radiant-rc 0.9.0

data/vendor/rails/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+require 'thread'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  # See ActiveRecord::Transactions::ClassMethods for documentation.
+  module Transactions
+    class TransactionError < ActiveRecordError # :nodoc:
+    end
+
+    def self.included(base)
+      base.extend(ClassMethods)
+
+      base.class_eval do
+        [:destroy, :save, :save!].each do |method|
+          alias_method_chain method, :transactions
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Transactions are protective blocks where SQL statements are only permanent
+    # if they can all succeed as one atomic action. The classic example is a
+    # transfer between two accounts where you can only have a deposit if the
+    # withdrawal succeeded and vice versa. Transactions enforce the integrity of
+    # the database and guard the data against program errors or database
+    # break-downs. So basically you should use transaction blocks whenever you
+    # have a number of statements that must be executed together or not at all.
+    # Example:
+    #
+    #   ActiveRecord::Base.transaction do
+    #     david.withdrawal(100)
+    #     mary.deposit(100)
+    #   end
+    #
+    # This example will only take money from David and give to Mary if neither
+    # +withdrawal+ nor +deposit+ raises an exception. Exceptions will force a
+    # ROLLBACK that returns the database to the state before the transaction was
+    # begun. Be aware, though, that the objects will _not_ have their instance
+    # data returned to their pre-transactional state.
+    #
+    # == Different Active Record classes in a single transaction
+    #
+    # Though the transaction class method is called on some Active Record class,
+    # the objects within the transaction block need not all be instances of
+    # that class. This is because transactions are per-database connection, not
+    # per-model.
+    #
+    # In this example a <tt>Balance</tt> record is transactionally saved even
+    # though <tt>transaction</tt> is called on the <tt>Account</tt> class:
+    #
+    #   Account.transaction do
+    #     balance.save!
+    #     account.save!
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Note that the +transaction+ method is also available as a model instance
+    # method. For example, you can also do this:
+    #
+    #   balance.transaction do
+    #     balance.save!
+    #     account.save!
+    #   end
+    #
+    # == Transactions are not distributed across database connections
+    #
+    # A transaction acts on a single database connection.  If you have
+    # multiple class-specific databases, the transaction will not protect
+    # interaction among them.  One workaround is to begin a transaction
+    # on each class whose models you alter:
+    #
+    #   Student.transaction do
+    #     Course.transaction do
+    #       course.enroll(student)
+    #       student.units += course.units
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    # This is a poor solution, but full distributed transactions are beyond
+    # the scope of Active Record.
+    #
+    # == Save and destroy are automatically wrapped in a transaction
+    #
+    # Both Base#save and Base#destroy come wrapped in a transaction that ensures
+    # that whatever you do in validations or callbacks will happen under the
+    # protected cover of a transaction. So you can use validations to check for
+    # values that the transaction depends on or you can raise exceptions in the
+    # callbacks to rollback, including <tt>after_*</tt> callbacks.
+    #
+    # == Exception handling and rolling back
+    #
+    # Also have in mind that exceptions thrown within a transaction block will
+    # be propagated (after triggering the ROLLBACK), so you should be ready to
+    # catch those in your application code.
+    #
+    # One exception is the ActiveRecord::Rollback exception, which will trigger
+    # a ROLLBACK when raised, but not be re-raised by the transaction block.
+    #
+    # *Warning*: one should not catch ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid exceptions
+    # inside a transaction block. StatementInvalid exceptions indicate that an
+    # error occurred at the database level, for example when a unique constraint
+    # is violated. On some database systems, such as PostgreSQL, database errors
+    # inside a transaction causes the entire transaction to become unusable
+    # until it's restarted from the beginning. Here is an example which
+    # demonstrates the problem:
+    #
+    #   # Suppose that we have a Number model with a unique column called 'i'.
+    #   Number.transaction do
+    #     Number.create(:i => 0)
+    #     begin
+    #       # This will raise a unique constraint error...
+    #       Number.create(:i => 0)
+    #     rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
+    #       # ...which we ignore.
+    #     end
+    #     
+    #     # On PostgreSQL, the transaction is now unusable. The following
+    #     # statement will cause a PostgreSQL error, even though the unique
+    #     # constraint is no longer violated:
+    #     Number.create(:i => 1)
+    #     # => "PGError: ERROR:  current transaction is aborted, commands
+    #     #     ignored until end of transaction block"
+    #   end
+    #
+    # One should restart the entire transaction if a StatementError occurred.
+    #
+    # == Nested transactions
+    #
+    # #transaction calls can be nested. By default, this makes all database
+    # statements in the nested transaction block become part of the parent
+    # transaction. For example:
+    #
+    #   User.transaction do
+    #     User.create(:username => 'Kotori')
+    #     User.transaction do
+    #       User.create(:username => 'Nemu')
+    #       raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #   
+    #   User.find(:all)  # => empty
+    #
+    # It is also possible to requires a sub-transaction by passing
+    # <tt>:requires_new => true</tt>.  If anything goes wrong, the
+    # database rolls back to the beginning of the sub-transaction
+    # without rolling back the parent transaction. For example:
+    #
+    #   User.transaction do
+    #     User.create(:username => 'Kotori')
+    #     User.transaction(:requires_new => true) do
+    #       User.create(:username => 'Nemu')
+    #       raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #   
+    #   User.find(:all)  # => Returns only Kotori
+    #
+    # Most databases don't support true nested transactions. At the time of
+    # writing, the only database that we're aware of that supports true nested
+    # transactions, is MS-SQL. Because of this, Active Record emulates nested
+    # transactions by using savepoints. See
+    # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/savepoints.html
+    # for more information about savepoints.
+    #
+    # === Caveats
+    #
+    # If you're on MySQL, then do not use DDL operations in nested transactions
+    # blocks that are emulated with savepoints. That is, do not execute statements
+    # like 'CREATE TABLE' inside such blocks. This is because MySQL automatically
+    # releases all savepoints upon executing a DDL operation. When #transaction
+    # is finished and tries to release the savepoint it created earlier, a
+    # database error will occur because the savepoint has already been
+    # automatically released. The following example demonstrates the problem:
+    # 
+    #   Model.connection.transaction do                           # BEGIN
+    #     Model.connection.transaction(:requires_new => true) do  # CREATE SAVEPOINT active_record_1
+    #       Model.connection.create_table(...)                    # active_record_1 now automatically released
+    #     end                                                     # RELEASE savepoint active_record_1
+    #                                                             # ^^^^ BOOM! database error!
