RubyGems - passenger - Versions diffs - 5.0.4 → 5.0.5 - Mend

passenger 5.0.4 → 5.0.5

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Files changed (550) hide show

checksums.yaml +8 -8
checksums.yaml.gz.asc +7 -7
data.tar.gz.asc +7 -7
data/.editorconfig +10 -0
data/CHANGELOG +21 -0
data/build/agents.rb +2 -2
data/build/apache2.rb +6 -5
data/build/common_library.rb +22 -7
data/build/cxx_tests.rb +0 -3
data/build/misc.rb +1 -1
data/dev/parse_file_descriptor_log +119 -0
data/doc/CloudLicensingConfiguration.html +387 -0
data/doc/Design and Architecture.html +2430 -0
data/doc/Packaging.html +488 -0
data/doc/Security of user switching support.html +1833 -0
data/doc/ServerOptimizationGuide.html +659 -0
data/doc/ServerOptimizationGuide.txt.md +8 -0
data/doc/Users guide Apache.html +9116 -0
data/doc/Users guide Apache.idmap.txt +6 -2
data/doc/Users guide Apache.txt +26 -7
data/doc/Users guide Nginx.html +9025 -0
data/doc/Users guide Nginx.idmap.txt +7 -3
data/doc/Users guide Nginx.txt +29 -6
data/doc/Users guide Standalone.html +3983 -0
data/doc/Users guide.html +1748 -0
data/doc/users_guide_snippets/installation.txt +4 -4
data/ext/apache2/Configuration.cpp +16 -5
data/ext/apache2/Configuration.hpp +4 -2
data/ext/apache2/Hooks.cpp +44 -19
data/ext/boost/libs/thread/src/pthread/once.cpp +2 -0
data/ext/boost/libs/thread/src/pthread/once_atomic.cpp +6 -0
data/ext/common/AgentsStarter.h +3 -2
data/ext/common/ApplicationPool2/DirectSpawner.h +14 -4
data/ext/common/ApplicationPool2/DummySpawner.h +12 -7
data/ext/common/ApplicationPool2/Implementation.cpp +1 -1
data/ext/common/ApplicationPool2/Process.h +2 -1
data/ext/common/ApplicationPool2/Session.h +6 -6
data/ext/common/ApplicationPool2/SmartSpawner.h +19 -4
data/ext/common/ApplicationPool2/Socket.h +59 -27
data/ext/common/ApplicationPool2/Spawner.h +2 -2
data/ext/common/BackgroundEventLoop.cpp +6 -1
data/ext/common/Constants.h +1 -1
data/ext/common/EventedClient.h +1 -1
data/ext/common/EventedServer.h +2 -2
data/ext/common/FileDescriptor.h +25 -6
data/ext/common/Logging.cpp +107 -52
data/ext/common/Logging.h +146 -19
data/ext/common/MessageClient.h +2 -2
data/ext/common/MessageServer.h +3 -2
data/ext/common/RandomGenerator.h +8 -7
data/ext/common/SafeLibev.h +5 -1
data/ext/common/ServerKit/AcceptLoadBalancer.h +9 -4
data/ext/common/ServerKit/FdSinkChannel.h +5 -2
data/ext/common/ServerKit/FdSourceChannel.h +5 -2
data/ext/common/ServerKit/FileBufferedChannel.h +2 -0
data/ext/common/ServerKit/FileBufferedFdSinkChannel.h +7 -2
data/ext/common/ServerKit/HttpServer.h +6 -0
data/ext/common/ServerKit/Server.h +40 -3
data/ext/common/StaticString.h +20 -0
data/ext/common/UnionStation/Connection.h +3 -1
data/ext/common/UnionStation/Core.h +6 -4
data/ext/common/Utils.cpp +4 -3
data/ext/common/Utils/DateParsing.h +19 -5
data/ext/common/Utils/FastStringStream.h +183 -0
data/ext/common/Utils/IOUtils.cpp +47 -28
data/ext/common/Utils/IOUtils.h +56 -12
data/ext/common/Utils/MessagePassing.h +3 -3
data/ext/common/Utils/ProcessMetricsCollector.h +2 -2
data/ext/common/Utils/ScopeGuard.h +16 -5
data/ext/common/Utils/SpeedMeter.h +2 -2
data/ext/common/Utils/StrIntUtils.cpp +6 -6
data/ext/common/Utils/StrIntUtils.h +2 -1
data/ext/common/agents/Base.cpp +56 -4
data/ext/common/agents/Base.h +2 -1
data/ext/common/agents/HelperAgent/AdminServer.h +122 -11
data/ext/common/agents/HelperAgent/Main.cpp +16 -5
data/ext/common/agents/HelperAgent/OptionParser.h +7 -1
data/ext/common/agents/HelperAgent/RequestHandler.h +1 -1
data/ext/common/agents/HelperAgent/RequestHandler/Hooks.cpp +10 -1
data/ext/common/agents/HelperAgent/RequestHandler/Request.h +8 -0
data/ext/common/agents/HelperAgent/RequestHandler/TurboCaching.h +4 -3
data/ext/common/agents/LoggingAgent/AdminServer.h +57 -11
data/ext/common/agents/LoggingAgent/LoggingServer.h +3 -3
data/ext/common/agents/LoggingAgent/Main.cpp +11 -3
data/ext/common/agents/Watchdog/AdminServer.h +53 -11
data/ext/common/agents/Watchdog/AgentWatcher.cpp +3 -3
data/ext/common/agents/Watchdog/Main.cpp +13 -6
data/ext/libeio/ecb.h +1 -1
data/ext/libev/ev.c +13 -1
data/ext/libev/ev.h +3 -0
data/ext/nginx/Configuration.c +28 -6
data/ext/nginx/Configuration.h +2 -1
data/ext/nginx/ngx_http_passenger_module.c +5 -4
data/ext/oxt/dynamic_thread_group.hpp +38 -5
data/lib/phusion_passenger.rb +1 -1
data/lib/phusion_passenger/common_library.rb +9 -5
data/lib/phusion_passenger/config/reopen_logs_command.rb +2 -2
data/lib/phusion_passenger/packaging.rb +23 -37
data/passenger.gemspec +21 -21
