polars-df 0.2.0-arm64-darwin

data/lib/polars/data_frame.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,4833 @@
+module Polars
+  # Two-dimensional data structure representing data as a table with rows and columns.
+  class DataFrame
+    # @private
+    attr_accessor :_df
+
+    # Create a new DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @param data [Hash, Array, Series, nil]
+    #   Two-dimensional data in various forms. Hash must contain Arrays.
+    #   Array may contain Series.
+    # @param columns [Array, Hash, nil]
+    #   Column labels to use for resulting DataFrame. If specified, overrides any
+    #   labels already present in the data. Must match data dimensions.
+    # @param orient ["col", "row", nil]
+    #   Whether to interpret two-dimensional data as columns or as rows. If `nil`,
+    #   the orientation is inferred by matching the columns and data dimensions. If
+    #   this does not yield conclusive results, column orientation is used.
+    def initialize(data = nil, columns: nil, orient: nil)
+      if defined?(ActiveRecord) && (data.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Relation) || data.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Result))
+        result = data.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Result) ? data : data.connection.select_all(data.to_sql)
+        data = {}
+        result.columns.each_with_index do |k, i|
+          data[k] = result.rows.map { |r| r[i] }
+        end
+      end
+
+      if data.nil?
+        self._df = self.class.hash_to_rbdf({}, columns: columns)
+      elsif data.is_a?(Hash)
+        data = data.transform_keys { |v| v.is_a?(Symbol) ? v.to_s : v }
+        self._df = self.class.hash_to_rbdf(data, columns: columns)
+      elsif data.is_a?(Array)
+        self._df = self.class.sequence_to_rbdf(data, columns: columns, orient: orient)
+      elsif data.is_a?(Series)
+        self._df = self.class.series_to_rbdf(data, columns: columns)
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "DataFrame constructor called with unsupported type; got #{data.class.name}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    def self._from_rbdf(rb_df)
+      df = DataFrame.allocate
+      df._df = rb_df
+      df
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    def self._from_hashes(data, infer_schema_length: 100, schema: nil)
+      rbdf = RbDataFrame.read_hashes(data, infer_schema_length, schema)
+      _from_rbdf(rbdf)
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    def self._from_hash(data, columns: nil)
+      _from_rbdf(hash_to_rbdf(data, columns: columns))
+    end
+
+    # def self._from_records
+    # end
+
+    # def self._from_numo
+    # end
+
+    # no self._from_arrow
+
+    # no self._from_pandas
+
+    # @private
+    def self._read_csv(
+      file,
+      has_header: true,
+      columns: nil,
+      sep: str = ",",
+      comment_char: nil,
+      quote_char: '"',
+      skip_rows: 0,
+      dtypes: nil,
+      null_values: nil,
+      ignore_errors: false,
+      parse_dates: false,
+      n_threads: nil,
+      infer_schema_length: 100,
+      batch_size: 8192,
+      n_rows: nil,
+      encoding: "utf8",
+      low_memory: false,
+      rechunk: true,
+      skip_rows_after_header: 0,
+      row_count_name: nil,
+      row_count_offset: 0,
+      sample_size: 1024,
+      eol_char: "\n"
+    )
+      if file.is_a?(String) || (defined?(Pathname) && file.is_a?(Pathname))
+        path = Utils.format_path(file)
+      else
+        path = nil
+        # if defined?(StringIO) && file.is_a?(StringIO)
+        #   file = file.string
+        # end
+      end
+
+      dtype_list = nil
+      dtype_slice = nil
+      if !dtypes.nil?
+        if dtypes.is_a?(Hash)
+          dtype_list = []
+          dtypes.each do|k, v|
+            dtype_list << [k, Utils.rb_type_to_dtype(v)]
+          end
+        elsif dtypes.is_a?(Array)
+          dtype_slice = dtypes
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "dtype arg should be list or dict"
+        end
+      end
+
+      processed_null_values = Utils._process_null_values(null_values)
+
+      if columns.is_a?(String)
+        columns = [columns]
+      end
+      if file.is_a?(String) && file.include?("*")
+        raise Todo
+      end
+
+      projection, columns = Utils.handle_projection_columns(columns)
+
+      _from_rbdf(
+        RbDataFrame.read_csv(
+          file,
+          infer_schema_length,
+          batch_size,
+          has_header,
+          ignore_errors,
+          n_rows,
+          skip_rows,
+          projection,
+          sep,
+          rechunk,
+          columns,
+          encoding,
+          n_threads,
+          path,
+          dtype_list,
+          dtype_slice,
+          low_memory,
+          comment_char,
+          quote_char,
+          processed_null_values,
+          parse_dates,
+          skip_rows_after_header,
+          Utils._prepare_row_count_args(row_count_name, row_count_offset),
+          sample_size,
+          eol_char
+        )
+      )
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    def self._read_parquet(
+      file,
+      columns: nil,
+      n_rows: nil,
+      parallel: "auto",
+      row_count_name: nil,
+      row_count_offset: 0,
+      low_memory: false
+    )
+      if file.is_a?(String) || (defined?(Pathname) && file.is_a?(Pathname))
+        file = Utils.format_path(file)
+      end
+
+      if file.is_a?(String) && file.include?("*")
+        raise Todo
+      end
+
+      projection, columns = Utils.handle_projection_columns(columns)
+      _from_rbdf(
+        RbDataFrame.read_parquet(
+          file,
+          columns,
+          projection,
+          n_rows,
+          parallel,
+          Utils._prepare_row_count_args(row_count_name, row_count_offset),
+          low_memory
+        )
+      )
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    def self._read_avro(file, columns: nil, n_rows: nil)
+      if file.is_a?(String) || (defined?(Pathname) && file.is_a?(Pathname))
+        file = Utils.format_path(file)
+      end
+      projection, columns = Utils.handle_projection_columns(columns)
+      _from_rbdf(RbDataFrame.read_avro(file, columns, projection, n_rows))
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    def self._read_ipc(
+      file,
+      columns: nil,
+      n_rows: nil,
+      row_count_name: nil,
+      row_count_offset: 0,
+      rechunk: true,
+      memory_map: true
+    )
+      if file.is_a?(String) || (defined?(Pathname) && file.is_a?(Pathname))
+        file = Utils.format_path(file)
+      end
+      if columns.is_a?(String)
+        columns = [columns]
+      end
+
+      if file.is_a?(String) && file.include?("*")
+        raise Todo
+      end
+
+      projection, columns = Utils.handle_projection_columns(columns)
+      _from_rbdf(
+        RbDataFrame.read_ipc(
+          file,
+          columns,
+          projection,
+          n_rows,
+          Utils._prepare_row_count_args(row_count_name, row_count_offset),
+          memory_map
+        )
+      )
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    def self._read_json(file)
+      if file.is_a?(String) || (defined?(Pathname) && file.is_a?(Pathname))
+        file = Utils.format_path(file)
+      end
+
+      _from_rbdf(RbDataFrame.read_json(file))
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    def self._read_ndjson(file)
+      if file.is_a?(String) || (defined?(Pathname) && file.is_a?(Pathname))
+        file = Utils.format_path(file)
+      end
+
+      _from_rbdf(RbDataFrame.read_ndjson(file))
+    end
+
+    # Get the shape of the DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @return [Array]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"foo" => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]})
+    #   df.shape
+    #   # => [5, 1]
+    def shape
+      _df.shape
+    end
+
+    # Get the height of the DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @return [Integer]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"foo" => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]})
+    #   df.height
+    #   # => 5
+    def height
+      _df.height
+    end
+
+    # Get the width of the DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @return [Integer]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"foo" => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]})
+    #   df.width
+    #   # => 1
+    def width
+      _df.width
+    end
+
+    # Get column names.
+    #
+    # @return [Array]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 8],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.columns
+    #   # => ["foo", "bar", "ham"]
+    def columns
+      _df.columns
+    end
+
+    # Change the column names of the DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @param columns [Array]
+    #   A list with new names for the DataFrame.
+    #   The length of the list should be equal to the width of the DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 8],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.columns = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]
+    #   df
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 3)
+    #   # ┌───────┬────────┬────────┐
+    #   # │ apple ┆ banana ┆ orange │
+    #   # │ ---   ┆ ---    ┆ ---    │
+    #   # │ i64   ┆ i64    ┆ str    │
+    #   # ╞═══════╪════════╪════════╡
+    #   # │ 1     ┆ 6      ┆ a      │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2     ┆ 7      ┆ b      │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3     ┆ 8      ┆ c      │
+    #   # └───────┴────────┴────────┘
+    def columns=(columns)
+      _df.set_column_names(columns)
+    end
+
+    # Get dtypes of columns in DataFrame. Dtypes can also be found in column headers when printing the DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @return [Array]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6.0, 7.0, 8.0],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.dtypes
+    #   # => [Polars::Int64, Polars::Float64, Polars::Utf8]
+    def dtypes
+      _df.dtypes
+    end
+
+    # Get the schema.
+    #
+    # @return [Hash]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6.0, 7.0, 8.0],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.schema
+    #   # => {"foo"=>Polars::Int64, "bar"=>Polars::Float64, "ham"=>Polars::Utf8}
+    def schema
+      columns.zip(dtypes).to_h
+    end
+
+    # Equal.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    def ==(other)
+      _comp(other, "eq")
+    end
+
+    # Not equal.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    def !=(other)
+      _comp(other, "neq")
+    end
+
+    # Greater than.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    def >(other)
+      _comp(other, "gt")
+    end
+
+    # Less than.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    def <(other)
+      _comp(other, "lt")
+    end
+
+    # Greater than or equal.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    def >=(other)
+      _comp(other, "gt_eq")
+    end
+
+    # Less than or equal.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    def <=(other)
+      _comp(other, "lt_eq")
+    end
+
+    # Performs multiplication.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    def *(other)
+      if other.is_a?(DataFrame)
+        return _from_rbdf(_df.mul_df(other._df))
+      end
+
+      other = _prepare_other_arg(other)
+      _from_rbdf(_df.mul(other._s))
+    end
+
+    # Performs division.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    def /(other)
+      if other.is_a?(DataFrame)
+        return _from_rbdf(_df.div_df(other._df))
+      end
+
+      other = _prepare_other_arg(other)
+      _from_rbdf(_df.div(other._s))
+    end
+
+    # Performs addition.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    def +(other)
+      if other.is_a?(DataFrame)
+        return _from_rbdf(_df.add_df(other._df))
+      end
+
+      other = _prepare_other_arg(other)
+      _from_rbdf(_df.add(other._s))
+    end
+
+    # Performs subtraction.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    def -(other)
+      if other.is_a?(DataFrame)
+        return _from_rbdf(_df.sub_df(other._df))
+      end
+
+      other = _prepare_other_arg(other)
+      _from_rbdf(_df.sub(other._s))
+    end
+
+    # Returns the modulo.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    def %(other)
+      if other.is_a?(DataFrame)
+        return _from_rbdf(_df.rem_df(other._df))
+      end
+
+      other = _prepare_other_arg(other)
+      _from_rbdf(_df.rem(other._s))
+    end
+
+    # Returns a string representing the DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @return [String]
+    def to_s
+      _df.to_s
+    end
+    alias_method :inspect, :to_s
+
+    # Check if DataFrame includes column.
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    def include?(name)
+      columns.include?(name)
+    end
+
+    # def each
+    # end
+
+    # Returns subset of the DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    def [](*args)
+      if args.size == 2
+        row_selection, col_selection = args
+
+        # df[.., unknown]
+        if row_selection.is_a?(Range)
+
+          # multiple slices
+          # df[.., ..]
+          if col_selection.is_a?(Range)
+            raise Todo
+          end
+        end
+
+        # df[2, ..] (select row as df)
+        if row_selection.is_a?(Integer)
+          if col_selection.is_a?(Array)
+            df = self[0.., col_selection]
+            return df.slice(row_selection, 1)
+          end
+          # df[2, "a"]
+          if col_selection.is_a?(String)
+            return self[col_selection][row_selection]
+          end
+        end
+
+        # column selection can be "a" and ["a", "b"]
+        if col_selection.is_a?(String)
+          col_selection = [col_selection]
+        end
+
+        # df[.., 1]
+        if col_selection.is_a?(Integer)
+          series = to_series(col_selection)
+          return series[row_selection]
+        end
+
+        if col_selection.is_a?(Array)
+          # df[.., [1, 2]]
+          if is_int_sequence(col_selection)
+            series_list = col_selection.map { |i| to_series(i) }
+            df = self.class.new(series_list)
+            return df[row_selection]
+          end
+        end
+
+        df = self[col_selection]
+        return df[row_selection]
+      elsif args.size == 1
+        item = args[0]
+
+        # select single column
+        # df["foo"]
+        if item.is_a?(String)
+          return Utils.wrap_s(_df.column(item))
+        end
+
+        # df[idx]
+        if item.is_a?(Integer)
+          return slice(_pos_idx(item, 0), 1)
+        end
+
+        # df[..]
+        if item.is_a?(Range)
+          return Slice.new(self).apply(item)
+        end
+
+        if Utils.is_str_sequence(item, allow_str: false)
+          # select multiple columns
+          # df[["foo", "bar"]]
+          return _from_rbdf(_df.select(item))
+        end
+      end
+
+      raise ArgumentError, "Cannot get item of type: #{item.class.name}"
+    end
+
+    # Set item.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    # def []=(key, value)
+    #   if key.is_a?(String)
+    #     raise TypeError, "'DataFrame' object does not support 'Series' assignment by index. Use 'DataFrame.with_columns'"
+    #   end
+
+    #   raise Todo
+    # end
+
+    # no to_arrow
+
+    # Convert DataFrame to a hash mapping column name to values.
+    #
+    # @return [Hash]
+    def to_h(as_series: true)
+      if as_series
+        get_columns.to_h { |s| [s.name, s] }
+      else
+        get_columns.to_h { |s| [s.name, s.to_a] }
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Convert every row to a dictionary.
+    #
+    # Note that this is slow.