+    #   end
+    module ClassMethods
+      # See ActiveRecord::Transactions::ClassMethods for detailed documentation.
+      def transaction(options = {}, &block)
+        # See the ConnectionAdapters::DatabaseStatements#transaction API docs.
+        connection.transaction(options, &block)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # See ActiveRecord::Transactions::ClassMethods for detailed documentation.
+    def transaction(&block)
+      self.class.transaction(&block)
+    end
+
+    def destroy_with_transactions #:nodoc:
+      with_transaction_returning_status(:destroy_without_transactions)
+    end
+
+    def save_with_transactions(perform_validation = true) #:nodoc:
+      rollback_active_record_state! { with_transaction_returning_status(:save_without_transactions, perform_validation) }
+    end
+
+    def save_with_transactions! #:nodoc:
+      rollback_active_record_state! { self.class.transaction { save_without_transactions! } }
+    end
+
+    # Reset id and @new_record if the transaction rolls back.
+    def rollback_active_record_state!
+      id_present = has_attribute?(self.class.primary_key)
+      previous_id = id
+      previous_new_record = new_record?
+      yield
+    rescue Exception
+      @new_record = previous_new_record
+      if id_present
+        self.id = previous_id
+      else
+        @attributes.delete(self.class.primary_key)
+        @attributes_cache.delete(self.class.primary_key)
+      end
+      raise
+    end
+
+    # Executes +method+ within a transaction and captures its return value as a
+    # status flag. If the status is true the transaction is committed, otherwise
+    # a ROLLBACK is issued. In any case the status flag is returned.
+    #
+    # This method is available within the context of an ActiveRecord::Base
+    # instance.
+    def with_transaction_returning_status(method, *args)
+      status = nil
+      self.class.transaction do
+        status = send(method, *args)
+        raise ActiveRecord::Rollback unless status
+      end
+      status
+    end
+  end
+end

data/vendor/rails/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1135 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  # Raised by <tt>save!</tt> and <tt>create!</tt> when the record is invalid.  Use the
+  # +record+ method to retrieve the record which did not validate.
+  #   begin
+  #     complex_operation_that_calls_save!_internally
+  #   rescue ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid => invalid
+  #     puts invalid.record.errors
+  #   end
+  class RecordInvalid < ActiveRecordError
+    attr_reader :record
+    def initialize(record)
+      @record = record
+      errors = @record.errors.full_messages.join(I18n.t('support.array.words_connector', :default => ', '))
+      super(I18n.t('activerecord.errors.messages.record_invalid', :errors => errors))
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Error
+    attr_accessor :base, :attribute, :type, :message, :options
+
+    def initialize(base, attribute, type = nil, options = {})
+      self.base      = base
+      self.attribute = attribute
+      self.type      = type || :invalid
+      self.options   = options
+      self.message   = options.delete(:message) || self.type
+    end
+
+    def message
+      generate_message(@message, options.dup)
+    end
+
+    def full_message
+      attribute.to_s == 'base' ? message : generate_full_message(message, options.dup)
+    end
+
+    alias :to_s :message
+
+    def value
+      @base.respond_to?(attribute) ? @base.send(attribute) : nil
+    end
+
+    protected
+
+      # Translates an error message in it's default scope (<tt>activerecord.errrors.messages</tt>).
+      # Error messages are first looked up in <tt>models.MODEL.attributes.ATTRIBUTE.MESSAGE</tt>, if it's not there,
+      # it's looked up in <tt>models.MODEL.MESSAGE</tt> and if that is not there it returns the translation of the
+      # default message (e.g. <tt>activerecord.errors.messages.MESSAGE</tt>). The translated model name,
+      # translated attribute name and the value are available for interpolation.
+      #
+      # When using inheritence in your models, it will check all the inherited models too, but only if the model itself
+      # hasn't been found. Say you have <tt>class Admin < User; end</tt> and you wanted the translation for the <tt>:blank</tt>
+      # error +message+ for the <tt>title</tt> +attribute+, it looks for these translations:
+      #
+      # <ol>
+      # <li><tt>activerecord.errors.models.admin.attributes.title.blank</tt></li>
+      # <li><tt>activerecord.errors.models.admin.blank</tt></li>
+      # <li><tt>activerecord.errors.models.user.attributes.title.blank</tt></li>
+      # <li><tt>activerecord.errors.models.user.blank</tt></li>
+      # <li><tt>activerecord.errors.messages.blank</tt></li>
+      # <li>any default you provided through the +options+ hash (in the activerecord.errors scope)</li>
+      # </ol>
+      def generate_message(message, options = {})
+        keys = @base.class.self_and_descendants_from_active_record.map do |klass|
+          [ :"models.#{klass.name.underscore}.attributes.#{attribute}.#{message}",
+            :"models.#{klass.name.underscore}.#{message}" ]
+        end.flatten
+
+        keys << options.delete(:default)
+        keys << :"messages.#{message}"
+        keys << message if message.is_a?(String)
+        keys << @type unless @type == message
+        keys.compact!
+
+        options.reverse_merge! :default => keys,
+                               :scope => [:activerecord, :errors],
+                               :model => @base.class.human_name,
+                               :attribute => @base.class.human_attribute_name(attribute.to_s),
+                               :value => value
+
+        I18n.translate(keys.shift, options)
+      end
+
+      # Wraps an error message into a full_message format.
+      #
+      # The default full_message format for any locale is <tt>"{{attribute}} {{message}}"</tt>.
+      # One can specify locale specific default full_message format by storing it as a
+      # translation for the key <tt>:"activerecord.errors.full_messages.format"</tt>.
+      #
+      # Additionally one can specify a validation specific error message format by
+      # storing a translation for <tt>:"activerecord.errors.full_messages.[message_key]"</tt>.
+      # E.g. the full_message format for any validation that uses :blank as a message
+      # key (such as validates_presence_of) can be stored to <tt>:"activerecord.errors.full_messages.blank".</tt>
+      #
+      # Because the message key used by a validation can be overwritten on the
+      # <tt>validates_*</tt> class macro level one can customize the full_message format for
+      # any particular validation:
+      #
+      #   # app/models/article.rb
+      #   class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     validates_presence_of :title, :message => :"title.blank"
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   # config/locales/en.yml
+      #   en:
+      #     activerecord:
+      #       errors:
+      #         full_messages:
+      #           title:
+      #             blank: This title is screwed!
