passenger_dudemeister 3.0.1

data/ext/google/sparsetable

@@ -0,0 +1,1468 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2005, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+// ---
+// Author: Craig Silverstein
+//
+// A sparsetable is a random container that implements a sparse array,
+// that is, an array that uses very little memory to store unassigned
+// indices (in this case, between 1-2 bits per unassigned index).  For
+// instance, if you allocate an array of size 5 and assign a[2] = <big
+// struct>, then a[2] will take up a lot of memory but a[0], a[1],
+// a[3], and a[4] will not.  Array elements that have a value are
+// called "assigned".  Array elements that have no value yet, or have
+// had their value cleared using erase() or clear(), are called
+// "unassigned".
+//
+// Unassigned values seem to have the default value of T (see below).
+// Nevertheless, there is a difference between an unassigned index and
+// one explicitly assigned the value of T().  The latter is considered
+// assigned.
+//
+// Access to an array element is constant time, as is insertion and
+// deletion.  Insertion and deletion may be fairly slow, however:
+// because of this container's memory economy, each insert and delete
+// causes a memory reallocation.
+//
+// See /usr/(local/)?doc/sparsehash-0.1/sparsetable.html
+// for information about how to use this class.
+
+#ifndef _SPARSETABLE_H_
+#define _SPARSETABLE_H_
+
+#include <google/sparsehash/sparseconfig.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>             // for malloc/free
+#include <stdio.h>              // to read/write tables
+#ifdef HAVE_STDINT_H
+#include <stdint.h>             // the normal place uint16_t is defined
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
+#include <sys/types.h>          // the normal place u_int16_t is defined
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_INTTYPES_H
+#include <inttypes.h>           // a third place for uint16_t or u_int16_t
+#endif
+#include <assert.h>             // for bounds checking
+#include <iterator>             // to define reverse_iterator for me
+#include <algorithm>            // equal, lexicographical_compare, swap,...
+#include <memory>               // uninitialized_copy
+#include <vector>               // a sparsetable is a vector of groups
+#include <google/type_traits.h> // for true_type, integral_constant, etc.
+
+#if STDC_HEADERS
+#include <string.h>             // for memcpy
+#else
+#if !HAVE_MEMCPY
+#define memcpy(d, s, n)   bcopy ((s), (d), (n))
+#endif
+#endif
+
+_START_GOOGLE_NAMESPACE_
+
+#ifndef HAVE_U_INT16_T
+# if defined HAVE_UINT16_T
+    typedef uint16_t u_int16_t;    // true on solaris, possibly other C99 libc's
+# elif defined HAVE___UINT16
+    typedef __int16 int16_t;       // true on vc++7
+    typedef unsigned __int16 u_int16_t;
+# else
+    // Cannot find a 16-bit integer type.  Hoping for the best with "short"...
+    typedef short int int16_t;
+    typedef unsigned short int u_int16_t;
+# endif
+#endif
+
+using STL_NAMESPACE::vector;
+using STL_NAMESPACE::uninitialized_copy;
+
+// The smaller this is, the faster lookup is (because the group bitmap is
+// smaller) and the faster insert is, because there's less to move.
+// On the other hand, there are more groups.  Since group::size_type is
+// a short, this number should be of the form 32*x + 16 to avoid waste.
+static const u_int16_t DEFAULT_SPARSEGROUP_SIZE = 48;   // fits in 1.5 words
+
+
+// A NOTE ON ASSIGNING:
+// A sparse table does not actually allocate memory for entries
+// that are not filled.  Because of this, it becomes complicated
+// to have a non-const iterator: we don't know, if the iterator points
+// to a not-filled bucket, whether you plan to fill it with something
+// or whether you plan to read its value (in which case you'll get
+// the default bucket value).  Therefore, while we can define const
+// operations in a pretty 'normal' way, for non-const operations, we
+// define something that returns a helper object with operator= and
+// operator& that allocate a bucket lazily.  We use this for table[]
+// and also for regular table iterators.
+
+template <class tabletype>
+class table_element_adaptor {
+ public:
+  typedef typename tabletype::value_type value_type;
+  typedef typename tabletype::size_type size_type;
+  typedef typename tabletype::reference reference;
+  typedef typename tabletype::pointer pointer;
+
+  table_element_adaptor(tabletype *tbl, size_type p)
+    : table(tbl), pos(p) { }
+  table_element_adaptor& operator= (const value_type &val) {
+    table->set(pos, val);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  operator value_type() { return table->get(pos); }   // we look like a value
+  pointer operator& () { return &table->mutating_get(pos); }
+
+ private:
+  tabletype* table;
+  size_type pos;
+};
+
+// Our iterator as simple as iterators can be: basically it's just
+// the index into our table.  Dereference, the only complicated
+// thing, we punt to the table class.  This just goes to show how
+// much machinery STL requires to do even the most trivial tasks.
+//
+// By templatizing over tabletype, we have one iterator type which
+// we can use for both sparsetables and sparsebins.  In fact it
+// works on any class that allows size() and operator[] (eg vector),
+// as long as it does the standard STL typedefs too (eg value_type).
+
+template <class tabletype>
+class table_iterator {
+ public:
+  typedef table_iterator iterator;
+
+  typedef STL_NAMESPACE::random_access_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef typename tabletype::value_type value_type;
+  typedef typename tabletype::difference_type difference_type;
+  typedef typename tabletype::size_type size_type;
+  typedef table_element_adaptor<tabletype> reference;
+  typedef table_element_adaptor<tabletype>* pointer;
+
+  // The "real" constructor
+  table_iterator(tabletype *tbl, size_type p)
+    : table(tbl), pos(p) { }
+  // The default constructor, used when I define vars of type table::iterator
+  table_iterator() : table(NULL), pos(0) { }
+  // The copy constructor, for when I say table::iterator foo = tbl.begin()
+  // The default destructor is fine; we don't define one
+  // The default operator= is fine; we don't define one
+
+  // The main thing our iterator does is dereference.  If the table entry
+  // we point to is empty, we return the default value type.
+  // This is the big different function from the const iterator.
+  reference operator*()              {
+    return table_element_adaptor<tabletype>(table, pos);
+  }
+  pointer operator->()               { return &(operator*()); }
+
+  // Helper function to assert things are ok; eg pos is still in range
+  void check() const {
+    assert(table);
+    assert(pos <= table->size());
+  }
+
+  // Arithmetic: we just do arithmetic on pos.  We don't even need to
+  // do bounds checking, since STL doesn't consider that it's job.  :-)
+  iterator& operator+=(size_type t) { pos += t; check(); return *this; }
+  iterator& operator-=(size_type t) { pos -= t; check(); return *this; }
+  iterator& operator++()            { ++pos; check(); return *this; }
+  iterator& operator--()            { --pos; check(); return *this; }
+  iterator operator++(int)          { iterator tmp(*this);     // for x++
+                                      ++pos; check(); return tmp; }
+  iterator operator--(int)          { iterator tmp(*this);     // for x--
+                                      --pos; check(); return tmp; }
+  iterator operator+(difference_type i) const  { iterator tmp(*this);
+                                                 tmp += i; return tmp; }
+  iterator operator-(difference_type i) const  { iterator tmp(*this);
+                                                 tmp -= i; return tmp; }
+  difference_type operator-(iterator it) const {      // for "x = it2 - it"
+    assert(table == it.table);
+    return pos - it.pos;
+  }
+  reference operator[](difference_type n) const {
+    return *(*this + n);            // simple though not totally efficient
+  }
+
+  // Comparisons.
