polars-df 0.2.0-arm64-darwin

data/lib/polars/lazy_functions.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1195 @@
+module Polars
+  module LazyFunctions
+    # Return an expression representing a column in a DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @return [Expr]
+    def col(name)
+      if name.is_a?(Series)
+        name = name.to_a
+      end
+
+      if name.is_a?(Class) && name < DataType
+        name = [name]
+      end
+
+      if name.is_a?(DataType)
+        Utils.wrap_expr(_dtype_cols([name]))
+      elsif name.is_a?(Array)
+        if name.length == 0 || name[0].is_a?(String) || name[0].is_a?(Symbol)
+          name = name.map { |v| v.is_a?(Symbol) ? v.to_s : v }
+          Utils.wrap_expr(RbExpr.cols(name))
+        elsif Utils.is_polars_dtype(name[0])
+          Utils.wrap_expr(_dtype_cols(name))
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "Expected list values to be all `str` or all `DataType`"
+        end
+      else
+        name = name.to_s if name.is_a?(Symbol)
+        Utils.wrap_expr(RbExpr.col(name))
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Alias for an element in evaluated in an `eval` expression.
+    #
+    # @return [Expr]
+    #
+    # @example A horizontal rank computation by taking the elements of a list
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"a" => [1, 8, 3], "b" => [4, 5, 2]})
+    #   df.with_column(
+    #     Polars.concat_list(["a", "b"]).arr.eval(Polars.element.rank).alias("rank")
+    #   )
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬────────────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b   ┆ rank       │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---        │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ list[f32]  │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪════════════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 4   ┆ [1.0, 2.0] │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 8   ┆ 5   ┆ [2.0, 1.0] │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 2   ┆ [2.0, 1.0] │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴────────────┘
+    def element
+      col("")
+    end
+
+    # Count the number of values in this column/context.
+    #
+    # @param column [String, Series, nil]
+    #     If dtype is:
+    #
+    #     * `Series` : count the values in the series.
+    #     * `String` : count the values in this column.
+    #     * `None` : count the number of values in this context.
+    #
+    # @return [Expr, Integer]
+    def count(column = nil)
+      if column.nil?
+        return Utils.wrap_expr(RbExpr.count)
+      end
+
+      if column.is_a?(Series)
+        column.len
+      else
+        col(column).count
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Aggregate to list.
+    #
+    # @return [Expr]
+    def to_list(name)
+      col(name).list
+    end
+
+    # Get the standard deviation.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    def std(column, ddof: 1)
+      if column.is_a?(Series)
+        column.std(ddof: ddof)
+      else
+        col(column).std(ddof: ddof)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Get the variance.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    def var(column, ddof: 1)
+      if column.is_a?(Series)
+        column.var(ddof: ddof)
+      else
+        col(column).var(ddof: ddof)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Get the maximum value.
+    #
+    # @param column [Object]
+    #   Column(s) to be used in aggregation. Will lead to different behavior based on
+    #   the input:
+    #
+    #   - [String, Series] -> aggregate the maximum value of that column.
+    #   - [Array<Expr>] -> aggregate the maximum value horizontally.
+    #
+    # @return [Expr, Object]
+    def max(column)
+      if column.is_a?(Series)
+        column.max
+      elsif column.is_a?(String) || column.is_a?(Symbol)
+        col(column).max
+      else
+        exprs = Utils.selection_to_rbexpr_list(column)
+        # TODO
+        Utils.wrap_expr(_max_exprs(exprs))
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Get the minimum value.
+    #
+    # @param column [Object]
+    #   Column(s) to be used in aggregation. Will lead to different behavior based on
+    #   the input:
+    #
+    #   - [String, Series] -> aggregate the minimum value of that column.
+    #   - [Array<Expr>] -> aggregate the minimum value horizontally.
+    #
+    # @return [Expr, Object]
+    def min(column)
+      if column.is_a?(Series)
+        column.min
+      elsif column.is_a?(String) || column.is_a?(Symbol)
+        col(column).min
+      else
+        exprs = Utils.selection_to_rbexpr_list(column)
+        # TODO
+        Utils.wrap_expr(_min_exprs(exprs))
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Sum values in a column/Series, or horizontally across list of columns/expressions.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    def sum(column)
+      if column.is_a?(Series)
+        column.sum
+      elsif column.is_a?(String) || column.is_a?(Symbol)
+        col(column.to_s).sum
+      elsif column.is_a?(Array)
+        exprs = Utils.selection_to_rbexpr_list(column)
+        # TODO
+        Utils.wrap_expr(_sum_exprs(exprs))
+      else
+        fold(lit(0).cast(:u32), ->(a, b) { a + b }, column).alias("sum")
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Get the mean value.