+      def generate_full_message(message, options = {})
+        options.reverse_merge! :message => self.message,
+                               :model => @base.class.human_name,
+                               :attribute => @base.class.human_attribute_name(attribute.to_s),
+                               :value => value
+
+        key = :"full_messages.#{@message}"
+        defaults = [:'full_messages.format', '{{attribute}} {{message}}']
+
+        I18n.t(key, options.merge(:default => defaults, :scope => [:activerecord, :errors]))
+      end
+  end
+
+  # Active Record validation is reported to and from this object, which is used by Base#save to
+  # determine whether the object is in a valid state to be saved. See usage example in Validations.
+  class Errors
+    include Enumerable
+
+    class << self
+      def default_error_messages
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages has been deprecated. Please use I18n.translate('activerecord.errors.messages').")
+        I18n.translate 'activerecord.errors.messages'
+      end
+    end
+
+    def initialize(base) # :nodoc:
+      @base, @errors = base, {}
+    end
+
+    # Adds an error to the base object instead of any particular attribute. This is used
+    # to report errors that don't tie to any specific attribute, but rather to the object
+    # as a whole. These error messages don't get prepended with any field name when iterating
+    # with +each_full+, so they should be complete sentences.
+    def add_to_base(msg)
+      add(:base, msg)
+    end
+
+    # Adds an error message (+messsage+) to the +attribute+, which will be returned on a call to <tt>on(attribute)</tt>
+    # for the same attribute and ensure that this error object returns false when asked if <tt>empty?</tt>. More than one
+    # error can be added to the same +attribute+ in which case an array will be returned on a call to <tt>on(attribute)</tt>.
+    # If no +messsage+ is supplied, :invalid is assumed.
+    # If +message+ is a Symbol, it will be translated, using the appropriate scope (see translate_error).
+    # def add(attribute, message = nil, options = {})
+    #   message ||= :invalid
+    #   message = generate_message(attribute, message, options)) if message.is_a?(Symbol)
+    #   @errors[attribute.to_s] ||= []
+    #   @errors[attribute.to_s] << message
+    # end
+
+    def add(error_or_attr, message = nil, options = {})
+      error, attribute = error_or_attr.is_a?(Error) ? [error_or_attr, error_or_attr.attribute] : [nil, error_or_attr]
+      options[:message] = options.delete(:default) if options.has_key?(:default)
+
+      @errors[attribute.to_s] ||= []
+      @errors[attribute.to_s] << (error || Error.new(@base, attribute, message, options))
+    end
+
+    # Will add an error message to each of the attributes in +attributes+ that is empty.
+    def add_on_empty(attributes, custom_message = nil)
+      for attr in [attributes].flatten
+        value = @base.respond_to?(attr.to_s) ? @base.send(attr.to_s) : @base[attr.to_s]
+        is_empty = value.respond_to?(:empty?) ? value.empty? : false
+        add(attr, :empty, :default => custom_message) unless !value.nil? && !is_empty
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Will add an error message to each of the attributes in +attributes+ that is blank (using Object#blank?).
+    def add_on_blank(attributes, custom_message = nil)
+      for attr in [attributes].flatten
+        value = @base.respond_to?(attr.to_s) ? @base.send(attr.to_s) : @base[attr.to_s]
+        add(attr, :blank, :default => custom_message) if value.blank?
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns true if the specified +attribute+ has errors associated with it.
+    #
+    #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     validates_presence_of :name, :address, :email
+    #     validates_length_of :name, :in => 5..30
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   company = Company.create(:address => '123 First St.')
+    #   company.errors.invalid?(:name)      # => true
+    #   company.errors.invalid?(:address)   # => false
+    def invalid?(attribute)
+      !@errors[attribute.to_s].nil?
+    end
+
+    # Returns +nil+, if no errors are associated with the specified +attribute+.
+    # Returns the error message, if one error is associated with the specified +attribute+.
+    # Returns an array of error messages, if more than one error is associated with the specified +attribute+.
+    #
+    #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     validates_presence_of :name, :address, :email
+    #     validates_length_of :name, :in => 5..30
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   company = Company.create(:address => '123 First St.')
+    #   company.errors.on(:name)      # => ["is too short (minimum is 5 characters)", "can't be blank"]
+    #   company.errors.on(:email)     # => "can't be blank"
+    #   company.errors.on(:address)   # => nil
+    def on(attribute)
+      attribute = attribute.to_s
+      return nil unless @errors.has_key?(attribute)
+      errors = @errors[attribute].map(&:to_s)
+      errors.size == 1 ? errors.first : errors
+    end
+
+    alias :[] :on
+
+    # Returns errors assigned to the base object through +add_to_base+ according to the normal rules of <tt>on(attribute)</tt>.
+    def on_base
+      on(:base)
+    end
+
+    # Yields each attribute and associated message per error added.
+    #
+    #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     validates_presence_of :name, :address, :email
+    #     validates_length_of :name, :in => 5..30
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   company = Company.create(:address => '123 First St.')
+    #   company.errors.each{|attr,msg| puts "#{attr} - #{msg}" }
+    #   # => name - is too short (minimum is 5 characters)
+    #   #    name - can't be blank
+    #   #    address - can't be blank
+    def each
+      @errors.each_key { |attr| @errors[attr].each { |error| yield attr, error.message } }
+    end
+
+    def each_error
+      @errors.each_key { |attr| @errors[attr].each { |error| yield attr, error } }
+    end
+
+    # Yields each full error message added. So <tt>Person.errors.add("first_name", "can't be empty")</tt> will be returned
+    # through iteration as "First name can't be empty".
+    #
+    #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     validates_presence_of :name, :address, :email
+    #     validates_length_of :name, :in => 5..30
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   company = Company.create(:address => '123 First St.')
+    #   company.errors.each_full{|msg| puts msg }
+    #   # => Name is too short (minimum is 5 characters)
+    #   #    Name can't be blank
+    #   #    Address can't be blank
+    def each_full
+      full_messages.each { |msg| yield msg }
+    end
+
+    # Returns all the full error messages in an array.
