passenger_dudemeister 3.0.1

data/ext/common/ApplicationPool/Interface.h

@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+/*
+ *  Phusion Passenger - http://www.modrails.com/
+ *  Copyright (c) 2010 Phusion
+ *
+ *  "Phusion Passenger" is a trademark of Hongli Lai & Ninh Bui.
+ *
+ *  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ *  of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ *  in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ *  to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ *  copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ *  furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ *  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ *  all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ *  THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ *  IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ *  FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ *  AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ *  LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ *  OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ *  THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+#ifndef _PASSENGER_APPLICATION_POOL_INTERFACE_H_
+#define _PASSENGER_APPLICATION_POOL_INTERFACE_H_
+
+#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include "../Session.h"
+#include "../PoolOptions.h"
+
+namespace Passenger {
+namespace ApplicationPool {
+
+using namespace std;
+using namespace boost;
+
+/**
+ * A persistent pool of Applications.
+ *
+ * Spawning application instances, especially Ruby on Rails ones, is a very expensive operation.
+ * Despite best efforts to make the operation less expensive (see SpawnManager),
+ * it remains expensive compared to the cost of processing an HTTP request/response.
+ * So, in order to solve this, some sort of caching/pooling mechanism will be required.
+ * ApplicationPool provides this.
+ *
+ * Normally, one would use SpawnManager to spawn a new RoR/Rack application instance,
+ * then use Application::connect() to create a new session with that application
+ * instance, and then use the returned Session object to send the request and
+ * to read the HTTP response. ApplicationPool replaces the first step with
+ * a call to Application::get(). For example:
+ * @code
+ *   ApplicationPool pool = some_function_which_creates_an_application_pool();
+ *   
+ *   // Connect to the application and get the newly opened session.
+ *   Application::SessionPtr session(pool->get("/home/webapps/foo"));
+ *   
+ *   // Send the request headers and request body data.
+ *   session->sendHeaders(...);
+ *   session->sendBodyBlock(...);
+ *   // Done sending data, so we shutdown the writer stream.
+ *   session->shutdownWriter();
+ *
+ *   // Now read the HTTP response.
+ *   string responseData = readAllDataFromSocket(session->getStream());
+ *   // Done reading data, so we shutdown the reader stream.
+ *   session->shutdownReader();
+ *
+ *   // This session has now finished, so we close the session by resetting
+ *   // the smart pointer to NULL (thereby destroying the Session object).
+ *   session.reset();
+ *
+ *   // We can connect to an Application multiple times. Just make sure
+ *   // the previous session is closed.
+ *   session = app->connect("/home/webapps/bar");
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * Internally, ApplicationPool::get() will keep spawned applications instances in
+ * memory, and reuse them if possible. It will try to keep spawning to a minimum.
+ * Furthermore, if an application instance hasn't been used for a while, it
+ * will be automatically shutdown in order to save memory. Restart requests are
+ * honored: if an application has the file 'restart.txt' in its 'tmp' folder,
+ * then get() will shutdown existing instances of that application and spawn
+ * a new instance (this is useful when a new version of an application has been
+ * deployed). And finally, one can set a hard limit on the maximum number of
+ * applications instances that may be spawned (see ApplicationPool::setMax()).
+ *
+ * Note that ApplicationPool is just an interface (i.e. a pure virtual class).
+ * For concrete classes, see StandardApplicationPool and ApplicationPoolServer.
+ * The exact pooling algorithm depends on the implementation class.
+ *
+ * ApplicationPool is *not* guaranteed to be thread-safe. See the documentation
+ * for concrete implementations to find out whether that particular implementation
+ * is thread-safe.
+ *
+ * @ingroup Support
+ */
+class Interface {
+public:
+	virtual ~Interface() {};
+	
+	/**
+	 * Checks whether this ApplicationPool object is still connected to the
+	 * ApplicationPool server.
+	 *
+	 * If that's not the case, then one should reconnect to the ApplicationPool server.
+	 *
+	 * This method is only meaningful for instances of type ApplicationPoolServer::Client.
+	 * The default implementation always returns true.
+	 */
+	virtual bool connected() const {
+		return true;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Open a new session with the application specified by <tt>PoolOptions.appRoot</tt>.
+	 * See the class description for ApplicationPool, as well as Application::connect(),
+	 * on how to use the returned session object.
+	 *
+	 * Internally, this method may either spawn a new application instance, or use
+	 * an existing one.
+	 *
+	 * @param options An object containing information on which application to open
+	 *             a session with, as well as spawning details. Spawning details will be used
+	 *             if the pool decides that spawning a new application instance is necessary.
+	 *             See SpawnManager and PoolOptions for details.
+	 * @return A session object.
+	 * @throws SpawnException An attempt was made to spawn a new application instance, but that attempt failed.
+	 * @throws BusyException The application pool is too busy right now, and cannot
+	 *       satisfy the request. One should either abort, or try again later.
+	 * @throws SystemException Something else went wrong.
+	 * @throws IOException Something else went wrong.
+	 * @throws boost::thread_interrupted
+	 * @throws Anything thrown by options.environmentVariables->getItems().
+	 * @note Applications are uniquely identified with the application root
+	 *       string. So although <tt>appRoot</tt> does not have to be absolute, it
+	 *       should be. If one calls <tt>get("/home/foo")</tt> and
+	 *       <tt>get("/home/../home/foo")</tt>, then ApplicationPool will think
+	 *       they're 2 different applications, and thus will spawn 2 application instances.
+	 */
+	virtual SessionPtr get(const PoolOptions &options) = 0;
+	
+	/**
+	 * Convenience shortcut for calling get() with default spawn options.
+	 *
+	 * @throws SpawnException
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 * @throws SystemException
+	 * @throws boost::thread_interrupted
+	 * @throws Anything thrown by options.environmentVariables->getItems().
+	 */
+	virtual SessionPtr get(const string &appRoot) {
+		return get(PoolOptions(appRoot));
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Detach the process with the given identifier from this pool.
+	 *
+	 * The identifier can be obtained from a session through the
+	 * getPoolIdentifier() method.
+	 *
+	 * @param identifier The identifier.
+	 * @returns Whether there was a process in the pool with the given identifier.
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 * @throws SystemException
+	 * @throws boost::thread_interrupted
+	 */
+	virtual bool detach(const string &identifier) = 0;
+	
+	/**
+	 * Clear all application instances that are currently in the pool.
+	 *
+	 * This method is used by unit tests to verify that the implementation is correct,
+	 * and thus should not be called directly.
+	 *
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 * @throws SystemException
+	 * @throws boost::thread_interrupted
+	 */
+	virtual void clear() = 0;
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set the maximum idle time for application instances. Application instances
+	 * that haven't received any requests in <tt>seconds</tt> seconds will be shut
+	 * down.
+	 *
+	 * A value of 0 means that the application instances will not idle timeout.
+	 *
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 * @throws SystemException
+	 * @throws boost::thread_interrupted
+	 */
+	virtual void setMaxIdleTime(unsigned int seconds) = 0;
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set a hard limit on the number of application instances that this ApplicationPool
+	 * may spawn. The exact behavior depends on the used algorithm, and is not specified by
+	 * these API docs.