+    #
+    # @return [Array]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"foo" => [1, 2, 3], "bar" => [4, 5, 6]})
+    #   df.to_hashes
+    #   [{'foo': 1, 'bar': 4}, {'foo': 2, 'bar': 5}, {'foo': 3, 'bar': 6}]
+    def to_hashes
+      rbdf = _df
+      names = columns
+
+      height.times.map do |i|
+        names.zip(rbdf.row_tuple(i)).to_h
+      end
+    end
+
+    # def to_numo
+    # end
+
+    # no to_pandas
+
+    # Select column as Series at index location.
+    #
+    # @param index [Integer]
+    #   Location of selection.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 8],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.to_series(1)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'bar' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         6
+    #   #         7
+    #   #         8
+    #   # ]
+    def to_series(index = 0)
+      if index < 0
+        index = columns.length + index
+      end
+      Utils.wrap_s(_df.select_at_idx(index))
+    end
+
+    # Serialize to JSON representation.
+    #
+    # @return [nil]
+    #
+    # @param file [String]
+    #   File path to which the result should be written.
+    # @param pretty [Boolean]
+    #   Pretty serialize json.
+    # @param row_oriented [Boolean]
+    #   Write to row oriented json. This is slower, but more common.
+    #
+    # @see #write_ndjson
+    def write_json(
+      file,
+      pretty: false,
+      row_oriented: false
+    )
+      if file.is_a?(String) || (defined?(Pathname) && file.is_a?(Pathname))
+        file = Utils.format_path(file)
+      end
+
+      _df.write_json(file, pretty, row_oriented)
+      nil
+    end
+
+    # Serialize to newline delimited JSON representation.
+    #
+    # @param file [String]
+    #   File path to which the result should be written.
+    #
+    # @return [nil]
+    def write_ndjson(file)
+      if file.is_a?(String) || (defined?(Pathname) && file.is_a?(Pathname))
+        file = Utils.format_path(file)
+      end
+
+      _df.write_ndjson(file)
+      nil
+    end
+
+    # Write to comma-separated values (CSV) file.
+    #
+    # @param file [String, nil]
+    #   File path to which the result should be written. If set to `nil`
+    #   (default), the output is returned as a string instead.
+    # @param has_header [Boolean]
+    #   Whether to include header in the CSV output.
+    # @param sep [String]
+    #   Separate CSV fields with this symbol.
+    # @param quote [String]
+    #   Byte to use as quoting character.
+    # @param batch_size [Integer]
+    #   Number of rows that will be processed per thread.
+    # @param datetime_format [String, nil]
+    #   A format string, with the specifiers defined by the
+    #   [chrono](https://docs.rs/chrono/latest/chrono/format/strftime/index.html)
+    #   Rust crate. If no format specified, the default fractional-second
+    #   precision is inferred from the maximum timeunit found in the frame's
+    #   Datetime cols (if any).
+    # @param date_format [String, nil]
+    #   A format string, with the specifiers defined by the
+    #   [chrono](https://docs.rs/chrono/latest/chrono/format/strftime/index.html)
+    #   Rust crate.
+    # @param time_format [String, nil]
+    #   A format string, with the specifiers defined by the
+    #   [chrono](https://docs.rs/chrono/latest/chrono/format/strftime/index.html)
+    #   Rust crate.
+    # @param float_precision [Integer, nil]
+    #   Number of decimal places to write, applied to both `:f32` and
+    #   `:f64` datatypes.
+    # @param null_value [String, nil]
+    #   A string representing null values (defaulting to the empty string).
+    #
+    # @return [String, nil]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 8, 9, 10],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.write_csv("file.csv")
+    def write_csv(
+      file = nil,
+      has_header: true,
+      sep: ",",
+      quote: '"',
+      batch_size: 1024,
+      datetime_format: nil,
+      date_format: nil,
+      time_format: nil,
+      float_precision: nil,
+      null_value: nil
+    )
+      if sep.length > 1
+        raise ArgumentError, "only single byte separator is allowed"
+      elsif quote.length > 1
+        raise ArgumentError, "only single byte quote char is allowed"
+      elsif null_value == ""
+        null_value = nil
+      end
+
+      if file.nil?
+        buffer = StringIO.new
+        buffer.set_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)
+        _df.write_csv(
+          buffer,
+          has_header,
+          sep.ord,
+          quote.ord,
+          batch_size,
+          datetime_format,
+          date_format,
+          time_format,
+          float_precision,
+          null_value
+        )
+        return buffer.string.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
+      end
+
+      if file.is_a?(String) || (defined?(Pathname) && file.is_a?(Pathname))
+        file = Utils.format_path(file)
+      end
+
+      _df.write_csv(
+        file,
+        has_header,
+        sep.ord,
+        quote.ord,
+        batch_size,
+        datetime_format,
+        date_format,
+        time_format,
+        float_precision,
+        null_value,
+      )
+      nil
+    end
+
+    # Write to Apache Avro file.
+    #
+    # @param file [String]
+    #   File path to which the file should be written.
+    # @param compression ["uncompressed", "snappy", "deflate"]
+    #   Compression method. Defaults to "uncompressed".
+    #
+    # @return [nil]
+    def write_avro(file, compression = "uncompressed")
+      if compression.nil?
+        compression = "uncompressed"
+      end
+      if file.is_a?(String) || (defined?(Pathname) && file.is_a?(Pathname))
+        file = Utils.format_path(file)
+      end
+
+      _df.write_avro(file, compression)
+    end
+
+    # Write to Arrow IPC binary stream or Feather file.
+    #
+    # @param file [String]
+    #   File path to which the file should be written.
+    # @param compression ["uncompressed", "lz4", "zstd"]
+    #   Compression method. Defaults to "uncompressed".
+    #
+    # @return [nil]
+    def write_ipc(file, compression: "uncompressed")
+      if compression.nil?
+        compression = "uncompressed"
+      end
+      if file.is_a?(String) || (defined?(Pathname) && file.is_a?(Pathname))
+        file = Utils.format_path(file)
+      end
+
+      _df.write_ipc(file, compression)
+    end
+
+    # Write to Apache Parquet file.
+    #
+    # @param file [String]
+    #   File path to which the file should be written.
+    # @param compression ["lz4", "uncompressed", "snappy", "gzip", "lzo", "brotli", "zstd"]
+    #   Choose "zstd" for good compression performance.
+    #   Choose "lz4" for fast compression/decompression.
+    #   Choose "snappy" for more backwards compatibility guarantees
+    #   when you deal with older parquet readers.
+    # @param compression_level [Integer, nil]
+    #   The level of compression to use. Higher compression means smaller files on
+    #   disk.
+    #
+    #   - "gzip" : min-level: 0, max-level: 10.
+    #   - "brotli" : min-level: 0, max-level: 11.
+    #   - "zstd" : min-level: 1, max-level: 22.
+    # @param statistics [Boolean]
+    #   Write statistics to the parquet headers. This requires extra compute.
+    # @param row_group_size [Integer, nil]
+    #   Size of the row groups in number of rows.
+    #   If `nil` (default), the chunks of the DataFrame are
+    #   used. Writing in smaller chunks may reduce memory pressure and improve
+    #   writing speeds.
+    #
+    # @return [nil]
+    def write_parquet(
+      file,
+      compression: "zstd",
+      compression_level: nil,
+      statistics: false,
+      row_group_size: nil
+    )
+      if compression.nil?
+        compression = "uncompressed"
+      end
+      if file.is_a?(String) || (defined?(Pathname) && file.is_a?(Pathname))
+        file = Utils.format_path(file)
+      end
+
+      _df.write_parquet(
+        file, compression, compression_level, statistics, row_group_size
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Return an estimation of the total (heap) allocated size of the DataFrame.
+    #
+    # Estimated size is given in the specified unit (bytes by default).
+    #
+    # This estimation is the sum of the size of its buffers, validity, including
+    # nested arrays. Multiple arrays may share buffers and bitmaps. Therefore, the
+    # size of 2 arrays is not the sum of the sizes computed from this function. In
+    # particular, StructArray's size is an upper bound.
+    #
+    # When an array is sliced, its allocated size remains constant because the buffer
+    # unchanged. However, this function will yield a smaller number. This is because
+    # this function returns the visible size of the buffer, not its total capacity.
+    #
+    # FFI buffers are included in this estimation.
+    #
+    # @param unit ["b", "kb", "mb", "gb", "tb"]
+    #   Scale the returned size to the given unit.
+    #
+    # @return [Numeric]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "x" => 1_000_000.times.to_a.reverse,
+    #       "y" => 1_000_000.times.map { |v| v / 1000.0 },
+    #       "z" => 1_000_000.times.map(&:to_s)
+    #     },
+    #     columns: {"x" => :u32, "y" => :f64, "z" => :str}
+    #   )
+    #   df.estimated_size
+    #   # => 25888898
+    #   df.estimated_size("mb")
+    #   # => 24.689577102661133
+    def estimated_size(unit = "b")
+      sz = _df.estimated_size
+      Utils.scale_bytes(sz, to: unit)
+    end
+
+    # Transpose a DataFrame over the diagonal.
+    #
+    # @param include_header [Boolean]
+    #   If set, the column names will be added as first column.
+    # @param header_name [String]
+    #   If `include_header` is set, this determines the name of the column that will
+    #   be inserted.
+    # @param column_names [Array]
+    #   Optional generator/iterator that yields column names. Will be used to
+    #   replace the columns in the DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @note
+    #   This is a very expensive operation. Perhaps you can do it differently.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"a" => [1, 2, 3], "b" => [1, 2, 3]})
+    #   df.transpose(include_header: true)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 4)
+    #   # ┌────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┐
+    #   # │ column ┆ column_0 ┆ column_1 ┆ column_2 │
+    #   # │ ---    ┆ ---      ┆ ---      ┆ ---      │
+    #   # │ str    ┆ i64      ┆ i64      ┆ i64      │
+    #   # ╞════════╪══════════╪══════════╪══════════╡
+    #   # │ a      ┆ 1        ┆ 2        ┆ 3        │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ b      ┆ 1        ┆ 2        ┆ 3        │
+    #   # └────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┘
+    #
+    # @example Replace the auto-generated column names with a list
+    #   df.transpose(include_header: false, column_names: ["a", "b", "c"])
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b   ┆ c   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 2   ┆ 3   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 2   ┆ 3   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example Include the header as a separate column
+    #   df.transpose(
+    #     include_header: true, header_name: "foo", column_names: ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #   )
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 4)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ a   ┆ b   ┆ c   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ str ┆ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ a   ┆ 1   ┆ 2   ┆ 3   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ b   ┆ 1   ┆ 2   ┆ 3   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def transpose(include_header: false, header_name: "column", column_names: nil)
+      df = _from_rbdf(_df.transpose(include_header, header_name))
+      if !column_names.nil?
+        names = []
+        n = df.width
+        if include_header
+          names << header_name
+          n -= 1
+        end
+
+        column_names = column_names.each
+        n.times do
+          names << column_names.next
+        end
+        df.columns = names
+      end
+      df
+    end
+
+    # Reverse the DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "key" => ["a", "b", "c"],
+    #       "val" => [1, 2, 3]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.reverse
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ key ┆ val │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ str ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ c   ┆ 3   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ b   ┆ 2   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ a   ┆ 1   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    def reverse
+      select(Polars.col("*").reverse)
+    end
+
+    # Rename column names.
+    #
+    # @param mapping [Hash]
+    #   Key value pairs that map from old name to new name.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 8],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.rename({"foo" => "apple"})
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 3)
+    #   # ┌───────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ apple ┆ bar ┆ ham │
+    #   # │ ---   ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64   ┆ i64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═══════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1     ┆ 6   ┆ a   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2     ┆ 7   ┆ b   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3     ┆ 8   ┆ c   │
+    #   # └───────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def rename(mapping)
+      lazy.rename(mapping).collect(no_optimization: true)
+    end
+
+    # Insert a Series at a certain column index. This operation is in place.
+    #
+    # @param index [Integer]
+    #   Column to insert the new `Series` column.
+    # @param series [Series]
+    #   `Series` to insert.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"foo" => [1, 2, 3], "bar" => [4, 5, 6]})
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("baz", [97, 98, 99])
+    #   df.insert_at_idx(1, s)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ baz ┆ bar │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 97  ┆ 4   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 98  ┆ 5   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 99  ┆ 6   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [1, 2, 3, 4],
+    #       "b" => [0.5, 4, 10, 13],
+    #       "c" => [true, true, false, true]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("d", [-2.5, 15, 20.5, 0])
+    #   df.insert_at_idx(3, s)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 4)
+    #   # ┌─────┬──────┬───────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b    ┆ c     ┆ d    │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ ---  ┆ ---   ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64  ┆ bool  ┆ f64  │
+    #   # ╞═════╪══════╪═══════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 0.5  ┆ true  ┆ -2.5 │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 4.0  ┆ true  ┆ 15.0 │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 10.0 ┆ false ┆ 20.5 │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 4   ┆ 13.0 ┆ true  ┆ 0.0  │
+    #   # └─────┴──────┴───────┴──────┘
+    def insert_at_idx(index, series)
+      if index < 0
+        index = columns.length + index
+      end
+      _df.insert_at_idx(index, series._s)
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Filter the rows in the DataFrame based on a predicate expression.