+  bool operator==(const iterator& it) const {
+    return table == it.table && pos == it.pos;
+  }
+  bool operator<(const iterator& it) const {
+    assert(table == it.table);              // life is bad bad bad otherwise
+    return pos < it.pos;
+  }
+  bool operator!=(const iterator& it) const { return !(*this == it); }
+  bool operator<=(const iterator& it) const { return !(it < *this); }
+  bool operator>(const iterator& it) const { return it < *this; }
+  bool operator>=(const iterator& it) const { return !(*this < it); }
+
+  // Here's the info we actually need to be an iterator
+  tabletype *table;              // so we can dereference and bounds-check
+  size_type pos;                 // index into the table
+};
+
+// support for "3 + iterator" has to be defined outside the class, alas
+template<class T>
+table_iterator<T> operator+(typename table_iterator<T>::difference_type i,
+                            table_iterator<T> it) {
+  return it + i;               // so people can say it2 = 3 + it
+}
+
+template <class tabletype>
+class const_table_iterator {
+ public:
+  typedef table_iterator<tabletype> iterator;
+  typedef const_table_iterator const_iterator;
+
+  typedef STL_NAMESPACE::random_access_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef typename tabletype::value_type value_type;
+  typedef typename tabletype::difference_type difference_type;
+  typedef typename tabletype::size_type size_type;
+  typedef typename tabletype::const_reference reference;  // we're const-only
+  typedef typename tabletype::const_pointer pointer;
+
+  // The "real" constructor
+  const_table_iterator(const tabletype *tbl, size_type p)
+    : table(tbl), pos(p) { }
+  // The default constructor, used when I define vars of type table::iterator
+  const_table_iterator() : table(NULL), pos(0) { }
+  // The copy constructor, for when I say table::iterator foo = tbl.begin()
+  // Also converts normal iterators to const iterators
+  const_table_iterator(const iterator &from)
+    : table(from.table), pos(from.pos) { }
+  // The default destructor is fine; we don't define one
+  // The default operator= is fine; we don't define one
+
+  // The main thing our iterator does is dereference.  If the table entry
+  // we point to is empty, we return the default value type.
+  reference operator*() const       { return (*table)[pos]; }
+  pointer operator->() const        { return &(operator*()); }
+
+  // Helper function to assert things are ok; eg pos is still in range
+  void check() const {
+    assert(table);
+    assert(pos <= table->size());
+  }
+
+  // Arithmetic: we just do arithmetic on pos.  We don't even need to
+  // do bounds checking, since STL doesn't consider that it's job.  :-)
+  const_iterator& operator+=(size_type t) { pos += t; check(); return *this; }
+  const_iterator& operator-=(size_type t) { pos -= t; check(); return *this; }
+  const_iterator& operator++()            { ++pos; check(); return *this; }
+  const_iterator& operator--()            { --pos; check(); return *this; }
+  const_iterator operator++(int)          { const_iterator tmp(*this); // for x++
+                                            ++pos; check(); return tmp; }
+  const_iterator operator--(int)          { const_iterator tmp(*this); // for x--
+                                            --pos; check(); return tmp; }
+  const_iterator operator+(difference_type i) const  { const_iterator tmp(*this);
+                                                       tmp += i; return tmp; }
+  const_iterator operator-(difference_type i) const  { const_iterator tmp(*this);
+                                                       tmp -= i; return tmp; }
+  difference_type operator-(const_iterator it) const {   // for "x = it2 - it"
+    assert(table == it.table);
+    return pos - it.pos;
+  }
+  reference operator[](difference_type n) const {
+    return *(*this + n);            // simple though not totally efficient
+  }
+
+  // Comparisons.
+  bool operator==(const const_iterator& it) const {
+    return table == it.table && pos == it.pos;
+  }
+  bool operator<(const const_iterator& it) const {
+    assert(table == it.table);              // life is bad bad bad otherwise
+    return pos < it.pos;
+  }
+  bool operator!=(const const_iterator& it) const { return !(*this == it); }
+  bool operator<=(const const_iterator& it) const { return !(it < *this); }
+  bool operator>(const const_iterator& it) const { return it < *this; }
+  bool operator>=(const const_iterator& it) const { return !(*this < it); }
+
+  // Here's the info we actually need to be an iterator
+  const tabletype *table;        // so we can dereference and bounds-check
+  size_type pos;                 // index into the table
+};
+
+// support for "3 + iterator" has to be defined outside the class, alas
+template<class T>
+const_table_iterator<T> operator+(typename
+                                  const_table_iterator<T>::difference_type i,
+                                  const_table_iterator<T> it) {
+  return it + i;               // so people can say it2 = 3 + it
+}
+
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+/*
+// This is a 2-D iterator.  You specify a begin and end over a list
+// of *containers*.  We iterate over each container by iterating over
+// it.  It's actually simple:
+// VECTOR.begin() VECTOR[0].begin()  --------> VECTOR[0].end() ---,
+//     |          ________________________________________________/
+//     |          \_> VECTOR[1].begin()  -------->  VECTOR[1].end() -,
+//     |          ___________________________________________________/
+//     v          \_> ......
+// VECTOR.end()
+//
+// It's impossible to do random access on one of these things in constant
+// time, so it's just a bidirectional iterator.
+//
+// Unfortunately, because we need to use this for a non-empty iterator,
+// we use nonempty_begin() and nonempty_end() instead of begin() and end()
+// (though only going across, not down).
+*/
+
+#define TWOD_BEGIN_      nonempty_begin
+#define TWOD_END_        nonempty_end
+#define TWOD_ITER_       nonempty_iterator
+#define TWOD_CONST_ITER_ const_nonempty_iterator
+
+template <class containertype>
+class two_d_iterator {
+ public:
+  typedef two_d_iterator iterator;
+
+  typedef STL_NAMESPACE::bidirectional_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  // apparently some versions of VC++ have trouble with two ::'s in a typename
+  typedef typename containertype::value_type _tmp_vt;
+  typedef typename _tmp_vt::value_type value_type;
+  typedef typename _tmp_vt::difference_type difference_type;
+  typedef typename _tmp_vt::reference reference;
+  typedef typename _tmp_vt::pointer pointer;
+
+  // The "real" constructor.  begin and end specify how many rows we have
+  // (in the diagram above); we always iterate over each row completely.
+  two_d_iterator(typename containertype::iterator begin,
+                 typename containertype::iterator end,
+                 typename containertype::iterator curr)
+    : row_begin(begin), row_end(end), row_current(curr), col_current() {
+    if ( row_current != row_end ) {
+      col_current = row_current->TWOD_BEGIN_();
+      advance_past_end();                 // in case cur->begin() == cur->end()
+    }
+  }
+  // If you want to start at an arbitrary place, you can, I guess
+  two_d_iterator(typename containertype::iterator begin,
+                 typename containertype::iterator end,
+                 typename containertype::iterator curr,
+                 typename containertype::value_type::TWOD_ITER_ col)
+    : row_begin(begin), row_end(end), row_current(curr), col_current(col) {
+    advance_past_end();                 // in case cur->begin() == cur->end()
+  }
+  // The default constructor, used when I define vars of type table::iterator
+  two_d_iterator() : row_begin(), row_end(), row_current(), col_current() { }
+  // The default destructor is fine; we don't define one
+  // The default operator= is fine; we don't define one
+
+  // Happy dereferencer
+  reference operator*() const    { return *col_current; }
+  pointer operator->() const     { return &(operator*()); }
+
+  // Arithmetic: we just do arithmetic on pos.  We don't even need to
+  // do bounds checking, since STL doesn't consider that it's job.  :-)
+  // NOTE: this is not amortized constant time!  What do we do about it?
