_string.frozen?
+        end
+      else
+        def initialize(string) #:nodoc:
+          @wrapped_string = string
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Forward all undefined methods to the wrapped string.
+      def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
+        if method.to_s =~ /!$/
+          @wrapped_string.__send__(method, *args, &block)
+          self
+        else
+          result = @wrapped_string.__send__(method, *args, &block)
+          result.kind_of?(String) ? chars(result) : result
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns +true+ if _obj_ responds to the given method. Private methods are included in the search
+      # only if the optional second parameter evaluates to +true+.
+      def respond_to?(method, include_private=false)
+        super || @wrapped_string.respond_to?(method, include_private) || false
+      end
+
+      # Enable more predictable duck-typing on String-like classes. See Object#acts_like?.
+      def acts_like_string?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # Returns +true+ if the Chars class can and should act as a proxy for the string _string_. Returns
+      # +false+ otherwise.
+      def self.wants?(string)
+        $KCODE == 'UTF8' && consumes?(string)
+      end
+
+      # Returns +true+ when the proxy class can handle the string. Returns +false+ otherwise.
+      def self.consumes?(string)
+        # Unpack is a little bit faster than regular expressions.
+        string.unpack('U*')
+        true
+      rescue ArgumentError
+        false
+      end
+
+      include Comparable
+
+      # Returns <tt>-1</tt>, <tt>0</tt> or <tt>+1</tt> depending on whether the Chars object is to be sorted before,
+      # equal or after the object on the right side of the operation. It accepts any object that implements +to_s+.
+      # See <tt>String#<=></tt> for more details.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #   'é'.mb_chars <=> 'ü'.mb_chars #=> -1
+      def <=>(other)
+        @wrapped_string <=> other.to_s
+      end
+
+      # Returns a new Chars object containing the _other_ object concatenated to the string.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #   ('Café'.mb_chars + ' périferôl').to_s #=> "Café périferôl"
+      def +(other)
+        self << other
+      end
+
+      # Like <tt>String#=~</tt> only it returns the character offset (in codepoints) instead of the byte offset.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #   'Café périferôl'.mb_chars =~ /ô/ #=> 12
+      def =~(other)
+        translate_offset(@wrapped_string =~ other)
+      end
+
+      # Works just like <tt>String#split</tt>, with the exception that the items in the resulting list are Chars
+      # instances instead of String. This makes chaining methods easier.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #   'Café périferôl'.mb_chars.split(/é/).map { |part| part.upcase.to_s } #=> ["CAF", " P", "RIFERÔL"]
+      def split(*args)
+        @wrapped_string.split(*args).map { |i| i.mb_chars }
+      end
+
+      # Inserts the passed string at specified codepoint offsets.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #   'Café'.mb_chars.insert(4, ' périferôl').to_s #=> "Café périferôl"
+      def insert(offset, fragment)
+        unpacked = self.class.u_unpack(@wrapped_string)
+        unless offset > unpacked.length
+          @wrapped_string.replace(
+            self.class.u_unpack(@wrapped_string).insert(offset, *self.class.u_unpack(fragment)).pack('U*')
+          )
+        else
+          raise IndexError, "index #{offset} out of string"
+        end
+        self
+      end
+
+      # Returns +true+ if contained string contains _other_. Returns +false+ otherwise.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #   'Café'.mb_chars.include?('é') #=> true
+      def include?(other)
+        # We have to redefine this method because Enumerable defines it.