+	 *
+	 * It is allowed to set a limit lower than the current number of spawned applications.
+	 *
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 * @throws SystemException
+	 * @throws boost::thread_interrupted
+	 */
+	virtual void setMax(unsigned int max) = 0;
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get the number of active applications in the pool.
+	 *
+	 * This method exposes an implementation detail of the underlying pooling algorithm.
+	 * It is used by unit tests to verify that the implementation is correct,
+	 * and thus should not be called directly.
+	 *
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 * @throws SystemException
+	 * @throws boost::thread_interrupted
+	 */
+	virtual unsigned int getActive() const = 0;
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get the number of active applications in the pool.
+	 *
+	 * This method exposes an implementation detail of the underlying pooling algorithm.
+	 * It is used by unit tests to verify that the implementation is correct,
+	 * and thus should not be called directly.
+	 *
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 * @throws SystemException
+	 * @throws boost::thread_interrupted
+	 */
+	virtual unsigned int getCount() const = 0;
+	
+	/**
+	 * Returns the number of clients waiting on the global queue.
+	 *
+	 * This method exposes an implementation detail of the underlying pooling algorithm.
+	 * It is used by unit tests to verify that the implementation is correct,
+	 * and thus should not be called directly.
+	 *
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 * @throws SystemException
+	 * @throws boost::thread_interrupted
+	 */
+	virtual unsigned int getGlobalQueueSize() const = 0;
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set a hard limit on the number of application instances that a single application
+	 * may spawn in this ApplicationPool. The exact behavior depends on the used algorithm, 
+	 * and is not specified by these API docs.
+	 *
+	 * It is allowed to set a limit lower than the current number of spawned applications.
+	 *
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 * @throws SystemException
+	 * @throws boost::thread_interrupted
+	 */
+	virtual void setMaxPerApp(unsigned int max) = 0;
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get the process ID of the spawn server that is used.
+	 *
+	 * This method exposes an implementation detail. It is used by unit tests to verify
+	 * that the implementation is correct, and thus should not be used directly.
+	 *
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 * @throws SystemException
+	 * @throws boost::thread_interrupted
+	 */
+	virtual pid_t getSpawnServerPid() const = 0;
+	
+	/**
+	 * Returns a human-readable description of the internal state
+	 * of the application pool.
+	 */
+	virtual string inspect() const = 0;
+	
+	/**
+	 * Returns an XML description of the internal state of the
+	 * application pool.
+	 *
+	 * @param includeSensitiveInformation Whether potentially sensitive
+	 *     information may be included in the result.
+	 */
+	virtual string toXml(bool includeSensitiveInformation = true) const = 0;
+};
+
+typedef shared_ptr<Interface> Ptr;
+
+} // namespace ApplicationPool
+} // namespace Passenger
+
+#endif /* _PASSENGER_APPLICATION_POOL_INTERFACE_H_ */

data/ext/common/ApplicationPool/Pool.h

@@ -0,0 +1,1327 @@
+/*
+ *  Phusion Passenger - http://www.modrails.com/
+ *  Copyright (c) 2010 Phusion
+ *
+ *  "Phusion Passenger" is a trademark of Hongli Lai & Ninh Bui.
+ *
+ *  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ *  of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ *  in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ *  to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ *  copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ *  furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ *  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ *  all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ *  THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ *  IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ *  FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ *  AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ *  LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ *  OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ *  THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+#ifndef _PASSENGER_APPLICATION_POOL_POOL_H_
+#define _PASSENGER_APPLICATION_POOL_POOL_H_
+
+#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <boost/weak_ptr.hpp>
+#include <boost/thread.hpp>
+#include <boost/bind.hpp>
+#include <boost/date_time/microsec_time_clock.hpp>
+#include <boost/date_time/posix_time/posix_time.hpp>
+
+#include <oxt/system_calls.hpp>
+#include <oxt/backtrace.hpp>
+#include <oxt/thread.hpp>
+
+#include <string>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <map>
+#include <list>
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <ctime>
+#include <cerrno>
+#include <cassert>
+#ifdef TESTING_APPLICATION_POOL
+	#include <cstdlib>
+#endif
+
+#include "Interface.h"
+#include "../Logging.h"
+#include "../SpawnManager.h"
+#include "../Constants.h"
+#include "../Utils/SystemTime.h"
+#include "../Utils/FileChangeChecker.h"
+#include "../Utils/CachedFileStat.hpp"
+#include "../Utils/ProcessMetricsCollector.h"
+
+namespace Passenger {
+namespace ApplicationPool {
+
+using namespace std;
+using namespace boost;
+using namespace oxt;
+
+// Forward declaration for ApplicationPool::Server.
+class Server;
+
+/****************************************************************
+ *
+ *  See "doc/ApplicationPool algorithm.txt" for a more readable
+ *  and detailed description of the algorithm implemented here.
+ *
+ ****************************************************************/
+
+/**
+ * A standard implementation of ApplicationPool::Interface for single-process environments.
+ *
+ * The environment may or may not be multithreaded - ApplicationPool::Pool is completely
+ * thread-safe. Apache with the threading MPM is an example of a multithreaded single-process
+ * environment.
+ *
+ * This class is unusable in multi-process environments such as Apache with the prefork MPM.
+ * The reasons are as follows:
+ *  - ApplicationPool::Pool uses threads internally. Because threads disappear after a fork(),
+ *    an ApplicationPool::Pool object will become unusable after a fork().
+ *  - ApplicationPool::Pool stores its internal cache on the heap. Different processes
+ *    cannot share their heaps, so they will not be able to access each others' pool cache.
+ *  - ApplicationPool::Pool has a connection to the spawn server. If there are multiple
+ *    processes, and they all use the spawn servers's connection at the same time without
+ *    some sort of synchronization, then bad things will happen.
+ *
+ * (Of course, ApplicationPool::Pool <em>is</em> usable if each process creates its own
+ * ApplicationPool::Pool object, but that would defeat the point of having a shared pool.)
+ *
+ * For multi-process environments, one should use ApplicationPool::Server +
+ * ApplicationPool::Client instead.
+ *
+ * ApplicationPool::Pool is fully thread-safe.