+  void advance_past_end() {          // used when col_current points to end()
+    while ( col_current == row_current->TWOD_END_() ) {  // end of current row
+      ++row_current;                                // go to beginning of next
+      if ( row_current != row_end )                 // col is irrelevant at end
+        col_current = row_current->TWOD_BEGIN_();
+      else
+        break;                                      // don't go past row_end
+    }
+  }
+
+  iterator& operator++() {
+    assert(row_current != row_end);                 // how to ++ from there?
+    ++col_current;
+    advance_past_end();                 // in case col_current is at end()
+    return *this;
+  }
+  iterator& operator--() {
+    while ( row_current == row_end ||
+            col_current == row_current->TWOD_BEGIN_() ) {
+      assert(row_current != row_begin);
+      --row_current;
+      col_current = row_current->TWOD_END_();             // this is 1 too far
+    }
+    --col_current;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  iterator operator++(int)       { iterator tmp(*this); ++*this; return tmp; }
+  iterator operator--(int)       { iterator tmp(*this); --*this; return tmp; }
+
+
+  // Comparisons.
+  bool operator==(const iterator& it) const {
+    return ( row_begin == it.row_begin &&
+             row_end == it.row_end &&
+             row_current == it.row_current &&
+             (row_current == row_end || col_current == it.col_current) );
+  }
+  bool operator!=(const iterator& it) const { return !(*this == it); }
+
+
+  // Here's the info we actually need to be an iterator
+  // These need to be public so we convert from iterator to const_iterator
+  typename containertype::iterator row_begin, row_end, row_current;
+  typename containertype::value_type::TWOD_ITER_ col_current;
+};
+
+// The same thing again, but this time const.  :-(
+template <class containertype>
+class const_two_d_iterator {
+ public:
+  typedef const_two_d_iterator iterator;
+
+  typedef STL_NAMESPACE::bidirectional_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  // apparently some versions of VC++ have trouble with two ::'s in a typename
+  typedef typename containertype::value_type _tmp_vt;
+  typedef typename _tmp_vt::value_type value_type;
+  typedef typename _tmp_vt::difference_type difference_type;
+  typedef typename _tmp_vt::const_reference reference;
+  typedef typename _tmp_vt::const_pointer pointer;
+
+  const_two_d_iterator(typename containertype::const_iterator begin,
+                       typename containertype::const_iterator end,
+                       typename containertype::const_iterator curr)
+    : row_begin(begin), row_end(end), row_current(curr), col_current() {
+    if ( curr != end ) {
+      col_current = curr->TWOD_BEGIN_();
+      advance_past_end();                 // in case cur->begin() == cur->end()
+    }
+  }
+  const_two_d_iterator(typename containertype::const_iterator begin,
+                       typename containertype::const_iterator end,
+                       typename containertype::const_iterator curr,
+                       typename containertype::value_type::TWOD_CONST_ITER_ col)
+    : row_begin(begin), row_end(end), row_current(curr), col_current(col) {
+    advance_past_end();                 // in case cur->begin() == cur->end()
+  }
+  const_two_d_iterator()
+    : row_begin(), row_end(), row_current(), col_current() {
+  }
+  // Need this explicitly so we can convert normal iterators to const iterators
+  const_two_d_iterator(const two_d_iterator<containertype>& it) :
+    row_begin(it.row_begin), row_end(it.row_end), row_current(it.row_current),
+    col_current(it.col_current) { }
+
+  typename containertype::const_iterator row_begin, row_end, row_current;
+  typename containertype::value_type::TWOD_CONST_ITER_ col_current;
+
+
+  // EVERYTHING FROM HERE DOWN IS THE SAME AS THE NON-CONST ITERATOR
+  reference operator*() const    { return *col_current; }
+  pointer operator->() const     { return &(operator*()); }
+
+  void advance_past_end() {          // used when col_current points to end()
+    while ( col_current == row_current->TWOD_END_() ) {  // end of current row
+      ++row_current;                                // go to beginning of next
+      if ( row_current != row_end )                 // col is irrelevant at end
+        col_current = row_current->TWOD_BEGIN_();
+      else
+        break;                                      // don't go past row_end
+    }
+  }
+  iterator& operator++() {
+    assert(row_current != row_end);                 // how to ++ from there?
+    ++col_current;
+    advance_past_end();                 // in case col_current is at end()
+    return *this;
+  }
+  iterator& operator--() {
+    while ( row_current == row_end ||
+            col_current == row_current->TWOD_BEGIN_() ) {
+      assert(row_current != row_begin);
+      --row_current;
+      col_current = row_current->TWOD_END_();             // this is 1 too far
+    }
+    --col_current;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  iterator operator++(int)       { iterator tmp(*this); ++*this; return tmp; }
+  iterator operator--(int)       { iterator tmp(*this); --*this; return tmp; }
+
+  bool operator==(const iterator& it) const {
+    return ( row_begin == it.row_begin &&
+             row_end == it.row_end &&
+             row_current == it.row_current &&
+             (row_current == row_end || col_current == it.col_current) );
+  }
+  bool operator!=(const iterator& it) const { return !(*this == it); }
+};
+
+// We provide yet another version, to be as frugal with memory as
+// possible.  This one frees each block of memory as it finishes
+// iterating over it.  By the end, the entire table is freed.
+// For understandable reasons, you can only iterate over it once,
+// which is why it's an input iterator
+template <class containertype>
+class destructive_two_d_iterator {
+ public:
+  typedef destructive_two_d_iterator iterator;
+
+  typedef STL_NAMESPACE::input_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  // apparently some versions of VC++ have trouble with two ::'s in a typename
+  typedef typename containertype::value_type _tmp_vt;
+  typedef typename _tmp_vt::value_type value_type;
+  typedef typename _tmp_vt::difference_type difference_type;
+  typedef typename _tmp_vt::reference reference;
+  typedef typename _tmp_vt::pointer pointer;
+
+  destructive_two_d_iterator(typename containertype::iterator begin,
+                             typename containertype::iterator end,
+                             typename containertype::iterator curr)
+    : row_begin(begin), row_end(end), row_current(curr), col_current() {
+    if ( curr != end ) {
+      col_current = curr->TWOD_BEGIN_();
+      advance_past_end();                 // in case cur->begin() == cur->end()
+    }
+  }
+  destructive_two_d_iterator(typename containertype::iterator begin,
+                             typename containertype::iterator end,
+                             typename containertype::iterator curr,
+                             typename containertype::value_type::TWOD_ITER_ col)
+    : row_begin(begin), row_end(end), row_current(curr), col_current(col) {
+    advance_past_end();                 // in case cur->begin() == cur->end()
+  }
+  destructive_two_d_iterator()
+    : row_begin(), row_end(), row_current(), col_current() {
+  }
+
+  typename containertype::iterator row_begin, row_end, row_current;
+  typename containertype::value_type::TWOD_ITER_ col_current;
+
+  // This is the part that destroys
+  void advance_past_end() {          // used when col_current points to end()
+    while ( col_current == row_current->TWOD_END_() ) {  // end of current row
+      row_current->clear();                         // the destructive part
+      // It would be nice if we could decrement sparsetable->num_buckets here
+      ++row_current;                                // go to beginning of next
+      if ( row_current != row_end )                 // col is irrelevant at end
+        col_current = row_current->TWOD_BEGIN_();
+      else
+        break;                                      // don't go past row_end
+    }
+  }
+
+  // EVERYTHING FROM HERE DOWN IS THE SAME AS THE REGULAR ITERATOR
+  reference operator*() const    { return *col_current; }
+  pointer operator->() const     { return &(operator*()); }
+
+  iterator& operator++() {
+    assert(row_current != row_end);                 // how to ++ from there?