+    #
+    # @param predicate [Expr]
+    #   Expression that evaluates to a boolean Series.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example Filter on one condition:
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 8],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.filter(Polars.col("foo") < 3)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 6   ┆ a   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 7   ┆ b   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example Filter on multiple conditions:
+    #   df.filter((Polars.col("foo") < 3) & (Polars.col("ham") == "a"))
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 6   ┆ a   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def filter(predicate)
+      lazy.filter(predicate).collect
+    end
+
+    # Summary statistics for a DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [1.0, 2.8, 3.0],
+    #       "b" => [4, 5, nil],
+    #       "c" => [true, false, true],
+    #       "d" => [nil, "b", "c"],
+    #       "e" => ["usd", "eur", nil]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.describe
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (7, 6)
+    #   # ┌────────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ describe   ┆ a        ┆ b        ┆ c        ┆ d    ┆ e    │
+    #   # │ ---        ┆ ---      ┆ ---      ┆ ---      ┆ ---  ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ str        ┆ f64      ┆ f64      ┆ f64      ┆ str  ┆ str  │
+    #   # ╞════════════╪══════════╪══════════╪══════════╪══════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ count      ┆ 3.0      ┆ 3.0      ┆ 3.0      ┆ 3    ┆ 3    │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ null_count ┆ 0.0      ┆ 1.0      ┆ 0.0      ┆ 1    ┆ 1    │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ mean       ┆ 2.266667 ┆ 4.5      ┆ 0.666667 ┆ null ┆ null │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ std        ┆ 1.101514 ┆ 0.707107 ┆ 0.57735  ┆ null ┆ null │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ min        ┆ 1.0      ┆ 4.0      ┆ 0.0      ┆ b    ┆ eur  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ max        ┆ 3.0      ┆ 5.0      ┆ 1.0      ┆ c    ┆ usd  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ median     ┆ 2.8      ┆ 4.5      ┆ 1.0      ┆ null ┆ null │
+    #   # └────────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────┴──────┘
+    def describe
+      describe_cast = lambda do |stat|
+        columns = []
+        self.columns.each_with_index do |s, i|
+          if self[s].is_numeric || self[s].is_boolean
+            columns << stat[0.., i].cast(:f64)
+          else
+            # for dates, strings, etc, we cast to string so that all
+            # statistics can be shown
+            columns << stat[0.., i].cast(:str)
+          end
+        end
+        self.class.new(columns)
+      end
+
+      summary = _from_rbdf(
+        Polars.concat(
+          [
+            describe_cast.(
+              self.class.new(columns.to_h { |c| [c, [height]] })
+            ),
+            describe_cast.(null_count),
+            describe_cast.(mean),
+            describe_cast.(std),
+            describe_cast.(min),
+            describe_cast.(max),
+            describe_cast.(median)
+          ]
+        )._df
+      )
+      summary.insert_at_idx(
+        0,
+        Polars::Series.new(
+          "describe",
+          ["count", "null_count", "mean", "std", "min", "max", "median"],
+        )
+      )
+      summary
+    end
+
+    # Find the index of a column by name.
+    #
+    # @param name [String]
+    #   Name of the column to find.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {"foo" => [1, 2, 3], "bar" => [6, 7, 8], "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]}
+    #   )
+    #   df.find_idx_by_name("ham")
+    #   # => 2
+    def find_idx_by_name(name)
+      _df.find_idx_by_name(name)
+    end
+
+    # Replace a column at an index location.
+    #
+    # @param index [Integer]
+    #   Column index.
+    # @param series [Series]
+    #   Series that will replace the column.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 8],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("apple", [10, 20, 30])
+    #   df.replace_at_idx(0, s)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 3)
+    #   # ┌───────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ apple ┆ bar ┆ ham │
+    #   # │ ---   ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64   ┆ i64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═══════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 10    ┆ 6   ┆ a   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 20    ┆ 7   ┆ b   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 30    ┆ 8   ┆ c   │
+    #   # └───────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def replace_at_idx(index, series)
+      if index < 0
+        index = columns.length + index
+      end
+      _df.replace_at_idx(index, series._s)
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Sort the DataFrame by column.
+    #
+    # @param by [String]
+    #   By which column to sort.
+    # @param reverse [Boolean]
+    #   Reverse/descending sort.
+    # @param nulls_last [Boolean]
+    #   Place null values last. Can only be used if sorted by a single column.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6.0, 7.0, 8.0],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.sort("foo", reverse: true)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 8.0 ┆ c   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 7.0 ┆ b   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 6.0 ┆ a   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example Sort by multiple columns.
+    #   df.sort(
+    #     [Polars.col("foo"), Polars.col("bar")**2],
+    #     reverse: [true, false]
+    #   )
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 8.0 ┆ c   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 7.0 ┆ b   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 6.0 ┆ a   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def sort(by, reverse: false, nulls_last: false)
+      if by.is_a?(Array) || by.is_a?(Expr)
+        lazy
+          .sort(by, reverse: reverse, nulls_last: nulls_last)
+          .collect(no_optimization: true, string_cache: false)
+      else
+        _from_rbdf(_df.sort(by, reverse, nulls_last))
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Check if DataFrame is equal to other.
+    #
+    # @param other [DataFrame]
+    #   DataFrame to compare with.
+    # @param null_equal [Boolean]
+    #   Consider null values as equal.
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df1 = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6.0, 7.0, 8.0],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df2 = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [3, 2, 1],
+    #       "bar" => [8.0, 7.0, 6.0],
+    #       "ham" => ["c", "b", "a"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df1.frame_equal(df1)
+    #   # => true
+    #   df1.frame_equal(df2)
+    #   # => false
+    def frame_equal(other, null_equal: true)
+      _df.frame_equal(other._df, null_equal)
+    end
+
+    # Replace a column by a new Series.
+    #
+    # @param column [String]
+    #   Column to replace.
+    # @param new_col [Series]
+    #   New column to insert.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"foo" => [1, 2, 3], "bar" => [4, 5, 6]})
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new([10, 20, 30])
+    #   df.replace("foo", s)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 10  ┆ 4   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 20  ┆ 5   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 30  ┆ 6   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    def replace(column, new_col)
+      _df.replace(column, new_col._s)
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Get a slice of this DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @param offset [Integer]
+    #   Start index. Negative indexing is supported.
+    # @param length [Integer, nil]
+    #   Length of the slice. If set to `nil`, all rows starting at the offset
+    #   will be selected.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6.0, 7.0, 8.0],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.slice(1, 2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 7.0 ┆ b   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 8.0 ┆ c   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def slice(offset, length = nil)
+      if !length.nil? && length < 0
+        length = height - offset + length
+      end
+      _from_rbdf(_df.slice(offset, length))
+    end
+
+    # Get the first `n` rows.
+    #
+    # Alias for {#head}.
+    #
+    # @param n [Integer]
+    #   Number of rows to return.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {"foo" => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], "bar" => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f"]}
+    #   )
+    #   df.limit(4)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ a   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ b   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ c   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 4   ┆ d   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    def limit(n = 5)
+      head(n)
+    end
+
+    # Get the first `n` rows.
+    #
+    # @param n [Integer]
+    #   Number of rows to return.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 8, 9, 10],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.head(3)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 6   ┆ a   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 7   ┆ b   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 8   ┆ c   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def head(n = 5)
+      _from_rbdf(_df.head(n))
+    end
+
+    # Get the last `n` rows.
+    #
+    # @param n [Integer]
+    #   Number of rows to return.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 8, 9, 10],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.tail(3)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 8   ┆ c   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 4   ┆ 9   ┆ d   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 5   ┆ 10  ┆ e   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def tail(n = 5)
+      _from_rbdf(_df.tail(n))
+    end
+
+    # Return a new DataFrame where the null values are dropped.
+    #
+    # @param subset [Object]
+    #   Subset of column(s) on which `drop_nulls` will be applied.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6, nil, 8],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.drop_nulls
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 6   ┆ a   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 8   ┆ c   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def drop_nulls(subset: nil)
+      if subset.is_a?(String)
+        subset = [subset]
+      end
+      _from_rbdf(_df.drop_nulls(subset))
+    end
+
+    # Offers a structured way to apply a sequence of user-defined functions (UDFs).
+    #
+    # @param func [Object]
+    #   Callable; will receive the frame as the first parameter,
+    #   followed by any given args/kwargs.
+    # @param args [Object]
+    #   Arguments to pass to the UDF.
+    # @param kwargs [Object]
+    #   Keyword arguments to pass to the UDF.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    #
+    # @note
+    #   It is recommended to use LazyFrame when piping operations, in order
+    #   to fully take advantage of query optimization and parallelization.
+    #   See {#lazy}.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   cast_str_to_int = lambda do |data, col_name:|
+    #     data.with_column(Polars.col(col_name).cast(:i64))
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"a" => [1, 2, 3, 4], "b" => ["10", "20", "30", "40"]})
+    #   df.pipe(cast_str_to_int, col_name: "b")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 10  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 20  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 30  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 4   ┆ 40  │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    def pipe(func, *args, **kwargs, &block)
+      func.call(self, *args, **kwargs, &block)
+    end
+
+    # Add a column at index 0 that counts the rows.
+    #
+    # @param name [String]
+    #   Name of the column to add.
+    # @param offset [Integer]
+    #   Start the row count at this offset.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [1, 3, 5],
+    #       "b" => [2, 4, 6]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.with_row_count
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 3)
+    #   # ┌────────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ row_nr ┆ a   ┆ b   │
+    #   # │ ---    ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ u32    ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞════════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 0      ┆ 1   ┆ 2   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 1      ┆ 3   ┆ 4   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2      ┆ 5   ┆ 6   │
+    #   # └────────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def with_row_count(name: "row_nr", offset: 0)
+      _from_rbdf(_df.with_row_count(name, offset))
+    end
+
+    # Start a groupby operation.
+    #
+    # @param by [Object]
+    #   Column(s) to group by.
+    # @param maintain_order [Boolean]
+    #   Make sure that the order of the groups remain consistent. This is more
+    #   expensive than a default groupby. Note that this only works in expression
+    #   aggregations.
+    #
+    # @return [GroupBy]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => ["a", "b", "a", "b", "b", "c"],
+    #       "b" => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6],
+    #       "c" => [6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.groupby("a").agg(Polars.col("b").sum).sort("a")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ str ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ a   ┆ 4   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ b   ┆ 11  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ c   ┆ 6   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    def groupby(by, maintain_order: false)
+      if !Utils.bool?(maintain_order)
+        raise TypeError, "invalid input for groupby arg `maintain_order`: #{maintain_order}."
+      end
+      if by.is_a?(String)
+        by = [by]
+      end
+      GroupBy.new(
+        _df,
+        by,
+        self.class,
+        maintain_order: maintain_order
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Create rolling groups based on a time column.
+    #
+    # Also works for index values of type `:i32` or `:i64`.
+    #
+    # Different from a `dynamic_groupby` the windows are now determined by the
+    # individual values and are not of constant intervals. For constant intervals use
+    # *groupby_dynamic*
+    #
+    # The `period` and `offset` arguments are created either from a timedelta, or
+    # by using the following string language:
+    #
+    # - 1ns   (1 nanosecond)
+    # - 1us   (1 microsecond)
+    # - 1ms   (1 millisecond)
+    # - 1s    (1 second)
+    # - 1m    (1 minute)
+    # - 1h    (1 hour)
+    # - 1d    (1 day)
+    # - 1w    (1 week)
+    # - 1mo   (1 calendar month)
+    # - 1y    (1 calendar year)
+    # - 1i    (1 index count)
+    #
+    # Or combine them:
+    # "3d12h4m25s" # 3 days, 12 hours, 4 minutes, and 25 seconds
+    #
+    # In case of a groupby_rolling on an integer column, the windows are defined by:
+    #
+    # - **"1i"      # length 1**
+    # - **"10i"     # length 10**
+    #
+    # @param index_column [Object]
+    #   Column used to group based on the time window.
+    #   Often to type Date/Datetime
+    #   This column must be sorted in ascending order. If not the output will not
+    #   make sense.
+    #
+    #   In case of a rolling groupby on indices, dtype needs to be one of
+    #   `:i32`, `:i64`. Note that `:i32` gets temporarily cast to `:i64`, so if
+    #   performance matters use an `:i64` column.
+    # @param period [Object]
+    #   Length of the window.
+    # @param offset [Object]
+    #   Offset of the window. Default is -period.
+    # @param closed ["right", "left", "both", "none"]
+    #   Define whether the temporal window interval is closed or not.
+    # @param by [Object]
+    #   Also group by this column/these columns.
+    #
+    # @return [RollingGroupBy]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   dates = [
+    #     "2020-01-01 13:45:48",
+    #     "2020-01-01 16:42:13",
+    #     "2020-01-01 16:45:09",
+    #     "2020-01-02 18:12:48",
+    #     "2020-01-03 19:45:32",
+    #     "2020-01-08 23:16:43"
+    #   ]
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"dt" => dates, "a" => [3, 7, 5, 9, 2, 1]}).with_column(
+    #     Polars.col("dt").str.strptime(:datetime)
+    #   )
+    #   df.groupby_rolling(index_column: "dt", period: "2d").agg(
+    #     [
+    #       Polars.sum("a").alias("sum_a"),
+    #       Polars.min("a").alias("min_a"),
+    #       Polars.max("a").alias("max_a")
+    #     ]
+    #   )
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (6, 4)
+    #   # ┌─────────────────────┬───────┬───────┬───────┐
+    #   # │ dt                  ┆ sum_a ┆ min_a ┆ max_a │
+    #   # │ ---                 ┆ ---   ┆ ---   ┆ ---   │
+    #   # │ datetime[μs]        ┆ i64   ┆ i64   ┆ i64   │
+    #   # ╞═════════════════════╪═══════╪═══════╪═══════╡
+    #   # │ 2020-01-01 13:45:48 ┆ 3     ┆ 3     ┆ 3     │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2020-01-01 16:42:13 ┆ 10    ┆ 3     ┆ 7     │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2020-01-01 16:45:09 ┆ 15    ┆ 3     ┆ 7     │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2020-01-02 18:12:48 ┆ 24    ┆ 3     ┆ 9     │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2020-01-03 19:45:32 ┆ 11    ┆ 2     ┆ 9     │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2020-01-08 23:16:43 ┆ 1     ┆ 1     ┆ 1     │
+    #   # └─────────────────────┴───────┴───────┴───────┘
+    def groupby_rolling(
+      index_column:,
+      period:,
+      offset: nil,
+      closed: "right",
+      by: nil
+    )
+      RollingGroupBy.new(self, index_column, period, offset, closed, by)
+    end
+
+    # Group based on a time value (or index value of type `:i32`, `:i64`).
+    #
+    # Time windows are calculated and rows are assigned to windows. Different from a
+    # normal groupby is that a row can be member of multiple groups. The time/index
+    # window could be seen as a rolling window, with a window size determined by
+    # dates/times/values instead of slots in the DataFrame.