+    #
+    # @return [Expr, Float]
+    def mean(column)
+      if column.is_a?(Series)
+        column.mean
+      else
+        col(column).mean
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Get the mean value.
+    #
+    # @return [Expr, Float]
+    def avg(column)
+      mean(column)
+    end
+
+    # Get the median value.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    def median(column)
+      if column.is_a?(Series)
+        column.median
+      else
+        col(column).median
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Count unique values.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    def n_unique(column)
+      if column.is_a?(Series)
+        column.n_unique
+      else
+        col(column).n_unique
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Get the first value.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    def first(column = nil)
+      if column.nil?
+        return Utils.wrap_expr(RbExpr.first)
+      end
+
+      if column.is_a?(Series)
+        if column.len > 0
+          column[0]
+        else
+          raise IndexError, "The series is empty, so no first value can be returned."
+        end
+      else
+        col(column).first
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Get the last value.
+    #
+    # Depending on the input type this function does different things:
+    #
+    # - nil -> expression to take last column of a context.
+    # - String -> syntactic sugar for `Polars.col(..).last`
+    # - Series -> Take last value in `Series`
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    def last(column = nil)
+      if column.nil?
+        return Utils.wrap_expr(_last)
+      end
+
+      if column.is_a?(Series)
+        if column.len > 0
+          return column[-1]
+        else
+          raise IndexError, "The series is empty, so no last value can be returned"
+        end
+      end
+      col(column).last
+    end
+
+    # Get the first `n` rows.
+    #
+    # @param column [Object]
+    #   Column name or Series.
+    # @param n [Integer]
+    #   Number of rows to return.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    def head(column, n = 10)
+      if column.is_a?(Series)
+        column.head(n)
+      else
+        col(column).head(n)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Get the last `n` rows.
+    #
+    # @param column [Object]
+    #   Column name or Series.
+    # @param n [Integer]
+    #   Number of rows to return.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    def tail(column, n = 10)
+      if column.is_a?(Series)
+        column.tail(n)
+      else
+        col(column).tail(n)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Return an expression representing a literal value.
+    #
+    # @return [Expr]
+    def lit(value)
+      if value.is_a?(Polars::Series)
+        name = value.name
+        value = value._s
+        e = Utils.wrap_expr(RbExpr.lit(value))
+        if name == ""
+          return e
+        end
+        return e.alias(name)
+      end
+
+      Utils.wrap_expr(RbExpr.lit(value))
+    end
+
+    # Cumulatively sum values in a column/Series, or horizontally across list of columns/expressions.
+    #
+    # @param column [Object]
+    #   Column(s) to be used in aggregation.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [1, 2],
+    #       "b" => [3, 4],
+    #       "c" => [5, 6]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b   ┆ c   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 3   ┆ 5   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 4   ┆ 6   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example Cumulatively sum a column by name:
+    #   df.select(Polars.cumsum("a"))
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 1)
+    #   # ┌─────┐
+    #   # │ a   │
+    #   # │ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3   │
+    #   # └─────┘
+    #
+    # @example Cumulatively sum a list of columns/expressions horizontally:
+    #   df.with_column(Polars.cumsum(["a", "c"]))
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 4)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┬───────────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b   ┆ c   ┆ cumsum    │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---       │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ struct[2] │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╪═══════════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 3   ┆ 5   ┆ {1,6}     │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 4   ┆ 6   ┆ {2,8}     │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┴───────────┘
+    def cumsum(column)
+      if column.is_a?(Series)
+        column.cumsum
+      elsif column.is_a?(String)
+        col(column).cumsum
+      else
+        cumfold(lit(0).cast(:u32), ->(a, b) { a + b }, column).alias("cumsum")
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Compute the spearman rank correlation between two columns.
+    #
+    # Missing data will be excluded from the computation.
+    #
+    # @param a [Object]
+    #   Column name or Expression.
+    # @param b [Object]
+    #   Column name or Expression.
+    # @param ddof [Integer]
+    #   Delta degrees of freedom
+    # @param propagate_nans [Boolean]
+    #   If `True` any `NaN` encountered will lead to `NaN` in the output.