+    ++col_current;
+    advance_past_end();                 // in case col_current is at end()
+    return *this;
+  }
+  iterator operator++(int)       { iterator tmp(*this); ++*this; return tmp; }
+
+  bool operator==(const iterator& it) const {
+    return ( row_begin == it.row_begin &&
+             row_end == it.row_end &&
+             row_current == it.row_current &&
+             (row_current == row_end || col_current == it.col_current) );
+  }
+  bool operator!=(const iterator& it) const { return !(*this == it); }
+};
+
+#undef TWOD_BEGIN_
+#undef TWOD_END_
+#undef TWOD_ITER_
+#undef TWOD_CONST_ITER_
+
+
+
+
+// SPARSE-TABLE
+// ------------
+// The idea is that a table with (logically) t buckets is divided
+// into t/M *groups* of M buckets each.  (M is a constant set in
+// GROUP_SIZE for efficiency.)  Each group is stored sparsely.
+// Thus, inserting into the table causes some array to grow, which is
+// slow but still constant time.  Lookup involves doing a
+// logical-position-to-sparse-position lookup, which is also slow but
+// constant time.  The larger M is, the slower these operations are
+// but the less overhead (slightly).
+//
+// To store the sparse array, we store a bitmap B, where B[i] = 1 iff
+// bucket i is non-empty.  Then to look up bucket i we really look up
+// array[# of 1s before i in B].  This is constant time for fixed M.
+//
+// Terminology: the position of an item in the overall table (from
+// 1 .. t) is called its "location."  The logical position in a group
+// (from 1 .. M ) is called its "position."  The actual location in
+// the array (from 1 .. # of non-empty buckets in the group) is
+// called its "offset."
+
+// The weird mod in the offset is entirely to quiet compiler warnings
+// as is the cast to int after doing the "x mod 256"
+#define PUT_(take_from, offset)  do {                                          \
+  if (putc(static_cast<int>(((take_from) >> ((offset) % (sizeof(take_from)*8)))\
+                             % 256), fp)                                       \
+      == EOF)                                                                  \
+    return false;                                                              \
+} while (0)
+
+#define GET_(add_to, offset)  do {                                            \
+  if ((x=getc(fp)) == EOF)                                                    \
+    return false;                                                             \
+  else                                                                        \
+    add_to |= (static_cast<size_type>(x) << ((offset) % (sizeof(add_to)*8))); \
+} while (0)
+
+template <class T, u_int16_t GROUP_SIZE>
+class sparsegroup {
+ public:
+  // Basic types
+  typedef T value_type;
+  typedef value_type* pointer;
+  typedef const value_type* const_pointer;
+  typedef table_iterator<sparsegroup<T, GROUP_SIZE> > iterator;
+  typedef const_table_iterator<sparsegroup<T, GROUP_SIZE> > const_iterator;
+  typedef table_element_adaptor<sparsegroup<T, GROUP_SIZE> > element_adaptor;
+  typedef value_type &reference;
+  typedef const value_type &const_reference;
+  typedef u_int16_t size_type;                  // max # of buckets
+  typedef int16_t difference_type;
+  typedef STL_NAMESPACE::reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;
+  typedef STL_NAMESPACE::reverse_iterator<iterator> reverse_iterator;
+
+  // These are our special iterators, that go over non-empty buckets in a
+  // group.  These aren't const-only because you can change non-empty bcks.
+  typedef pointer nonempty_iterator;
+  typedef const_pointer const_nonempty_iterator;
+  typedef STL_NAMESPACE::reverse_iterator<nonempty_iterator> reverse_nonempty_iterator;
+  typedef STL_NAMESPACE::reverse_iterator<const_nonempty_iterator> const_reverse_nonempty_iterator;
+
+  // Iterator functions
+  iterator begin()                      { return iterator(this, 0); }
+  const_iterator begin() const          { return const_iterator(this, 0); }
+  iterator end()                        { return iterator(this, size()); }
+  const_iterator end() const            { return const_iterator(this, size()); }
+  reverse_iterator rbegin()             { return reverse_iterator(end()); }
+  const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const { return const_reverse_iterator(end()); }
+  reverse_iterator rend()               { return reverse_iterator(begin()); }
+  const_reverse_iterator rend() const { return const_reverse_iterator(begin()); }
+
+  // We'll have versions for our special non-empty iterator too
+  nonempty_iterator nonempty_begin()             { return group; }
+  const_nonempty_iterator nonempty_begin() const { return group; }
+  nonempty_iterator nonempty_end()               { return group + num_buckets; }
+  const_nonempty_iterator nonempty_end() const   { return group + num_buckets; }
+  reverse_nonempty_iterator nonempty_rbegin() {
+    return reverse_nonempty_iterator(nonempty_end());
+  }
+  const_reverse_nonempty_iterator nonempty_rbegin() const {
+    return const_reverse_nonempty_iterator(nonempty_end());
+  }
+  reverse_nonempty_iterator nonempty_rend() {
+    return reverse_nonempty_iterator(nonempty_begin());
+  }
+  const_reverse_nonempty_iterator nonempty_rend() const {
+    return const_reverse_nonempty_iterator(nonempty_begin());
+  }
+
+
+  // This gives us the "default" value to return for an empty bucket.
+  // We just use the default constructor on T, the template type
+  const_reference default_value() const {
+    static value_type defaultval = value_type();
+    return defaultval;
+  }
+
+
+ private:
+  // We need to do all this bit manipulation, of course.  ick
+  static size_type charbit(size_type i)  { return i >> 3; }
+  static size_type modbit(size_type i)   { return 1 << (i&7); }
+  int bmtest(size_type i) const    { return bitmap[charbit(i)] & modbit(i); }
+  void bmset(size_type i)          { bitmap[charbit(i)] |= modbit(i); }
+  void bmclear(size_type i)        { bitmap[charbit(i)] &= ~modbit(i); }
+
+  void* realloc_or_die(void* ptr, size_t num_bytes) {
+    void* retval = realloc(ptr, num_bytes);
+    if (retval == NULL) {
+      // We really should use PRIuS here, but I don't want to have to add
+      // a whole new configure option, with concomitant macro namespace
+      // pollution, just to print this (unlikely) error message.  So I cast.
+      fprintf(stderr, "FATAL ERROR: failed to allocate %lu bytes for ptr %p",
+              static_cast<unsigned long>(num_bytes), ptr);
+      exit(1);
+    }
+    return retval;
+  }
+
+  value_type* allocate_group(size_t n) {
+    return static_cast<value_type*>(realloc_or_die(NULL,
+                                                   n * sizeof(value_type)));
+  }
+
+  void free_group() {
+    // Valid even for empty group, because NULL+0 is defined to be NULL
+    value_type* end_it = group + num_buckets;
+    for (value_type* p = group; p != end_it; ++p)
+      p->~value_type();
+    free(group);
+    group = NULL;
+  }
+
+ public:                         // get_iter() in sparsetable needs it
+  // We need a small function that tells us how many set bits there are
+  // in positions 0..i-1 of the bitmap.  It uses a big table.