+    #
+    # A window is defined by:
+    #
+    # - every: interval of the window
+    # - period: length of the window
+    # - offset: offset of the window
+    #
+    # The `every`, `period` and `offset` arguments are created with
+    # the following string language:
+    #
+    # - 1ns   (1 nanosecond)
+    # - 1us   (1 microsecond)
+    # - 1ms   (1 millisecond)
+    # - 1s    (1 second)
+    # - 1m    (1 minute)
+    # - 1h    (1 hour)
+    # - 1d    (1 day)
+    # - 1w    (1 week)
+    # - 1mo   (1 calendar month)
+    # - 1y    (1 calendar year)
+    # - 1i    (1 index count)
+    #
+    # Or combine them:
+    # "3d12h4m25s" # 3 days, 12 hours, 4 minutes, and 25 seconds
+    #
+    # In case of a groupby_dynamic on an integer column, the windows are defined by:
+    #
+    # - "1i"      # length 1
+    # - "10i"     # length 10
+    #
+    # @param index_column
+    #   Column used to group based on the time window.
+    #   Often to type Date/Datetime
+    #   This column must be sorted in ascending order. If not the output will not
+    #   make sense.
+    #
+    #   In case of a dynamic groupby on indices, dtype needs to be one of
+    #   `:i32`, `:i64`. Note that `:i32` gets temporarily cast to `:i64`, so if
+    #   performance matters use an `:i64` column.
+    # @param every
+    #   Interval of the window.
+    # @param period
+    #   Length of the window, if None it is equal to 'every'.
+    # @param offset
+    #   Offset of the window if None and period is None it will be equal to negative
+    #   `every`.
+    # @param truncate
+    #   Truncate the time value to the window lower bound.
+    # @param include_boundaries
+    #   Add the lower and upper bound of the window to the "_lower_bound" and
+    #   "_upper_bound" columns. This will impact performance because it's harder to
+    #   parallelize
+    # @param closed ["right", "left", "both", "none"]
+    #   Define whether the temporal window interval is closed or not.
+    # @param by
+    #   Also group by this column/these columns
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "time" => Polars.date_range(
+    #         DateTime.new(2021, 12, 16),
+    #         DateTime.new(2021, 12, 16, 3),
+    #         "30m"
+    #       ),
+    #       "n" => 0..6
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (7, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────────────────────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ time                ┆ n   │
+    #   # │ ---                 ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ datetime[μs]        ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════════════════════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 0   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 00:30:00 ┆ 1   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 2   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 01:30:00 ┆ 3   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 4   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 02:30:00 ┆ 5   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 03:00:00 ┆ 6   │
+    #   # └─────────────────────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example Group by windows of 1 hour starting at 2021-12-16 00:00:00.
+    #   df.groupby_dynamic("time", every: "1h", closed: "right").agg(
+    #     [
+    #       Polars.col("time").min.alias("time_min"),
+    #       Polars.col("time").max.alias("time_max")
+    #     ]
+    #   )
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┐
+    #   # │ time                ┆ time_min            ┆ time_max            │
+    #   # │ ---                 ┆ ---                 ┆ ---                 │
+    #   # │ datetime[μs]        ┆ datetime[μs]        ┆ datetime[μs]        │
+    #   # ╞═════════════════════╪═════════════════════╪═════════════════════╡
+    #   # │ 2021-12-15 23:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 00:30:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 01:30:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 02:30:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 03:00:00 │
+    #   # └─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┘
+    #
+    # @example The window boundaries can also be added to the aggregation result.
+    #   df.groupby_dynamic(
+    #     "time", every: "1h", include_boundaries: true, closed: "right"
+    #   ).agg([Polars.col("time").count.alias("time_count")])
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 4)
+    #   # ┌─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┬────────────┐
+    #   # │ _lower_boundary     ┆ _upper_boundary     ┆ time                ┆ time_count │
+    #   # │ ---                 ┆ ---                 ┆ ---                 ┆ ---        │
+    #   # │ datetime[μs]        ┆ datetime[μs]        ┆ datetime[μs]        ┆ u32        │
+    #   # ╞═════════════════════╪═════════════════════╪═════════════════════╪════════════╡
+    #   # │ 2021-12-15 23:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-15 23:00:00 ┆ 1          │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 2          │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 2          │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 03:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 2          │
+    #   # └─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴────────────┘
+    #
+    # @example When closed="left", should not include right end of interval.
+    #   df.groupby_dynamic("time", every: "1h", closed: "left").agg(
+    #     [
+    #       Polars.col("time").count.alias("time_count"),
+    #       Polars.col("time").list.alias("time_agg_list")
+    #     ]
+    #   )
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────────────────────┬────────────┬─────────────────────────────────────┐
+    #   # │ time                ┆ time_count ┆ time_agg_list                       │
+    #   # │ ---                 ┆ ---        ┆ ---                                 │
+    #   # │ datetime[μs]        ┆ u32        ┆ list[datetime[μs]]                  │
+    #   # ╞═════════════════════╪════════════╪═════════════════════════════════════╡
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 2          ┆ [2021-12-16 00:00:00, 2021-12-16... │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 2          ┆ [2021-12-16 01:00:00, 2021-12-16... │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 2          ┆ [2021-12-16 02:00:00, 2021-12-16... │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 03:00:00 ┆ 1          ┆ [2021-12-16 03:00:00]               │
+    #   # └─────────────────────┴────────────┴─────────────────────────────────────┘
+    #
+    # @example When closed="both" the time values at the window boundaries belong to 2 groups.
+    #   df.groupby_dynamic("time", every: "1h", closed: "both").agg(
+    #     [Polars.col("time").count.alias("time_count")]
+    #   )
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────────────────────┬────────────┐
+    #   # │ time                ┆ time_count │
+    #   # │ ---                 ┆ ---        │
+    #   # │ datetime[μs]        ┆ u32        │
+    #   # ╞═════════════════════╪════════════╡
+    #   # │ 2021-12-15 23:00:00 ┆ 1          │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 3          │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 3          │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 3          │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 03:00:00 ┆ 1          │
+    #   # └─────────────────────┴────────────┘
+    #
+    # @example Dynamic groupbys can also be combined with grouping on normal keys.
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "time" => Polars.date_range(
+    #         DateTime.new(2021, 12, 16),
+    #         DateTime.new(2021, 12, 16, 3),
+    #         "30m"
+    #       ),
+    #       "groups" => ["a", "a", "a", "b", "b", "a", "a"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.groupby_dynamic(
+    #     "time",
+    #     every: "1h",
+    #     closed: "both",
+    #     by: "groups",
+    #     include_boundaries: true
+    #   ).agg([Polars.col("time").count.alias("time_count")])
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (7, 5)
+    #   # ┌────────┬─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┬────────────┐
+    #   # │ groups ┆ _lower_boundary     ┆ _upper_boundary     ┆ time                ┆ time_count │
+    #   # │ ---    ┆ ---                 ┆ ---                 ┆ ---                 ┆ ---        │
+    #   # │ str    ┆ datetime[μs]        ┆ datetime[μs]        ┆ datetime[μs]        ┆ u32        │
+    #   # ╞════════╪═════════════════════╪═════════════════════╪═════════════════════╪════════════╡
+    #   # │ a      ┆ 2021-12-15 23:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-15 23:00:00 ┆ 1          │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ a      ┆ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 3          │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ a      ┆ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 1          │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ a      ┆ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 03:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 2          │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ a      ┆ 2021-12-16 03:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 04:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 03:00:00 ┆ 1          │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ b      ┆ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 2          │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ b      ┆ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 03:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 1          │
+    #   # └────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴────────────┘
+    #
+    # @example Dynamic groupby on an index column.
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "idx" => Polars.arange(0, 6, eager: true),
+    #       "A" => ["A", "A", "B", "B", "B", "C"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.groupby_dynamic(
+    #     "idx",
+    #     every: "2i",
+    #     period: "3i",
+    #     include_boundaries: true,
+    #     closed: "right"
+    #   ).agg(Polars.col("A").list.alias("A_agg_list"))
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 4)
+    #   # ┌─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬─────────────────┐
+    #   # │ _lower_boundary ┆ _upper_boundary ┆ idx ┆ A_agg_list      │
+    #   # │ ---             ┆ ---             ┆ --- ┆ ---             │
+    #   # │ i64             ┆ i64             ┆ i64 ┆ list[str]       │
+    #   # ╞═════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪═════════════════╡
+    #   # │ 0               ┆ 3               ┆ 0   ┆ ["A", "B", "B"] │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2               ┆ 5               ┆ 2   ┆ ["B", "B", "C"] │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 4               ┆ 7               ┆ 4   ┆ ["C"]           │
+    #   # └─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴─────────────────┘
+    def groupby_dynamic(
+      index_column,
+      every:,
+      period: nil,
+      offset: nil,
+      truncate: true,
+      include_boundaries: false,
+      closed: "left",
+      by: nil,
+      start_by: "window"
+    )
+      DynamicGroupBy.new(
+        self,
+        index_column,
+        every,
+        period,
+        offset,
+        truncate,
+        include_boundaries,
+        closed,
+        by,
+        start_by
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Upsample a DataFrame at a regular frequency.
+    #
+    # @param time_column [Object]
+    #   time column will be used to determine a date_range.
+    #   Note that this column has to be sorted for the output to make sense.
+    # @param every [String]
+    #   interval will start 'every' duration
+    # @param offset [String]
+    #   change the start of the date_range by this offset.
+    # @param by [Object]
+    #   First group by these columns and then upsample for every group
+    # @param maintain_order [Boolean]
+    #   Keep the ordering predictable. This is slower.
+    #
+    # The `every` and `offset` arguments are created with
+    # the following string language:
+    #
+    # - 1ns   (1 nanosecond)
+    # - 1us   (1 microsecond)
+    # - 1ms   (1 millisecond)
+    # - 1s    (1 second)
+    # - 1m    (1 minute)
+    # - 1h    (1 hour)
+    # - 1d    (1 day)
+    # - 1w    (1 week)
+    # - 1mo   (1 calendar month)
+    # - 1y    (1 calendar year)
+    # - 1i    (1 index count)
+    #
+    # Or combine them:
+    # "3d12h4m25s" # 3 days, 12 hours, 4 minutes, and 25 seconds
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example Upsample a DataFrame by a certain interval.
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "time" => [
+    #         DateTime.new(2021, 2, 1),
+    #         DateTime.new(2021, 4, 1),
+    #         DateTime.new(2021, 5, 1),
+    #         DateTime.new(2021, 6, 1)
+    #       ],
+    #       "groups" => ["A", "B", "A", "B"],
+    #       "values" => [0, 1, 2, 3]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.upsample(
+    #     time_column: "time", every: "1mo", by: "groups", maintain_order: true
+    #   ).select(Polars.all.forward_fill)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (7, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────────────────────┬────────┬────────┐
+    #   # │ time                ┆ groups ┆ values │
+    #   # │ ---                 ┆ ---    ┆ ---    │
+    #   # │ datetime[ns]        ┆ str    ┆ i64    │
+    #   # ╞═════════════════════╪════════╪════════╡
+    #   # │ 2021-02-01 00:00:00 ┆ A      ┆ 0      │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2021-03-01 00:00:00 ┆ A      ┆ 0      │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2021-04-01 00:00:00 ┆ A      ┆ 0      │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2021-05-01 00:00:00 ┆ A      ┆ 2      │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2021-04-01 00:00:00 ┆ B      ┆ 1      │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2021-05-01 00:00:00 ┆ B      ┆ 1      │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2021-06-01 00:00:00 ┆ B      ┆ 3      │
+    #   # └─────────────────────┴────────┴────────┘
+    def upsample(
+      time_column:,
+      every:,
+      offset: nil,
+      by: nil,
+      maintain_order: false
+    )
+      if by.nil?
+        by = []
+      end
+      if by.is_a?(String)
+        by = [by]
+      end
+      if offset.nil?
+        offset = "0ns"
+      end
+
+      every = Utils._timedelta_to_pl_duration(every)
+      offset = Utils._timedelta_to_pl_duration(offset)
+
+      _from_rbdf(
+        _df.upsample(by, time_column, every, offset, maintain_order)
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Perform an asof join.
+    #
+    # This is similar to a left-join except that we match on nearest key rather than
+    # equal keys.
+    #
+    # Both DataFrames must be sorted by the asof_join key.
+    #
+    # For each row in the left DataFrame:
+    #
+    # - A "backward" search selects the last row in the right DataFrame whose 'on' key is less than or equal to the left's key.
+    # - A "forward" search selects the first row in the right DataFrame whose 'on' key is greater than or equal to the left's key.
+    #
+    # The default is "backward".
+    #
+    # @param other [DataFrame]
+    #   DataFrame to join with.
+    # @param left_on [String]
+    #   Join column of the left DataFrame.
+    # @param right_on [String]
+    #   Join column of the right DataFrame.
+    # @param on [String]
+    #   Join column of both DataFrames. If set, `left_on` and `right_on` should be
+    #   None.
+    # @param by [Object]
+    #   join on these columns before doing asof join
+    # @param by_left [Object]
+    #   join on these columns before doing asof join
+    # @param by_right [Object]
+    #   join on these columns before doing asof join
+    # @param strategy ["backward", "forward"]
+    #   Join strategy.
+    # @param suffix [String]
+    #   Suffix to append to columns with a duplicate name.
+    # @param tolerance [Object]
+    #   Numeric tolerance. By setting this the join will only be done if the near
+    #   keys are within this distance. If an asof join is done on columns of dtype
+    #   "Date", "Datetime", "Duration" or "Time" you use the following string
+    #   language:
+    #
+    #    - 1ns   (1 nanosecond)
+    #    - 1us   (1 microsecond)
+    #    - 1ms   (1 millisecond)
+    #    - 1s    (1 second)
+    #    - 1m    (1 minute)
+    #    - 1h    (1 hour)
+    #    - 1d    (1 day)
+    #    - 1w    (1 week)
+    #    - 1mo   (1 calendar month)
+    #    - 1y    (1 calendar year)
+    #    - 1i    (1 index count)
+    #
+    #    Or combine them:
+    #    "3d12h4m25s" # 3 days, 12 hours, 4 minutes, and 25 seconds
+    #
+    # @param allow_parallel [Boolean]
+    #   Allow the physical plan to optionally evaluate the computation of both
+    #   DataFrames up to the join in parallel.