metadata +4 -453
metadata.gz.asc +7 -7
data/.gitignore +0 -68
data/.travis.yml +0 -16
data/Gemfile +0 -17
data/Gemfile.lock +0 -39
data/Vagrantfile +0 -54
data/debian.template/README.Debian +0 -15
data/debian.template/changelog +0 -316
data/debian.template/compat +0 -1
data/debian.template/control.erb +0 -91
data/debian.template/copyright +0 -385
data/debian.template/libapache2-mod-passenger.install +0 -3
data/debian.template/libapache2-mod-passenger.postinst +0 -36
data/debian.template/libapache2-mod-passenger.prerm +0 -15
data/debian.template/locations.ini.erb +0 -14
data/debian.template/passenger-dev.install.erb +0 -3
data/debian.template/passenger-doc.install.erb +0 -2
data/debian.template/passenger.conf +0 -6
data/debian.template/passenger.docs +0 -4
data/debian.template/passenger.install.erb +0 -14
data/debian.template/passenger.load +0 -3
data/debian.template/passenger.manpages +0 -3
data/debian.template/patches/series +0 -0
data/debian.template/rules.erb +0 -76
data/debian.template/source/format +0 -1
data/ext/common/EventedBufferedInput.h +0 -458
data/packaging/rpm/LICENSE.txt +0 -19
data/packaging/rpm/Makefile +0 -13
data/packaging/rpm/README.md +0 -41
data/packaging/rpm/Vagrantfile +0 -38
data/packaging/rpm/Vagrantfile.centos +0 -30
data/packaging/rpm/build +0 -170
data/packaging/rpm/create_project +0 -41
data/packaging/rpm/git_update +0 -88
data/packaging/rpm/image/Dockerfile +0 -37
data/packaging/rpm/image/Gemfile +0 -3
data/packaging/rpm/image/Gemfile.lock +0 -12
data/packaging/rpm/image/RPM-GPG-KEY-amazon-ga +0 -19
data/packaging/rpm/image/amazon2014-i386.cfg +0 -96
data/packaging/rpm/image/amazon2014-x86_64.cfg +0 -96
data/packaging/rpm/image/site-defaults.cfg +0 -168
data/packaging/rpm/internal/build_tasks.rb +0 -238
data/packaging/rpm/internal/dummygpg +0 -11
data/packaging/rpm/internal/exec_build +0 -42
data/packaging/rpm/internal/get_distro_arch +0 -14
data/packaging/rpm/internal/get_distro_id +0 -10
data/packaging/rpm/internal/git_update +0 -27
data/packaging/rpm/internal/inituidgid +0 -17
data/packaging/rpm/internal/my_init +0 -344
data/packaging/rpm/internal/python27 +0 -3
data/packaging/rpm/internal/repo_update +0 -46
data/packaging/rpm/internal/setuser +0 -26
data/packaging/rpm/internal/tracking_helper +0 -40
data/packaging/rpm/jenkins_release +0 -99
data/packaging/rpm/lib/build_tasks_support.rb +0 -402
data/packaging/rpm/lib/preprocessor.rb +0 -341
data/packaging/rpm/nginx_spec/404.html +0 -119
data/packaging/rpm/nginx_spec/50x.html +0 -119
data/packaging/rpm/nginx_spec/index.html +0 -116
data/packaging/rpm/nginx_spec/nginx-auto-cc-gcc.patch +0 -13
data/packaging/rpm/nginx_spec/nginx-logo.png +0 -0
data/packaging/rpm/nginx_spec/nginx-upgrade +0 -13
data/packaging/rpm/nginx_spec/nginx-upgrade.8 +0 -151
data/packaging/rpm/nginx_spec/nginx.conf +0 -131
data/packaging/rpm/nginx_spec/nginx.init +0 -144
data/packaging/rpm/nginx_spec/nginx.logrotate +0 -13
data/packaging/rpm/nginx_spec/nginx.service +0 -15
data/packaging/rpm/nginx_spec/nginx.spec.template +0 -560
data/packaging/rpm/nginx_spec/nginx.sysconfig +0 -4
data/packaging/rpm/nginx_spec/passenger.conf +0 -9
data/packaging/rpm/nginx_spec/poweredby.png +0 -0
data/packaging/rpm/passenger_spec/apache-passenger.conf.in +0 -26
data/packaging/rpm/passenger_spec/config.json +0 -30
data/packaging/rpm/passenger_spec/passenger.logrotate +0 -7
data/packaging/rpm/passenger_spec/passenger.spec.template +0 -478
data/packaging/rpm/passenger_spec/passenger_dynamic_thread_group.patch +0 -16
data/packaging/rpm/passenger_spec/passenger_tests_default_config_example.patch +0 -44
data/packaging/rpm/passenger_spec/rubygem-passenger-4.0.18-GLIBC_HAVE_LONG_LONG.patch +0 -21
data/packaging/rpm/repo_update +0 -114
data/packaging/rpm/setup-system +0 -61
data/packaging/rpm/shell +0 -10
data/test/.rspec +0 -4
data/test/config.json.example +0 -42
data/test/config.json.rpm-automation +0 -15
data/test/config.json.travis +0 -15
data/test/config.json.vagrant +0 -30
data/test/cxx/ApplicationPool2/DirectSpawnerTest.cpp +0 -124
data/test/cxx/ApplicationPool2/OptionsTest.cpp +0 -30
data/test/cxx/ApplicationPool2/PoolTest.cpp +0 -2062
data/test/cxx/ApplicationPool2/ProcessTest.cpp +0 -130
data/test/cxx/ApplicationPool2/SmartSpawnerTest.cpp +0 -243
data/test/cxx/ApplicationPool2/SpawnerTestCases.cpp +0 -823
data/test/cxx/BufferedIOTest.cpp +0 -364
data/test/cxx/CachedFileStatTest.cpp +0 -402
data/test/cxx/CxxTestMain.cpp +0 -181
data/test/cxx/DataStructures/LStringTest.cpp +0 -275