+ *
+ * @ingroup Support
+ */
+class Pool: public ApplicationPool::Interface {
+public:
+	static const int CLEANER_THREAD_STACK_SIZE = 1024 * 64;
+	static const int SPAWNER_THREAD_STACK_SIZE = 1024 * 64;
+	static const int ANALYTICS_COLLECTION_THREAD_STACK_SIZE = 1024 * 64;
+	static const unsigned int MAX_GET_ATTEMPTS = 10;
+
+private:
+	struct Group;
+	struct ProcessInfo;
+	
+	typedef shared_ptr<Group> GroupPtr;
+	typedef shared_ptr<ProcessInfo> ProcessInfoPtr;
+	typedef list<ProcessInfoPtr> ProcessInfoList;
+	typedef map<string, GroupPtr> GroupMap;
+	
+	struct Group {
+		string name;
+		string appRoot;
+		ProcessInfoList processes;
+		unsigned int size;
+		bool detached;
+		unsigned long maxRequests;
+		unsigned long minProcesses;
+		bool spawning;
+		shared_ptr<oxt::thread> spawnerThread;
+		string environment;
+		bool analytics;
+		string unionStationKey;
+		
+		/*****************/
+		/*****************/
+		
+		Group() {
+			size         = 0;
+			detached     = false;
+			maxRequests  = 0;
+			minProcesses = 0;
+			spawning     = false;
+			analytics    = false;
+			/*****************/
+		}
+	};
+	
+	struct ProcessInfo {
+		ProcessPtr process;
+		string groupName;
+		unsigned long long startTime;
+		time_t lastUsed;
+		unsigned int sessions;
+		unsigned int processed;
+		ProcessInfoList::iterator iterator;
+		ProcessInfoList::iterator ia_iterator;
+		bool detached;
+		ProcessMetrics metrics;
+		
+		/****************/
+		/****************/
+		
+		ProcessInfo() {
+			startTime  = SystemTime::getMsec();
+			lastUsed   = 0;
+			sessions   = 0;
+			processed  = 0;
+			detached   = false;
+			/*****************/
+		}
+		
+		/**
+		 * Returns the uptime of this process so far, as a string.
+		 */
+		string uptime() const {
+			unsigned long long seconds = (unsigned long long) time(NULL) - startTime / 1000;
+			stringstream result;
+			
+			if (seconds >= 60) {
+				unsigned long long minutes = seconds / 60;
+				if (minutes >= 60) {
+					unsigned long long hours = minutes / 60;
+					minutes = minutes % 60;
+					result << hours << "h ";
+				}
+				
+				seconds = seconds % 60;
+				result << minutes << "m ";
+			}
+			result << seconds << "s";
+			return result.str();
+		}
+	};
+	
+	/**
+	 * A data structure which contains data that's shared between an
+	 * ApplicationPool::Pool and a SessionCloseCallback object.
+	 * This is because the ApplicationPool::Pool's life time could be
+	 * different from a SessionCloseCallback's.
+	 */
+	struct SharedData {
+		boost::timed_mutex lock;
+		condition_variable_any newAppGroupCreatable;
+		condition_variable_any globalQueuePositionBecameAvailable;
+		
+		GroupMap groups;
+		unsigned int max;
+		unsigned int count;
+		unsigned int active;
+		unsigned int maxPerApp;
+		ProcessInfoList inactiveApps;
+	};
+	
+	typedef shared_ptr<SharedData> SharedDataPtr;
+	
+	/**
+	 * Function object which will be called when a session has been closed.
+	 */
+	struct SessionCloseCallback {
+		SharedDataPtr data;
+		weak_ptr<ProcessInfo> processInfo;
+		
+		SessionCloseCallback(const SharedDataPtr &data,
+		                     const weak_ptr<ProcessInfo> &processInfo) {
+			this->data = data;
+			this->processInfo = processInfo;
+		}
+		
+		void operator()(const StandardSession *session) {
+			ProcessInfoPtr processInfo = this->processInfo.lock();
+			if (processInfo == NULL || processInfo->detached) {
+				return;
+			}
+			
+			boost::timed_mutex::scoped_lock l(data->lock);
+			if (processInfo->detached) {
+				return;
+			}
+			
+			GroupMap::iterator it;
+			it = data->groups.find(processInfo->groupName);
+			GroupPtr group = it->second;
+			ProcessInfoList *processes = &group->processes;
+			
+			processInfo->processed++;
+			
+			if (group->maxRequests > 0 && processInfo->processed >= group->maxRequests) {
+				P_DEBUG("MaxRequests for process " << processInfo->process->getPid() << " reached");
+				processInfo->detached = true;
+				processes->erase(processInfo->iterator);
+				group->size--;
+				if (processes->empty()) {
+					Pool::detachGroupWithoutLock(data, group);
+				}
+				mutateCount(data, data->count - 1);
+				if (processInfo->sessions == 0) {
+					data->inactiveApps.erase(processInfo->ia_iterator);
+				} else {
+					mutateActive(data, data->active - 1);
+				}
+			} else {
+				processInfo->lastUsed = time(NULL);
+				processInfo->sessions--;
+				if (processInfo->sessions == 0) {
+					processes->erase(processInfo->iterator);
+					processes->push_front(processInfo);
+					processInfo->iterator = processes->begin();
+					data->inactiveApps.push_back(processInfo);
+					processInfo->ia_iterator = data->inactiveApps.end();
+					processInfo->ia_iterator--;
+					mutateActive(data, data->active - 1);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	};
+	
+	AbstractSpawnManagerPtr spawnManager;
+	AnalyticsLoggerPtr analyticsLogger;
+	SharedDataPtr data;
+	oxt::thread *cleanerThread;
+	oxt::thread *analyticsCollectionThread;
+	bool destroying;
+	unsigned int maxIdleTime;
+	unsigned int waitingOnGlobalQueue;
+	condition_variable_any cleanerThreadSleeper;
+	CachedFileStat cstat;
+	FileChangeChecker fileChangeChecker;
+	ProcessMetricsCollector processMetricsCollector;
+	
+	// Shortcuts for instance variables in SharedData. Saves typing in get()
+	// and other methods.
+	boost::timed_mutex &lock;
+	condition_variable_any &newAppGroupCreatable;
+	condition_variable_any &globalQueuePositionBecameAvailable;
+	GroupMap &groups;
+	unsigned int &max;
+	unsigned int &count;
+	unsigned int &active;
+	unsigned int &maxPerApp;
+	ProcessInfoList &inactiveApps;
+	
+	/**
+	 * Verify that all the invariants are correct.
+	 */
+	bool inline verifyState() {
+	#if PASSENGER_DEBUG
+		// Invariants for _groups_.
+		GroupMap::const_iterator it;
+		unsigned int totalSize = 0;
+		unsigned int expectedActive = 0;
+		
+		for (it = groups.begin(); it != groups.end(); it++) {
+			const string &appRoot = it->first;
+			Group *group = it->second.get();
+			ProcessInfoList *processes = &group->processes;
+			
+			// Invariants for Group.
+			
+			P_ASSERT(group->size <= count, false,
+				"groups['" << appRoot << "'].size (" << group->size <<
+				") <= count (" << count << ")");
+			totalSize += group->size;
+			P_ASSERT(!processes->empty(), false,
+				"groups['" << appRoot << "'].processes is nonempty.");
+			P_ASSERT(!group->detached, false,
+				"groups['" << appRoot << "'].detached is true");
+			
+			
+			ProcessInfoList::const_iterator lit = processes->begin();
+			for (; lit != processes->end(); lit++) {
+				const ProcessInfoPtr &processInfo = *lit;
+				
+				// Invariants for ProcessInfo.
+				P_ASSERT(processInfo->groupName == group->name, false,
+					"groups['" << appRoot << "'].processes[x].groupName "
+					"equals groups['" << appRoot << "'].name");
+				P_ASSERT(!processInfo->detached, false,
+					"groups['" << appRoot << "'].processes[x].detached is false");
+				if (processInfo->sessions > 0) {
+					expectedActive++;
+				}
+			}
+			
+			ProcessInfoList::const_iterator prev_lit;
+			prev_lit = processes->begin();
+			lit = prev_lit;
+			lit++;
+			for (; lit != processes->end(); lit++) {
+				const ProcessInfoPtr &processInfo = *lit;
+				
+				// Invariants for ProcessInfo that depend on the previous item.