+    # @param force_parallel [Boolean]
+    #   Force the physical plan to evaluate the computation of both DataFrames up to
+    #   the join in parallel.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   gdp = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "date" => [
+    #         DateTime.new(2016, 1, 1),
+    #         DateTime.new(2017, 1, 1),
+    #         DateTime.new(2018, 1, 1),
+    #         DateTime.new(2019, 1, 1),
+    #       ],  # note record date: Jan 1st (sorted!)
+    #       "gdp" => [4164, 4411, 4566, 4696]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   population = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "date" => [
+    #         DateTime.new(2016, 5, 12),
+    #         DateTime.new(2017, 5, 12),
+    #         DateTime.new(2018, 5, 12),
+    #         DateTime.new(2019, 5, 12),
+    #       ],  # note record date: May 12th (sorted!)
+    #       "population" => [82.19, 82.66, 83.12, 83.52]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   population.join_asof(
+    #     gdp, left_on: "date", right_on: "date", strategy: "backward"
+    #   )
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────────────────────┬────────────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ date                ┆ population ┆ gdp  │
+    #   # │ ---                 ┆ ---        ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ datetime[ns]        ┆ f64        ┆ i64  │
+    #   # ╞═════════════════════╪════════════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ 2016-05-12 00:00:00 ┆ 82.19      ┆ 4164 │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2017-05-12 00:00:00 ┆ 82.66      ┆ 4411 │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2018-05-12 00:00:00 ┆ 83.12      ┆ 4566 │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2019-05-12 00:00:00 ┆ 83.52      ┆ 4696 │
+    #   # └─────────────────────┴────────────┴──────┘
+    def join_asof(
+      other,
+      left_on: nil,
+      right_on: nil,
+      on: nil,
+      by_left: nil,
+      by_right: nil,
+      by: nil,
+      strategy: "backward",
+      suffix: "_right",
+      tolerance: nil,
+      allow_parallel: true,
+      force_parallel: false
+    )
+      lazy
+        .join_asof(
+          other.lazy,
+          left_on: left_on,
+          right_on: right_on,
+          on: on,
+          by_left: by_left,
+          by_right: by_right,
+          by: by,
+          strategy: strategy,
+          suffix: suffix,
+          tolerance: tolerance,
+          allow_parallel: allow_parallel,
+          force_parallel: force_parallel
+        )
+        .collect(no_optimization: true)
+    end
+
+    # Join in SQL-like fashion.
+    #
+    # @param other [DataFrame]
+    #   DataFrame to join with.
+    # @param left_on [Object]
+    #   Name(s) of the left join column(s).
+    # @param right_on [Object]
+    #   Name(s) of the right join column(s).
+    # @param on [Object]
+    #   Name(s) of the join columns in both DataFrames.
+    # @param how ["inner", "left", "outer", "semi", "anti", "cross"]
+    #   Join strategy.
+    # @param suffix [String]
+    #   Suffix to append to columns with a duplicate name.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6.0, 7.0, 8.0],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   other_df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "apple" => ["x", "y", "z"],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "d"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.join(other_df, on: "ham")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 4)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┬───────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham ┆ apple │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---   │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64 ┆ str ┆ str   │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╪═══════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 6.0 ┆ a   ┆ x     │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 7.0 ┆ b   ┆ y     │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┴───────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.join(other_df, on: "ham", how: "outer")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 4)
+    #   # ┌──────┬──────┬─────┬───────┐
+    #   # │ foo  ┆ bar  ┆ ham ┆ apple │
+    #   # │ ---  ┆ ---  ┆ --- ┆ ---   │
+    #   # │ i64  ┆ f64  ┆ str ┆ str   │
+    #   # ╞══════╪══════╪═════╪═══════╡
+    #   # │ 1    ┆ 6.0  ┆ a   ┆ x     │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2    ┆ 7.0  ┆ b   ┆ y     │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ null ┆ null ┆ d   ┆ z     │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3    ┆ 8.0  ┆ c   ┆ null  │
+    #   # └──────┴──────┴─────┴───────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.join(other_df, on: "ham", how: "left")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 4)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┬───────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham ┆ apple │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---   │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64 ┆ str ┆ str   │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╪═══════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 6.0 ┆ a   ┆ x     │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 7.0 ┆ b   ┆ y     │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 8.0 ┆ c   ┆ null  │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┴───────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.join(other_df, on: "ham", how: "semi")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 6.0 ┆ a   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 7.0 ┆ b   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.join(other_df, on: "ham", how: "anti")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 8.0 ┆ c   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def join(other, left_on: nil, right_on: nil, on: nil, how: "inner", suffix: "_right")
+      lazy
+        .join(
+          other.lazy,
+          left_on: left_on,
+          right_on: right_on,
+          on: on,
+          how: how,
+          suffix: suffix,
+        )
+        .collect(no_optimization: true)
+    end
+
+    # Apply a custom/user-defined function (UDF) over the rows of the DataFrame.
+    #
+    # The UDF will receive each row as a tuple of values: `udf(row)`.
+    #
+    # Implementing logic using a Ruby function is almost always _significantly_
+    # slower and more memory intensive than implementing the same logic using
+    # the native expression API because:
+    #
+    # - The native expression engine runs in Rust; UDFs run in Ruby.
+    # - Use of Ruby UDFs forces the DataFrame to be materialized in memory.
+    # - Polars-native expressions can be parallelised (UDFs cannot).
+    # - Polars-native expressions can be logically optimised (UDFs cannot).
+    #
+    # Wherever possible you should strongly prefer the native expression API
+    # to achieve the best performance.
+    #
+    # @param return_dtype [Symbol]
+    #   Output type of the operation. If none given, Polars tries to infer the type.
+    # @param inference_size [Integer]
+    #   Only used in the case when the custom function returns rows.
+    #   This uses the first `n` rows to determine the output schema
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    #
+    # @note
+    #   The frame-level `apply` cannot track column names (as the UDF is a black-box
+    #   that may arbitrarily drop, rearrange, transform, or add new columns); if you
+    #   want to apply a UDF such that column names are preserved, you should use the
+    #   expression-level `apply` syntax instead.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"foo" => [1, 2, 3], "bar" => [-1, 5, 8]})
+    #
+    # @example Return a DataFrame by mapping each row to a tuple:
+    #   df.apply { |t| [t[0] * 2, t[1] * 3] }
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 2)
+    #   # ┌──────────┬──────────┐
+    #   # │ column_0 ┆ column_1 │
+    #   # │ ---      ┆ ---      │
+    #   # │ i64      ┆ i64      │
+    #   # ╞══════════╪══════════╡
+    #   # │ 2        ┆ -3       │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 4        ┆ 15       │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 6        ┆ 24       │
+    #   # └──────────┴──────────┘
+    #
+    # @example Return a Series by mapping each row to a scalar:
+    #   df.apply { |t| t[0] * 2 + t[1] }
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 1)
+    #   # ┌───────┐
+    #   # │ apply │
+    #   # │ ---   │
+    #   # │ i64   │
+    #   # ╞═══════╡
+    #   # │ 1     │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 9     │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 14    │
+    #   # └───────┘
+    def apply(return_dtype: nil, inference_size: 256, &f)
+      out, is_df = _df.apply(f, return_dtype, inference_size)
+      if is_df
+        _from_rbdf(out)
+      else
+        _from_rbdf(Utils.wrap_s(out).to_frame._df)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Return a new DataFrame with the column added or replaced.
+    #
+    # @param column [Object]
+    #   Series, where the name of the Series refers to the column in the DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example Added
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [1, 3, 5],
+    #       "b" => [2, 4, 6]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.with_column((Polars.col("b") ** 2).alias("b_squared"))
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬───────────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b   ┆ b_squared │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---       │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ f64       │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═══════════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 2   ┆ 4.0       │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 4   ┆ 16.0      │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 5   ┆ 6   ┆ 36.0      │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴───────────┘
+    #
+    # @example Replaced
+    #   df.with_column(Polars.col("a") ** 2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 2)
+    #   # ┌──────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ a    ┆ b   │
+    #   # │ ---  ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ f64  ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞══════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1.0  ┆ 2   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 9.0  ┆ 4   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 25.0 ┆ 6   │
+    #   # └──────┴─────┘
+    def with_column(column)
+      lazy
+        .with_column(column)
+        .collect(no_optimization: true, string_cache: false)
+    end
+
+    # Return a new DataFrame grown horizontally by stacking multiple Series to it.
+    #
+    # @param columns [Object]
+    #   Series to stack.
+    # @param in_place [Boolean]
+    #   Modify in place.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 8],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   x = Polars::Series.new("apple", [10, 20, 30])
+    #   df.hstack([x])
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 4)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┬───────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham ┆ apple │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---   │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str ┆ i64   │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╪═══════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 6   ┆ a   ┆ 10    │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 7   ┆ b   ┆ 20    │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 8   ┆ c   ┆ 30    │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┴───────┘
+    def hstack(columns, in_place: false)
+      if !columns.is_a?(Array)
+        columns = columns.get_columns
+      end
+      if in_place
+        _df.hstack_mut(columns.map(&:_s))
+        self
+      else
+        _from_rbdf(_df.hstack(columns.map(&:_s)))
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Grow this DataFrame vertically by stacking a DataFrame to it.
+    #
+    # @param df [DataFrame]
+    #   DataFrame to stack.
+    # @param in_place [Boolean]
+    #   Modify in place
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df1 = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df2 = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [3, 4],
+    #       "bar" => [8, 9],
+    #       "ham" => ["c", "d"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df1.vstack(df2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 6   ┆ a   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 7   ┆ b   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 8   ┆ c   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 4   ┆ 9   ┆ d   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def vstack(df, in_place: false)
+      if in_place
+        _df.vstack_mut(df._df)
+        self
+      else
+        _from_rbdf(_df.vstack(df._df))
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Extend the memory backed by this `DataFrame` with the values from `other`.
+    #
+    # Different from `vstack` which adds the chunks from `other` to the chunks of this
+    # `DataFrame` `extend` appends the data from `other` to the underlying memory
+    # locations and thus may cause a reallocation.
+    #
+    # If this does not cause a reallocation, the resulting data structure will not
+    # have any extra chunks and thus will yield faster queries.
+    #
+    # Prefer `extend` over `vstack` when you want to do a query after a single append.
+    # For instance during online operations where you add `n` rows and rerun a query.
+    #
+    # Prefer `vstack` over `extend` when you want to append many times before doing a
+    # query. For instance when you read in multiple files and when to store them in a
+    # single `DataFrame`. In the latter case, finish the sequence of `vstack`
+    # operations with a `rechunk`.
+    #
+    # @param other [DataFrame]
+    #   DataFrame to vertically add.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df1 = Polars::DataFrame.new({"foo" => [1, 2, 3], "bar" => [4, 5, 6]})
+    #   df2 = Polars::DataFrame.new({"foo" => [10, 20, 30], "bar" => [40, 50, 60]})
+    #   df1.extend(df2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (6, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 4   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 5   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 6   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 10  ┆ 40  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 20  ┆ 50  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 30  ┆ 60  │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    def extend(other)
+      _df.extend(other._df)
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Remove column from DataFrame and return as new.
+    #
+    # @param columns [Object]
+    #   Column(s) to drop.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6.0, 7.0, 8.0],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.drop("ham")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 6.0 │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 7.0 │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 8.0 │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    def drop(columns)
+      if columns.is_a?(Array)
+        df = clone
+        columns.each do |n|
+          df._df.drop_in_place(n)
+        end
+        df
+      else
+        _from_rbdf(_df.drop(columns))
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Drop in place.
+    #
+    # @param name [Object]
+    #   Column to drop.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 8],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.drop_in_place("ham")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'ham' [str]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         "a"
+    #   #         "b"
+    #   #         "c"
+    #   # ]
+    def drop_in_place(name)
+      Utils.wrap_s(_df.drop_in_place(name))
+    end
+
+    # Create an empty copy of the current DataFrame.
+    #
+    # Returns a DataFrame with identical schema but no data.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [nil, 2, 3, 4],
+    #       "b" => [0.5, nil, 2.5, 13],
+    #       "c" => [true, true, false, nil]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.cleared
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (0, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b   ┆ c    │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64 ┆ bool │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪══════╡
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴──────┘
+    def cleared
+      height > 0 ? head(0) : clone
+    end
+
+    # clone handled by initialize_copy
+
+    # Get the DataFrame as a Array of Series.
+    #
+    # @return [Array]
+    def get_columns
+      _df.get_columns.map { |s| Utils.wrap_s(s) }
+    end
+
+    # Get a single column as Series by name.
+    #
+    # @param name [String]
+    #   Name of the column to retrieve.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"foo" => [1, 2, 3], "bar" => [4, 5, 6]})
+    #   df.get_column("foo")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'foo' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         3
+    #   # ]
+    def get_column(name)
+      self[name]
+    end
+
+    # Fill null values using the specified value or strategy.
+    #
+    # @param value [Numeric]
+    #   Value used to fill null values.
+    # @param strategy [nil, "forward", "backward", "min", "max", "mean", "zero", "one"]
+    #   Strategy used to fill null values.
+    # @param limit [Integer]
+    #   Number of consecutive null values to fill when using the 'forward' or
+    #   'backward' strategy.
+    # @param matches_supertype [Boolean]
+    #   Fill all matching supertype of the fill `value`.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [1, 2, nil, 4],
+    #       "b" => [0.5, 4, nil, 13]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.fill_null(99)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b    │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64  │
+    #   # ╞═════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 0.5  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 4.0  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 99  ┆ 99.0 │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 4   ┆ 13.0 │
+    #   # └─────┴──────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.fill_null(strategy: "forward")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b    │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64  │
+    #   # ╞═════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 0.5  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 4.0  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 4.0  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 4   ┆ 13.0 │
+    #   # └─────┴──────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.fill_null(strategy: "max")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b    │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64  │
+    #   # ╞═════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 0.5  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 4.0  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 4   ┆ 13.0 │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 4   ┆ 13.0 │
+    #   # └─────┴──────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.fill_null(strategy: "zero")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b    │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64  │
+    #   # ╞═════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 0.5  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 4.0  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 0   ┆ 0.0  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 4   ┆ 13.0 │
+    #   # └─────┴──────┘
+    def fill_null(value = nil, strategy: nil, limit: nil, matches_supertype: true)
+      _from_rbdf(
+        lazy
+          .fill_null(value, strategy: strategy, limit: limit, matches_supertype: matches_supertype)
+          .collect(no_optimization: true)
+          ._df
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Fill floating point NaN values by an Expression evaluation.