data/test/cxx/DataStructures/StringKeyTableTest.cpp +0 -199
data/test/cxx/DateParsingTest.cpp +0 -75
data/test/cxx/DechunkerTest.cpp +0 -250
data/test/cxx/EventedBufferedInputTest.cpp +0 -758
data/test/cxx/EventedClientTest.cpp +0 -523
data/test/cxx/FileChangeCheckerTest.cpp +0 -331
data/test/cxx/FileDescriptorTest.cpp +0 -69
data/test/cxx/FilterSupportTest.cpp +0 -433
data/test/cxx/IOUtilsTest.cpp +0 -861
data/test/cxx/MemoryKit/MbufTest.cpp +0 -213
data/test/cxx/MessageIOTest.cpp +0 -360
data/test/cxx/MessagePassingTest.cpp +0 -81
data/test/cxx/MessageReadersWritersTest.cpp +0 -576
data/test/cxx/MessageServerTest.cpp +0 -393
data/test/cxx/ProcessMetricsCollectorTest.cpp +0 -123
data/test/cxx/RequestHandlerTest.cpp +0 -1463
data/test/cxx/ResponseCacheTest.cpp +0 -322
data/test/cxx/ServerKit/ChannelTest.cpp +0 -1467
data/test/cxx/ServerKit/CookieUtilsTest.cpp +0 -274
data/test/cxx/ServerKit/FileBufferedChannelTest.cpp +0 -992
data/test/cxx/ServerKit/HeaderTableTest.cpp +0 -177
data/test/cxx/ServerKit/HttpServerTest.cpp +0 -1580
data/test/cxx/ServerKit/ServerTest.cpp +0 -408
data/test/cxx/StaticStringTest.cpp +0 -220
data/test/cxx/StringMapTest.cpp +0 -131
data/test/cxx/SystemTimeTest.cpp +0 -37
data/test/cxx/TemplateTest.cpp +0 -118
data/test/cxx/TestSupport.cpp +0 -207
data/test/cxx/TestSupport.h +0 -333
data/test/cxx/UnionStationTest.cpp +0 -741
data/test/cxx/Utils/StrIntUtilsTest.cpp +0 -39
data/test/cxx/UtilsTest.cpp +0 -672
data/test/cxx/VariantMapTest.cpp +0 -191
data/test/gdbinit.example +0 -34
data/test/integration_tests/apache2_tests.rb +0 -585
data/test/integration_tests/downloaded_binaries_tests.rb +0 -185
data/test/integration_tests/native_packaging_spec.rb +0 -368
data/test/integration_tests/nginx_tests.rb +0 -402
data/test/integration_tests/shared/example_webapp_tests.rb +0 -289
data/test/integration_tests/source_packaging_test.rb +0 -201
data/test/integration_tests/spec_helper.rb +0 -22
data/test/integration_tests/standalone_tests.rb +0 -392
data/test/node/line_reader_spec.js +0 -338
data/test/node/spec_helper.js +0 -65
data/test/oxt/backtrace_test.cpp +0 -88
data/test/oxt/counter.hpp +0 -55
data/test/oxt/dynamic_thread_group_test.cpp +0 -131
data/test/oxt/oxt_test_main.cpp +0 -27
data/test/oxt/spin_lock_test.cpp +0 -59
data/test/oxt/syscall_interruption_test.cpp +0 -39
data/test/ruby/debug_logging_spec.rb +0 -145
data/test/ruby/message_channel_spec.rb +0 -196
data/test/ruby/rack/loader_spec.rb +0 -42
data/test/ruby/rack/preloader_spec.rb +0 -48
data/test/ruby/rails3.0/loader_spec.rb +0 -26
data/test/ruby/rails3.0/preloader_spec.rb +0 -32
data/test/ruby/rails3.1/loader_spec.rb +0 -26
data/test/ruby/rails3.1/preloader_spec.rb +0 -32
data/test/ruby/rails3.2/loader_spec.rb +0 -26
data/test/ruby/rails3.2/preloader_spec.rb +0 -32
data/test/ruby/rails4.0/loader_spec.rb +0 -28
data/test/ruby/rails4.0/preloader_spec.rb +0 -34
data/test/ruby/rails4.1/loader_spec.rb +0 -28
data/test/ruby/rails4.1/preloader_spec.rb +0 -34
data/test/ruby/request_handler_spec.rb +0 -747
data/test/ruby/shared/loader_sharedspec.rb +0 -247
data/test/ruby/shared/rails/union_station_extensions_sharedspec.rb +0 -357
data/test/ruby/shared/ruby_loader_sharedspec.rb +0 -55
data/test/ruby/spec_helper.rb +0 -114
data/test/ruby/standalone/runtime_installer_spec.rb +0 -402
data/test/ruby/union_station_spec.rb +0 -288
data/test/ruby/utils/file_system_watcher_spec.rb +0 -229
data/test/ruby/utils/hosts_file_parser.rb +0 -258
data/test/ruby/utils/tee_input_spec.rb +0 -235
data/test/ruby/utils/unseekable_socket_spec.rb +0 -66
data/test/ruby/utils_spec.rb +0 -41
data/test/stub/apache2/httpd.conf.erb +0 -122
data/test/stub/apache2/mime.types +0 -748
data/test/stub/garbage1.dat +0 -0
data/test/stub/garbage2.dat +0 -0
data/test/stub/garbage3.dat +0 -0
data/test/stub/http_request.yml +0 -23
data/test/stub/index.html +0 -1
data/test/stub/nginx/koi-utf +0 -109
data/test/stub/nginx/koi-win +0 -103
data/test/stub/nginx/mime.types +0 -70
data/test/stub/nginx/nginx.conf.erb +0 -70
data/test/stub/nginx/win-utf +0 -126
data/test/stub/node/app.js +0 -133
data/test/stub/node/public/.gitignore +0 -0
data/test/stub/node/tmp/.gitignore +0 -0
data/test/stub/rack/config.ru +0 -95
data/test/stub/rack/library.rb +0 -16
data/test/stub/rack/public/.gitignore +0 -0
data/test/stub/rack/start.rb +0 -52
data/test/stub/rack/tmp/.gitignore +0 -0
data/test/stub/rails3.0/.gitignore +0 -4
data/test/stub/rails3.0/Gemfile +0 -22
data/test/stub/rails3.0/Gemfile.lock +0 -80
data/test/stub/rails3.0/Rakefile +0 -10