+				if ((*prev_lit)->sessions > 0) {
+					P_ASSERT(processInfo->sessions > 0, false,
+						"groups['" << appRoot << "'].processes "
+						"is sorted from nonactive to active");
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		P_ASSERT(totalSize == count, false, "(sum of all d.size in groups) == count");
+		
+		P_ASSERT(active == expectedActive, false,
+			"active (" << active << ") == " << expectedActive);
+		P_ASSERT(active <= count, false,
+			"active (" << active << ") < count (" << count << ")");
+		P_ASSERT(inactiveApps.size() == count - active, false,
+			"inactive_apps.size() == count - active");
+	#endif
+		return true;
+	}
+	
+	string inspectWithoutLock() const {
+		stringstream result;
+		
+		result << "----------- General information -----------" << endl;
+		result << "max      = " << max << endl;
+		result << "count    = " << count << endl;
+		result << "active   = " << active << endl;
+		result << "inactive = " << inactiveApps.size() << endl;
+		result << "Waiting on global queue: " << waitingOnGlobalQueue << endl;
+		result << endl;
+		
+		result << "----------- Groups -----------" << endl;
+		GroupMap::const_iterator it;
+		for (it = groups.begin(); it != groups.end(); it++) {
+			Group *group = it->second.get();
+			ProcessInfoList *processes = &group->processes;
+			ProcessInfoList::const_iterator lit;
+			
+			result << it->first << ": " << endl;
+			for (lit = processes->begin(); lit != processes->end(); lit++) {
+				const ProcessInfo *processInfo = lit->get();
+				char buf[128];
+				
+				snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf),
+						"PID: %-5lu   Sessions: %-2u   Processed: %-5u   Uptime: %s",
+						(unsigned long) processInfo->process->getPid(),
+						processInfo->sessions,
+						processInfo->processed,
+						processInfo->uptime().c_str());
+				result << "  " << buf << endl;
+			}
+			result << endl;
+		}
+		return result.str();
+	}
+	
+	static void mutateActive(const SharedDataPtr &data, unsigned int value) {
+		if (value < data->active) {
+			data->newAppGroupCreatable.notify_all();
+			data->globalQueuePositionBecameAvailable.notify_all();
+		}
+		data->active = value;
+	}
+	
+	static void mutateCount(const SharedDataPtr &data, unsigned int value) {
+		data->globalQueuePositionBecameAvailable.notify_all();
+		data->count = value;
+	}
+	
+	static void mutateMax(const SharedDataPtr &data, unsigned int value) {
+		if (value > data->max) {
+			data->newAppGroupCreatable.notify_all();
+			data->globalQueuePositionBecameAvailable.notify_all();
+		}
+		data->max = value;
+	}
+	
+	void mutateActive(unsigned int value) {
+		Pool::mutateActive(data, value);
+	}
+	
+	void mutateCount(unsigned int value) {
+		Pool::mutateCount(data, value);
+	}
+	
+	void mutateMax(unsigned int value) {
+		Pool::mutateMax(data, value);
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Checks whether the given application group needs to be restarted.
+	 *
+	 * @throws TimeRetrievalException Something went wrong while retrieving the system time.
+	 * @throws boost::thread_interrupted
+	 */
+	bool needsRestart(const string &appRoot, const PoolOptions &options) {
+		string restartDir;
+		if (options.restartDir.empty()) {
+			restartDir = appRoot + "/tmp";
+		} else if (options.restartDir[0] == '/') {
+			restartDir = options.restartDir;
+		} else {
+			restartDir = appRoot + "/" + options.restartDir;
+		}
+		
+		string alwaysRestartFile = restartDir + "/always_restart.txt";
+		string restartFile = restartDir + "/restart.txt";
+		struct stat buf;
+		return cstat.stat(alwaysRestartFile, &buf, options.statThrottleRate) == 0 ||
+		       fileChangeChecker.changed(restartFile, options.statThrottleRate);
+	}
+	
+	bool spawningAllowed(const GroupPtr &group, const PoolOptions &options) const {
+		return ( count < max ) &&
+			( (maxPerApp == 0) || (group->size < maxPerApp) );
+	}
+	
+	void dumpProcessInfoAsXml(const ProcessInfo *processInfo, bool includeSensitiveInformation,
+	                          stringstream &result) const
+	{
+		result << "<process>";
+		result << "<pid>" << processInfo->process->getPid() << "</pid>";
+		result << "<gupid>" << processInfo->process->getGupid() << "</gupid>";
+		result << "<sessions>" << processInfo->sessions << "</sessions>";
+		result << "<processed>" << processInfo->processed << "</processed>";
+		result << "<uptime>" << processInfo->uptime() << "</uptime>";
+		if (processInfo->metrics.isValid()) {
+			const ProcessMetrics &metrics = processInfo->metrics;
+			result << "<has_metrics>true</has_metrics>";
+			result << "<cpu>" << (int) metrics.cpu << "</cpu>";
+			result << "<rss>" << metrics.rss << "</rss>";
+			if (metrics.pss != -1) {
+				result << "<pss>" << metrics.pss << "</pss>";
+			}
+			if (metrics.privateDirty != -1) {
+				result << "<private_dirty>" << metrics.privateDirty << "</private_dirty>";
+			}
+			if (metrics.swap != -1) {
+				result << "<swap>" << metrics.swap << "</swap>";
+			}
+			result << "<real_memory>" << metrics.realMemory() << "</real_memory>";
+			result << "<vmsize>" << metrics.vmsize << "</vmsize>";
+			result << "<process_group_id>" << metrics.processGroupId << "</process_group_id>";
+			result << "<command>" << escapeForXml(metrics.command) << "</command>";
+		}
+		if (includeSensitiveInformation) {
+			const ProcessPtr &process = processInfo->process;
+			const Process::SocketInfoMap *serverSockets;
+			Process::SocketInfoMap::const_iterator sit;
+			
+			result << "<connect_password>" << process->getConnectPassword() << "</connect_password>";
+			result << "<server_sockets>";
+			serverSockets = process->getServerSockets();
+			for (sit = serverSockets->begin(); sit != serverSockets->end(); sit++) {
+				const string &name = sit->first;
+				const Process::SocketInfo &info = sit->second;
+				result << "<server_socket>";
+				result << "<name>" << escapeForXml(name) << "</name>";
+				result << "<address>" << escapeForXml(info.address) << "</address>";
+				result << "<type>" << escapeForXml(info.type) << "</type>";
+				result << "</server_socket>";
+			}
+			result << "</server_sockets>";
+		}
+		result << "</process>";
+	}
+	
+	static void detachGroupWithoutLock(const SharedDataPtr &data, const GroupPtr &group) {
+		TRACE_POINT();
+		assert(!group->detached);
+		
+		ProcessInfoList *processes = &group->processes;
+		ProcessInfoList::iterator list_it;
+		