+        @wrapped_string.include?(other)
+      end
+
+      # Returns the position _needle_ in the string, counting in codepoints. Returns +nil+ if _needle_ isn't found.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #   'Café périferôl'.mb_chars.index('ô') #=> 12
+      #   'Café périferôl'.mb_chars.index(/\w/u) #=> 0
+      def index(needle, offset=0)
+        wrapped_offset = self.first(offset).wrapped_string.length
+        index = @wrapped_string.index(needle, wrapped_offset)
+        index ? (self.class.u_unpack(@wrapped_string.slice(0...index)).size) : nil
+      end
+
+      # Returns the position _needle_ in the string, counting in
+      # codepoints, searching backward from _offset_ or the end of the
+      # string. Returns +nil+ if _needle_ isn't found.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #   'Café périferôl'.mb_chars.rindex('é') #=> 6
+      #   'Café périferôl'.mb_chars.rindex(/\w/u) #=> 13
+      def rindex(needle, offset=nil)
+        offset ||= length
+        wrapped_offset = self.first(offset).wrapped_string.length
+        index = @wrapped_string.rindex(needle, wrapped_offset)
+        index ? (self.class.u_unpack(@wrapped_string.slice(0...index)).size) : nil
+      end
+
+      # Like <tt>String#[]=</tt>, except instead of byte offsets you specify character offsets.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #
+      #   s = "Müller"
+      #   s.mb_chars[2] = "e" # Replace character with offset 2
+      #   s
+      #   #=> "Müeler"
+      #
+      #   s = "Müller"
+      #   s.mb_chars[1, 2] = "ö" # Replace 2 characters at character offset 1
+      #   s
+      #   #=> "Möler"
+      def []=(*args)
+        replace_by = args.pop
+        # Indexed replace with regular expressions already works
+        if args.first.is_a?(Regexp)
+          @wrapped_string[*args] = replace_by
+        else
+          result = self.class.u_unpack(@wrapped_string)
+          if args[0].is_a?(Fixnum)
+            raise IndexError, "index #{args[0]} out of string" if args[0] >= result.length
+            min = args[0]
+            max = args[1].nil? ? min : (min + args[1] - 1)
+            range = Range.new(min, max)
+            replace_by = [replace_by].pack('U') if replace_by.is_a?(Fixnum)
+          elsif args.first.is_a?(Range)
+            raise RangeError, "#{args[0]} out of range" if args[0].min >= result.length
+            range = args[0]
+          else
+            needle = args[0].to_s
+            min = index(needle)
+            max = min + self.class.u_unpack(needle).length - 1
+            range = Range.new(min, max)
+          end
+          result[range] = self.class.u_unpack(replace_by)
+          @wrapped_string.replace(result.pack('U*'))
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Works just like <tt>String#rjust</tt>, only integer specifies characters instead of bytes.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #
+      #   "¾ cup".mb_chars.rjust(8).to_s
+      #   #=> "   ¾ cup"
+      #
+      #   "¾ cup".mb_chars.rjust(8, " ").to_s # Use non-breaking whitespace
+      #   #=> "   ¾ cup"
+      def rjust(integer, padstr=' ')
+        justify(integer, :right, padstr)
+      end
+
+      # Works just like <tt>String#ljust</tt>, only integer specifies characters instead of bytes.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #
+      #   "¾ cup".mb_chars.rjust(8).to_s
+      #   #=> "¾ cup   "
+      #
+      #   "¾ cup".mb_chars.rjust(8, " ").to_s # Use non-breaking whitespace
+      #   #=> "¾ cup   "
+      def ljust(integer, padstr=' ')
+        justify(integer, :left, padstr)
+      end
+
+      # Works just like <tt>String#center</tt>, only integer specifies characters instead of bytes.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #
+      #   "¾ cup".mb_chars.center(8).to_s
+      #   #=> " ¾ cup  "
+      #
+      #   "¾ cup".mb_chars.center(8, " ").to_s # Use non-breaking whitespace
+      #   #=> " ¾ cup  "
+      def center(integer, padstr=' ')
+        justify(integer, :center, padstr)
+      end
+
+      # Strips entire range of Unicode whitespace from the right of the string.
+      def rstrip
+        chars(@wrapped_string.gsub(UNICODE_TRAILERS_PAT, ''))
+      end
+
+      # Strips entire range of Unicode whitespace from the left of the string.
+      def lstrip
+        chars(@wrapped_string.gsub(UNICODE_LEADERS_PAT, ''))
+      end
+
+      # Strips entire range of Unicode whitespace from the right and left of the string.