+  // We make it static so templates don't allocate lots of these tables
+  static size_type pos_to_offset(const unsigned char *bm, size_type pos) {
+    // We could make these ints.  The tradeoff is size (eg does it overwhelm
+    // the cache?) vs efficiency in referencing sub-word-sized array elements
+    static const char bits_in[256] = {      // # of bits set in one char
+      0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4,
+      1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5,
+      1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5,
+      2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6,
+      1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5,
+      2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6,
+      2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6,
+      3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7,
+      1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5,
+      2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6,
+      2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6,
+      3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7,
+      2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6,
+      3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7,
+      3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7,
+      4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7, 5, 6, 6, 7, 6, 7, 7, 8,
+    };
+    size_type retval = 0;
+
+    // [Note: condition pos > 8 is an optimization; convince yourself we
+    // give exactly the same result as if we had pos >= 8 here instead.]
+    for ( ; pos > 8; pos -= 8 )                    // bm[0..pos/8-1]
+      retval += bits_in[*bm++];                    // chars we want *all* bits in
+    return retval + bits_in[*bm & ((1 << pos)-1)]; // the char that includes pos
+  }
+
+  size_type pos_to_offset(size_type pos) const {   // not static but still const
+    return pos_to_offset(bitmap, pos);
+  }
+
+
+ public:
+  // Constructors -- default and copy -- and destructor
+  sparsegroup() : group(0), num_buckets(0) { memset(bitmap, 0, sizeof(bitmap)); }
+  sparsegroup(const sparsegroup& x) : group(0), num_buckets(x.num_buckets) {
+    if ( num_buckets ) {
+      group = allocate_group(x.num_buckets);
+      uninitialized_copy(x.group, x.group + x.num_buckets, group);
+    }
+    memcpy(bitmap, x.bitmap, sizeof(bitmap));
+  }
+  ~sparsegroup() { free_group(); }
+
+  // Operator= is just like the copy constructor, I guess
+  // TODO(austern): Make this exception safe. Handle exceptions in value_type's
+  // copy constructor.
+  sparsegroup &operator=(const sparsegroup& x) {
+    if ( &x == this ) return *this;                    // x = x
+    if ( x.num_buckets == 0 ) {
+      free_group();
+    } else {
+      value_type* p = allocate_group(x.num_buckets);
+      uninitialized_copy(x.group, x.group + x.num_buckets, p);
+      free_group();
+      group = p;
+    }
+    memcpy(bitmap, x.bitmap, sizeof(bitmap));
+    num_buckets = x.num_buckets;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // Many STL algorithms use swap instead of copy constructors
+  void swap(sparsegroup& x) {
+    STL_NAMESPACE::swap(group, x.group);
+    for ( int i = 0; i < sizeof(bitmap) / sizeof(*bitmap); ++i )
+      STL_NAMESPACE::swap(bitmap[i], x.bitmap[i]);  // swap not defined on arrays
+    STL_NAMESPACE::swap(num_buckets, x.num_buckets);
+  }
+
+  // It's always nice to be able to clear a table without deallocating it
+  void clear() {
+    free_group();
+    memset(bitmap, 0, sizeof(bitmap));
+    num_buckets = 0;
+  }
+
+  // Functions that tell you about size.  Alas, these aren't so useful
+  // because our table is always fixed size.
+  size_type size() const           { return GROUP_SIZE; }
+  size_type max_size() const       { return GROUP_SIZE; }
+  bool empty() const               { return false; }
+  // We also may want to know how many *used* buckets there are
+  size_type num_nonempty() const   { return num_buckets; }
+
+
+  // get()/set() are explicitly const/non-const.  You can use [] if
+  // you want something that can be either (potentially more expensive).
+  const_reference get(size_type i) const {
+    if ( bmtest(i) )           // bucket i is occupied
+      return group[pos_to_offset(bitmap, i)];
+    else
+      return default_value();  // return the default reference
+  }
+
+  // TODO(csilvers): make protected + friend
+  // This is used by sparse_hashtable to get an element from the table
+  // when we know it exists.
+  const_reference unsafe_get(size_type i) const {
+    assert(bmtest(i));
+    return group[pos_to_offset(bitmap, i)];
+  }
+
+  // TODO(csilvers): make protected + friend
+  reference mutating_get(size_type i) {    // fills bucket i before getting
+    if ( !bmtest(i) )
+      set(i, default_value());
+    return group[pos_to_offset(bitmap, i)];
+  }
+
+  // Syntactic sugar.  It's easy to return a const reference.  To
+  // return a non-const reference, we need to use the assigner adaptor.
+  const_reference operator[](size_type i) const {
+    return get(i);
+  }
+
+  element_adaptor operator[](size_type i) {
+    return element_adaptor(this, i);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  // Create space at group[offset], assuming value_type has trivial
+  // copy constructor and destructor.  (Really, we want it to have
+  // "trivial move", because that's what realloc and memmove both do.
+  // But there's no way to capture that using type_traits, so we
+  // pretend that move(x, y) is equivalent to "x.~T(); new(x) T(y);"
+  // which is pretty much correct, if a bit conservative.)
+  void set_aux(size_type offset, true_type) {
+    group = (value_type *)
+            realloc_or_die(group, sizeof(*group) * (num_buckets+1));
+    // This is equivalent to memmove(), but faster on my Intel P4,
+    // at least with gcc4.1 -O2 / glibc 2.3.6.
+    for (size_type i = num_buckets; i > offset; --i)
+      memcpy(group + i, group + i-1, sizeof(*group));
+  }
+
+  // Create space at group[offset], without special assumptions about value_type
+  void set_aux(size_type offset, false_type) {
+    // This is valid because 0 <= offset <= num_buckets
+    value_type* p = allocate_group(num_buckets + 1);
+    uninitialized_copy(group, group + offset, p);
+    uninitialized_copy(group + offset, group + num_buckets, p + offset + 1);
+    free_group();
+    group = p;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  // This returns a reference to the inserted item (which is a copy of val).
+  // TODO(austern): Make this exception safe: handle exceptions from
+  // value_type's copy constructor.
+  reference set(size_type i, const_reference val) {
+    size_type offset = pos_to_offset(bitmap, i);  // where we'll find (or insert)
+    if ( bmtest(i) ) {
+      // Delete the old value, which we're replacing with the new one
+      group[offset].~value_type();
+    } else {
+      typedef integral_constant<bool,
+          (has_trivial_copy<value_type>::value &&
+           has_trivial_destructor<value_type>::value)>
+          realloc_and_memmove_ok; // we pretend mv(x,y) == "x.~T(); new(x) T(y)"
+      set_aux(offset, realloc_and_memmove_ok());
+      ++num_buckets;
+      bmset(i);
+    }
+    // This does the actual inserting.  Since we made the array using
+    // malloc, we use "placement new" to just call the constructor.
+    new(&group[offset]) value_type(val);
+    return group[offset];
+  }
+
+  // We let you see if a bucket is non-empty without retrieving it
+  bool test(size_type i) const {
+    return bmtest(i) ? true : false;   // cast an int to a bool
+  }
+  bool test(iterator pos) const {
+    return bmtest(pos.pos) ? true : false;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  // Shrink the array, assuming value_type has trivial copy
+  // constructor and destructor.  (Really, we want it to have "trivial
+  // move", because that's what realloc and memmove both do.  But
+  // there's no way to capture that using type_traits, so we pretend
+  // that move(x, y) is equivalent to ""x.~T(); new(x) T(y);"
+  // which is pretty much correct, if a bit conservative.)