+		for (list_it = processes->begin(); list_it != processes->end(); list_it++) {
+			ProcessInfoPtr processInfo = *list_it;
+			
+			if (processInfo->sessions == 0) {
+				data->inactiveApps.erase(processInfo->ia_iterator);
+			} else {
+				mutateActive(data, data->active - 1);
+			}
+			list_it--;
+			processes->erase(processInfo->iterator);
+			processInfo->detached = true;
+			mutateCount(data, data->count - 1);
+		}
+		
+		if (group->spawning) {
+			UPDATE_TRACE_POINT();
+			group->spawnerThread->interrupt_and_join();
+			group->spawnerThread.reset();
+			group->spawning = false;
+		}
+		
+		group->detached = true;
+		data->groups.erase(group->name);
+	}
+	
+	void detachGroupWithoutLock(const GroupPtr &group) {
+		Pool::detachGroupWithoutLock(data, group);
+	}
+	
+	ProcessInfoPtr selectProcess(ProcessInfoList *processes, const PoolOptions &options,
+		unique_lock<boost::timed_mutex> &l,
+		this_thread::disable_interruption &di,
+		this_thread::disable_syscall_interruption &dsi)
+	{
+		if (options.useGlobalQueue) {
+			TRACE_POINT();
+			waitingOnGlobalQueue++;
+			this_thread::restore_interruption ri(di);
+			this_thread::restore_syscall_interruption rsi(dsi);
+			globalQueuePositionBecameAvailable.wait(l);
+			waitingOnGlobalQueue--;
+			return ProcessInfoPtr();
+		} else {
+			ProcessInfoList::iterator it = processes->begin();
+			ProcessInfoList::iterator end = processes->end();
+			ProcessInfoList::iterator smallest = processes->begin();
+			ProcessInfoPtr processInfo;
+			
+			it++;
+			for (; it != end; it++) {
+				if ((*it)->sessions < (*smallest)->sessions) {
+					smallest = it;
+				}
+			}
+			processInfo = *smallest;
+			processes->erase(smallest);
+			processes->push_back(processInfo);
+			processInfo->iterator = processes->end();
+			processInfo->iterator--;
+			return processInfo;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	void spawnInBackground(const GroupPtr &group, const PoolOptions &options) {
+		assert(!group->detached);
+		assert(!group->spawning);
+		group->spawning = true;
+		group->spawnerThread = ptr(new oxt::thread(
+			boost::bind(&Pool::spawnerThreadCallback, this, group, options.own()),
+			"ApplicationPool background spawner",
+			SPAWNER_THREAD_STACK_SIZE
+		));
+	}
+	
+	void spawnerThreadCallback(GroupPtr group, PoolOptions options) {
+		TRACE_POINT();
+		
+		while (true) {
+			ProcessPtr process;
+			
+			try {
+				UPDATE_TRACE_POINT();
+				P_DEBUG("Background spawning a process for " << options.appRoot);
+				process = spawnManager->spawn(options);
+			} catch (const thread_interrupted &) {
+				UPDATE_TRACE_POINT();
+				interruptable_lock_guard<boost::timed_mutex> l(lock);
+				this_thread::disable_interruption di;
+				this_thread::disable_syscall_interruption dsi;
+				group->spawning = false;
+				group->spawnerThread.reset();
+				return;
+			} catch (const std::exception &e) {
+				UPDATE_TRACE_POINT();
+				P_DEBUG("Background spawning of " << options.appRoot <<
+					" failed; removing entire group." <<
+					" Error: " << e.what());
+				interruptable_lock_guard<boost::timed_mutex> l(lock);
+				this_thread::disable_interruption di;
+				this_thread::disable_syscall_interruption dsi;
+				if (!group->detached) {
+					group->spawning = false;
+					group->spawnerThread.reset();
+					detachGroupWithoutLock(group);
+				}
+				return;
+			}
+			
+			UPDATE_TRACE_POINT();
+			interruptable_lock_guard<boost::timed_mutex> l(lock);
+			this_thread::disable_interruption di;
+			this_thread::disable_syscall_interruption dsi;
+			ProcessInfoPtr processInfo;
+			
+			processInfo = ptr(new ProcessInfo());
+			processInfo->process = process;
+			processInfo->groupName = options.getAppGroupName();
+			
+			group->processes.push_front(processInfo);
+			processInfo->iterator = group->processes.begin();
+			
+			inactiveApps.push_back(processInfo);
+			processInfo->ia_iterator = inactiveApps.end();
+			processInfo->ia_iterator--;
+			
+			group->size++;
+			mutateCount(count + 1);
+			
+			P_ASSERT_WITH_VOID_RETURN(verifyState(),
+				"Background spawning: ApplicationPool state is valid:\n" <<
+				inspectWithoutLock());
+			
+			if (group->size >= options.minProcesses
+			 || !spawningAllowed(group, options)) {
+				group->spawning = false;
+				group->spawnerThread.reset();
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	
+	bool detachWithoutLock(const string &detachKey) {
+		TRACE_POINT();
+		GroupMap::iterator group_it;
+		GroupMap::iterator group_it_end = groups.end();
+		
+		for (group_it = groups.begin(); group_it != group_it_end; group_it++) {
+			GroupPtr group = group_it->second;
+			ProcessInfoList &processes = group->processes;
+			ProcessInfoList::iterator process_info_it = processes.begin();
+			ProcessInfoList::iterator process_info_it_end = processes.end();
+			
+			for (; process_info_it != process_info_it_end; process_info_it++) {
+				ProcessInfoPtr processInfo = *process_info_it;
+				if (processInfo->process->getDetachKey() == detachKey) {
+					// Found a matching process.
+					P_DEBUG("Detaching process " << processInfo->process->getPid());
+					processInfo->detached = true;
+					processes.erase(processInfo->iterator);
+					group->size--;
+					if (processes.empty()) {
+						detachGroupWithoutLock(group);
+					}
+					if (processInfo->sessions == 0) {
+						inactiveApps.erase(processInfo->ia_iterator);
+					} else {
+						mutateActive(active - 1);
+					}
+					mutateCount(count - 1);
+					return true;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+	
+	void cleanerThreadMainLoop() {
+		this_thread::disable_syscall_interruption dsi;
+		unique_lock<boost::timed_mutex> l(lock);
+		try {
+			while (!destroying && !this_thread::interruption_requested()) {
+				if (maxIdleTime == 0) {
+					cleanerThreadSleeper.wait(l);
+					if (destroying) {
+						// ApplicationPool::Pool is being destroyed.
+						break;
+					} else {
+						// maxIdleTime changed.
+						continue;
+					}
+				} else {
+					xtime xt;
+					xtime_get(&xt, TIME_UTC);
+					xt.sec += maxIdleTime + 1;
+					if (cleanerThreadSleeper.timed_wait(l, xt)) {
+						// Condition was woken up.
+						if (destroying) {
+							// ApplicationPool::Pool is being destroyed.
+							break;
+						} else {
+							// maxIdleTime changed.
+							continue;
+						}
+					}
+					// Timeout: maxIdleTime + 1 seconds passed.