+      def strip
+        rstrip.lstrip
+      end
+
+      # Returns the number of codepoints in the string
+      def size
+        self.class.u_unpack(@wrapped_string).size
+      end
+      alias_method :length, :size
+
+      # Reverses all characters in the string.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #   'Café'.mb_chars.reverse.to_s #=> 'éfaC'
+      def reverse
+        chars(self.class.u_unpack(@wrapped_string).reverse.pack('U*'))
+      end
+
+      # Implements Unicode-aware slice with codepoints. Slicing on one point returns the codepoints for that
+      # character.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #   'こんにちは'.mb_chars.slice(2..3).to_s #=> "にち"
+      def slice(*args)
+        if args.size > 2
+          raise ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (#{args.size} for 1)" # Do as if we were native
+        elsif (args.size == 2 && !(args.first.is_a?(Numeric) || args.first.is_a?(Regexp)))
+          raise TypeError, "cannot convert #{args.first.class} into Integer" # Do as if we were native
+        elsif (args.size == 2 && !args[1].is_a?(Numeric))
+          raise TypeError, "cannot convert #{args[1].class} into Integer" # Do as if we were native
+        elsif args[0].kind_of? Range
+          cps = self.class.u_unpack(@wrapped_string).slice(*args)
+          result = cps.nil? ? nil : cps.pack('U*')
+        elsif args[0].kind_of? Regexp
+          result = @wrapped_string.slice(*args)
+        elsif args.size == 1 && args[0].kind_of?(Numeric)
+          character = self.class.u_unpack(@wrapped_string)[args[0]]
+          result = character.nil? ? nil : [character].pack('U')
+        else
+          result = self.class.u_unpack(@wrapped_string).slice(*args).pack('U*')
+        end
+        result.nil? ? nil : chars(result)
+      end
+      alias_method :[], :slice
+
+      # Like <tt>String#slice!</tt>, except instead of byte offsets you specify character offsets.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #   s = 'こんにちは'
+      #   s.mb_chars.slice!(2..3).to_s #=> "にち"
+      #   s #=> "こんは"
+      def slice!(*args)
+        slice = self[*args]
+        self[*args] = ''
+        slice
+      end
+
+      # Returns the codepoint of the first character in the string.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #   'こんにちは'.mb_chars.ord #=> 12371
+      def ord
+        self.class.u_unpack(@wrapped_string)[0]
+      end
+
+      # Convert characters in the string to uppercase.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #   'Laurent, òu sont les tests?'.mb_chars.upcase.to_s #=> "LAURENT, ÒU SONT LES TESTS?"
+      def upcase
+        apply_mapping :uppercase_mapping
+      end
+
+      # Convert characters in the string to lowercase.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #   'VĚDA A VÝZKUM'.mb_chars.downcase.to_s #=> "věda a výzkum"
+      def downcase
+        apply_mapping :lowercase_mapping
+      end
+
+      # Converts the first character to uppercase and the remainder to lowercase.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #  'über'.mb_chars.capitalize.to_s #=> "Über"
+      def capitalize
+        (slice(0) || chars('')).upcase + (slice(1..-1) || chars('')).downcase
+      end
+
+      # Returns the KC normalization of the string by default. NFKC is considered the best normalization form for
+      # passing strings to databases and validations.
+      #
+      # * <tt>str</tt> - The string to perform normalization on.
+      # * <tt>form</tt> - The form you want to normalize in. Should be one of the following:
+      #   <tt>:c</tt>, <tt>:kc</tt>, <tt>:d</tt>, or <tt>:kd</tt>. Default is
+      #   ActiveSupport::Multibyte.default_normalization_form
+      def normalize(form=ActiveSupport::Multibyte.default_normalization_form)
+        # See http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr15, Table 1
+        codepoints = self.class.u_unpack(@wrapped_string)
+        chars(case form
+          when :d
+            self.class.reorder_characters(self.class.decompose_codepoints(:canonical, codepoints))
+          when :c
+            self.class.compose_codepoints(self.class.reorder_characters(self.class.decompose_codepoints(:canonical, codepoints)))
+          when :kd
+            self.class.reorder_characters(self.class.decompose_codepoints(:compatability, codepoints))
+          when :kc
+            self.class.compose_codepoints(self.class.reorder_characters(self.class.decompose_codepoints(:compatability, codepoints)))
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError, "#{form} is not a valid normalization variant", caller
+        end.pack('U*'))
+      end
+
+      # Performs canonical decomposition on all the characters.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #   'é'.length #=> 2
+      #   'é'.mb_chars.decompose.to_s.length #=> 3
+      def decompose
+        chars(self.class.decompose_codepoints(:canonical, self.class.u_unpack(@wrapped_string)).pack('U*'))
+      end
+
+      # Performs composition on all the characters.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #   'é'.length #=> 3
+      #   'é'.mb_chars.compose.to_s.length #=> 2
+      def compose
+        chars(self.class.compose_codepoints(self.class.u_unpack(@wrapped_string)).pack('U*'))
+      end
+
+      # Returns the number of grapheme clusters in the string.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #   'क्षि'.mb_chars.length #=> 4
+      #   'क्षि'.mb_chars.g_length #=> 3
+      def g_length
+        self.class.g_unpack(@wrapped_string).length
+      end
+
+      # Replaces all ISO-8859-1 or CP1252 characters by their UTF-8 equivalent resulting in a valid UTF-8 string.
+      def tidy_bytes
+        chars(self.class.tidy_bytes(@wrapped_string))
+      end
+
+      %w(lstrip rstrip strip reverse upcase downcase tidy_bytes capitalize).each do |method|
+        define_method("#{method}!") do |*args|
+          unless args.nil?