+    #
+    # @param fill_value [Object]
+    #   Value to fill NaN with.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @note
+    #   Note that floating point NaNs (Not a Number) are not missing values!
+    #   To replace missing values, use `fill_null`.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [1.5, 2, Float::NAN, 4],
+    #       "b" => [0.5, 4, Float::NAN, 13]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.fill_nan(99)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 2)
+    #   # ┌──────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ a    ┆ b    │
+    #   # │ ---  ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ f64  ┆ f64  │
+    #   # ╞══════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ 1.5  ┆ 0.5  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2.0  ┆ 4.0  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 99.0 ┆ 99.0 │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 4.0  ┆ 13.0 │
+    #   # └──────┴──────┘
+    def fill_nan(fill_value)
+      lazy.fill_nan(fill_value).collect(no_optimization: true)
+    end
+
+    # Explode `DataFrame` to long format by exploding a column with Lists.
+    #
+    # @param columns [Object]
+    #   Column of LargeList type.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "letters" => ["a", "a", "b", "c"],
+    #       "numbers" => [[1], [2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7, 8]]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.explode("numbers")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (8, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────────┬─────────┐
+    #   # │ letters ┆ numbers │
+    #   # │ ---     ┆ ---     │
+    #   # │ str     ┆ i64     │
+    #   # ╞═════════╪═════════╡
+    #   # │ a       ┆ 1       │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ a       ┆ 2       │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ a       ┆ 3       │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ b       ┆ 4       │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ b       ┆ 5       │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ c       ┆ 6       │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ c       ┆ 7       │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ c       ┆ 8       │
+    #   # └─────────┴─────────┘
+    def explode(columns)
+      lazy.explode(columns).collect(no_optimization: true)
+    end
+
+    # Create a spreadsheet-style pivot table as a DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @param values [Object]
+    #   Column values to aggregate. Can be multiple columns if the *columns*
+    #   arguments contains multiple columns as well
+    # @param index [Object]
+    #   One or multiple keys to group by
+    # @param columns [Object]
+    #   Columns whose values will be used as the header of the output DataFrame
+    # @param aggregate_fn ["first", "sum", "max", "min", "mean", "median", "last", "count"]
+    #   A predefined aggregate function str or an expression.
+    # @param maintain_order [Object]
+    #   Sort the grouped keys so that the output order is predictable.
+    # @param sort_columns [Object]
+    #   Sort the transposed columns by name. Default is by order of discovery.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => ["one", "one", "one", "two", "two", "two"],
+    #       "bar" => ["A", "B", "C", "A", "B", "C"],
+    #       "baz" => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.pivot(values: "baz", index: "foo", columns: "bar")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 4)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ A   ┆ B   ┆ C   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ str ┆ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ one ┆ 1   ┆ 2   ┆ 3   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ two ┆ 4   ┆ 5   ┆ 6   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def pivot(
+      values:,
+      index:,
+      columns:,
+      aggregate_fn: "first",
+      maintain_order: true,
+      sort_columns: false
+    )
+      if values.is_a?(String)
+        values = [values]
+      end
+      if index.is_a?(String)
+        index = [index]
+      end
+      if columns.is_a?(String)
+        columns = [columns]
+      end
+
+      if aggregate_fn.is_a?(String)
+        case aggregate_fn
+        when "first"
+          aggregate_fn = Polars.element.first
+        when "sum"
+          aggregate_fn = Polars.element.sum
+        when "max"
+          aggregate_fn = Polars.element.max
+        when "min"
+          aggregate_fn = Polars.element.min
+        when "mean"
+          aggregate_fn = Polars.element.mean
+        when "median"
+          aggregate_fn = Polars.element.median
+        when "last"
+          aggregate_fn = Polars.element.last
+        when "count"
+          aggregate_fn = Polars.count
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "Argument aggregate fn: '#{aggregate_fn}' was not expected."
+        end
+      end
+
+      _from_rbdf(
+        _df.pivot_expr(
+          values,
+          index,
+          columns,
+          aggregate_fn._rbexpr,
+          maintain_order,
+          sort_columns
+        )
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Unpivot a DataFrame from wide to long format.
+    #
+    # Optionally leaves identifiers set.
+    #
+    # This function is useful to massage a DataFrame into a format where one or more
+    # columns are identifier variables (id_vars), while all other columns, considered
+    # measured variables (value_vars), are "unpivoted" to the row axis, leaving just
+    # two non-identifier columns, 'variable' and 'value'.
+    #
+    # @param id_vars [Object]
+    #   Columns to use as identifier variables.
+    # @param value_vars [Object]
+    #   Values to use as identifier variables.
+    #   If `value_vars` is empty all columns that are not in `id_vars` will be used.
+    # @param variable_name [String]
+    #   Name to give to the `value` column. Defaults to "variable"
+    # @param value_name [String]
+    #   Name to give to the `value` column. Defaults to "value"
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => ["x", "y", "z"],
+    #       "b" => [1, 3, 5],
+    #       "c" => [2, 4, 6]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.melt(id_vars: "a", value_vars: ["b", "c"])
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (6, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬──────────┬───────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ variable ┆ value │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ ---      ┆ ---   │
+    #   # │ str ┆ str      ┆ i64   │
+    #   # ╞═════╪══════════╪═══════╡
+    #   # │ x   ┆ b        ┆ 1     │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ y   ┆ b        ┆ 3     │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ z   ┆ b        ┆ 5     │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ x   ┆ c        ┆ 2     │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ y   ┆ c        ┆ 4     │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ z   ┆ c        ┆ 6     │
+    #   # └─────┴──────────┴───────┘
+    def melt(id_vars: nil, value_vars: nil, variable_name: nil, value_name: nil)
+      if value_vars.is_a?(String)
+        value_vars = [value_vars]
+      end
+      if id_vars.is_a?(String)
+        id_vars = [id_vars]
+      end
+      if value_vars.nil?
+        value_vars = []
+      end
+      if id_vars.nil?
+        id_vars = []
+      end
+      _from_rbdf(
+        _df.melt(id_vars, value_vars, value_name, variable_name)
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Unstack a long table to a wide form without doing an aggregation.
+    #
+    # This can be much faster than a pivot, because it can skip the grouping phase.
+    #
+    # @note
+    #   This functionality is experimental and may be subject to changes
+    #   without it being considered a breaking change.
+    #
+    # @param step Integer
+    #   Number of rows in the unstacked frame.
+    # @param how ["vertical", "horizontal"]
+    #   Direction of the unstack.
+    # @param columns [Object]
+    #   Column to include in the operation.
+    # @param fill_values [Object]
+    #   Fill values that don't fit the new size with this value.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "col1" => "A".."I",
+    #       "col2" => Polars.arange(0, 9, eager: true)
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (9, 2)
+    #   # ┌──────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ col1 ┆ col2 │
+    #   # │ ---  ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ str  ┆ i64  │
+    #   # ╞══════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ A    ┆ 0    │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ B    ┆ 1    │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ C    ┆ 2    │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ D    ┆ 3    │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ ...  ┆ ...  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ F    ┆ 5    │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ G    ┆ 6    │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ H    ┆ 7    │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ I    ┆ 8    │
+    #   # └──────┴──────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.unstack(step: 3, how: "vertical")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 6)
+    #   # ┌────────┬────────┬────────┬────────┬────────┬────────┐
+    #   # │ col1_0 ┆ col1_1 ┆ col1_2 ┆ col2_0 ┆ col2_1 ┆ col2_2 │
+    #   # │ ---    ┆ ---    ┆ ---    ┆ ---    ┆ ---    ┆ ---    │
+    #   # │ str    ┆ str    ┆ str    ┆ i64    ┆ i64    ┆ i64    │
+    #   # ╞════════╪════════╪════════╪════════╪════════╪════════╡
+    #   # │ A      ┆ D      ┆ G      ┆ 0      ┆ 3      ┆ 6      │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ B      ┆ E      ┆ H      ┆ 1      ┆ 4      ┆ 7      │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ C      ┆ F      ┆ I      ┆ 2      ┆ 5      ┆ 8      │
+    #   # └────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.unstack(step: 3, how: "horizontal")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 6)
+    #   # ┌────────┬────────┬────────┬────────┬────────┬────────┐
+    #   # │ col1_0 ┆ col1_1 ┆ col1_2 ┆ col2_0 ┆ col2_1 ┆ col2_2 │
+    #   # │ ---    ┆ ---    ┆ ---    ┆ ---    ┆ ---    ┆ ---    │
+    #   # │ str    ┆ str    ┆ str    ┆ i64    ┆ i64    ┆ i64    │
+    #   # ╞════════╪════════╪════════╪════════╪════════╪════════╡
+    #   # │ A      ┆ B      ┆ C      ┆ 0      ┆ 1      ┆ 2      │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ D      ┆ E      ┆ F      ┆ 3      ┆ 4      ┆ 5      │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ G      ┆ H      ┆ I      ┆ 6      ┆ 7      ┆ 8      │
+    #   # └────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┘
+    def unstack(step:, how: "vertical", columns: nil, fill_values: nil)
+      if !columns.nil?
+        df = select(columns)
+      else
+        df = self
+      end
+
+      height = df.height
+      if how == "vertical"
+        n_rows = step
+        n_cols = (height / n_rows.to_f).ceil
+      else
+        n_cols = step
+        n_rows = (height / n_cols.to_f).ceil
+      end
+
+      n_fill = n_cols * n_rows - height
+
+      if n_fill > 0
+        if !fill_values.is_a?(Array)
+          fill_values = [fill_values] * df.width
+        end
+
+        df = df.select(
+          df.get_columns.zip(fill_values).map do |s, next_fill|
+            s.extend_constant(next_fill, n_fill)
+          end
+        )
+      end
+
+      if how == "horizontal"
+        df = (
+          df.with_column(
+            (Polars.arange(0, n_cols * n_rows, eager: true) % n_cols).alias(
+              "__sort_order"
+            )
+          )
+          .sort("__sort_order")
+          .drop("__sort_order")
+        )
+      end
+
+      zfill_val = Math.log10(n_cols).floor + 1
+      slices =
+        df.get_columns.flat_map do |s|
+          n_cols.times.map do |slice_nbr|
+            s.slice(slice_nbr * n_rows, n_rows).alias("%s_%0#{zfill_val}d" % [s.name, slice_nbr])
+          end
+        end
+
+      _from_rbdf(DataFrame.new(slices)._df)
+    end
+
+    # Split into multiple DataFrames partitioned by groups.
+    #
+    # @param groups [Object]
+    #   Groups to partition by.
+    # @param maintain_order [Boolean]
+    #   Keep predictable output order. This is slower as it requires an extra sort
+    #   operation.
+    # @param as_dict [Boolean]
+    #   If true, return the partitions in a dictionary keyed by the distinct group
+    #   values instead of a list.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => ["A", "A", "B", "B", "C"],
+    #       "N" => [1, 2, 2, 4, 2],
+    #       "bar" => ["k", "l", "m", "m", "l"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.partition_by("foo", maintain_order: true)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # [shape: (2, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ N   ┆ bar │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ str ┆ i64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ A   ┆ 1   ┆ k   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ A   ┆ 2   ┆ l   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘, shape: (2, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ N   ┆ bar │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ str ┆ i64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ B   ┆ 2   ┆ m   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ B   ┆ 4   ┆ m   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘, shape: (1, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ N   ┆ bar │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ str ┆ i64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ C   ┆ 2   ┆ l   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.partition_by("foo", maintain_order: true, as_dict: true)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # {"A"=>shape: (2, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ N   ┆ bar │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ str ┆ i64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ A   ┆ 1   ┆ k   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ A   ┆ 2   ┆ l   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘, "B"=>shape: (2, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ N   ┆ bar │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ str ┆ i64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ B   ┆ 2   ┆ m   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ B   ┆ 4   ┆ m   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘, "C"=>shape: (1, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ N   ┆ bar │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ str ┆ i64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ C   ┆ 2   ┆ l   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘}
+    def partition_by(groups, maintain_order: true, as_dict: false)
+      if groups.is_a?(String)
+        groups = [groups]
+      elsif !groups.is_a?(Array)
+        groups = Array(groups)
+      end
+
+      if as_dict
+        out = {}
+        if groups.length == 1
+          _df.partition_by(groups, maintain_order).each do |df|
+            df = _from_rbdf(df)
+            out[df[groups][0, 0]] = df
+          end
+        else
+          _df.partition_by(groups, maintain_order).each do |df|
+            df = _from_rbdf(df)
+            out[df[groups].row(0)] = df
+          end
+        end
+        out
+      else
+        _df.partition_by(groups, maintain_order).map { |df| _from_rbdf(df) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Shift values by the given period.
+    #
+    # @param periods [Integer]
+    #   Number of places to shift (may be negative).
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 8],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.shift(1)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 3)
+    #   # ┌──────┬──────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ foo  ┆ bar  ┆ ham  │
+    #   # │ ---  ┆ ---  ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ i64  ┆ i64  ┆ str  │
+    #   # ╞══════╪══════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ null ┆ null ┆ null │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 1    ┆ 6    ┆ a    │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2    ┆ 7    ┆ b    │
+    #   # └──────┴──────┴──────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.shift(-1)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 3)
+    #   # ┌──────┬──────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ foo  ┆ bar  ┆ ham  │
+    #   # │ ---  ┆ ---  ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ i64  ┆ i64  ┆ str  │
+    #   # ╞══════╪══════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ 2    ┆ 7    ┆ b    │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3    ┆ 8    ┆ c    │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ null ┆ null ┆ null │
+    #   # └──────┴──────┴──────┘
+    def shift(periods)
+      _from_rbdf(_df.shift(periods))
+    end
+
+    # Shift the values by a given period and fill the resulting null values.