+				}
+				
+				time_t now = syscalls::time(NULL);
+				ProcessInfoList::iterator it = inactiveApps.begin();
+				ProcessInfoList::iterator end_it = inactiveApps.end();
+				for (; it != end_it; it++) {
+					ProcessInfoPtr processInfo = *it;
+					
+					if (now - processInfo->lastUsed > (time_t) maxIdleTime) {
+						ProcessPtr process = processInfo->process;
+						GroupPtr   group   = groups[processInfo->groupName];
+						
+						if (group->size > group->minProcesses) {
+							ProcessInfoList *processes = &group->processes;
+							
+							P_DEBUG("Cleaning idle process " << process->getAppRoot() <<
+								" (PID " << process->getPid() << ")");
+							P_TRACE(2, "Group size = " << group->size << ", "
+								"min processes = " << group->minProcesses);
+							processes->erase(processInfo->iterator);
+							processInfo->detached = true;
+							
+							ProcessInfoList::iterator prev = it;
+							prev--;
+							inactiveApps.erase(it);
+							it = prev;
+							
+							group->size--;
+							mutateCount(count - 1);
+							
+							if (processes->empty()) {
+								detachGroupWithoutLock(group);
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		} catch (const std::exception &e) {
+			P_ERROR("Uncaught exception: " << e.what());
+		}
+	}
+	
+	void analyticsCollectionThreadMainLoop() {
+		/* Invariant inside this thread:
+		 * analyticsLogger != NULL
+		 */
+		TRACE_POINT();
+		try {
+			syscalls::sleep(3);
+			while (!this_thread::interruption_requested()) {
+				this_thread::disable_interruption di;
+				this_thread::disable_syscall_interruption dsi;
+				vector<pid_t> pids;
+				
+				// Collect all the PIDs.
+				{
+					UPDATE_TRACE_POINT();
+					lock_guard<boost::timed_mutex> l(lock);
+					GroupMap::const_iterator group_it;
+					GroupMap::const_iterator group_it_end = groups.end();
+					
+					UPDATE_TRACE_POINT();
+					pids.reserve(count);
+					for (group_it = groups.begin(); group_it != group_it_end; group_it++) {
+						const GroupPtr &group = group_it->second;
+						const ProcessInfoList &processes = group->processes;
+						ProcessInfoList::const_iterator process_info_it = processes.begin();
+						ProcessInfoList::const_iterator process_info_it_end = processes.end();
+						
+						for (; process_info_it != process_info_it_end; process_info_it++) {
+							const ProcessInfoPtr &processInfo = *process_info_it;
+							pids.push_back(processInfo->process->getPid());
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				
+				try {
+					// Now collect the process metrics and store them in the
+					// data structures, and log the state into the analytics logs.
+					UPDATE_TRACE_POINT();
+					ProcessMetricMap allMetrics =
+						processMetricsCollector.collect(pids);
+					
+					UPDATE_TRACE_POINT();
+					lock_guard<boost::timed_mutex> l(lock);
+					GroupMap::iterator group_it;
+					GroupMap::iterator group_it_end = groups.end();
+					
+					UPDATE_TRACE_POINT();
+					for (group_it = groups.begin(); group_it != group_it_end; group_it++) {
+						GroupPtr &group = group_it->second;
+						ProcessInfoList &processes = group->processes;
+						ProcessInfoList::iterator process_info_it = processes.begin();
+						ProcessInfoList::iterator process_info_it_end = processes.end();
+						AnalyticsLogPtr log;
+						stringstream xml;
+						
+						if (group->analytics && analyticsLogger != NULL) {
+							ssize_t shared;
+							log = analyticsLogger->newTransaction(group->name,
+								"processes", group->unionStationKey);
+							xml << "Processes: <processes>";
+							xml << "<total_memory>" << allMetrics.totalMemory(shared) << "</total_memory>";
+							if (shared != -1) {
+								xml << "<total_shared_memory>" << shared << "</total_shared_memory>";
+							}
+						}
+						for (; process_info_it != process_info_it_end; process_info_it++) {
+							ProcessInfoPtr &processInfo = *process_info_it;
+							ProcessMetricMap::const_iterator metrics_it =
+								allMetrics.find(processInfo->process->getPid());
+							if (metrics_it != allMetrics.end()) {
+								processInfo->metrics = metrics_it->second;
+							}
+							if (log != NULL) {
+								dumpProcessInfoAsXml(processInfo.get(),
+									false, xml);
+							}
+						}
+						if (log != NULL) {
+							xml << "</processes>";
+							log->message(xml.str());
+						}
+					}
+				} catch (const ProcessMetricsCollector::ParseException &) {
+					P_WARN("Unable to collect process metrics: cannot parse 'ps' output.");
+				} catch (const thread_interrupted &) {
+					throw;
+				} catch (const std::exception &e) {
+					P_WARN("Error while collecting process metrics: " << e.what());
+				}
+				
+				pids.resize(0);
+				
+				// Sleep for about 4 seconds, aligned to seconds boundary
+				// for saving power on laptops.
+				UPDATE_TRACE_POINT();
+				unsigned long long currentTime = SystemTime::getUsec();
+				unsigned long long deadline =
+					roundUp<unsigned long long>(currentTime, 1000000) + 4000000;
+				syscalls::usleep(deadline - currentTime);
+			}
+		} catch (const thread_interrupted &) {
+		} catch (const std::exception &e) {
+			P_ERROR("Uncaught exception: " << e.what());
+		}
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * @throws boost::thread_interrupted
+	 * @throws SpawnException
+	 * @throws SystemException
+	 * @throws TimeRetrievalException Something went wrong while retrieving the system time.
+	 * @throws Anything thrown by options.environmentVariables->getItems().