data/test/stub/rails3.0/app/controllers/application_controller.rb +0 -4
data/test/stub/rails3.0/app/helpers/application_helper.rb +0 -2
data/test/stub/rails3.0/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb +0 -14
data/test/stub/rails3.0/config.ru +0 -4
data/test/stub/rails3.0/config/application.rb +0 -48
data/test/stub/rails3.0/config/boot.rb +0 -13
data/test/stub/rails3.0/config/database.yml +0 -22
data/test/stub/rails3.0/config/environment.rb +0 -5
data/test/stub/rails3.0/config/environments/development.rb +0 -19
data/test/stub/rails3.0/config/environments/production.rb +0 -48
data/test/stub/rails3.0/config/environments/test.rb +0 -32
data/test/stub/rails3.0/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb +0 -7
data/test/stub/rails3.0/config/initializers/inflections.rb +0 -10
data/test/stub/rails3.0/config/initializers/mime_types.rb +0 -5
data/test/stub/rails3.0/config/initializers/passenger.rb +0 -2
data/test/stub/rails3.0/config/initializers/secret_token.rb +0 -7
data/test/stub/rails3.0/config/initializers/session_store.rb +0 -8
data/test/stub/rails3.0/config/locales/en.yml +0 -5
data/test/stub/rails3.0/config/routes.rb +0 -58
data/test/stub/rails3.0/db/seeds.rb +0 -7
data/test/stub/rails3.0/doc/README_FOR_APP +0 -2
data/test/stub/rails3.0/lib/tasks/.gitkeep +0 -0
data/test/stub/rails3.0/log/.gitignore +0 -0
data/test/stub/rails3.0/public/404.html +0 -26
data/test/stub/rails3.0/public/422.html +0 -26
data/test/stub/rails3.0/public/500.html +0 -26
data/test/stub/rails3.0/public/favicon.ico +0 -0
data/test/stub/rails3.0/public/index.html +0 -279
data/test/stub/rails3.0/public/robots.txt +0 -5
data/test/stub/rails3.0/public/stylesheets/.gitkeep +0 -0
data/test/stub/rails3.0/script/rails +0 -9
data/test/stub/rails3.0/test/performance/browsing_test.rb +0 -9
data/test/stub/rails3.0/test/test_helper.rb +0 -13
data/test/stub/rails3.0/vendor/plugins/.gitkeep +0 -0
data/test/stub/rails3.1/.gitignore +0 -15
data/test/stub/rails3.1/Gemfile +0 -37
data/test/stub/rails3.1/Gemfile.lock +0 -115
data/test/stub/rails3.1/README +0 -261
data/test/stub/rails3.1/Rakefile +0 -7
data/test/stub/rails3.1/app/assets/images/rails.png +0 -0
data/test/stub/rails3.1/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css +0 -7
data/test/stub/rails3.1/app/controllers/application_controller.rb +0 -3
data/test/stub/rails3.1/app/helpers/application_helper.rb +0 -2
data/test/stub/rails3.1/app/mailers/.gitkeep +0 -0
data/test/stub/rails3.1/app/models/.gitkeep +0 -0
data/test/stub/rails3.1/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb +0 -14
data/test/stub/rails3.1/config.ru +0 -4
data/test/stub/rails3.1/config/application.rb +0 -48
data/test/stub/rails3.1/config/boot.rb +0 -6
data/test/stub/rails3.1/config/database.yml +0 -25
data/test/stub/rails3.1/config/environment.rb +0 -5
data/test/stub/rails3.1/config/environments/development.rb +0 -30
data/test/stub/rails3.1/config/environments/production.rb +0 -60
data/test/stub/rails3.1/config/environments/test.rb +0 -39
data/test/stub/rails3.1/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb +0 -7
data/test/stub/rails3.1/config/initializers/inflections.rb +0 -10
data/test/stub/rails3.1/config/initializers/mime_types.rb +0 -5
data/test/stub/rails3.1/config/initializers/passenger.rb +0 -2
data/test/stub/rails3.1/config/initializers/secret_token.rb +0 -7
data/test/stub/rails3.1/config/initializers/session_store.rb +0 -8
data/test/stub/rails3.1/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb +0 -14
data/test/stub/rails3.1/config/locales/en.yml +0 -5
data/test/stub/rails3.1/config/routes.rb +0 -58
data/test/stub/rails3.1/db/seeds.rb +0 -7
data/test/stub/rails3.1/doc/README_FOR_APP +0 -2
data/test/stub/rails3.1/lib/assets/.gitkeep +0 -0
data/test/stub/rails3.1/lib/tasks/.gitkeep +0 -0
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data/test/stub/rails3.1/public/500.html +0 -26
data/test/stub/rails3.1/public/favicon.ico +0 -0
data/test/stub/rails3.1/public/index.html +0 -241
data/test/stub/rails3.1/public/robots.txt +0 -5
data/test/stub/rails3.1/script/rails +0 -6
data/test/stub/rails3.1/test/fixtures/.gitkeep +0 -0
data/test/stub/rails3.1/test/functional/.gitkeep +0 -0
data/test/stub/rails3.1/test/integration/.gitkeep +0 -0
data/test/stub/rails3.1/test/performance/browsing_test.rb +0 -12
data/test/stub/rails3.1/test/test_helper.rb +0 -13
data/test/stub/rails3.1/test/unit/.gitkeep +0 -0
data/test/stub/rails3.1/vendor/assets/stylesheets/.gitkeep +0 -0
data/test/stub/rails3.1/vendor/plugins/.gitkeep +0 -0