+    #   Defaults to `False` where `NaN` are regarded as larger than any finite number
+    #   and thus lead to the highest rank.
+    #
+    # @return [Expr]
+    def spearman_rank_corr(a, b, ddof: 1, propagate_nans: false)
+      if a.is_a?(String)
+        a = col(a)
+      end
+      if b.is_a?(String)
+        b = col(b)
+      end
+      Utils.wrap_expr(RbExpr.spearman_rank_corr(a._rbexpr, b._rbexpr, ddof, propagate_nans))
+    end
+
+    # Compute the pearson's correlation between two columns.
+    #
+    # @param a [Object]
+    #   Column name or Expression.
+    # @param b [Object]
+    #   Column name or Expression.
+    # @param ddof [Integer]
+    #   Delta degrees of freedom
+    #
+    # @return [Expr]
+    def pearson_corr(a, b, ddof: 1)
+      if a.is_a?(String)
+        a = col(a)
+      end
+      if b.is_a?(String)
+        b = col(b)
+      end
+      Utils.wrap_expr(RbExpr.pearson_corr(a._rbexpr, b._rbexpr, ddof))
+    end
+
+    # Compute the covariance between two columns/ expressions.
+    #
+    # @param a [Object]
+    #   Column name or Expression.
+    # @param b [Object]
+    #   Column name or Expression.
+    #
+    # @return [Expr]
+    def cov(a, b)
+      if a.is_a?(String)
+        a = col(a)
+      end
+      if b.is_a?(String)
+        b = col(b)
+      end
+      Utils.wrap_expr(RbExpr.cov(a._rbexpr, b._rbexpr))
+    end
+
+    # def map
+    # end
+
+    # def apply
+    # end
+
+    # Accumulate over multiple columns horizontally/row wise with a left fold.
+    #
+    # @return [Expr]
+    def fold(acc, f, exprs)
+      acc = Utils.expr_to_lit_or_expr(acc, str_to_lit: true)
+      if exprs.is_a?(Expr)
+        exprs = [exprs]
+      end
+
+      exprs = Utils.selection_to_rbexpr_list(exprs)
+      Utils.wrap_expr(RbExpr.fold(acc._rbexpr, f, exprs))
+    end
+
+    # def reduce
+    # end
+
+    # Cumulatively accumulate over multiple columns horizontally/row wise with a left fold.
+    #
+    # Every cumulative result is added as a separate field in a Struct column.
+    #
+    # @param acc [Object]
+    #   Accumulator Expression. This is the value that will be initialized when the fold
+    #   starts. For a sum this could for instance be lit(0).
+    # @param f [Object]
+    #   Function to apply over the accumulator and the value.
+    #   Fn(acc, value) -> new_value
+    # @param exprs [Object]
+    #   Expressions to aggregate over. May also be a wildcard expression.
+    # @param include_init [Boolean]
+    #   Include the initial accumulator state as struct field.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    #
+    # @note
+    #   If you simply want the first encountered expression as accumulator,
+    #   consider using `cumreduce`.
+    def cumfold(acc, f, exprs, include_init: false)
+      acc = Utils.expr_to_lit_or_expr(acc, str_to_lit: true)
+      if exprs.is_a?(Expr)
+        exprs = [exprs]
+      end
+
+      exprs = Utils.selection_to_rbexpr_list(exprs)
+      Utils.wrap_expr(RbExpr.cumfold(acc._rbexpr, f, exprs, include_init))
+    end
+
+    # def cumreduce
+    # end
+
+    # Evaluate columnwise or elementwise with a bitwise OR operation.
+    #
+    # @return [Expr]
+    def any(name)
+      if name.is_a?(String)
+        col(name).any
+      else
+        fold(lit(false), ->(a, b) { a.cast(:bool) | b.cast(:bool) }, name).alias("any")
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Exclude certain columns from a wildcard/regex selection.