+	 */
+	pair<ProcessInfoPtr, GroupPtr>
+	checkoutWithoutLock(unique_lock<boost::timed_mutex> &l, const PoolOptions &options) {
+		beginning_of_function:
+		
+		TRACE_POINT();
+		this_thread::disable_interruption di;
+		this_thread::disable_syscall_interruption dsi;
+		const string &appRoot = options.appRoot;
+		const string appGroupName = options.getAppGroupName();
+		ProcessInfoPtr processInfo;
+		GroupPtr group;
+		ProcessInfoList *processes;
+		
+		try {
+			GroupMap::iterator group_it = groups.find(appGroupName);
+			
+			if (needsRestart(appRoot, options)) {
+				P_DEBUG("Restarting " << appGroupName);
+				spawnManager->reload(appGroupName);
+				if (group_it != groups.end()) {
+					detachGroupWithoutLock(group_it->second);
+					group_it = groups.end();
+				}
+			}
+			
+			if (group_it != groups.end()) {
+				group = group_it->second;
+				processes = &group->processes;
+				
+				if (processes->front()->sessions == 0) {
+					processInfo = processes->front();
+					processes->pop_front();
+					processes->push_back(processInfo);
+					processInfo->iterator = processes->end();
+					processInfo->iterator--;
+					inactiveApps.erase(processInfo->ia_iterator);
+					mutateActive(active + 1);
+				} else {
+					if (!group->spawning && spawningAllowed(group, options)) {
+						P_DEBUG("Spawning another process for " << appRoot <<
+							" in the background in order to handle the load");
+						spawnInBackground(group, options);
+					}
+					processInfo = selectProcess(processes, options, l, di, dsi);
+					if (processInfo == NULL) {
+						goto beginning_of_function;
+					}
+				}
+			} else {
+				P_DEBUG("Spawning a process for " << appRoot <<
+					" because there are none for this app group");
+				if (active >= max) {
+					UPDATE_TRACE_POINT();
+					this_thread::restore_interruption ri(di);
+					this_thread::restore_syscall_interruption rsi(dsi);
+					newAppGroupCreatable.wait(l);
+					goto beginning_of_function;
+				} else if (count == max) {
+					processInfo = inactiveApps.front();
+					P_DEBUG("Killing process " << processInfo->process->getPid() <<
+						" because an extra slot is necessary for spawning");
+					inactiveApps.pop_front();
+					processInfo->detached = true;
+					group = groups[processInfo->groupName];
+					processes = &group->processes;
+					processes->erase(processInfo->iterator);
+					if (processes->empty()) {
+						detachGroupWithoutLock(group);
+					} else {
+						group->size--;
+					}
+					mutateCount(count - 1);
+				}
+				
+				UPDATE_TRACE_POINT();
+				processInfo = ptr(new ProcessInfo());
+				{
+					this_thread::restore_interruption ri(di);
+					this_thread::restore_syscall_interruption rsi(dsi);
+					processInfo->process = spawnManager->spawn(options);
+				}
+				processInfo->groupName = appGroupName;
+				processInfo->sessions = 0;
+				group = ptr(new Group());
+				group->name = appGroupName;
+				group->appRoot = appRoot;
+				group->size = 1;
+				groups[appGroupName] = group;
+				processes = &group->processes;
+				processes->push_back(processInfo);
+				processInfo->iterator = processes->end();
+				processInfo->iterator--;
+				mutateCount(count + 1);
+				mutateActive(active + 1);
+				if (options.minProcesses > 1 && spawningAllowed(group, options)) {
+					spawnInBackground(group, options);
+				}
+			}
+		} catch (const SpawnException &e) {
+			string message("Cannot spawn application '");
+			message.append(appGroupName);
+			message.append("': ");
+			message.append(e.what());
+			if (e.hasErrorPage()) {
+				throw SpawnException(message, e.getErrorPage());
+			} else {
+				throw SpawnException(message);
+			}
+		} catch (const thread_interrupted &) {
+			throw;
+		} catch (const std::exception &e) {
+			string message("Cannot spawn application '");
+			message.append(appGroupName);
+			message.append("': ");
+			message.append(e.what());
+			throw SpawnException(message);
+		}
+		
+		group->maxRequests  = options.maxRequests;
+		group->minProcesses = options.minProcesses;
+		group->environment  = options.environment;
+		group->analytics    = options.log != NULL;
+		if (group->analytics) {
+			group->unionStationKey = options.log->getUnionStationKey();
+		}
+		
+		processInfo->lastUsed = time(NULL);
+		processInfo->sessions++;
+		
+		return make_pair(processInfo, group);
+	}
+	
+	/** @throws boost::thread_resource_error */
+	void initialize(const AnalyticsLoggerPtr &analyticsLogger)
+	{
+		destroying = false;
+		max = DEFAULT_MAX_POOL_SIZE;
+		count = 0;
+		active = 0;
+		waitingOnGlobalQueue = 0;
+		maxPerApp = DEFAULT_MAX_INSTANCES_PER_APP;
+		maxIdleTime = DEFAULT_POOL_IDLE_TIME;
+		cleanerThread = new oxt::thread(
+			bind(&Pool::cleanerThreadMainLoop, this),
+			"ApplicationPool cleaner",
+			CLEANER_THREAD_STACK_SIZE
+		);
+		
+		if (analyticsLogger != NULL) {
+			this->analyticsLogger = analyticsLogger;
+			analyticsCollectionThread = new oxt::thread(
+				bind(&Pool::analyticsCollectionThreadMainLoop, this),
+				"ApplicationPool analytics collector",
+				ANALYTICS_COLLECTION_THREAD_STACK_SIZE
+			);
+		} else {
+			analyticsCollectionThread = NULL;
+		}
+	}
+	
+public:
+	/**
+	 * Create a new ApplicationPool::Pool object, and initialize it with a
+	 * SpawnManager. The arguments here are all passed to the SpawnManager
+	 * constructor.
+	 *
+	 * @throws SystemException An error occured while trying to setup the spawn server.
+	 * @throws IOException The specified log file could not be opened.
+	 * @throws boost::thread_resource_error Cannot spawn a new thread.
+	 */
+	Pool(const string &spawnServerCommand,
+	     const ServerInstanceDir::GenerationPtr &generation,
+	     const AccountsDatabasePtr &accountsDatabase = AccountsDatabasePtr(),
+	     const string &rubyCommand = "ruby",
+	     const AnalyticsLoggerPtr &analyticsLogger = AnalyticsLoggerPtr(),
+	     int logLevel = 0,
+	     const string &debugLogFile = ""
+	) : data(new SharedData()),
+		cstat(DEFAULT_MAX_POOL_SIZE),
+		lock(data->lock),
+		newAppGroupCreatable(data->newAppGroupCreatable),
+		globalQueuePositionBecameAvailable(data->globalQueuePositionBecameAvailable),
+		groups(data->groups),
+		max(data->max),
+		count(data->count),
+		active(data->active),
+		maxPerApp(data->maxPerApp),
+		inactiveApps(data->inactiveApps)
+	{
+		TRACE_POINT();
+		
+		this->spawnManager = ptr(new SpawnManager(spawnServerCommand, generation,
+			accountsDatabase, rubyCommand, analyticsLogger, logLevel,
+			debugLogFile));
+		initialize(analyticsLogger);
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Create a new ApplicationPool::Pool object and initialize it with
+	 * the given spawn manager.
+	 *
+	 * @throws boost::thread_resource_error Cannot spawn a new thread.