+    #
+    # @param periods [Integer]
+    #   Number of places to shift (may be negative).
+    # @param fill_value [Object]
+    #   fill nil values with this value.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 8],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.shift_and_fill(1, 0)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 0   ┆ 0   ┆ 0   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 6   ┆ a   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 7   ┆ b   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def shift_and_fill(periods, fill_value)
+      lazy
+        .shift_and_fill(periods, fill_value)
+        .collect(no_optimization: true, string_cache: false)
+    end
+
+    # Get a mask of all duplicated rows in this DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [1, 2, 3, 1],
+    #       "b" => ["x", "y", "z", "x"],
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.is_duplicated
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4,)
+    #   # Series: '' [bool]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         false
+    #   #         false
+    #   #         true
+    #   # ]
+    def is_duplicated
+      Utils.wrap_s(_df.is_duplicated)
+    end
+
+    # Get a mask of all unique rows in this DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [1, 2, 3, 1],
+    #       "b" => ["x", "y", "z", "x"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.is_unique
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4,)
+    #   # Series: '' [bool]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         false
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         false
+    #   # ]
+    def is_unique
+      Utils.wrap_s(_df.is_unique)
+    end
+
+    # Start a lazy query from this point.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    def lazy
+      wrap_ldf(_df.lazy)
+    end
+
+    # Select columns from this DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @param exprs [Object]
+    #   Column or columns to select.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 8],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.select("foo")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 1)
+    #   # ┌─────┐
+    #   # │ foo │
+    #   # │ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3   │
+    #   # └─────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.select(["foo", "bar"])
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 6   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 7   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 8   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.select(Polars.col("foo") + 1)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 1)
+    #   # ┌─────┐
+    #   # │ foo │
+    #   # │ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╡
+    #   # │ 2   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 4   │
+    #   # └─────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.select([Polars.col("foo") + 1, Polars.col("bar") + 1])
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 7   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 8   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 4   ┆ 9   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.select(Polars.when(Polars.col("foo") > 2).then(10).otherwise(0))
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 1)
+    #   # ┌─────────┐
+    #   # │ literal │
+    #   # │ ---     │
+    #   # │ i64     │
+    #   # ╞═════════╡
+    #   # │ 0       │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 0       │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 10      │
+    #   # └─────────┘
+    def select(exprs)
+      _from_rbdf(
+        lazy
+          .select(exprs)
+          .collect(no_optimization: true, string_cache: false)
+          ._df
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Add or overwrite multiple columns in a DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @param exprs [Array]
+    #   Array of Expressions that evaluate to columns.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [1, 2, 3, 4],
+    #       "b" => [0.5, 4, 10, 13],
+    #       "c" => [true, true, false, true]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.with_columns(
+    #     [
+    #       (Polars.col("a") ** 2).alias("a^2"),
+    #       (Polars.col("b") / 2).alias("b/2"),
+    #       (Polars.col("c").is_not).alias("not c")
+    #     ]
+    #   )
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 6)
+    #   # ┌─────┬──────┬───────┬──────┬──────┬───────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b    ┆ c     ┆ a^2  ┆ b/2  ┆ not c │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ ---  ┆ ---   ┆ ---  ┆ ---  ┆ ---   │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64  ┆ bool  ┆ f64  ┆ f64  ┆ bool  │
+    #   # ╞═════╪══════╪═══════╪══════╪══════╪═══════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 0.5  ┆ true  ┆ 1.0  ┆ 0.25 ┆ false │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 4.0  ┆ true  ┆ 4.0  ┆ 2.0  ┆ false │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 10.0 ┆ false ┆ 9.0  ┆ 5.0  ┆ true  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 4   ┆ 13.0 ┆ true  ┆ 16.0 ┆ 6.5  ┆ false │
+    #   # └─────┴──────┴───────┴──────┴──────┴───────┘
+    def with_columns(exprs)
+      if !exprs.nil? && !exprs.is_a?(Array)
+        exprs = [exprs]
+      end
+      lazy
+        .with_columns(exprs)
+        .collect(no_optimization: true, string_cache: false)
+    end
+
+    # Get number of chunks used by the ChunkedArrays of this DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @param strategy ["first", "all"]
+    #   Return the number of chunks of the 'first' column,
+    #   or 'all' columns in this DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [1, 2, 3, 4],
+    #       "b" => [0.5, 4, 10, 13],
+    #       "c" => [true, true, false, true]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.n_chunks
+    #   # => 1
+    #   df.n_chunks(strategy: "all")
+    #   # => [1, 1, 1]
+    def n_chunks(strategy: "first")
+      if strategy == "first"
+        _df.n_chunks
+      elsif strategy == "all"
+        get_columns.map(&:n_chunks)
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "Strategy: '{strategy}' not understood. Choose one of {{'first',  'all'}}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their maximum value.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 8],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.max
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 8   ┆ c   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def max(axis: 0)
+      if axis == 0
+        _from_rbdf(_df.max)
+      elsif axis == 1
+        Utils.wrap_s(_df.hmax)
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "Axis should be 0 or 1."
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their minimum value.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 8],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.min
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 6   ┆ a   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def min(axis: 0)
+      if axis == 0
+        _from_rbdf(_df.min)
+      elsif axis == 1
+        Utils.wrap_s(_df.hmin)
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "Axis should be 0 or 1."
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their sum value.
+    #
+    # @param axis [Integer]
+    #   Either 0 or 1.
+    # @param null_strategy ["ignore", "propagate"]
+    #   This argument is only used if axis == 1.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 8],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"],
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.sum
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham  │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str  │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ 6   ┆ 21  ┆ null │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴──────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.sum(axis: 1)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'foo' [str]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         "16a"
+    #   #         "27b"
+    #   #         "38c"
+    #   # ]
+    def sum(axis: 0, null_strategy: "ignore")
+      case axis
+      when 0
+        _from_rbdf(_df.sum)
+      when 1
+        Utils.wrap_s(_df.hsum(null_strategy))
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "Axis should be 0 or 1."
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their mean value.
+    #
+    # @param axis [Integer]
+    #   Either 0 or 1.
+    # @param null_strategy ["ignore", "propagate"]
+    #   This argument is only used if axis == 1.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 8],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.mean
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham  │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ f64 ┆ f64 ┆ str  │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ 2.0 ┆ 7.0 ┆ null │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴──────┘
+    def mean(axis: 0, null_strategy: "ignore")
+      case axis
+      when 0
+        _from_rbdf(_df.mean)
+      when 1
+        Utils.wrap_s(_df.hmean(null_strategy))
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "Axis should be 0 or 1."
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their standard deviation value.
+    #
+    # @param ddof [Integer]
+    #   Degrees of freedom
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 8],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.std
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham  │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ f64 ┆ f64 ┆ str  │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ 1.0 ┆ 1.0 ┆ null │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴──────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.std(ddof: 0)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 3)
+    #   # ┌──────────┬──────────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ foo      ┆ bar      ┆ ham  │
+    #   # │ ---      ┆ ---      ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ f64      ┆ f64      ┆ str  │
+    #   # ╞══════════╪══════════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ 0.816497 ┆ 0.816497 ┆ null │
+    #   # └──────────┴──────────┴──────┘
+    def std(ddof: 1)
+      _from_rbdf(_df.std(ddof))
+    end
+
+    # Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their variance value.
+    #
+    # @param ddof [Integer]
+    #   Degrees of freedom
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 8],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.var
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham  │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ f64 ┆ f64 ┆ str  │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ 1.0 ┆ 1.0 ┆ null │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴──────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.var(ddof: 0)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 3)
+    #   # ┌──────────┬──────────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ foo      ┆ bar      ┆ ham  │
+    #   # │ ---      ┆ ---      ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ f64      ┆ f64      ┆ str  │
+    #   # ╞══════════╪══════════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ 0.666667 ┆ 0.666667 ┆ null │
+    #   # └──────────┴──────────┴──────┘
+    def var(ddof: 1)
+      _from_rbdf(_df.var(ddof))
+    end
+
+    # Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their median value.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 8],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.median
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham  │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ f64 ┆ f64 ┆ str  │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ 2.0 ┆ 7.0 ┆ null │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴──────┘
+    def median
+      _from_rbdf(_df.median)
+    end
+
+    # Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their product values.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "b" => [0.5, 4, 10],
+    #       "c" => [true, true, false]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.product
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬──────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b    ┆ c   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ ---  ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64  ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪══════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 6   ┆ 20.0 ┆ 0   │
+    #   # └─────┴──────┴─────┘
+    def product
+      select(Polars.all.product)
+    end
+
+    # Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their quantile value.
+    #
+    # @param quantile [Float]
+    #   Quantile between 0.0 and 1.0.
+    # @param interpolation ["nearest", "higher", "lower", "midpoint", "linear"]
+    #   Interpolation method.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 8],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.quantile(0.5, interpolation: "nearest")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham  │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ f64 ┆ f64 ┆ str  │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ 2.0 ┆ 7.0 ┆ null │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴──────┘
+    def quantile(quantile, interpolation: "nearest")
+      _from_rbdf(_df.quantile(quantile, interpolation))
+    end
+
+    # Get one hot encoded dummy variables.
+    #
+    # @param columns
+    #   A subset of columns to convert to dummy variables. `nil` means
+    #   "all columns".
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2],
+    #       "bar" => [3, 4],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.to_dummies
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 6)
+    #   # ┌───────┬───────┬───────┬───────┬───────┬───────┐
+    #   # │ foo_1 ┆ foo_2 ┆ bar_3 ┆ bar_4 ┆ ham_a ┆ ham_b │
+    #   # │ ---   ┆ ---   ┆ ---   ┆ ---   ┆ ---   ┆ ---   │
+    #   # │ u8    ┆ u8    ┆ u8    ┆ u8    ┆ u8    ┆ u8    │
+    #   # ╞═══════╪═══════╪═══════╪═══════╪═══════╪═══════╡
+    #   # │ 1     ┆ 0     ┆ 1     ┆ 0     ┆ 1     ┆ 0     │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 0     ┆ 1     ┆ 0     ┆ 1     ┆ 0     ┆ 1     │
+    #   # └───────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴───────┘
+    def to_dummies(columns: nil)
+      if columns.is_a?(String)
+        columns = [columns]
+      end
+      _from_rbdf(_df.to_dummies(columns))
+    end
+
+    # Drop duplicate rows from this DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @param maintain_order [Boolean]
+    #   Keep the same order as the original DataFrame. This requires more work to
+    #   compute.
+    # @param subset [Object]
+    #   Subset to use to compare rows.
+    # @param keep ["first", "last"]
+    #   Which of the duplicate rows to keep (in conjunction with `subset`).
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @note
+    #   Note that this fails if there is a column of type `List` in the DataFrame or
+    #   subset.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
+    #       "b" => [0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.0],
+    #       "c" => [true, true, true, false, true, true]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.unique
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬───────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b   ┆ c     │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---   │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64 ┆ bool  │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═══════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 0.5 ┆ true  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 1.0 ┆ true  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 2.0 ┆ false │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 4   ┆ 3.0 ┆ true  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 5   ┆ 3.0 ┆ true  │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴───────┘
+    def unique(maintain_order: true, subset: nil, keep: "first")
+      if !subset.nil?
+        if subset.is_a?(String)
+          subset = [subset]
+        elsif !subset.is_a?(Array)
+          subset = subset.to_a
+        end
+      end
+
+      _from_rbdf(_df.unique(maintain_order, subset, keep))
+    end
+
+    # Return the number of unique rows, or the number of unique row-subsets.
+    #
+    # @param subset [Object]
+    #   One or more columns/expressions that define what to count;
+    #   omit to return the count of unique rows.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
+    #       "b" => [0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.0],
+    #       "c" => [true, true, true, false, true, true]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.n_unique
+    #   # => 5
+    #
+    # @example Simple columns subset
+    #   df.n_unique(subset: ["b", "c"])
+    #   # => 4
+    #
+    # @example Expression subset
+    #   df.n_unique(
+    #     subset: [
+    #       (Polars.col("a").floordiv(2)),
+    #       (Polars.col("c") | (Polars.col("b") >= 2))
+    #     ]
+    #   )
+    #   # => 3
+    def n_unique(subset: nil)
+      if subset.is_a?(StringIO)
+        subset = [Polars.col(subset)]
+      elsif subset.is_a?(Expr)
+        subset = [subset]
+      end
+
+      if subset.is_a?(Array) && subset.length == 1
+        expr = Utils.expr_to_lit_or_expr(subset[0], str_to_lit: false)
+      else
+        struct_fields = subset.nil? ? Polars.all : subset
+        expr = Polars.struct(struct_fields)
+      end
+
+      df = lazy.select(expr.n_unique).collect
+      df.is_empty ? 0 : df.row(0)[0]
+    end
+
+    # Rechunk the data in this DataFrame to a contiguous allocation.
+
+    # This will make sure all subsequent operations have optimal and predictable
+    # performance.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    def rechunk
+      _from_rbdf(_df.rechunk)
+    end
+
+    # Create a new DataFrame that shows the null counts per column.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, nil, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, nil],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.null_count
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ u32 ┆ u32 ┆ u32 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 1   ┆ 0   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def null_count
+      _from_rbdf(_df.null_count)
+    end
+
+    # Sample from this DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @param n [Integer]
+    #   Number of items to return. Cannot be used with `frac`. Defaults to 1 if
+    #   `frac` is nil.
+    # @param frac [Float]
+    #   Fraction of items to return. Cannot be used with `n`.
+    # @param with_replacement [Boolean]
+    #   Allow values to be sampled more than once.
+    # @param shuffle [Boolean]
+    #   Shuffle the order of sampled data points.
+    # @param seed [Integer]
+    #   Seed for the random number generator. If set to nil (default), a random
+    #   seed is used.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 8],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.sample(n: 2, seed: 0)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 8   ┆ c   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 7   ┆ b   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def sample(
+      n: nil,
+      frac: nil,
+      with_replacement: false,
+      shuffle: false,
+      seed: nil
+    )
+      if !n.nil? && !frac.nil?