+  void erase_aux(size_type offset, true_type) {
+    // This isn't technically necessary, since we know we have a
+    // trivial destructor, but is a cheap way to get a bit more safety.
+    group[offset].~value_type();
+    // This is equivalent to memmove(), but faster on my Intel P4,
+    // at lesat with gcc4.1 -O2 / glibc 2.3.6.
+    assert(num_buckets > 0);
+    for (size_type i = offset; i < num_buckets-1; ++i)
+      memcpy(group + i, group + i+1, sizeof(*group));  // hopefully inlined!
+    group = (value_type *)
+            realloc_or_die(group, sizeof(*group) * (num_buckets-1));
+  }
+
+  // Shrink the array, without any special assumptions about value_type.
+  void erase_aux(size_type offset, false_type) {
+    // This is valid because 0 <= offset < num_buckets. Note the inequality.
+    value_type* p = allocate_group(num_buckets - 1);
+    uninitialized_copy(group, group + offset, p);
+    uninitialized_copy(group + offset + 1, group + num_buckets, p + offset);
+    free_group();
+    group = p;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  // This takes the specified elements out of the group.  This is
+  // "undefining", rather than "clearing".
+  // TODO(austern): Make this exception safe: handle exceptions from
+  // value_type's copy constructor.
+  void erase(size_type i) {
+    if ( bmtest(i) ) {                           // trivial to erase empty bucket
+      size_type offset = pos_to_offset(bitmap,i); // where we'll find (or insert)
+      if ( num_buckets == 1 ) {
+        free_group();
+        group = NULL;
+      } else {
+        typedef integral_constant<bool,
+            (has_trivial_copy<value_type>::value &&
+             has_trivial_destructor<value_type>::value)>
+            realloc_and_memmove_ok; // pretend mv(x,y) == "x.~T(); new(x) T(y)"
+        erase_aux(offset, realloc_and_memmove_ok());
+      }
+      --num_buckets;
+      bmclear(i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  void erase(iterator pos) {
+    erase(pos.pos);
+  }
+
+  void erase(iterator start_it, iterator end_it) {
+    // This could be more efficient, but to do so we'd need to make
+    // bmclear() clear a range of indices.  Doesn't seem worth it.
+    for ( ; start_it != end_it; ++start_it )
+      erase(start_it);
+  }
+
+
+  // I/O
+  // We support reading and writing groups to disk.  We don't store
+  // the actual array contents (which we don't know how to store),
+  // just the bitmap and size.  Meant to be used with table I/O.
+  // Returns true if all was ok
+  bool write_metadata(FILE *fp) const {
+    assert(sizeof(num_buckets) == 2);     // we explicitly set to u_int16_t
+    PUT_(num_buckets, 8);
+    PUT_(num_buckets, 0);
+    if ( !fwrite(bitmap, sizeof(bitmap), 1, fp) )  return false;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // Reading destroys the old group contents!  Returns true if all was ok
+  bool read_metadata(FILE *fp) {
+    clear();
+
+    int x;          // the GET_ macro requires an 'int x' to be defined
+    GET_(num_buckets, 8);
+    GET_(num_buckets, 0);
+
+    if ( !fread(bitmap, sizeof(bitmap), 1, fp) )  return false;
+
+    // We'll allocate the space, but we won't fill it: it will be
+    // left as uninitialized raw memory.
+    group = allocate_group(num_buckets);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // If your keys and values are simple enough, we can write them
+  // to disk for you.  "simple enough" means POD and no pointers.
+  // However, we don't try to normalize endianness
+  bool write_nopointer_data(FILE *fp) const {
+    for ( const_nonempty_iterator it = nonempty_begin();
+          it != nonempty_end(); ++it ) {
+      if ( !fwrite(&*it, sizeof(*it), 1, fp) )  return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // When reading, we have to override the potential const-ness of *it.
+  // Again, only meaningful if value_type is a POD.
+  bool read_nopointer_data(FILE *fp) {
+    for ( nonempty_iterator it = nonempty_begin();
+          it != nonempty_end(); ++it ) {
+      if ( !fread(reinterpret_cast<void*>(&(*it)), sizeof(*it), 1, fp) )
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // Comparisons.  Note the comparisons are pretty arbitrary: we
+  // compare values of the first index that isn't equal (using default
+  // value for empty buckets).
+  bool operator==(const sparsegroup& x) const {
+    return ( num_buckets == x.num_buckets &&
+             memcmp(bitmap, x.bitmap, sizeof(bitmap)) == 0 &&
+             STL_NAMESPACE::equal(begin(), end(), x.begin()) ); // from algorithm
+  }
+  bool operator<(const sparsegroup& x) const {      // also from algorithm
+    return STL_NAMESPACE::lexicographical_compare(begin(), end(), 
+                                                  x.begin(), x.end());
+  }
+  bool operator!=(const sparsegroup& x) const { return !(*this == x); }
+  bool operator<=(const sparsegroup& x) const { return !(x < *this); }
+  bool operator>(const sparsegroup& x) const { return x < *this; }
+  bool operator>=(const sparsegroup& x) const { return !(*this < x); }
+
+ private:
+  // The actual data
+  value_type *group;                            // (small) array of T's
+  unsigned char bitmap[(GROUP_SIZE-1)/8 + 1];   // fancy math is so we round up
+  size_type num_buckets;                        // limits GROUP_SIZE to 64K
+};
+
+// We need a global swap as well
+template <class T, u_int16_t GROUP_SIZE>
+inline void swap(sparsegroup<T,GROUP_SIZE> &x, sparsegroup<T,GROUP_SIZE> &y) {
+  x.swap(y);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+template <class T, u_int16_t GROUP_SIZE = DEFAULT_SPARSEGROUP_SIZE>
+class sparsetable {
+ public:
+  // Basic types
+  typedef T value_type;                        // stolen from stl_vector.h
+  typedef value_type* pointer;
+  typedef const value_type* const_pointer;
+  typedef table_iterator<sparsetable<T, GROUP_SIZE> > iterator;
+  typedef const_table_iterator<sparsetable<T, GROUP_SIZE> > const_iterator;
+  typedef table_element_adaptor<sparsetable<T, GROUP_SIZE> > element_adaptor;
+  typedef value_type &reference;
+  typedef const value_type &const_reference;
+  typedef size_t size_type;
+  typedef ptrdiff_t difference_type;
+  typedef STL_NAMESPACE::reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;
+  typedef STL_NAMESPACE::reverse_iterator<iterator> reverse_iterator;
+
+  // These are our special iterators, that go over non-empty buckets in a
+  // table.  These aren't const only because you can change non-empty bcks.