+    #
+    # @param columns [Object]
+    #   Column(s) to exclude from selection
+    #   This can be:
+    #
+    #   - a column name, or multiple column names
+    #   - a regular expression starting with `^` and ending with `$`
+    #   - a dtype or multiple dtypes
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "aa" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "ba" => ["a", "b", nil],
+    #       "cc" => [nil, 2.5, 1.5]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬──────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ aa  ┆ ba   ┆ cc   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ ---  ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ str  ┆ f64  │
+    #   # ╞═════╪══════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ a    ┆ null │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ b    ┆ 2.5  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ null ┆ 1.5  │
+    #   # └─────┴──────┴──────┘
+    #
+    # @example Exclude by column name(s):
+    #   df.select(Polars.exclude("ba"))
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ aa  ┆ cc   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64  │
+    #   # ╞═════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ null │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 2.5  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 1.5  │
+    #   # └─────┴──────┘
+    #
+    # @example Exclude by regex, e.g. removing all columns whose names end with the letter "a":
+    #   df.select(Polars.exclude("^.*a$"))
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 1)
+    #   # ┌──────┐
+    #   # │ cc   │
+    #   # │ ---  │
+    #   # │ f64  │
+    #   # ╞══════╡
+    #   # │ null │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2.5  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 1.5  │
+    #   # └──────┘
+    def exclude(columns)
+      col("*").exclude(columns)
+    end
+
+    # Do one of two things.
+    #
+    # * function can do a columnwise or elementwise AND operation
+    # * a wildcard column selection
+    #
+    # @param name [Object]
+    #   If given this function will apply a bitwise & on the columns.
+    #
+    # @return [Expr]
+    #
+    # @example Sum all columns
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {"a" => [1, 2, 3], "b" => ["hello", "foo", "bar"], "c" => [1, 1, 1]}
+    #   )
+    #   df.select(Polars.all.sum)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬──────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b    ┆ c   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ ---  ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ str  ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪══════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 6   ┆ null ┆ 3   │
+    #   # └─────┴──────┴─────┘
+    def all(name = nil)
+      if name.nil?
+        col("*")
+      elsif name.is_a?(String) || name.is_a?(Symbol)
+        col(name).all
+      else
+        raise Todo
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Syntactic sugar for `Polars.col("foo").agg_groups`.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    def groups(column)
+      col(column).agg_groups
+    end
+
+    # Syntactic sugar for `Polars.col("foo").quantile(...)`.
+    #
+    # @param column [String]
+    #   Column name.
+    # @param quantile [Float]
+    #   Quantile between 0.0 and 1.0.
+    # @param interpolation ["nearest", "higher", "lower", "midpoint", "linear"]
+    #   Interpolation method.
+    #
+    # @return [Expr]
+    def quantile(column, quantile, interpolation: "nearest")
+      col(column).quantile(quantile, interpolation: interpolation)
+    end
+
+    # Create a range expression (or Series).
+    #
+    # This can be used in a `select`, `with_column`, etc. Be sure that the resulting
+    # range size is equal to the length of the DataFrame you are collecting.
+    #
+    # @param low [Integer, Expr, Series]
+    #   Lower bound of range.
+    # @param high [Integer, Expr, Series]
+    #   Upper bound of range.
+    # @param step [Integer]
+    #   Step size of the range.
+    # @param eager [Boolean]
+    #   If eager evaluation is `True`, a Series is returned instead of an Expr.
+    # @param dtype [Symbol]
+    #   Apply an explicit integer dtype to the resulting expression (default is `:i64`).
+    #
+    # @return [Expr, Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.lazy.filter(Polars.col("foo") < Polars.arange(0, 100)).collect
+    def arange(low, high, step: 1, eager: false, dtype: nil)
+      low = Utils.expr_to_lit_or_expr(low, str_to_lit: false)
+      high = Utils.expr_to_lit_or_expr(high, str_to_lit: false)
+      range_expr = Utils.wrap_expr(RbExpr.arange(low._rbexpr, high._rbexpr, step))
+
+      if !dtype.nil? && dtype != "i64"
+        range_expr = range_expr.cast(dtype)
+      end
+
+      if !eager
+        range_expr
+      else
+        DataFrame.new
+          .select(range_expr)
+          .to_series
+          .rename("arange", in_place: true)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Find the indexes that would sort the columns.
+    #
+    # Argsort by multiple columns. The first column will be used for the ordering.
+    # If there are duplicates in the first column, the second column will be used to
+    # determine the ordering and so on.
+    #
+    # @param exprs [Object]
+    #   Columns use to determine the ordering.
+    # @param reverse [Boolean]
+    #   Default is ascending.