+            @wrapped_string = send(method, *args).to_s
+          else
+            @wrapped_string = send(method).to_s
+          end
+          self
+        end
+      end
+
+      class << self
+
+        # Unpack the string at codepoints boundaries. Raises an EncodingError when the encoding of the string isn't
+        # valid UTF-8.
+        #
+        # Example:
+        #   Chars.u_unpack('Café') #=> [67, 97, 102, 233]
+        def u_unpack(string)
+          begin
+            string.unpack 'U*'
+          rescue ArgumentError
+            raise EncodingError, 'malformed UTF-8 character'
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Detect whether the codepoint is in a certain character class. Returns +true+ when it's in the specified
+        # character class and +false+ otherwise. Valid character classes are: <tt>:cr</tt>, <tt>:lf</tt>, <tt>:l</tt>,
+        # <tt>:v</tt>, <tt>:lv</tt>, <tt>:lvt</tt> and <tt>:t</tt>.
+        #
+        # Primarily used by the grapheme cluster support.
+        def in_char_class?(codepoint, classes)
+          classes.detect { |c| UCD.boundary[c] === codepoint } ? true : false
+        end
+
+        # Unpack the string at grapheme boundaries. Returns a list of character lists.
+        #
+        # Example:
+        #   Chars.g_unpack('क्षि') #=> [[2325, 2381], [2359], [2367]]
+        #   Chars.g_unpack('Café') #=> [[67], [97], [102], [233]]
+        def g_unpack(string)
+          codepoints = u_unpack(string)
+          unpacked = []
+          pos = 0
+          marker = 0
+          eoc = codepoints.length
+          while(pos < eoc)
+            pos += 1
+            previous = codepoints[pos-1]
+            current = codepoints[pos]
+            if (
+                # CR X LF
+                one = ( previous == UCD.boundary[:cr] and current == UCD.boundary[:lf] ) or
+                # L X (L|V|LV|LVT)
+                two = ( UCD.boundary[:l] === previous and in_char_class?(current, [:l,:v,:lv,:lvt]) ) or
+                # (LV|V) X (V|T)
+                three = ( in_char_class?(previous, [:lv,:v]) and in_char_class?(current, [:v,:t]) ) or
+                # (LVT|T) X (T)
+                four = ( in_char_class?(previous, [:lvt,:t]) and UCD.boundary[:t] === current ) or
+                # X Extend
+                five = (UCD.boundary[:extend] === current)
+              )
+            else
+              unpacked << codepoints[marker..pos-1]
+              marker = pos
+            end
+          end 
+          unpacked
+        end
+
+        # Reverse operation of g_unpack.
+        #
+        # Example:
+        #   Chars.g_pack(Chars.g_unpack('क्षि')) #=> 'क्षि'
+        def g_pack(unpacked)
+          (unpacked.flatten).pack('U*')
+        end
+
+        def padding(padsize, padstr=' ') #:nodoc:
+          if padsize != 0
+            new(padstr * ((padsize / u_unpack(padstr).size) + 1)).slice(0, padsize)
+          else
+            ''
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Re-order codepoints so the string becomes canonical.
+        def reorder_characters(codepoints)
+          length = codepoints.length- 1
+          pos = 0
+          while pos < length do
+            cp1, cp2 = UCD.codepoints[codepoints[pos]], UCD.codepoints[codepoints[pos+1]]
+            if (cp1.combining_class > cp2.combining_class) && (cp2.combining_class > 0)
+              codepoints[pos..pos+1] = cp2.code, cp1.code
+              pos += (pos > 0 ? -1 : 1)
+            else
+              pos += 1
+            end
+          end
+          codepoints
+        end
+
+        # Decompose composed characters to the decomposed form.
+        def decompose_codepoints(type, codepoints)
+          codepoints.inject([]) do |decomposed, cp|
+            # if it's a hangul syllable starter character
+            if HANGUL_SBASE <= cp and cp < HANGUL_SLAST
+              sindex = cp - HANGUL_SBASE
+              ncp = [] # new codepoints
+              ncp << HANGUL_LBASE + sindex / HANGUL_NCOUNT
+              ncp << HANGUL_VBASE + (sindex % HANGUL_NCOUNT) / HANGUL_TCOUNT
+              tindex = sindex % HANGUL_TCOUNT
+              ncp << (HANGUL_TBASE + tindex) unless tindex == 0
+              decomposed.concat ncp
+            # if the codepoint is decomposable in with the current decomposition type
+            elsif (ncp = UCD.codepoints[cp].decomp_mapping) and (!UCD.codepoints[cp].decomp_type || type == :compatability)
+              decomposed.concat decompose_codepoints(type, ncp.dup)
+            else
+              decomposed << cp
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Compose decomposed characters to the composed form.