+  typedef two_d_iterator< vector< sparsegroup<value_type, GROUP_SIZE> > >
+     nonempty_iterator;
+  typedef const_two_d_iterator< vector< sparsegroup<value_type, GROUP_SIZE> > >
+     const_nonempty_iterator;
+  typedef STL_NAMESPACE::reverse_iterator<nonempty_iterator> reverse_nonempty_iterator;
+  typedef STL_NAMESPACE::reverse_iterator<const_nonempty_iterator> const_reverse_nonempty_iterator;
+  // Another special iterator: it frees memory as it iterates (used to resize)
+  typedef destructive_two_d_iterator< vector< sparsegroup<value_type, GROUP_SIZE> > >
+     destructive_iterator;
+
+  // Iterator functions
+  iterator begin()                      { return iterator(this, 0); }
+  const_iterator begin() const          { return const_iterator(this, 0); }
+  iterator end()                        { return iterator(this, size()); }
+  const_iterator end() const            { return const_iterator(this, size()); }
+  reverse_iterator rbegin()             { return reverse_iterator(end()); }
+  const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const { return const_reverse_iterator(end()); }
+  reverse_iterator rend()               { return reverse_iterator(begin()); }
+  const_reverse_iterator rend() const { return const_reverse_iterator(begin()); }
+
+  // Versions for our special non-empty iterator
+  nonempty_iterator nonempty_begin()             {
+    return nonempty_iterator(groups.begin(), groups.end(), groups.begin());
+  }
+  const_nonempty_iterator nonempty_begin() const {
+    return const_nonempty_iterator(groups.begin(),groups.end(), groups.begin());
+  }
+  nonempty_iterator nonempty_end() {
+    return nonempty_iterator(groups.begin(), groups.end(), groups.end());
+  }
+  const_nonempty_iterator nonempty_end() const {
+    return const_nonempty_iterator(groups.begin(), groups.end(), groups.end());
+  }
+  reverse_nonempty_iterator nonempty_rbegin() {
+    return reverse_nonempty_iterator(nonempty_end());
+  }
+  const_reverse_nonempty_iterator nonempty_rbegin() const {
+    return const_reverse_nonempty_iterator(nonempty_end());
+  }
+  reverse_nonempty_iterator nonempty_rend() {
+    return reverse_nonempty_iterator(nonempty_begin());
+  }
+  const_reverse_nonempty_iterator nonempty_rend() const {
+    return const_reverse_nonempty_iterator(nonempty_begin());
+  }
+  destructive_iterator destructive_begin() {
+    return destructive_iterator(groups.begin(), groups.end(), groups.begin());
+  }
+  destructive_iterator destructive_end() {
+    return destructive_iterator(groups.begin(), groups.end(), groups.end());
+  }
+
+ private:
+  typedef typename vector< sparsegroup<value_type, GROUP_SIZE> >::reference
+    GroupsReference;
+  typedef typename
+    vector< sparsegroup<value_type, GROUP_SIZE> >::const_reference
+    GroupsConstReference;
+  typedef typename vector< sparsegroup<value_type, GROUP_SIZE> >::iterator
+    GroupsIterator;
+  typedef typename vector< sparsegroup<value_type, GROUP_SIZE> >::const_iterator
+    GroupsConstIterator;
+
+  // How to deal with the proper group
+  static size_type num_groups(size_type num) {   // how many to hold num buckets
+    return num == 0 ? 0 : ((num-1) / GROUP_SIZE) + 1;
+  }
+
+  u_int16_t pos_in_group(size_type i) const {
+    return static_cast<u_int16_t>(i % GROUP_SIZE);
+  }
+  size_type group_num(size_type i) const {
+    return i / GROUP_SIZE;
+  }
+  GroupsReference which_group(size_type i) {
+    return groups[group_num(i)];
+  }
+  GroupsConstReference which_group(size_type i) const {
+    return groups[group_num(i)];
+  }
+
+ public:
+  // Constructors -- default, normal (when you specify size), and copy
+  sparsetable(size_type sz = 0)
+    : groups(num_groups(sz)), table_size(sz), num_buckets(0) { }
+  // We'll can get away with using the default copy constructor,
+  // and default destructor, and hence the default operator=.  Huzzah!
+
+  // Many STL algorithms use swap instead of copy constructors
+  void swap(sparsetable& x) {
+    STL_NAMESPACE::swap(groups, x.groups);
+    STL_NAMESPACE::swap(table_size, x.table_size);
+    STL_NAMESPACE::swap(num_buckets, x.num_buckets);
+  }
+
+  // It's always nice to be able to clear a table without deallocating it
+  void clear() {
+    GroupsIterator group;
+    for ( group = groups.begin(); group != groups.end(); ++group ) {
+      group->clear();
+    }
+    num_buckets = 0;
+  }
+
+  // Functions that tell you about size.
+  // NOTE: empty() is non-intuitive!  It does not tell you the number
+  // of not-empty buckets (use num_nonempty() for that).  Instead
+  // it says whether you've allocated any buckets or not.
+  size_type size() const           { return table_size; }
+  size_type max_size() const       { return size_type(-1); }
+  bool empty() const               { return table_size == 0; }
+  // We also may want to know how many *used* buckets there are
+  size_type num_nonempty() const   { return num_buckets; }
+
+  // OK, we'll let you resize one of these puppies
+  void resize(size_type new_size) {
+    groups.resize(num_groups(new_size));
+    if ( new_size < table_size) {   // lower num_buckets, clear last group
+      if ( pos_in_group(new_size) > 0 )     // need to clear inside last group
+        groups.back().erase(groups.back().begin() + pos_in_group(new_size),
+                            groups.back().end());
+      num_buckets = 0;                       // refigure # of used buckets
+      GroupsConstIterator group;
+      for ( group = groups.begin(); group != groups.end(); ++group )
+        num_buckets += group->num_nonempty();
+    }
+    table_size = new_size;
+  }
+
+
+  // We let you see if a bucket is non-empty without retrieving it
+  bool test(size_type i) const {
+    return which_group(i).test(pos_in_group(i));
+  }
+  bool test(iterator pos) const {
+    return which_group(pos.pos).test(pos_in_group(pos.pos));
+  }
+  bool test(const_iterator pos) const {
+    return which_group(pos.pos).test(pos_in_group(pos.pos));
+  }
+
+  // We only return const_references because it's really hard to
+  // return something settable for empty buckets.  Use set() instead.
+  const_reference get(size_type i) const {
+    assert(i < table_size);
+    return which_group(i).get(pos_in_group(i));
+  }
+
+  // TODO(csilvers): make protected + friend
+  // This is used by sparse_hashtable to get an element from the table
+  // when we know it exists (because the caller has called test(i)).
+  const_reference unsafe_get(size_type i) const {
+    assert(i < table_size);
+    assert(test(i));
+    return which_group(i).unsafe_get(pos_in_group(i));
+  }
+
+  // TODO(csilvers): make protected + friend element_adaptor
+  reference mutating_get(size_type i) {    // fills bucket i before getting
+    assert(i < table_size);
+    size_type old_numbuckets = which_group(i).num_nonempty();
+    reference retval = which_group(i).mutating_get(pos_in_group(i));
+    num_buckets += which_group(i).num_nonempty() - old_numbuckets;
+    return retval;
+  }
+
+  // Syntactic sugar.  As in sparsegroup, the non-const version is harder
+  const_reference operator[](size_type i) const {
+    return get(i);
+  }
+
+  element_adaptor operator[](size_type i) {
+    return element_adaptor(this, i);
+  }
+
+  // Needed for hashtables, gets as a nonempty_iterator.  Crashes for empty bcks
+  const_nonempty_iterator get_iter(size_type i) const {
+    assert(test(i));    // how can a nonempty_iterator point to an empty bucket?
+    return const_nonempty_iterator(
+      groups.begin(), groups.end(),
+      groups.begin() + group_num(i),
+      (groups[group_num(i)].nonempty_begin() +
+       groups[group_num(i)].pos_to_offset(pos_in_group(i))));
+  }
+  // For nonempty we can return a non-const version
+  nonempty_iterator get_iter(size_type i) {
+    assert(test(i));    // how can a nonempty_iterator point to an empty bucket?