+	 */
+	Pool(AbstractSpawnManagerPtr spawnManager,
+	     const AnalyticsLoggerPtr &analyticsLogger = AnalyticsLoggerPtr()
+	) : data(new SharedData()),
+	     cstat(DEFAULT_MAX_POOL_SIZE),
+	     lock(data->lock),
+	     newAppGroupCreatable(data->newAppGroupCreatable),
+	     globalQueuePositionBecameAvailable(data->globalQueuePositionBecameAvailable),
+	     groups(data->groups),
+	     max(data->max),
+	     count(data->count),
+	     active(data->active),
+	     maxPerApp(data->maxPerApp),
+	     inactiveApps(data->inactiveApps)
+	{
+		TRACE_POINT();
+		this->spawnManager = spawnManager;
+		initialize(analyticsLogger);
+	}
+	
+	virtual ~Pool() {
+		TRACE_POINT();
+		this_thread::disable_interruption di;
+		{
+			lock_guard<boost::timed_mutex> l(lock);
+			destroying = true;
+			cleanerThreadSleeper.notify_one();
+			while (!groups.empty()) {
+				detachGroupWithoutLock(groups.begin()->second);
+			}
+		}
+		cleanerThread->join();
+		delete cleanerThread;
+		
+		if (analyticsCollectionThread != NULL) {
+			analyticsCollectionThread->interrupt_and_join();
+			delete analyticsCollectionThread;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	virtual SessionPtr get(const string &appRoot) {
+		return ApplicationPool::Interface::get(appRoot);
+	}
+	
+	virtual SessionPtr get(const PoolOptions &options) {
+		TRACE_POINT();
+		unsigned int attempt = 0;
+		
+		while (true) {
+			attempt++;
+			
+			pair<ProcessInfoPtr, GroupPtr> p;
+			{
+				unique_lock<boost::timed_mutex> l(lock);
+				p = checkoutWithoutLock(l, options);
+				P_ASSERT(verifyState(), SessionPtr(),
+					"get(): ApplicationPool state is valid:\n" << inspectWithoutLock());
+			}
+			ProcessInfoPtr &processInfo = p.first;
+			
+			try {
+				UPDATE_TRACE_POINT();
+				SessionPtr session = processInfo->process->newSession(
+					SessionCloseCallback(data, processInfo),
+					options.initiateSession
+				);
+				return session;
+				
+			} catch (SystemException &e) {
+				P_TRACE(2, "Exception occurred while connecting to checked out "
+					"process " << processInfo->process->getPid() << ": " <<
+					e.what());
+				{
+					unique_lock<boost::timed_mutex> l(lock);
+					detachWithoutLock(processInfo->process->getDetachKey());
+					processInfo->sessions--;
+					P_ASSERT(verifyState(), SessionPtr(),
+						"get(): ApplicationPool state is valid:\n" << inspectWithoutLock());
+				}
+				if (e.code() == EMFILE || attempt == MAX_GET_ATTEMPTS) {
+					/* A "too many open files" (EMFILE) error is probably unrecoverable,
+					 * so propagate that immediately.
+					 */
+					e.setBriefMessage("Cannot connect to an existing "
+						"application instance for '" +
+						options.appRoot +
+						"'");
+					throw;
+				} // else retry
+			
+			} catch (const thread_interrupted &) {
+				throw;
+			
+			} catch (std::exception &e) {
+				P_TRACE(2, "Exception occurred while connecting to checked out "
+					"process " << processInfo->process->getPid() << ": " <<
+					e.what());
+				{
+					unique_lock<boost::timed_mutex> l(lock);
+					detachWithoutLock(processInfo->process->getDetachKey());
+					processInfo->sessions--;
+					P_ASSERT(verifyState(), SessionPtr(),
+						"get(): ApplicationPool state is valid:\n" << inspectWithoutLock());
+				}
+				if (attempt == MAX_GET_ATTEMPTS) {
+					string message("Cannot connect to an existing "
+						"application instance for '");
+					message.append(options.appRoot);
+					message.append("': ");
+					message.append(e.what());
+					throw IOException(message);
+				} // else retry
+			}
+		}
+		// Never reached; shut up compiler warning
+		return SessionPtr();
+	}
+	
+	virtual bool detach(const string &detachKey) {
+		TRACE_POINT();
+		unique_lock<boost::timed_mutex> l(lock);
+		return detachWithoutLock(detachKey);
+	}
+	
+	virtual void clear() {
+		lock_guard<boost::timed_mutex> l(lock);
+		P_DEBUG("Clearing pool");
+		
+		while (!groups.empty()) {
+			detachGroupWithoutLock(groups.begin()->second);
+		}
+		newAppGroupCreatable.notify_all();
+		globalQueuePositionBecameAvailable.notify_all();
+		
+		P_ASSERT_WITH_VOID_RETURN(groups.size() == 0,
+			"groups.size() == 0\n" << inspectWithoutLock());
+		P_ASSERT_WITH_VOID_RETURN(inactiveApps.size() == 0,
+			"inactiveApps.size() == 0\n" << inspectWithoutLock());
+		P_ASSERT_WITH_VOID_RETURN(count == 0,
+			"count == 0\n" << inspectWithoutLock());
+		P_ASSERT_WITH_VOID_RETURN(active == 0,
+			"active == 0\n" << inspectWithoutLock());
+		P_ASSERT_WITH_VOID_RETURN(verifyState(),
+			"ApplicationPool state is valid:\n" << inspectWithoutLock());
+		
+		// TODO: clear cstat and fileChangeChecker, and reload all spawner servers.
+	}
+	
+	virtual void setMaxIdleTime(unsigned int seconds) {
+		lock_guard<boost::timed_mutex> l(lock);
+		maxIdleTime = seconds;
+		cleanerThreadSleeper.notify_one();
+	}
+	
+	virtual void setMax(unsigned int max) {
+		lock_guard<boost::timed_mutex> l(lock);
+		mutateMax(max);
+	}
+	
+	virtual unsigned int getActive() const {
+		lock_guard<boost::timed_mutex> l(lock);
+		return active;
+	}
+	
+	virtual unsigned int getCount() const {
+		lock_guard<boost::timed_mutex> l(lock);
+		return count;
+	}
+	
+	virtual unsigned int getGlobalQueueSize() const {
+		lock_guard<boost::timed_mutex> l(lock);
+		return waitingOnGlobalQueue;
+	}
+	
+	virtual void setMaxPerApp(unsigned int maxPerApp) {
+		lock_guard<boost::timed_mutex> l(lock);
+		this->maxPerApp = maxPerApp;
+		newAppGroupCreatable.notify_all();
+		globalQueuePositionBecameAvailable.notify_all();
+	}
+	
+	virtual pid_t getSpawnServerPid() const {
+		return spawnManager->getServerPid();
+	}
+	
+	virtual string inspect() const {
+		lock_guard<boost::timed_mutex> l(lock);
+		return inspectWithoutLock();
+	}
+	
+	virtual string toXml(bool includeSensitiveInformation = true) const {
+		lock_guard<boost::timed_mutex> l(lock);
+		stringstream result;
+		GroupMap::const_iterator it;
+		
+		result << "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"iso8859-1\" ?>\n";
+		result << "<info>";
+		
+		result << "<active>" << toString(active) << "</active>";
+		result << "<count>" << toString(count) << "</count>";
+		result << "<max>" << toString(max) << "</max>";
+		result << "<global_queue_size>" << toString(waitingOnGlobalQueue) << "</global_queue_size>";
+		
+		result << "<groups>";
+		for (it = groups.begin(); it != groups.end(); it++) {
+			Group *group = it->second.get();
+			ProcessInfoList *processes = &group->processes;
+			ProcessInfoList::const_iterator lit;
+			
+			result << "<group>";
+			result << "<app_root>" << escapeForXml(group->appRoot) << "</app_root>";
+			result << "<name>" << escapeForXml(group->name) << "</name>";
+			result << "<environment>" << escapeForXml(group->environment) << "</environment>";
+			
+			result << "<processes>";
+			for (lit = processes->begin(); lit != processes->end(); lit++) {
+				ProcessInfo *processInfo = lit->get();
+				dumpProcessInfoAsXml(processInfo, includeSensitiveInformation, result);
+			}
+			result << "</processes>";
+			
+			result << "</group>";
+		}
+		result << "</groups>";
+		
+		result << "</info>";
+		return result.str();
+	}
+};
+
+typedef shared_ptr<Pool> PoolPtr;
+
+} // namespace ApplicationPool
+} // namespace Passenger
+
+#endif /* _PASSENGER_APPLICATION_POOL_POOL_H_ */
+