+    #
+    #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     validates_presence_of :name, :address, :email
+    #     validates_length_of :name, :in => 5..30
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   company = Company.create(:address => '123 First St.')
+    #   company.errors.full_messages # =>
+    #     ["Name is too short (minimum is 5 characters)", "Name can't be blank", "Address can't be blank"]
+    def full_messages(options = {})
+      @errors.values.inject([]) do |full_messages, errors|
+        full_messages + errors.map { |error| error.full_message }
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns true if no errors have been added.
+    def empty?
+      @errors.empty?
+    end
+
+    # Removes all errors that have been added.
+    def clear
+      @errors = {}
+    end
+
+    # Returns the total number of errors added. Two errors added to the same attribute will be counted as such.
+    def size
+      @errors.values.inject(0) { |error_count, attribute| error_count + attribute.size }
+    end
+
+    alias_method :count, :size
+    alias_method :length, :size
+
+    # Returns an XML representation of this error object.
+    #
+    #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     validates_presence_of :name, :address, :email
+    #     validates_length_of :name, :in => 5..30
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   company = Company.create(:address => '123 First St.')
+    #   company.errors.to_xml
+    #   # =>  <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+    #   #     <errors>
+    #   #       <error>Name is too short (minimum is 5 characters)</error>
+    #   #       <error>Name can't be blank</error>
+    #   #       <error>Address can't be blank</error>
+    #   #     </errors>
+    def to_xml(options={})
+      options[:root] ||= "errors"
+      options[:indent] ||= 2
+      options[:builder] ||= Builder::XmlMarkup.new(:indent => options[:indent])
+
+      options[:builder].instruct! unless options.delete(:skip_instruct)
+      options[:builder].errors do |e|
+        full_messages.each { |msg| e.error(msg) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def generate_message(attribute, message = :invalid, options = {})
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("ActiveRecord::Errors#generate_message has been deprecated. Please use ActiveRecord::Error#generate_message.")
+      Error.new(@base, attribute, message, options).to_s
+    end
+  end
+
+
+  # Please do have a look at ActiveRecord::Validations::ClassMethods for a higher level of validations.
+  #
+  # Active Records implement validation by overwriting Base#validate (or the variations, +validate_on_create+ and
+  # +validate_on_update+). Each of these methods can inspect the state of the object, which usually means ensuring
+  # that a number of attributes have a certain value (such as not empty, within a given range, matching a certain regular expression).
+  #
+  # Example:
+  #
+  #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     protected
+  #       def validate
+  #         errors.add_on_empty %w( first_name last_name )
+  #         errors.add("phone_number", "has invalid format") unless phone_number =~ /[0-9]*/
+  #       end
+  #
+  #       def validate_on_create # is only run the first time a new object is saved
+  #         unless valid_discount?(membership_discount)
+  #           errors.add("membership_discount", "has expired")
+  #         end
+  #       end
+  #
+  #       def validate_on_update
+  #         errors.add_to_base("No changes have occurred") if unchanged_attributes?
+  #       end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   person = Person.new("first_name" => "David", "phone_number" => "what?")
+  #   person.save                         # => false (and doesn't do the save)
+  #   person.errors.empty?                # => false
+  #   person.errors.count                 # => 2
+  #   person.errors.on "last_name"        # => "can't be empty"
+  #   person.errors.on "phone_number"     # => "has invalid format"
+  #   person.errors.each_full { |msg| puts msg }
+  #                                       # => "Last name can't be empty\n" +
+  #                                       #    "Phone number has invalid format"
+  #
+  #   person.attributes = { "last_name" => "Heinemeier", "phone_number" => "555-555" }
+  #   person.save # => true (and person is now saved in the database)
+  #
+  # An Errors object is automatically created for every Active Record.
+  module Validations
+    VALIDATIONS = %w( validate validate_on_create validate_on_update )
+
+    def self.included(base) # :nodoc:
+      base.extend ClassMethods
+      base.class_eval do
+        alias_method_chain :save, :validation
+        alias_method_chain :save!, :validation
+      end
+
+      base.send :include, ActiveSupport::Callbacks
+      base.define_callbacks *VALIDATIONS
+    end
+
+    # Active Record classes can implement validations in several ways. The highest level, easiest to read,
+    # and recommended approach is to use the declarative <tt>validates_..._of</tt> class methods (and
+    # +validates_associated+) documented below. These are sufficient for most model validations.
+    #
+    # Slightly lower level is +validates_each+. It provides some of the same options as the purely declarative
+    # validation methods, but like all the lower-level approaches it requires manually adding to the errors collection
+    # when the record is invalid.
+    #
+    # At a yet lower level, a model can use the class methods +validate+, +validate_on_create+ and +validate_on_update+
+    # to add validation methods or blocks. These are ActiveSupport::Callbacks and follow the same rules of inheritance
+    # and chaining.
+    #
+    # The lowest level style is to define the instance methods +validate+, +validate_on_create+ and +validate_on_update+
+    # as documented in ActiveRecord::Validations.
+    #
+    # == +validate+, +validate_on_create+ and +validate_on_update+ Class Methods
+    #
+    # Calls to these methods add a validation method or block to the class. Again, this approach is recommended
+    # only when the higher-level methods documented below (<tt>validates_..._of</tt> and +validates_associated+) are
+    # insufficient to handle the required validation.
+    #
+    # This can be done with a symbol pointing to a method:
+    #
+    #   class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     validate :must_be_friends
+    #
+    #     def must_be_friends
+    #       errors.add_to_base("Must be friends to leave a comment") unless commenter.friend_of?(commentee)
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Or with a block which is passed the current record to be validated:
+    #
+    #   class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     validate do |comment|
+    #       comment.must_be_friends
+    #     end
+    #
+    #     def must_be_friends
+    #       errors.add_to_base("Must be friends to leave a comment") unless commenter.friend_of?(commentee)
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    # This usage applies to +validate_on_create+ and +validate_on_update+ as well.