+    return nonempty_iterator(
+      groups.begin(), groups.end(),
+      groups.begin() + group_num(i),
+      (groups[group_num(i)].nonempty_begin() +
+       groups[group_num(i)].pos_to_offset(pos_in_group(i))));
+  }
+
+
+  // This returns a reference to the inserted item (which is a copy of val)
+  // The trick is to figure out whether we're replacing or inserting anew
+  reference set(size_type i, const_reference val) {
+    assert(i < table_size);
+    size_type old_numbuckets = which_group(i).num_nonempty();
+    reference retval = which_group(i).set(pos_in_group(i), val);
+    num_buckets += which_group(i).num_nonempty() - old_numbuckets;
+    return retval;
+  }
+
+  // This takes the specified elements out of the table.  This is
+  // "undefining", rather than "clearing".
+  void erase(size_type i) {
+    assert(i < table_size);
+    size_type old_numbuckets = which_group(i).num_nonempty();
+    which_group(i).erase(pos_in_group(i));
+    num_buckets += which_group(i).num_nonempty() - old_numbuckets;
+  }
+
+  void erase(iterator pos) {
+    erase(pos.pos);
+  }
+
+  void erase(iterator start_it, iterator end_it) {
+    // This could be more efficient, but then we'd need to figure
+    // out if we spanned groups or not.  Doesn't seem worth it.
+    for ( ; start_it != end_it; ++start_it )
+      erase(start_it);
+  }
+
+
+  // We support reading and writing tables to disk.  We don't store
+  // the actual array contents (which we don't know how to store),
+  // just the groups and sizes.  Returns true if all went ok.
+
+ private:
+  // Every time the disk format changes, this should probably change too
+  static const unsigned long MAGIC_NUMBER = 0x24687531;
+
+  // Old versions of this code write all data in 32 bits.  We need to
+  // support these files as well as having support for 64-bit systems.
+  // So we use the following encoding scheme: for values < 2^32-1, we
+  // store in 4 bytes in big-endian order.  For values > 2^32, we
+  // store 0xFFFFFFF followed by 8 bytes in big-endian order.  This
+  // causes us to mis-read old-version code that stores exactly
+  // 0xFFFFFFF, but I don't think that is likely to have happened for
+  // these particular values.
+  static bool write_32_or_64(FILE* fp, size_type value) {
+    if ( value < 0xFFFFFFFFULL ) {        // fits in 4 bytes
+      PUT_(value, 24);
+      PUT_(value, 16);
+      PUT_(value, 8);
+      PUT_(value, 0);
+    } else if ( value == 0xFFFFFFFFUL ) {   // special case in 32bit systems
+      PUT_(0xFF, 0); PUT_(0xFF, 0); PUT_(0xFF, 0); PUT_(0xFF, 0);  // marker
+      PUT_(0, 0); PUT_(0, 0); PUT_(0, 0); PUT_(0, 0);
+      PUT_(0xFF, 0); PUT_(0xFF, 0); PUT_(0xFF, 0); PUT_(0xFF, 0);
+    } else {
+      PUT_(0xFF, 0); PUT_(0xFF, 0); PUT_(0xFF, 0); PUT_(0xFF, 0);  // marker
+      PUT_(value, 56);
+      PUT_(value, 48);
+      PUT_(value, 40);
+      PUT_(value, 32);
+      PUT_(value, 24);
+      PUT_(value, 16);
+      PUT_(value, 8);
+      PUT_(value, 0);
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  static bool read_32_or_64(FILE* fp, size_type *value) {  // reads into value
+    size_type first4 = 0;
+    int x;
+    GET_(first4, 24);
+    GET_(first4, 16);
+    GET_(first4, 8);
+    GET_(first4, 0);
+    if ( first4 < 0xFFFFFFFFULL ) {
+      *value = first4;
+    } else {
+      GET_(*value, 56);
+      GET_(*value, 48);
+      GET_(*value, 40);
+      GET_(*value, 32);
+      GET_(*value, 24);
+      GET_(*value, 16);
+      GET_(*value, 8);
+      GET_(*value, 0);
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  bool write_metadata(FILE *fp) const {
+    if ( !write_32_or_64(fp, MAGIC_NUMBER) )  return false;
+    if ( !write_32_or_64(fp, table_size) )  return false;
+    if ( !write_32_or_64(fp, num_buckets) )  return false;
+
+    GroupsConstIterator group;
+    for ( group = groups.begin(); group != groups.end(); ++group )
+      if ( group->write_metadata(fp) == false )  return false;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // Reading destroys the old table contents!  Returns true if read ok.
+  bool read_metadata(FILE *fp) {
+    size_type magic_read = 0;
+    if ( !read_32_or_64(fp, &magic_read) )  return false;
+    if ( magic_read != MAGIC_NUMBER ) {
+      clear();                        // just to be consistent
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if ( !read_32_or_64(fp, &table_size) )  return false;
+    if ( !read_32_or_64(fp, &num_buckets) )  return false;
+
+    resize(table_size);                            // so the vector's sized ok
+    GroupsIterator group;
+    for ( group = groups.begin(); group != groups.end(); ++group )
+      if ( group->read_metadata(fp) == false )  return false;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // This code is identical to that for SparseGroup
+  // If your keys and values are simple enough, we can write them
+  // to disk for you.  "simple enough" means no pointers.
+  // However, we don't try to normalize endianness
+  bool write_nopointer_data(FILE *fp) const {
+    for ( const_nonempty_iterator it = nonempty_begin();
+          it != nonempty_end(); ++it ) {
+      if ( !fwrite(&*it, sizeof(*it), 1, fp) )  return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // When reading, we have to override the potential const-ness of *it
+  bool read_nopointer_data(FILE *fp) {
+    for ( nonempty_iterator it = nonempty_begin();
+          it != nonempty_end(); ++it ) {
+      if ( !fread(reinterpret_cast<void*>(&(*it)), sizeof(*it), 1, fp) )
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // Comparisons.  Note the comparisons are pretty arbitrary: we
+  // compare values of the first index that isn't equal (using default
+  // value for empty buckets).
+  bool operator==(const sparsetable& x) const {
+    return ( table_size == x.table_size &&
+             num_buckets == x.num_buckets &&
+             groups == x.groups );
+  }
+  bool operator<(const sparsetable& x) const {      // also from algobase.h
+    return STL_NAMESPACE::lexicographical_compare(begin(), end(), 
+                                                  x.begin(), x.end());
+  }
+  bool operator!=(const sparsetable& x) const { return !(*this == x); }
+  bool operator<=(const sparsetable& x) const { return !(x < *this); }
+  bool operator>(const sparsetable& x) const { return x < *this; }
+  bool operator>=(const sparsetable& x) const { return !(*this < x); }
+
+
+ private:
+  // The actual data
+  vector< sparsegroup<value_type, GROUP_SIZE> > groups;  // our list of groups
+  size_type table_size;                         // how many buckets they want
+  size_type num_buckets;                        // number of non-empty buckets
+};
+
+// We need a global swap as well
+template <class T, u_int16_t GROUP_SIZE>
+inline void swap(sparsetable<T,GROUP_SIZE> &x, sparsetable<T,GROUP_SIZE> &y) {
+  x.swap(y);
+}
+
+#undef GET_
+#undef PUT_
+
+_END_GOOGLE_NAMESPACE_
+
+#endif