+        def compose_codepoints(codepoints)
+          pos = 0
+          eoa = codepoints.length - 1
+          starter_pos = 0
+          starter_char = codepoints[0]
+          previous_combining_class = -1
+          while pos < eoa
+            pos += 1
+            lindex = starter_char - HANGUL_LBASE
+            # -- Hangul
+            if 0 <= lindex and lindex < HANGUL_LCOUNT
+              vindex = codepoints[starter_pos+1] - HANGUL_VBASE rescue vindex = -1
+              if 0 <= vindex and vindex < HANGUL_VCOUNT
+                tindex = codepoints[starter_pos+2] - HANGUL_TBASE rescue tindex = -1
+                if 0 <= tindex and tindex < HANGUL_TCOUNT
+                  j = starter_pos + 2
+                  eoa -= 2
+                else
+                  tindex = 0
+                  j = starter_pos + 1
+                  eoa -= 1
+                end
+                codepoints[starter_pos..j] = (lindex * HANGUL_VCOUNT + vindex) * HANGUL_TCOUNT + tindex + HANGUL_SBASE
+              end
+              starter_pos += 1
+              starter_char = codepoints[starter_pos]
+            # -- Other characters
+            else
+              current_char = codepoints[pos]
+              current = UCD.codepoints[current_char]
+              if current.combining_class > previous_combining_class
+                if ref = UCD.composition_map[starter_char]
+                  composition = ref[current_char]
+                else
+                  composition = nil
+                end
+                unless composition.nil?
+                  codepoints[starter_pos] = composition
+                  starter_char = composition
+                  codepoints.delete_at pos
+                  eoa -= 1
+                  pos -= 1
+                  previous_combining_class = -1
+                else
+                  previous_combining_class = current.combining_class
+                end
+              else
+                previous_combining_class = current.combining_class
+              end
+              if current.combining_class == 0
+                starter_pos = pos
+                starter_char = codepoints[pos]
+              end
+            end
+          end
+          codepoints
+        end
+
+        # Replaces all ISO-8859-1 or CP1252 characters by their UTF-8 equivalent resulting in a valid UTF-8 string.
+        def tidy_bytes(string)
+          string.split(//u).map do |c|
+            c.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII) if c.respond_to?(:force_encoding)
+
+            if !ActiveSupport::Multibyte::VALID_CHARACTER['UTF-8'].match(c)
+              n = c.unpack('C')[0]
+              n < 128 ? n.chr :
+              n < 160 ? [UCD.cp1252[n] || n].pack('U') :
+              n < 192 ? "\xC2" + n.chr : "\xC3" + (n-64).chr
+            else
+              c
+            end
+          end.join
+        end
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+        def translate_offset(byte_offset) #:nodoc:
+          return nil if byte_offset.nil?
+          return 0   if @wrapped_string == ''
+          chunk = @wrapped_string[0..byte_offset]
+          begin
+            begin
+              chunk.unpack('U*').length - 1
+            rescue ArgumentError => e
+              chunk = @wrapped_string[0..(byte_offset+=1)]
+              # Stop retrying at the end of the string
+              raise e unless byte_offset < chunk.length 
+              # We damaged a character, retry
+              retry
+            end
+          # Catch the ArgumentError so we can throw our own
+          rescue ArgumentError 
+            raise EncodingError, 'malformed UTF-8 character'
+          end
+        end
+
+        def justify(integer, way, padstr=' ') #:nodoc:
+          raise ArgumentError, "zero width padding" if padstr.length == 0
+          padsize = integer - size
+          padsize = padsize > 0 ? padsize : 0
+          case way
+          when :right
+            result = @wrapped_string.dup.insert(0, self.class.padding(padsize, padstr))
+          when :left
+            result = @wrapped_string.dup.insert(-1, self.class.padding(padsize, padstr))
+          when :center
+            lpad = self.class.padding((padsize / 2.0).floor, padstr)
+            rpad = self.class.padding((padsize / 2.0).ceil, padstr)
+            result = @wrapped_string.dup.insert(0, lpad).insert(-1, rpad)
+          end
+          chars(result)
+        end
+
+        def apply_mapping(mapping) #:nodoc:
+          chars(self.class.u_unpack(@wrapped_string).map do |codepoint|
+            cp = UCD.codepoints[codepoint]
+            if cp and (ncp = cp.send(mapping)) and ncp > 0
+              ncp
+            else
+              codepoint
+            end
+          end.pack('U*'))
+        end
+
+        def chars(string) #:nodoc:
+          self.class.new(string)
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end