+    module ClassMethods
+      DEFAULT_VALIDATION_OPTIONS = {
+        :on => :save,
+        :allow_nil => false,
+        :allow_blank => false,
+        :message => nil
+      }.freeze
+
+      ALL_RANGE_OPTIONS = [ :is, :within, :in, :minimum, :maximum ].freeze
+      ALL_NUMERICALITY_CHECKS = { :greater_than => '>', :greater_than_or_equal_to => '>=',
+                                  :equal_to => '==', :less_than => '<', :less_than_or_equal_to => '<=',
+                                  :odd => 'odd?', :even => 'even?' }.freeze
+
+      # Validates each attribute against a block.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     validates_each :first_name, :last_name do |record, attr, value|
+      #       record.errors.add attr, 'starts with z.' if value[0] == ?z
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Options:
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is <tt>:save</tt>, other options <tt>:create</tt>, <tt>:update</tt>).
+      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is +nil+.
+      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is blank.
+      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      def validates_each(*attrs)
+        options = attrs.extract_options!.symbolize_keys
+        attrs   = attrs.flatten
+
+        # Declare the validation.
+        send(validation_method(options[:on] || :save), options) do |record|
+          attrs.each do |attr|
+            value = record.send(attr)
+            next if (value.nil? && options[:allow_nil]) || (value.blank? && options[:allow_blank])
+            yield record, attr, value
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Encapsulates the pattern of wanting to validate a password or email address field with a confirmation. Example:
+      #
+      #   Model:
+      #     class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #       validates_confirmation_of :user_name, :password
+      #       validates_confirmation_of :email_address, :message => "should match confirmation"
+      #     end
+      #
+      #   View:
+      #     <%= password_field "person", "password" %>
+      #     <%= password_field "person", "password_confirmation" %>
+      #
+      # The added +password_confirmation+ attribute is virtual; it exists only as an in-memory attribute for validating the password.
+      # To achieve this, the validation adds accessors to the model for the confirmation attribute. NOTE: This check is performed
+      # only if +password_confirmation+ is not +nil+, and by default only on save. To require confirmation, make sure to add a presence
+      # check for the confirmation attribute:
+      #
+      #   validates_presence_of :password_confirmation, :if => :password_changed?
+      #
+      # Configuration options:
+      # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "doesn't match confirmation").
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is <tt>:save</tt>, other options <tt>:create</tt>, <tt>:update</tt>).
+      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      def validates_confirmation_of(*attr_names)
+        configuration = { :on => :save }
+        configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
+
+        attr_accessor(*(attr_names.map { |n| "#{n}_confirmation" }))
+
+        validates_each(attr_names, configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
+          unless record.send("#{attr_name}_confirmation").nil? or value == record.send("#{attr_name}_confirmation")
+            record.errors.add(attr_name, :confirmation, :default => configuration[:message])
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Encapsulates the pattern of wanting to validate the acceptance of a terms of service check box (or similar agreement). Example:
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     validates_acceptance_of :terms_of_service
+      #     validates_acceptance_of :eula, :message => "must be abided"
+      #   end
+      #
+      # If the database column does not exist, the +terms_of_service+ attribute is entirely virtual. This check is
+      # performed only if +terms_of_service+ is not +nil+ and by default on save.
+      #
+      # Configuration options:
+      # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "must be accepted").
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is <tt>:save</tt>, other options <tt>:create</tt>, <tt>:update</tt>).
+      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is +nil+ (default is true).
+      # * <tt>:accept</tt> - Specifies value that is considered accepted.  The default value is a string "1", which
+      #   makes it easy to relate to an HTML checkbox. This should be set to +true+ if you are validating a database
+      #   column, since the attribute is typecast from "1" to +true+ before validation.
+      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      def validates_acceptance_of(*attr_names)
+        configuration = { :on => :save, :allow_nil => true, :accept => "1" }
+        configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
+
+        db_cols = begin
+          column_names
+        rescue Exception # To ignore both statement and connection errors
+          []
+        end
+        names = attr_names.reject { |name| db_cols.include?(name.to_s) }
+        attr_accessor(*names)
+
+        validates_each(attr_names,configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
+          unless value == configuration[:accept]
+            record.errors.add(attr_name, :accepted, :default => configuration[:message])
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Validates that the specified attributes are not blank (as defined by Object#blank?). Happens by default on save. Example:
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     validates_presence_of :first_name
+      #   end
+      #
+      # The first_name attribute must be in the object and it cannot be blank.
+      #
+      # If you want to validate the presence of a boolean field (where the real values are true and false),
+      # you will want to use <tt>validates_inclusion_of :field_name, :in => [true, false]</tt>.
+      #
+      # This is due to the way Object#blank? handles boolean values: <tt>false.blank? # => true</tt>.
+      #
+      # Configuration options:
+      # * <tt>message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "can't be blank").
+      # * <tt>on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is <tt>:save</tt>, other options <tt>:create</tt>,
+      #   <tt>:update</tt>).
+      # * <tt>if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).
+      #   The method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).
+      #   The method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      #
+      def validates_presence_of(*attr_names)
+        configuration = { :on => :save }
+        configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
+
+        # can't use validates_each here, because it cannot cope with nonexistent attributes,
+        # while errors.add_on_empty can
+        send(validation_method(configuration[:on]), configuration) do |record|
+          record.errors.add_on_blank(attr_names, configuration[:message])
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Validates that the specified attribute matches the length restrictions supplied. Only one option can be used at a time:
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     validates_length_of :first_name, :maximum=>30
+      #     validates_length_of :last_name, :maximum=>30, :message=>"less than {{count}} if you don't mind"
+      #     validates_length_of :fax, :in => 7..32, :allow_nil => true
+      #     validates_length_of :phone, :in => 7..32, :allow_blank => true
+      #     validates_length_of :user_name, :within => 6..20, :too_long => "pick a shorter name", :too_short => "pick a longer name"
+      #     validates_length_of :fav_bra_size, :minimum => 1, :too_short => "please enter at least {{count}} character"
+      #     validates_length_of :smurf_leader, :is => 4, :message => "papa is spelled with {{count}} characters... don't play me."
+      #     validates_length_of :essay, :minimum => 100, :too_short => "Your essay must be at least {{count}} words."), :tokenizer => lambda {|str| str.scan(/\w+/) }
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Configuration options:
+      # * <tt>:minimum</tt> - The minimum size of the attribute.
+      # * <tt>:maximum</tt> - The maximum size of the attribute.
+      # * <tt>:is</tt> - The exact size of the attribute.
+      # * <tt>:within</tt> - A range specifying the minimum and maximum size of the attribute.
+      # * <tt>:in</tt> - A synonym(or alias) for <tt>:within</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Attribute may be +nil+; skip validation.
+      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - Attribute may be blank; skip validation.