data/test/stub/rails3.2/.gitignore +0 -15
data/test/stub/rails3.2/Gemfile +0 -39
data/test/stub/rails3.2/Gemfile.lock +0 -113
data/test/stub/rails3.2/Rakefile +0 -7
data/test/stub/rails3.2/app/assets/images/rails.png +0 -0
data/test/stub/rails3.2/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css +0 -13
data/test/stub/rails3.2/app/controllers/application_controller.rb +0 -3
data/test/stub/rails3.2/app/helpers/application_helper.rb +0 -2
data/test/stub/rails3.2/app/mailers/.gitkeep +0 -0
data/test/stub/rails3.2/app/models/.gitkeep +0 -0
data/test/stub/rails3.2/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb +0 -14
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+  text-align: center;
+}
+th.tableblock.halign-right, td.tableblock.halign-right {
+  text-align: right;
+}
+th.tableblock.valign-top, td.tableblock.valign-top {
+  vertical-align: top;
+}
+th.tableblock.valign-middle, td.tableblock.valign-middle {
+  vertical-align: middle;
+}
+th.tableblock.valign-bottom, td.tableblock.valign-bottom {
+  vertical-align: bottom;
+}
+/*
+ * manpage specific
+ *
+ * */
+body.manpage h1 {
+  padding-top: 0.5em;
+  padding-bottom: 0.5em;
+  border-top: 2px solid silver;
+  border-bottom: 2px solid silver;
+}
+body.manpage h2 {
+  border-style: none;
+}
+body.manpage div.sectionbody {
+  margin-left: 3em;
+}
+@media print {
+  body.manpage div#toc { display: none; }
+}
+/*
+ * Theme specific overrides of the preceding (asciidoc.css) CSS.
+ *
+ */
+body {
+  font-family: Garamond, Georgia, serif;
+  font-size: 17px;
+  color: #3E4349;
+  line-height: 1.3em;
+}
+h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6,
+div.title, caption.title,
+thead, p.table.header,
+#toctitle,
+#author, #revnumber, #revdate, #revremark,
+#footer {
+  font-family: Garmond, Georgia, serif;
+  font-weight: normal;
+  border-bottom-width: 0;
+  color: #3E4349;
+}
+div.title, caption.title { color: #596673; font-weight: bold; }
+h1 { font-size: 240%; }
+h2 { font-size: 180%; }
+h3 { font-size: 150%; }
+h4 { font-size: 130%; }
+h5 { font-size: 115%; }
+h6 { font-size: 100%; }
+#header h1 { margin-top: 0; }
+#toc {
+  color: #444444;
+  line-height: 1.5;
+  padding-top: 1.5em;
+}
+#toctitle {
+  font-size: 20px;
+}
+#toc a {
+    border-bottom: 1px dotted #999999;
+    color: #444444 !important;
+    text-decoration: none !important;
+}
+#toc a:hover {
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #6D4100;
+    color: #6D4100 !important;
+    text-decoration: none !important;
+}
+div.toclevel1 { margin-top: 0.2em; font-size: 16px; }
+div.toclevel2 { margin-top: 0.15em; font-size: 14px; }
+em, dt, td.hdlist1 { color: black; }
+strong { color: #3E4349; }
+a { color: #004B6B; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted #004B6B; }
+a:visited { color: #615FA0; border-bottom: 1px dotted #615FA0; }
+a:hover { color: #6D4100; border-bottom: 1px solid #6D4100; }
+div.tableblock > table, table.tableblock { border: 3px solid #E8E8E8; }
+th.tableblock, td.tableblock { border: 1px solid #E8E8E8; }
+ul > li > * { color: #3E4349; }
+pre, tt, .monospaced { font-family: Consolas,Menlo,'Deja Vu Sans Mono','Bitstream Vera Sans Mono',monospace; }
+tt, .monospaced { font-size: 0.9em; color: black;
+}
+div.exampleblock > div.content, div.sidebarblock > div.content, div.listingblock > div.content { border-width: 0 0 0 3px; border-color: #E8E8E8; }
+div.verseblock { border-left-width: 0; margin-left: 3em; }
+div.quoteblock { border-left-width: 3px; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0;}
+div.admonitionblock td.content { border-left: 3px solid #E8E8E8; }
+</style>
+<script type="text/javascript">
+/*<![CDATA[*/
+var asciidoc = {  // Namespace.
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Table Of Contents generator
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/* Author: Mihai Bazon, September 2002
+ * http://students.infoiasi.ro/~mishoo
+ *
+ * Table Of Content generator
+ * Version: 0.4
+ *
+ * Feel free to use this script under the terms of the GNU General Public
+ * License, as long as you do not remove or alter this notice.
+ */
+ /* modified by Troy D. Hanson, September 2006. License: GPL */
+ /* modified by Stuart Rackham, 2006, 2009. License: GPL */
+// toclevels = 1..4.
+toc: function (toclevels) {
+  function getText(el) {
+    var text = "";
+    for (var i = el.firstChild; i != null; i = i.nextSibling) {
+      if (i.nodeType == 3 /* Node.TEXT_NODE */) // IE doesn't speak constants.