+    #
+    # @return [Expr]
+    def argsort_by(exprs, reverse: false)
+      if !exprs.is_a?(Array)
+        exprs = [exprs]
+      end
+      if reverse == true || reverse == false
+        reverse = [reverse] * exprs.length
+      end
+      exprs = Utils.selection_to_rbexpr_list(exprs)
+      Utils.wrap_expr(RbExpr.argsort_by(exprs, reverse))
+    end
+
+    # Create polars `Duration` from distinct time components.
+    #
+    # @return [Expr]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "datetime" => [DateTime.new(2022, 1, 1), DateTime.new(2022, 1, 2)],
+    #       "add" => [1, 2]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.select(
+    #     [
+    #       (Polars.col("datetime") + Polars.duration(weeks: "add")).alias("add_weeks"),
+    #       (Polars.col("datetime") + Polars.duration(days: "add")).alias("add_days"),
+    #       (Polars.col("datetime") + Polars.duration(seconds: "add")).alias("add_seconds"),
+    #       (Polars.col("datetime") + Polars.duration(milliseconds: "add")).alias(
+    #         "add_milliseconds"
+    #       ),
+    #       (Polars.col("datetime") + Polars.duration(hours: "add")).alias("add_hours")
+    #     ]
+    #   )
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 5)
+    #   # ┌─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┬─────────────────────────┬─────────────────────┐
+    #   # │ add_weeks           ┆ add_days            ┆ add_seconds         ┆ add_milliseconds        ┆ add_hours           │
+    #   # │ ---                 ┆ ---                 ┆ ---                 ┆ ---                     ┆ ---                 │
+    #   # │ datetime[ns]        ┆ datetime[ns]        ┆ datetime[ns]        ┆ datetime[ns]            ┆ datetime[ns]        │
+    #   # ╞═════════════════════╪═════════════════════╪═════════════════════╪═════════════════════════╪═════════════════════╡
+    #   # │ 2022-01-08 00:00:00 ┆ 2022-01-02 00:00:00 ┆ 2022-01-01 00:00:01 ┆ 2022-01-01 00:00:00.001 ┆ 2022-01-01 01:00:00 │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2022-01-16 00:00:00 ┆ 2022-01-04 00:00:00 ┆ 2022-01-02 00:00:02 ┆ 2022-01-02 00:00:00.002 ┆ 2022-01-02 02:00:00 │
+    #   # └─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────────────────┴─────────────────────┘
+    def duration(
+      days: nil,
+      seconds: nil,
+      nanoseconds: nil,
+      microseconds: nil,
+      milliseconds: nil,
+      minutes: nil,
+      hours: nil,
+      weeks: nil
+    )
+      if !hours.nil?
+        hours = Utils.expr_to_lit_or_expr(hours, str_to_lit: false)._rbexpr
+      end
+      if !minutes.nil?
+        minutes = Utils.expr_to_lit_or_expr(minutes, str_to_lit: false)._rbexpr
+      end
+      if !seconds.nil?
+        seconds = Utils.expr_to_lit_or_expr(seconds, str_to_lit: false)._rbexpr
+      end
+      if !milliseconds.nil?
+        milliseconds = Utils.expr_to_lit_or_expr(milliseconds, str_to_lit: false)._rbexpr
+      end
+      if !microseconds.nil?
+        microseconds = Utils.expr_to_lit_or_expr(microseconds, str_to_lit: false)._rbexpr
+      end
+      if !nanoseconds.nil?
+        nanoseconds = Utils.expr_to_lit_or_expr(nanoseconds, str_to_lit: false)._rbexpr
+      end
+      if !days.nil?
+        days = Utils.expr_to_lit_or_expr(days, str_to_lit: false)._rbexpr
+      end
+      if !weeks.nil?
+        weeks = Utils.expr_to_lit_or_expr(weeks, str_to_lit: false)._rbexpr
+      end
+
+      Utils.wrap_expr(
+        _rb_duration(
+          days,
+          seconds,
+          nanoseconds,
+          microseconds,
+          milliseconds,
+          minutes,
+          hours,
+          weeks
+        )
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Horizontally concat Utf8 Series in linear time. Non-Utf8 columns are cast to Utf8.
+    #
+    # @param exprs [Object]
+    #   Columns to concat into a Utf8 Series.
+    # @param sep [String]
+    #   String value that will be used to separate the values.