+        raise ArgumentError, "cannot specify both `n` and `frac`"
+      end
+
+      if n.nil? && !frac.nil?
+        _from_rbdf(
+          _df.sample_frac(frac, with_replacement, shuffle, seed)
+        )
+      end
+
+      if n.nil?
+        n = 1
+      end
+      _from_rbdf(_df.sample_n(n, with_replacement, shuffle, seed))
+    end
+
+    # Apply a horizontal reduction on a DataFrame.
+    #
+    # This can be used to effectively determine aggregations on a row level, and can
+    # be applied to any DataType that can be supercasted (casted to a similar parent
+    # type).
+    #
+    # An example of the supercast rules when applying an arithmetic operation on two
+    # DataTypes are for instance:
+    #
+    # i8 + str = str
+    # f32 + i64 = f32
+    # f32 + f64 = f64
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example A horizontal sum operation:
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [2, 1, 3],
+    #       "b" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "c" => [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.fold { |s1, s2| s1 + s2 }
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         4.0
+    #   #         5.0
+    #   #         9.0
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example A horizontal minimum operation:
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"a" => [2, 1, 3], "b" => [1, 2, 3], "c" => [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]})
+    #   df.fold { |s1, s2| s1.zip_with(s1 < s2, s2) }
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1.0
+    #   #         1.0
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example A horizontal string concatenation:
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => ["foo", "bar", 2],
+    #       "b" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "c" => [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.fold { |s1, s2| s1 + s2 }
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [str]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         "foo11.0"
+    #   #         "bar22.0"
+    #   #         null
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example A horizontal boolean or, similar to a row-wise .any():
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [false, false, true],
+    #       "b" => [false, true, false]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.fold { |s1, s2| s1 | s2 }
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [bool]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         false
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         true
+    #   # ]
+    def fold(&operation)
+      acc = to_series(0)
+
+      1.upto(width - 1) do |i|
+        acc = operation.call(acc, to_series(i))
+      end
+      acc
+    end
+
+    # Get a row as tuple, either by index or by predicate.
+    #
+    # @param index [Object]
+    #   Row index.
+    # @param by_predicate [Object]
+    #   Select the row according to a given expression/predicate.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    #
+    # @note
+    #   The `index` and `by_predicate` params are mutually exclusive. Additionally,
+    #   to ensure clarity, the `by_predicate` parameter must be supplied by keyword.
+    #
+    #   When using `by_predicate` it is an error condition if anything other than
+    #   one row is returned; more than one row raises `TooManyRowsReturned`, and
+    #   zero rows will raise `NoRowsReturned` (both inherit from `RowsException`).
+    #
+    # @example Return the row at the given index
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 8],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.row(2)
+    #   # => [3, 8, "c"]
+    #
+    # @example Return the row that matches the given predicate
+    #   df.row(by_predicate: Polars.col("ham") == "b")
+    #   # => [2, 7, "b"]
+    def row(index = nil, by_predicate: nil)
+      if !index.nil? && !by_predicate.nil?
+        raise ArgumentError, "Cannot set both 'index' and 'by_predicate'; mutually exclusive"
+      elsif index.is_a?(Expr)
+        raise TypeError, "Expressions should be passed to the 'by_predicate' param"
+      elsif index.is_a?(Integer)
+        _df.row_tuple(index)
+      elsif by_predicate.is_a?(Expr)
+        rows = filter(by_predicate).rows
+        n_rows = rows.length
+        if n_rows > 1
+          raise TooManyRowsReturned, "Predicate #{by_predicate} returned #{n_rows} rows"
+        elsif n_rows == 0
+          raise NoRowsReturned, "Predicate <{by_predicate!s}> returned no rows"
+        end
+        rows[0]
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "One of 'index' or 'by_predicate' must be set"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Convert columnar data to rows as Ruby arrays.
+    #
+    # @return [Array]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [1, 3, 5],
+    #       "b" => [2, 4, 6]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.rows
+    #   # => [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]
+    def rows
+      _df.row_tuples
+    end
+
+    # Shrink DataFrame memory usage.
+    #
+    # Shrinks to fit the exact capacity needed to hold the data.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    def shrink_to_fit(in_place: false)
+      if in_place
+        _df.shrink_to_fit
+        self
+      else
+        df = clone
+        df._df.shrink_to_fit
+        df
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Take every nth row in the DataFrame and return as a new DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::DataFrame.new({"a" => [1, 2, 3, 4], "b" => [5, 6, 7, 8]})
+    #   s.take_every(2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 5   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 7   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    def take_every(n)
+      select(Utils.col("*").take_every(n))
+    end
+
+    # Hash and combine the rows in this DataFrame.
+    #
+    # The hash value is of type `:u64`.
+    #
+    # @param seed [Integer]
+    #   Random seed parameter. Defaults to 0.
+    # @param seed_1 [Integer]
+    #   Random seed parameter. Defaults to `seed` if not set.
+    # @param seed_2 [Integer]
+    #   Random seed parameter. Defaults to `seed` if not set.
+    # @param seed_3 [Integer]
+    #   Random seed parameter. Defaults to `seed` if not set.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, nil, 3, 4],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", nil, "d"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.hash_rows(seed: 42)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4,)
+    #   # Series: '' [u64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         4238614331852490969
+    #   #         17976148875586754089
+    #   #         4702262519505526977
+    #   #         18144177983981041107
+    #   # ]
+    def hash_rows(seed: 0, seed_1: nil, seed_2: nil, seed_3: nil)
+      k0 = seed
+      k1 = seed_1.nil? ? seed : seed_1
+      k2 = seed_2.nil? ? seed : seed_2
+      k3 = seed_3.nil? ? seed : seed_3
+      Utils.wrap_s(_df.hash_rows(k0, k1, k2, k3))
+    end
+
+    # Interpolate intermediate values. The interpolation method is linear.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, nil, 9, 10],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 9, nil],
+    #       "baz" => [1, nil, nil, 9]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.interpolate
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬──────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar  ┆ baz │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ ---  ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64  ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪══════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 6    ┆ 1   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 5   ┆ 7    ┆ 3   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 9   ┆ 9    ┆ 6   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 10  ┆ null ┆ 9   │
+    #   # └─────┴──────┴─────┘
+    def interpolate
+      select(Utils.col("*").interpolate)
+    end
+
+    # Check if the dataframe is empty.
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"foo" => [1, 2, 3], "bar" => [4, 5, 6]})
+    #   df.is_empty
+    #   # => false
+    #   df.filter(Polars.col("foo") > 99).is_empty
+    #   # => true
+    def is_empty
+      height == 0
+    end
+    alias_method :empty?, :is_empty
+
+    # Convert a `DataFrame` to a `Series` of type `Struct`.
+    #
+    # @param name [String]
+    #   Name for the struct Series
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
+    #       "b" => ["one", "two", "three", "four", "five"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.to_struct("nums")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5,)
+    #   # Series: 'nums' [struct[2]]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         {1,"one"}
+    #   #         {2,"two"}
+    #   #         {3,"three"}
+    #   #         {4,"four"}
+    #   #         {5,"five"}
+    #   # ]
+    def to_struct(name)
+      Utils.wrap_s(_df.to_struct(name))
+    end
+
+    # Decompose a struct into its fields.
+    #
+    # The fields will be inserted into the `DataFrame` on the location of the
+    # `struct` type.
+    #
+    # @param names [Object]
+    #  Names of the struct columns that will be decomposed by its fields
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "before" => ["foo", "bar"],
+    #       "t_a" => [1, 2],
+    #       "t_b" => ["a", "b"],
+    #       "t_c" => [true, nil],
+    #       "t_d" => [[1, 2], [3]],
+    #       "after" => ["baz", "womp"]
+    #     }
+    #   ).select(["before", Polars.struct(Polars.col("^t_.$")).alias("t_struct"), "after"])
+    #   df.unnest("t_struct")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 6)
+    #   # ┌────────┬─────┬─────┬──────┬───────────┬───────┐
+    #   # │ before ┆ t_a ┆ t_b ┆ t_c  ┆ t_d       ┆ after │
+    #   # │ ---    ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---  ┆ ---       ┆ ---   │
+    #   # │ str    ┆ i64 ┆ str ┆ bool ┆ list[i64] ┆ str   │
+    #   # ╞════════╪═════╪═════╪══════╪═══════════╪═══════╡
+    #   # │ foo    ┆ 1   ┆ a   ┆ true ┆ [1, 2]    ┆ baz   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ bar    ┆ 2   ┆ b   ┆ null ┆ [3]       ┆ womp  │
+    #   # └────────┴─────┴─────┴──────┴───────────┴───────┘
+    def unnest(names)
+      if names.is_a?(String)
+        names = [names]
+      end
+      _from_rbdf(_df.unnest(names))
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def initialize_copy(other)
+      super
+      self._df = _df._clone
+    end
+
+    def _pos_idx(idx, dim)
+      if idx >= 0
+        idx
+      else
+        shape[dim] + idx
+      end
+    end
+
+    # def _pos_idxs
+    # end
+
+    # @private
+    def self.hash_to_rbdf(data, columns: nil)
+      if !columns.nil?
+        columns, dtypes = _unpack_columns(columns, lookup_names: data.keys)
+
+        if data.empty? && dtypes
+          data_series = columns.map { |name| Series.new(name, [], dtype: dtypes[name])._s }
+        else
+          data_series = data.map { |name, values| Series.new(name, values, dtype: dtypes[name])._s }
+        end
+        data_series = _handle_columns_arg(data_series, columns: columns)
+        return RbDataFrame.new(data_series)
+      end
+
+      RbDataFrame.read_hash(data)
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    def self._unpack_columns(columns, lookup_names: nil, n_expected: nil)
+      if columns.is_a?(Hash)
+        columns = columns.to_a
+      end
+      column_names =
+        (columns || []).map.with_index do |col, i|
+          if col.is_a?(String)
+            col || "column_#{i}"
+          else
+            col[0]
+          end
+        end
+      if column_names.empty? && n_expected
+        column_names = n_expected.times.map { |i| "column_#{i}" }
+      end
+      # TODO zip_longest
+      lookup = column_names.zip(lookup_names || []).to_h
+
+      [
+        column_names,
+        (columns || []).select { |col| !col.is_a?(String) && col[1] }.to_h do |col|
+          [lookup[col[0]] || col[0], col[1]]
+        end
+      ]
+    end
+
+    def self._handle_columns_arg(data, columns: nil)
+      if columns.nil?
+        data
+      else
+        if data.empty?
+          columns.map { |c| Series.new(c, nil)._s }
+        elsif data.length == columns.length
+          columns.each_with_index do |c, i|
+            # not in-place?
+            data[i].rename(c)
+          end
+          data
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "Dimensions of columns arg must match data dimensions."
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    def self.sequence_to_rbdf(data, columns: nil, orient: nil)
+      if data.length == 0
+        return hash_to_rbdf({}, columns: columns)
+      end
+
+      if data[0].is_a?(Series)
+        # series_names = data.map(&:name)
+        # columns, dtypes = _unpack_columns(columns || series_names, n_expected: data.length)
+        data_series = []
+        data.each do |s|
+          data_series << s._s
+        end
+      elsif data[0].is_a?(Array)
+        if orient.nil? && !columns.nil?
+          orient = columns.length == data.length ? "col" : "row"
+        end
+
+        if orient == "row"
+          raise Todo
+        elsif orient == "col" || orient.nil?
+          raise Todo
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "orient must be one of {{'col', 'row', nil}}, got #{orient} instead."
+        end
+      end
+
+      data_series = _handle_columns_arg(data_series, columns: columns)
+      RbDataFrame.new(data_series)
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    def self.series_to_rbdf(data, columns: nil)
+      if columns
+        raise Todo
+      end
+      RbDataFrame.new([data._s])
+    end
+
+    def wrap_ldf(ldf)
+      LazyFrame._from_rbldf(ldf)
+    end
+
+    def _from_rbdf(rb_df)
+      self.class._from_rbdf(rb_df)
+    end
+
+    def _comp(other, op)
+      if other.is_a?(DataFrame)
+        _compare_to_other_df(other, op)
+      else
+        _compare_to_non_df(other, op)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def _compare_to_other_df(other, op)
+      if columns != other.columns
+        raise ArgmentError, "DataFrame columns do not match"
+      end
+      if shape != other.shape
+        raise ArgmentError, "DataFrame dimensions do not match"
+      end
+
+      suffix = "__POLARS_CMP_OTHER"
+      other_renamed = other.select(Polars.all.suffix(suffix))
+      combined = Polars.concat([self, other_renamed], how: "horizontal")
+
+      expr = case op
+      when "eq"
+        columns.map { |n| Polars.col(n) == Polars.col("#{n}#{suffix}") }
+      when "neq"
+        columns.map { |n| Polars.col(n) != Polars.col("#{n}#{suffix}") }
+      when "gt"
+        columns.map { |n| Polars.col(n) > Polars.col("#{n}#{suffix}") }
+      when "lt"
+        columns.map { |n| Polars.col(n) < Polars.col("#{n}#{suffix}") }
+      when "gt_eq"
+        columns.map { |n| Polars.col(n) >= Polars.col("#{n}#{suffix}") }
+      when "lt_eq"
+        columns.map { |n| Polars.col(n) <= Polars.col("#{n}#{suffix}") }
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "got unexpected comparison operator: #{op}"
+      end
+
+      combined.select(expr)
+    end
+
+    def _compare_to_non_df(other, op)
+      case op
+      when "eq"
+        select(Polars.all == other)
+      when "neq"
+        select(Polars.all != other)
+      when "gt"
+        select(Polars.all > other)
+      when "lt"
+        select(Polars.all < other)
+      when "gt_eq"
+        select(Polars.all >= other)
+      when "lt_eq"
+        select(Polars.all <= other)
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "got unexpected comparison operator: #{op}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def _prepare_other_arg(other)
+      if !other.is_a?(Series)
+        if other.is_a?(Array)
+          raise ArgumentError, "Operation not supported."
+        end
+
+        other = Series.new("", [other])
+      end
+      other
+    end
+  end
+end