+        text += i.data;
+      else if (i.firstChild != null)
+        text += getText(i);
+    }
+    return text;
+  }
+  function TocEntry(el, text, toclevel) {
+    this.element = el;
+    this.text = text;
+    this.toclevel = toclevel;
+  }
+  function tocEntries(el, toclevels) {
+    var result = new Array;
+    var re = new RegExp('[hH]([1-'+(toclevels+1)+'])');
+    // Function that scans the DOM tree for header elements (the DOM2
+    // nodeIterator API would be a better technique but not supported by all
+    // browsers).
+    var iterate = function (el) {
+      for (var i = el.firstChild; i != null; i = i.nextSibling) {
+        if (i.nodeType == 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */) {
+          var mo = re.exec(i.tagName);
+          if (mo && (i.getAttribute("class") || i.getAttribute("className")) != "float") {
+            result[result.length] = new TocEntry(i, getText(i), mo[1]-1);
+          }
+          iterate(i);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    iterate(el);
+    return result;
+  }
+  var toc = document.getElementById("toc");
+  if (!toc) {
+    return;
+  }
+  // Delete existing TOC entries in case we're reloading the TOC.
+  var tocEntriesToRemove = [];
+  var i;
+  for (i = 0; i < toc.childNodes.length; i++) {
+    var entry = toc.childNodes[i];
+    if (entry.nodeName.toLowerCase() == 'div'
+     && entry.getAttribute("class")
+     && entry.getAttribute("class").match(/^toclevel/))
+      tocEntriesToRemove.push(entry);
+  }
+  for (i = 0; i < tocEntriesToRemove.length; i++) {
+    toc.removeChild(tocEntriesToRemove[i]);
+  }
+  // Rebuild TOC entries.
+  var entries = tocEntries(document.getElementById("content"), toclevels);
+  for (var i = 0; i < entries.length; ++i) {
+    var entry = entries[i];
+    if (entry.element.id == "")
+      entry.element.id = "_toc_" + i;
+    var a = document.createElement("a");
+    a.href = "#" + entry.element.id;
+    a.appendChild(document.createTextNode(entry.text));
+    var div = document.createElement("div");
+    div.appendChild(a);
+    div.className = "toclevel" + entry.toclevel;
+    toc.appendChild(div);
+  }
+  if (entries.length == 0)
+    toc.parentNode.removeChild(toc);
+},
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Footnotes generator
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/* Based on footnote generation code from:
+ * http://www.brandspankingnew.net/archive/2005/07/format_footnote.html
+ */
+footnotes: function () {
+  // Delete existing footnote entries in case we're reloading the footnodes.
+  var i;
+  var noteholder = document.getElementById("footnotes");
+  if (!noteholder) {
+    return;
+  }
+  var entriesToRemove = [];
+  for (i = 0; i < noteholder.childNodes.length; i++) {
+    var entry = noteholder.childNodes[i];
+    if (entry.nodeName.toLowerCase() == 'div' && entry.getAttribute("class") == "footnote")
+      entriesToRemove.push(entry);
+  }
+  for (i = 0; i < entriesToRemove.length; i++) {
+    noteholder.removeChild(entriesToRemove[i]);
+  }
+  // Rebuild footnote entries.
+  var cont = document.getElementById("content");
+  var spans = cont.getElementsByTagName("span");
+  var refs = {};
+  var n = 0;
+  for (i=0; i<spans.length; i++) {
+    if (spans[i].className == "footnote") {
+      n++;
+      var note = spans[i].getAttribute("data-note");
+      if (!note) {
+        // Use [\s\S] in place of . so multi-line matches work.
+        // Because JavaScript has no s (dotall) regex flag.
+        note = spans[i].innerHTML.match(/\s*\[([\s\S]*)]\s*/)[1];
+        spans[i].innerHTML =
+          "[<a id='_footnoteref_" + n + "' href='#_footnote_" + n +
+          "' title='View footnote' class='footnote'>" + n + "</a>]";
+        spans[i].setAttribute("data-note", note);
+      }
+      noteholder.innerHTML +=
+        "<div class='footnote' id='_footnote_" + n + "'>" +
+        "<a href='#_footnoteref_" + n + "' title='Return to text'>" +
+        n + "</a>. " + note + "</div>";
+      var id =spans[i].getAttribute("id");
+      if (id != null) refs["#"+id] = n;
+    }
+  }
+  if (n == 0)
+    noteholder.parentNode.removeChild(noteholder);
+  else {
+    // Process footnoterefs.
+    for (i=0; i<spans.length; i++) {
+      if (spans[i].className == "footnoteref") {
+        var href = spans[i].getElementsByTagName("a")[0].getAttribute("href");
+        href = href.match(/#.*/)[0];  // Because IE return full URL.