+      # * <tt>:too_long</tt> - The error message if the attribute goes over the maximum (default is: "is too long (maximum is {{count}} characters)").
+      # * <tt>:too_short</tt> - The error message if the attribute goes under the minimum (default is: "is too short (min is {{count}} characters)").
+      # * <tt>:wrong_length</tt> - The error message if using the <tt>:is</tt> method and the attribute is the wrong size (default is: "is the wrong length (should be {{count}} characters)").
+      # * <tt>:message</tt> - The error message to use for a <tt>:minimum</tt>, <tt>:maximum</tt>, or <tt>:is</tt> violation.  An alias of the appropriate <tt>too_long</tt>/<tt>too_short</tt>/<tt>wrong_length</tt> message.
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is <tt>:save</tt>, other options <tt>:create</tt>, <tt>:update</tt>).
+      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>:tokenizer</tt> - Specifies how to split up the attribute string. (e.g. <tt>:tokenizer => lambda {|str| str.scan(/\w+/)}</tt> to
+      #   count words as in above example.)
+      #   Defaults to <tt>lambda{ |value| value.split(//) }</tt> which counts individual characters.
+      def validates_length_of(*attrs)
+        # Merge given options with defaults.
+        options = {
+          :tokenizer => lambda {|value| value.split(//)}
+        }.merge(DEFAULT_VALIDATION_OPTIONS)
+        options.update(attrs.extract_options!.symbolize_keys)
+
+        # Ensure that one and only one range option is specified.
+        range_options = ALL_RANGE_OPTIONS & options.keys
+        case range_options.size
+          when 0
+            raise ArgumentError, 'Range unspecified.  Specify the :within, :maximum, :minimum, or :is option.'
+          when 1
+            # Valid number of options; do nothing.
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError, 'Too many range options specified.  Choose only one.'
+        end
+
+        # Get range option and value.
+        option = range_options.first
+        option_value = options[range_options.first]
+        key = {:is => :wrong_length, :minimum => :too_short, :maximum => :too_long}[option]
+        custom_message = options[:message] || options[key]
+
+        case option
+          when :within, :in
+            raise ArgumentError, ":#{option} must be a Range" unless option_value.is_a?(Range)
+
+            validates_each(attrs, options) do |record, attr, value|
+              value = options[:tokenizer].call(value) if value.kind_of?(String)
+              if value.nil? or value.size < option_value.begin
+                record.errors.add(attr, :too_short, :default => custom_message || options[:too_short], :count => option_value.begin)
+              elsif value.size > option_value.end
+                record.errors.add(attr, :too_long, :default => custom_message || options[:too_long], :count => option_value.end)
+              end
+            end
+          when :is, :minimum, :maximum
+            raise ArgumentError, ":#{option} must be a nonnegative Integer" unless option_value.is_a?(Integer) and option_value >= 0
+
+            # Declare different validations per option.
+            validity_checks = { :is => "==", :minimum => ">=", :maximum => "<=" }
+
+            validates_each(attrs, options) do |record, attr, value|
+              value = options[:tokenizer].call(value) if value.kind_of?(String)
+              unless !value.nil? and value.size.method(validity_checks[option])[option_value]
+                record.errors.add(attr, key, :default => custom_message, :count => option_value)
+              end
+            end
+        end
+      end
+
+      alias_method :validates_size_of, :validates_length_of
+
+
+      # Validates whether the value of the specified attributes are unique across the system. Useful for making sure that only one user
+      # can be named "davidhh".
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     validates_uniqueness_of :user_name, :scope => :account_id
+      #   end
+      #
+      # It can also validate whether the value of the specified attributes are unique based on multiple scope parameters.  For example,
+      # making sure that a teacher can only be on the schedule once per semester for a particular class.
+      #
+      #   class TeacherSchedule < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     validates_uniqueness_of :teacher_id, :scope => [:semester_id, :class_id]
+      #   end
+      #
+      # When the record is created, a check is performed to make sure that no record exists in the database with the given value for the specified
+      # attribute (that maps to a column). When the record is updated, the same check is made but disregarding the record itself.
+      #
+      # Configuration options:
+      # * <tt>:message</tt> - Specifies a custom error message (default is: "has already been taken").
+      # * <tt>:scope</tt> - One or more columns by which to limit the scope of the uniqueness constraint.
+      # * <tt>:case_sensitive</tt> - Looks for an exact match. Ignored by non-text columns (+true+ by default).
+      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
+      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is blank (default is +false+).
+      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      #
+      # === Concurrency and integrity
+      #
+      # Using this validation method in conjunction with ActiveRecord::Base#save
+      # does not guarantee the absence of duplicate record insertions, because
+      # uniqueness checks on the application level are inherently prone to race
+      # conditions. For example, suppose that two users try to post a Comment at
+      # the same time, and a Comment's title must be unique. At the database-level,
+      # the actions performed by these users could be interleaved in the following manner:
+      #
+      #               User 1                 |               User 2
+      #  ------------------------------------+--------------------------------------
+      #  # User 1 checks whether there's     |
+      #  # already a comment with the title  |
+      #  # 'My Post'. This is not the case.  |
+      #  SELECT * FROM comments              |
+      #  WHERE title = 'My Post'             |
+      #                                      |
+      #                                      | # User 2 does the same thing and also
+      #                                      | # infers that his title is unique.
+      #                                      | SELECT * FROM comments
+      #                                      | WHERE title = 'My Post'
+      #                                      |
+      #  # User 1 inserts his comment.       |
+      #  INSERT INTO comments                |
+      #  (title, content) VALUES             |
+      #  ('My Post', 'hi!')                  |
+      #                                      |
+      #                                      | # User 2 does the same thing.
+      #                                      | INSERT INTO comments
+      #                                      | (title, content) VALUES
+      #                                      | ('My Post', 'hello!')
+      #                                      |
+      #                                      | # ^^^^^^
+      #                                      | # Boom! We now have a duplicate
+      #                                      | # title!
+      #
+      # This could even happen if you use transactions with the 'serializable'
+      # isolation level. There are several ways to get around this problem:
+      # - By locking the database table before validating, and unlocking it after
+      #   saving. However, table locking is very expensive, and thus not
+      #   recommended.
+      # - By locking a lock file before validating, and unlocking it after saving.