+    #
+    # @return [Expr]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "b" => ["dogs", "cats", nil],
+    #       "c" => ["play", "swim", "walk"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.with_columns(
+    #     [
+    #       Polars.concat_str(
+    #         [
+    #           Polars.col("a") * 2,
+    #           Polars.col("b"),
+    #           Polars.col("c")
+    #         ],
+    #         sep: " "
+    #       ).alias("full_sentence")
+    #     ]
+    #   )
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 4)
+    #   # ┌─────┬──────┬──────┬───────────────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b    ┆ c    ┆ full_sentence │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ ---  ┆ ---  ┆ ---           │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ str  ┆ str  ┆ str           │
+    #   # ╞═════╪══════╪══════╪═══════════════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ dogs ┆ play ┆ 2 dogs play   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ cats ┆ swim ┆ 4 cats swim   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ null ┆ walk ┆ null          │
+    #   # └─────┴──────┴──────┴───────────────┘
+    def concat_str(exprs, sep: "")
+      exprs = Utils.selection_to_rbexpr_list(exprs)
+      return Utils.wrap_expr(RbExpr.concat_str(exprs, sep))
+    end
+
+    # Format expressions as a string.
+    #
+    # @param fstring [String]
+    #   A string that with placeholders.
+    #   For example: "hello_{}" or "{}_world
+    # @param args [Object]
+    #   Expression(s) that fill the placeholders
+    #
+    # @return [Expr]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a": ["a", "b", "c"],
+    #       "b": [1, 2, 3]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.select(
+    #     [
+    #       Polars.format("foo_{}_bar_{}", Polars.col("a"), "b").alias("fmt")
+    #     ]
+    #   )
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 1)
+    #   # ┌─────────────┐
+    #   # │ fmt         │
+    #   # │ ---         │
+    #   # │ str         │
+    #   # ╞═════════════╡
+    #   # │ foo_a_bar_1 │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ foo_b_bar_2 │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ foo_c_bar_3 │
+    #   # └─────────────┘
+    def format(fstring, *args)
+      if fstring.scan("{}").length != args.length
+        raise ArgumentError, "number of placeholders should equal the number of arguments"
+      end
+
+      exprs = []
+
+      arguments = args.each
+      fstring.split(/(\{\})/).each do |s|
+        if s == "{}"
+          e = Utils.expr_to_lit_or_expr(arguments.next, str_to_lit: false)
+          exprs << e
+        elsif s.length > 0
+          exprs << lit(s)
+        end
+      end
+
+      concat_str(exprs, sep: "")
+    end
+
+    # Concat the arrays in a Series dtype List in linear time.
+    #
+    # @return [Expr]
+    def concat_list(exprs)
+      exprs = Utils.selection_to_rbexpr_list(exprs)
+      Utils.wrap_expr(RbExpr.concat_lst(exprs))
+    end
+
+    # Collect multiple LazyFrames at the same time.
+    #
+    # This runs all the computation graphs in parallel on Polars threadpool.
+    #
+    # @param lazy_frames [Boolean]
+    #   A list of LazyFrames to collect.
+    # @param type_coercion [Boolean]
+    #   Do type coercion optimization.
+    # @param predicate_pushdown [Boolean]
+    #   Do predicate pushdown optimization.
+    # @param projection_pushdown [Boolean]
+    #   Do projection pushdown optimization.
+    # @param simplify_expression [Boolean]
+    #   Run simplify expressions optimization.
+    # @param string_cache [Boolean]
+    #   This argument is deprecated and will be ignored
+    # @param no_optimization [Boolean]
+    #   Turn off optimizations.
+    # @param slice_pushdown [Boolean]
+    #   Slice pushdown optimization.
+    # @param common_subplan_elimination [Boolean]
+    #   Will try to cache branching subplans that occur on self-joins or unions.
+    # @param allow_streaming [Boolean]
+    #   Run parts of the query in a streaming fashion (this is in an alpha state)
+    #
+    # @return [Array]
+    def collect_all(
+      lazy_frames,
+      type_coercion: true,
+      predicate_pushdown: true,
+      projection_pushdown: true,
+      simplify_expression: true,
+      string_cache: false,
+      no_optimization: false,
+      slice_pushdown: true,
+      common_subplan_elimination: true,
+      allow_streaming: false
+    )
+      if no_optimization
+        predicate_pushdown = false
+        projection_pushdown = false
+        slice_pushdown = false
+        common_subplan_elimination = false
+      end
+
+      prepared = []
+
+      lazy_frames.each do |lf|
+        ldf = lf._ldf.optimization_toggle(
+          type_coercion,
+          predicate_pushdown,
+          projection_pushdown,
+          simplify_expression,
+          slice_pushdown,
+          common_subplan_elimination,
+          allow_streaming
+        )
+        prepared << ldf
+      end
+
+      out = _collect_all(prepared)
+
+      # wrap the rbdataframes into dataframe
+      result = out.map { |rbdf| Utils.wrap_df(rbdf) }
+
+      result
+    end
+
+    # Run polars expressions without a context.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    def select(exprs)
+      DataFrame.new([]).select(exprs)
+    end
+
+    # Collect several columns into a Series of dtype Struct.