+        n = refs[href];
+        spans[i].innerHTML =
+          "[<a href='#_footnote_" + n +
+          "' title='View footnote' class='footnote'>" + n + "</a>]";
+      }
+    }
+  }
+},
+install: function(toclevels) {
+  var timerId;
+  function reinstall() {
+    asciidoc.footnotes();
+    if (toclevels) {
+      asciidoc.toc(toclevels);
+    }
+  }
+  function reinstallAndRemoveTimer() {
+    clearInterval(timerId);
+    reinstall();
+  }
+  timerId = setInterval(reinstall, 500);
+  if (document.addEventListener)
+    document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", reinstallAndRemoveTimer, false);
+  else
+    window.onload = reinstallAndRemoveTimer;
+}
+}
+asciidoc.install();
+/*]]>*/
+</script>
+<style type="text/css">
+body {
+	margin: 1em auto 1em auto;
+	padding: 0 1em 0 1em;
+	max-width: 800px;
+}
+a.image {
+	border: none;
+}
+.comments {
+	display: block;
+	background: url('data:image/png;base64,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') top left no-repeat;
+	float: left;
+	margin-left: -55px;
+	width: 36px;
+	height: 48px;
+	line-height: 0;
+	color: black;
+	text-decoration: none !important;
+	border: none !important;
+}
+#toc .comments {
+	margin-top: 0.25em;
+}
+.sect1 .comments {
+	margin-top: 0.5em;
+}
+.sect2 .comments {
+	margin-top: 1.15em;
+}
+.sect3 .comments {
+	margin-top: -1em;
+}
+.comments.empty {
+	opacity: 0.2;
+}
+.comments.empty:hover,
+.comments.nonempty {
+	opacity: 1;
+}
+.comments .count {
+	display: block;
+	font-size: 80%;
+	padding-top: 12px;
+	text-align: center;
+	text-shadow: 1px 1px 2px white;
+}
+#comments_lightbox_shadow {
+	position: fixed;
+	top: 0;
+	left: 0;
+	right: 0;
+	bottom: 0;
+	background: black;
+	opacity: 0.7;
+	z-index: 10;
+}
+#comments_lightbox_contents {
+	position: fixed;
+	top: 10%;
+	left: 20%;
+	right: 20%;
+	bottom: 10%;
+	background: white;
+	overflow: auto;
+	z-index: 11;
+}
+#comments_lightbox_contents > .shell {
+	margin: 2em;
+}
+pre {
+	overflow: auto;
+}
+@media print {
+	body {
+		font-size: 18pt;
+	}
+	#header h1 {
+		page-break-after: always;
+		font-size: 500%;
+		vertical-align: middle;
+	}
+	#header {
+		page-break-after: always;
+	}
+	#toctitle {
+		font-size: 200%;
+		margin-bottom: 1em;
+	}
+	div.toclevel1 {
+		font-size: 100%;
+	}
+	div.toclevel2 {
+		font-size: 90%;
+	}
+	div.toclevel3 {
+		font-size: 80%;
+	}
+	#content .comments {
+		display: none;
+	}
+	@page :left {
+		@bottom-left {
+			content: counter(page);
+		}
+	}
+}
+#topbar {
+	position: fixed;
+	left: 0;
+	top: 0;
+	right: 0;
+	height: 2.5em;
+	padding-left: 10%;
+	padding-right: 10%;
+	z-index: 1;
+	background: #880000;
+	overflow: hidden;
+	white-space: nowrap;
+	box-shadow: 0px 3px 6px #555555;
+	-moz-box-shadow: 0px 3px 6px #555555;
+	-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 3px 6px #555555;
+	-o-box-shadow: 0px 3px 6px #555555;
+}
+#topbar .title {
+	display: inline-block;
+	margin: 0.6em 1em 0 0;
+	vertical-align: top;
+}
+#topbar .title img {
+	display: none;
+	margin-right: 6px;
+	vertical-align: middle;
+}
+#topbar .title a {
+	color: #fffafa;
+	border: 0;
+}
+#topbar .title:hover img,
+.mobile #topbar .title img {
+	display: inline-block;
+	margin-left: -17px;
+}
+#topbar .title:hover a,
+.mobile #topbar .title a {
+	color: #ffffdd;
+}
+#floattoc {
+	position: fixed;
+	z-index: 1;
+	top: 2em;
+	bottom: 20%;
+	width: 50%;
+	background: #f0f0f0;
+	color: black;
+	box-shadow: 0px 6px 6px #555555;
+	-moz-box-shadow: 0px 6px 6px #555555;
+	-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 6px 6px #555555;
+	-o-box-shadow: 0px 6px 6px #555555;
+	overflow: auto;
+	padding: 1em;
+	border-radius: 6px;
+	-webkit-border-radius: 8px;
+	-webkit-border-top-left-radius: 0;
+	-webkit-border-top-right-radius: 0;
+	-moz-border-radius: 8px;
+	-moz-border-radius-topleft: 0;
+	-moz-border-top-right-radius: 0;
+	-o-border-radius: 8px;
+	-o-border-radius-topleft: 0;
+	-o-border-top-right-radius: 0;
+	border-radius: 8px;
+	border-top-left-radius: 0;
+	border-top-right-radius: 0;
+}
+#floattoc a.current {
+	font-weight: bold;
+	color: black;
+}
+#current_section {
+	display: inline-block;
+	margin: 0.5em 0 0 0;
+	padding: 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em;
+	background: #550000;
+	font-size: 90%;
+	vertical-align: top;
+	color: white;
+	border: none;
+	-webkit-border-radius: 8px;
+	-moz-border-radius: 8px;
+	-o-border-radius: 8px;
+	border-radius: 8px;
+}
+#current_section:hover {
+	text-decoration: none;
+	border: none;
+}
+#current_section.pressed {
+	background: #f0f0f0;
+	color: black;
+	-webkit-border-top-left-radius: 8px;
+	-webkit-border-top-right-radius: 8px;
+	-webkit-border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
+	-webkit-border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
+	-moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px;
+	-moz-border-radius-topright: 8px;
+	-moz-border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
+	-moz-border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
+	border-top-left-radius: 8px;
+	border-top-right-radius: 8px;
+	border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
+	border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
+}
+/* http://nicolasgallagher.com/jump-links-and-viewport-positioning/ */
+.anchor_helper {
+	position: relative;
+	display: block;
+	top: -50px;
+	width: 1px;
+	height: 1px;
+}
+</style>
+</head>
+<body class="article">
+<div id="topbar" style="display: none">
+	<div class="title">
+		<!-- Don't put a space between the img and a. That will break the hover layout. -->
+		<img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAsAAAAKCAYAAAEV95QVAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAAZiS0dEAP8A/wD/oL2nkwAAAAlwSFlzAAALEwAACxMBAJqcGAAAAAd0SU1FB9sGCRMSACDxkZwAAAAidEVYdENvbW1lbnQAQ3JlYXRlZCB3aXRoIEdJTVAgb24gYSBNYWOHqHdDAAAAZUlEQVQY032PSxbAIAjEIlfygL6ePF3UUvpzNjgSYWwqAMEhUQnANnsC7TQPeJpsVWzMuh2sog4vDTUbqP081zECrW4dtdaQGSIKlWluPyjK+VXxAz5XfcKufCzA130AfQHWB30HZxlPaP080xsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" width="11" height="10" alt=""><a href="javascript:void(Mizuho.smoothlyScrollToToc())">Security of user switching support in Passenger</a>
+	</div>
+	<a href="javascript:void(0)" id="current_section"></a>
+</div>
+<div id="header">
+<h1>Security of user switching support in Passenger</h1>
+<div id="toc">
+<div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
+<div class="foo toclevel2"><a href="#_problem_description">1. Problem description</a></div>
+<div class="foo toclevel2"><a href="#_analysis_of_possible_solutions">2. Analysis of possible solutions</a></div>
+<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#apache_root">2.1. Apache must already be running as root</a></div>
+<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_using_apache_8217_s_suexec">2.2. Using Apache’s suEXEC</a></div>