+      #   This does not work if you've scaled your Rails application across
+      #   multiple web servers (because they cannot share lock files, or cannot
+      #   do that efficiently), and thus not recommended.
+      # - Creating a unique index on the field, by using
+      #   ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements#add_index. In the
+      #   rare case that a race condition occurs, the database will guarantee
+      #   the field's uniqueness.
+      #
+      #   When the database catches such a duplicate insertion,
+      #   ActiveRecord::Base#save will raise an ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
+      #   exception. You can either choose to let this error propagate (which
+      #   will result in the default Rails exception page being shown), or you
+      #   can catch it and restart the transaction (e.g. by telling the user
+      #   that the title already exists, and asking him to re-enter the title).
+      #   This technique is also known as optimistic concurrency control:
+      #   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic_concurrency_control
+      #
+      #   Active Record currently provides no way to distinguish unique
+      #   index constraint errors from other types of database errors, so you
+      #   will have to parse the (database-specific) exception message to detect
+      #   such a case.
+      def validates_uniqueness_of(*attr_names)
+        configuration = { :case_sensitive => true }
+        configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
+
+        validates_each(attr_names,configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
+          # The check for an existing value should be run from a class that
+          # isn't abstract. This means working down from the current class
+          # (self), to the first non-abstract class. Since classes don't know
+          # their subclasses, we have to build the hierarchy between self and
+          # the record's class.
+          class_hierarchy = [record.class]
+          while class_hierarchy.first != self
+            class_hierarchy.insert(0, class_hierarchy.first.superclass)
+          end
+
+          # Now we can work our way down the tree to the first non-abstract
+          # class (which has a database table to query from).
+          finder_class = class_hierarchy.detect { |klass| !klass.abstract_class? }
+
+          column = finder_class.columns_hash[attr_name.to_s]
+
+          if value.nil?
+            comparison_operator = "IS ?"
+          elsif column.text?
+            comparison_operator = "#{connection.case_sensitive_equality_operator} ?"
+            value = column.limit ? value.to_s.mb_chars[0, column.limit] : value.to_s
+          else
+            comparison_operator = "= ?"
+          end
+
+          sql_attribute = "#{record.class.quoted_table_name}.#{connection.quote_column_name(attr_name)}"
+
+          if value.nil? || (configuration[:case_sensitive] || !column.text?)
+            condition_sql = "#{sql_attribute} #{comparison_operator}"
+            condition_params = [value]
+          else
+            condition_sql = "LOWER(#{sql_attribute}) #{comparison_operator}"
+            condition_params = [value.mb_chars.downcase]
+          end
+
+          if scope = configuration[:scope]
+            Array(scope).map do |scope_item|
+              scope_value = record.send(scope_item)
+              condition_sql << " AND " << attribute_condition("#{record.class.quoted_table_name}.#{scope_item}", scope_value)
+              condition_params << scope_value
+            end
+          end
+
+          unless record.new_record?
+            condition_sql << " AND #{record.class.quoted_table_name}.#{record.class.primary_key} <> ?"
+            condition_params << record.send(:id)
+          end
+
+          finder_class.with_exclusive_scope do
+            if finder_class.exists?([condition_sql, *condition_params])
+              record.errors.add(attr_name, :taken, :default => configuration[:message], :value => value)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+
+      # Validates whether the value of the specified attribute is of the correct form by matching it against the regular expression
+      # provided.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     validates_format_of :email, :with => /\A([^@\s]+)@((?:[-a-z0-9]+\.)+[a-z]{2,})\Z/i, :on => :create
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Note: use <tt>\A</tt> and <tt>\Z</tt> to match the start and end of the string, <tt>^</tt> and <tt>$</tt> match the start/end of a line.
+      #
+      # A regular expression must be provided or else an exception will be raised.
+      #
+      # Configuration options:
+      # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "is invalid").
+      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
+      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is blank (default is +false+).
+      # * <tt>:with</tt> - The regular expression used to validate the format with (note: must be supplied!).
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is <tt>:save</tt>, other options <tt>:create</tt>, <tt>:update</tt>).
+      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      def validates_format_of(*attr_names)
+        configuration = { :on => :save, :with => nil }
+        configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
+
+        raise(ArgumentError, "A regular expression must be supplied as the :with option of the configuration hash") unless configuration[:with].is_a?(Regexp)
+
+        validates_each(attr_names, configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
+          unless value.to_s =~ configuration[:with]
+            record.errors.add(attr_name, :invalid, :default => configuration[:message], :value => value)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Validates whether the value of the specified attribute is available in a particular enumerable object.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     validates_inclusion_of :gender, :in => %w( m f )
+      #     validates_inclusion_of :age, :in => 0..99
+      #     validates_inclusion_of :format, :in => %w( jpg gif png ), :message => "extension {{value}} is not included in the list"
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Configuration options:
+      # * <tt>:in</tt> - An enumerable object of available items.
+      # * <tt>:message</tt> - Specifies a custom error message (default is: "is not included in the list").
+      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
+      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is blank (default is +false+).
+      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      def validates_inclusion_of(*attr_names)
+        configuration = { :on => :save }
+        configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
+
+        enum = configuration[:in] || configuration[:within]
+
+        raise(ArgumentError, "An object with the method include? is required must be supplied as the :in option of the configuration hash") unless enum.respond_to?(:include?)
+
+        validates_each(attr_names, configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
+          unless enum.include?(value)
+            record.errors.add(attr_name, :inclusion, :default => configuration[:message], :value => value)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Validates that the value of the specified attribute is not in a particular enumerable object.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     validates_exclusion_of :username, :in => %w( admin superuser ), :message => "You don't belong here"
+      #     validates_exclusion_of :age, :in => 30..60, :message => "This site is only for under 30 and over 60"
+      #     validates_exclusion_of :format, :in => %w( mov avi ), :message => "extension {{value}} is not allowed"
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Configuration options:
+      # * <tt>:in</tt> - An enumerable object of items that the value shouldn't be part of.
+      # * <tt>:message</tt> - Specifies a custom error message (default is: "is reserved").
+      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
+      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is blank (default is +false+).
+      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      def validates_exclusion_of(*attr_names)
+        configuration = { :on => :save }
+        configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
+
+        enum = configuration[:in] || configuration[:within]
+
+        raise(ArgumentError, "An object with the method include? is required must be supplied as the :in option of the configuration hash") unless enum.respond_to?(:include?)