+    #
+    # @param exprs [Object]
+    #   Columns/Expressions to collect into a Struct
+    # @param eager [Boolean]
+    #   Evaluate immediately
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "int" => [1, 2],
+    #       "str" => ["a", "b"],
+    #       "bool" => [true, nil],
+    #       "list" => [[1, 2], [3]],
+    #     }
+    #   ).select([Polars.struct(Polars.all).alias("my_struct")])
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 1)
+    #   # ┌─────────────────────┐
+    #   # │ my_struct           │
+    #   # │ ---                 │
+    #   # │ struct[4]           │
+    #   # ╞═════════════════════╡
+    #   # │ {1,"a",true,[1, 2]} │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ {2,"b",null,[3]}    │
+    #   # └─────────────────────┘
+    #
+    # @example Only collect specific columns as a struct:
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {"a" => [1, 2, 3, 4], "b" => ["one", "two", "three", "four"], "c" => [9, 8, 7, 6]}
+    #   )
+    #   df.with_column(Polars.struct(Polars.col(["a", "b"])).alias("a_and_b"))
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 4)
+    #   # ┌─────┬───────┬─────┬─────────────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b     ┆ c   ┆ a_and_b     │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ ---   ┆ --- ┆ ---         │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ str   ┆ i64 ┆ struct[2]   │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═══════╪═════╪═════════════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ one   ┆ 9   ┆ {1,"one"}   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ two   ┆ 8   ┆ {2,"two"}   │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ three ┆ 7   ┆ {3,"three"} │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 4   ┆ four  ┆ 6   ┆ {4,"four"}  │
+    #   # └─────┴───────┴─────┴─────────────┘
+    def struct(exprs, eager: false)
+      if eager
+        Polars.select(struct(exprs, eager: false)).to_series
+      end
+      exprs = Utils.selection_to_rbexpr_list(exprs)
+      Utils.wrap_expr(_as_struct(exprs))
+    end
+
+    # Repeat a single value n times.
+    #
+    # @param value [Object]
+    #   Value to repeat.
+    # @param n [Integer]
+    #   Repeat `n` times.
+    # @param eager [Boolean]
+    #   Run eagerly and collect into a `Series`.
+    # @param name [String]
+    #   Only used in `eager` mode. As expression, use `alias`.
+    #
+    # @return [Expr]
+    def repeat(value, n, eager: false, name: nil)
+      if eager
+        if name.nil?
+          name = ""
+        end
+        dtype = py_type_to_dtype(type(value))
+        Series._repeat(name, value, n, dtype)
+      else
+        if n.is_a?(Integer)
+          n = lit(n)
+        end
+        Utils.wrap_expr(RbExpr.repeat(value, n._rbexpr))
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Return indices where `condition` evaluates `true`.
+    #
+    # @param condition [Expr]
+    #   Boolean expression to evaluate
+    # @param eager [Boolean]
+    #   Whether to apply this function eagerly (as opposed to lazily).
+    #
+    # @return [Expr, Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"a" => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]})
+    #   df.select(
+    #     [
+    #       Polars.arg_where(Polars.col("a") % 2 == 0)
+    #     ]
+    #   ).to_series
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [u32]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         3
+    #   # ]
+    def arg_where(condition, eager: false)
+      if eager
+        if !condition.is_a?(Series)
+          raise ArgumentError, "expected 'Series' in 'arg_where' if 'eager=True', got #{condition.class.name}"
+        end
+        condition.to_frame.select(arg_where(Polars.col(condition.name))).to_series
+      else
+        condition = Utils.expr_to_lit_or_expr(condition, str_to_lit: true)
+        Utils.wrap_expr(_arg_where(condition._rbexpr))
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Folds the expressions from left to right, keeping the first non-null value.
+    #
+    # @param exprs [Object]
+    #   Expressions to coalesce.
+    #
+    # @return [Expr]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     [
+    #       [nil, 1.0, 1.0],
+    #       [nil, 2.0, 2.0],
+    #       [nil, nil, 3.0],
+    #       [nil, nil, nil]
+    #     ],
+    #     columns: [["a", :f64], ["b", :f64], ["c", :f64]]
+    #   )
+    #   df.with_column(Polars.coalesce(["a", "b", "c", 99.9]).alias("d"))
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 4)
+    #   # ┌──────┬──────┬──────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ a    ┆ b    ┆ c    ┆ d    │
+    #   # │ ---  ┆ ---  ┆ ---  ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ f64  ┆ f64  ┆ f64  ┆ f64  │
+    #   # ╞══════╪══════╪══════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ null ┆ 1.0  ┆ 1.0  ┆ 1.0  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ null ┆ 2.0  ┆ 2.0  ┆ 2.0  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ null ┆ null ┆ 3.0  ┆ 3.0  │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ null ┆ null ┆ null ┆ 99.9 │
+    #   # └──────┴──────┴──────┴──────┘
+    def coalesce(exprs)
+      exprs = Utils.selection_to_rbexpr_list(exprs)
+      Utils.wrap_expr(_coalesce_exprs(exprs))
+    end
+
+    # Utility function that parses an epoch timestamp (or Unix time) to Polars Date(time).
+    #
+    # Depending on the `unit` provided, this function will return a different dtype:
+    # - unit: "d" returns pl.Date
+    # - unit: "s" returns pl.Datetime["us"] (pl.Datetime's default)
+    # - unit: "ms" returns pl.Datetime["ms"]
+    # - unit: "us" returns pl.Datetime["us"]
+    # - unit: "ns" returns pl.Datetime["ns"]
+    #
+    # @param column [Object]
+    #     Series or expression to parse integers to pl.Datetime.
+    # @param unit [String]
+    #     The unit of the timesteps since epoch time.
+    # @param eager [Boolean]
+    #     If eager evaluation is `true`, a Series is returned instead of an Expr.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"timestamp" => [1666683077, 1666683099]}).lazy
+    #   df.select(Polars.from_epoch(Polars.col("timestamp"), unit: "s")).collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 1)
+    #   # ┌─────────────────────┐
+    #   # │ timestamp           │
+    #   # │ ---                 │
+    #   # │ datetime[μs]        │
+    #   # ╞═════════════════════╡
+    #   # │ 2022-10-25 07:31:17 │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 2022-10-25 07:31:39 │
+    #   # └─────────────────────┘
+    def from_epoch(column, unit: "s", eager: false)
+      if column.is_a?(String)
+        column = col(column)
+      elsif !column.is_a?(Series) && !column.is_a?(Expr)
+        column = Series.new(column)
+      end
+
+      if unit == "d"
+        expr = column.cast(:date)
+      elsif unit == "s"
+        raise Todo
+        # expr = (column.cast(:i64) * 1_000_000).cast(Datetime("us"))
+      elsif Utils::DTYPE_TEMPORAL_UNITS.include?(unit)
+        raise Todo
+        # expr = column.cast(Datetime(unit))
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "'unit' must be one of {{'ns', 'us', 'ms', 's', 'd'}}, got '#{unit}'."
+      end
+
+      if eager
+        if !column.is_a?(Series)
+          raise ArgumentError, "expected Series or Array if eager: true, got #{column.class.name}"
+        else
+          column.to_frame.select(expr).to_series
+        end
+      else
+        expr
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Start a "when, then, otherwise" expression.
+    #
+    # @return [When]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"foo" => [1, 3, 4], "bar" => [3, 4, 0]})
+    #   df.with_column(Polars.when(Polars.col("foo") > 2).then(Polars.lit(1)).otherwise(Polars.lit(-1)))
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ literal │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---     │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ i32     │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 3   ┆ -1      │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 4   ┆ 1       │
+    #   # ├╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌┼╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌╌┤
+    #   # │ 4   ┆ 0   ┆ 1       │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────────┘
+    def when(expr)
+      expr = Utils.expr_to_lit_or_expr(expr)
+      pw = RbExpr.when(expr._rbexpr)
+      When.new(pw)
+    end
+  end
+end