+
+        validates_each(attr_names, configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
+          if enum.include?(value)
+            record.errors.add(attr_name, :exclusion, :default => configuration[:message], :value => value)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Validates whether the associated object or objects are all valid themselves. Works with any kind of association.
+      #
+      #   class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pages
+      #     belongs_to :library
+      #
+      #     validates_associated :pages, :library
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Warning: If, after the above definition, you then wrote:
+      #
+      #   class Page < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     belongs_to :book
+      #
+      #     validates_associated :book
+      #   end
+      #
+      # this would specify a circular dependency and cause infinite recursion.
+      #
+      # NOTE: This validation will not fail if the association hasn't been assigned. If you want to ensure that the association
+      # is both present and guaranteed to be valid, you also need to use +validates_presence_of+.
+      #
+      # Configuration options:
+      # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "is invalid")
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is <tt>:save</tt>, other options <tt>:create</tt>, <tt>:update</tt>).
+      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      def validates_associated(*attr_names)
+        configuration = { :on => :save }
+        configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
+
+        validates_each(attr_names, configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
+          unless (value.is_a?(Array) ? value : [value]).collect { |r| r.nil? || r.valid? }.all?
+            record.errors.add(attr_name, :invalid, :default => configuration[:message], :value => value)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Validates whether the value of the specified attribute is numeric by trying to convert it to
+      # a float with Kernel.Float (if <tt>only_integer</tt> is false) or applying it to the regular expression
+      # <tt>/\A[\+\-]?\d+\Z/</tt> (if <tt>only_integer</tt> is set to true).
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     validates_numericality_of :value, :on => :create
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Configuration options:
+      # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "is not a number").
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is <tt>:save</tt>, other options <tt>:create</tt>, <tt>:update</tt>).
+      # * <tt>:only_integer</tt> - Specifies whether the value has to be an integer, e.g. an integral value (default is +false+).
+      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+). Notice that for fixnum and float columns empty strings are converted to +nil+.
+      # * <tt>:greater_than</tt> - Specifies the value must be greater than the supplied value.
+      # * <tt>:greater_than_or_equal_to</tt> - Specifies the value must be greater than or equal the supplied value.
+      # * <tt>:equal_to</tt> - Specifies the value must be equal to the supplied value.
+      # * <tt>:less_than</tt> - Specifies the value must be less than the supplied value.
+      # * <tt>:less_than_or_equal_to</tt> - Specifies the value must be less than or equal the supplied value.
+      # * <tt>:odd</tt> - Specifies the value must be an odd number.
+      # * <tt>:even</tt> - Specifies the value must be an even number.
+      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      def validates_numericality_of(*attr_names)
+        configuration = { :on => :save, :only_integer => false, :allow_nil => false }
+        configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
+
+
+        numericality_options = ALL_NUMERICALITY_CHECKS.keys & configuration.keys
+
+        (numericality_options - [ :odd, :even ]).each do |option|
+          raise ArgumentError, ":#{option} must be a number" unless configuration[option].is_a?(Numeric)
+        end
+
+        validates_each(attr_names,configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
+          raw_value = record.send("#{attr_name}_before_type_cast") || value
+
+          next if configuration[:allow_nil] and raw_value.nil?
+
+          if configuration[:only_integer]
+            unless raw_value.to_s =~ /\A[+-]?\d+\Z/
+              record.errors.add(attr_name, :not_a_number, :value => raw_value, :default => configuration[:message])
+              next
+            end
+            raw_value = raw_value.to_i
+          else
+            begin
+              raw_value = Kernel.Float(raw_value)
+            rescue ArgumentError, TypeError
+              record.errors.add(attr_name, :not_a_number, :value => raw_value, :default => configuration[:message])
+              next
+            end
+          end
+
+          numericality_options.each do |option|
+            case option
+              when :odd, :even
+                unless raw_value.to_i.method(ALL_NUMERICALITY_CHECKS[option])[]
+                  record.errors.add(attr_name, option, :value => raw_value, :default => configuration[:message])
+                end
+              else
+                record.errors.add(attr_name, option, :default => configuration[:message], :value => raw_value, :count => configuration[option]) unless raw_value.method(ALL_NUMERICALITY_CHECKS[option])[configuration[option]]
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Creates an object just like Base.create but calls save! instead of save
+      # so an exception is raised if the record is invalid.
+      def create!(attributes = nil, &block)
+        if attributes.is_a?(Array)
+          attributes.collect { |attr| create!(attr, &block) }
+        else
+          object = new(attributes)
+          yield(object) if block_given?
+          object.save!
+          object
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+        def validation_method(on)
+          case on
+            when :save   then :validate
+            when :create then :validate_on_create
+            when :update then :validate_on_update
+          end
+        end
+    end
+
+    # The validation process on save can be skipped by passing false. The regular Base#save method is
+    # replaced with this when the validations module is mixed in, which it is by default.
+    def save_with_validation(perform_validation = true)
+      if perform_validation && valid? || !perform_validation
+        save_without_validation
+      else
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Attempts to save the record just like Base#save but will raise a RecordInvalid exception instead of returning false
+    # if the record is not valid.
+    def save_with_validation!
+      if valid?
+        save_without_validation!
+      else
+        raise RecordInvalid.new(self)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Runs +validate+ and +validate_on_create+ or +validate_on_update+ and returns true if no errors were added otherwise false.
+    def valid?
+      errors.clear
+
+      run_callbacks(:validate)
+      validate
+
+      if new_record?
+        run_callbacks(:validate_on_create)
+        validate_on_create
+      else
+        run_callbacks(:validate_on_update)
+        validate_on_update
+      end
+
+      errors.empty?
+    end
+
+    # Performs the opposite of <tt>valid?</tt>. Returns true if errors were added, false otherwise.
+    def invalid?
+      !valid?
+    end
+
+    # Returns the Errors object that holds all information about attribute error messages.
+    def errors
+      @errors ||= Errors.new(self)
+    end
+
+    protected
+      # Overwrite this method for validation checks on all saves and use <tt>Errors.add(field, msg)</tt> for invalid attributes.
+      def validate
+      end
+
+      # Overwrite this method for validation checks used only on creation.
+      def validate_on_create
+      end
+
+      # Overwrite this method for validation checks used only on updates.
+      def validate_on_update
+      end
+  end
+end