+<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_using_a_setuid_root_wrapper_application">2.3. Using a setuid root wrapper application</a></div>
+<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#setuid_root">2.4. Using a setuid $X wrapper application</a></div>
+<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_using_em_su_em">2.5. Using su</a></div>
+<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_using_em_sudo_em">2.6. Using sudo</a></div>
+<div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_common_security_issues">2.7. Common security issues</a></div>
+<div class="foo toclevel2"><a href="#_chosen_solution">3. Chosen solution</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="content">
+<div class="sect1">
+<span class="anchor_helper" id="_problem_description"></span><h2 data-anchor="_problem_description">1. Problem description</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="admonitionblock">
+<table><tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<img src="./images/icons/tip.png" alt="Tip">
+</td>
+<td class="content">It is strongly recommended that you first read our
+<a href="Architectural%20overview.html">Architectural Overview</a>.</td>
+</tr></table>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>A straightforward implementation of Passenger will spawn Rails applications in
+the same user context as Apache itself. On server machines which host multiple
+websites for multiple users, this may not be desired. All Rails applications
+spawned by Passenger will be able to read and write to all directories that the
+web server can. So for example, Joe’s Rails applications could read Jane’s
+Rails application’s <em>database.yml</em> or delete her application files. This is
+also a problem that typically plagues PHP web hosts.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>There are multiple ways to solve this problem. The goal of this document is to
+inform the reader about the solutions have we have analyzed, so that
+Passenger’s security may be peer reviewed.</p></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<span class="anchor_helper" id="_analysis_of_possible_solutions"></span><h2 data-anchor="_analysis_of_possible_solutions">2. Analysis of possible solutions</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph"><p>It seems that the only way to solve this problem on Unix, is to run each Rails
+application server as its owner’s user and group. Passenger can make use of
+one of the following methods to implement this:</p></div>
+<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
+<li>
+<p>
+Apache (and thus Passenger) must already be running as root.
+</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>
+Using Apache’s suEXEC.
+</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>
+A setuid root wrapper application must exist, to allow non-root processes
+    to obtain root privileges (or at least, the privilege to switch user).
+</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>
+For each user $X that Passenger will need to switch to, there must exist
+    a setuid $X wrapper application.
+</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>
+Using <em>su</em>.
+</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>
+Using <em>sudo</em>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ol></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Let us take a look at each method in detail.</p></div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<span class="anchor_helper" id="apache_root"></span><h3 data-anchor="apache_root">2.1. Apache must already be running as root</h3>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>First, let us take a look at the typical Apache setup, in which Apache is bound
+to port 80, and uses the prefork MPM. Binding to any port lower than 1024
+requires root privileges, so Apache is typically run as root. This poses an
+unacceptable security risk, so Apache’s prefork MPM will, upon receiving an
+HTTP request, spawn a child process with the privileges of a normal user,
+typically <em>www-data</em> or <em>nobody</em>.
+See <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/prefork.html">the documentation for the
+prefork MPM</a> - in particular the “User” and “Group” directives - for details.
+The process which is responsible for spawning child processes (also called the
+control process) is run as root. This is also true for
+<a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/worker.html">the worker MPM</a>.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Since Passenger has access to the control process, in the typical Apache setup,
+Passenger can already launch Rails applications as a different user. But now we
+have to ask this question:</p></div>
+<div class="exampleblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="paragraph"><p>If Apache is not running as root, are there still any Passenger users who
+want to run Rails applications as different users?</p></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>If the answer is yes, then we cannot use this method.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The advantage of this method is that setting up Apache to run as root is
+incredibly easy, and requires no new framework to be written. However, testing
+this method in automated unit tests will require running the unit test suite as
+root.</p></div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<span class="anchor_helper" id="_using_apache_8217_s_suexec"></span><h3 data-anchor="_using_apache_8217_s_suexec">2.2. Using Apache’s suEXEC</h3>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Apache’s <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/suexec.html">suEXEC</a> allows one to
+run CGI processes as different users. But it seems that suEXEC can only be
+used for CGI, and is not a general-purpose mechanism. The
+<a href="http://alain.knaff.lu/howto/PhpSuexec/">PHP-suEXEC</a> software allows one to run
+PHP applications via suEXEC, but it requires patching suEXEC. If Passenger is
+to use suEXEC, then it is likely that we’ll have to patch suEXEC. The suEXEC
+website strongly discourages patching.</p></div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<span class="anchor_helper" id="_using_a_setuid_root_wrapper_application"></span><h3 data-anchor="_using_a_setuid_root_wrapper_application">2.3. Using a setuid root wrapper application</h3>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>If we use this method, we must be extremely careful. It must not be possible
+for arbitrary processes to gain root privileges. We want Passenger, and only
+Passenger, to be able to gain root privileges.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>There are multiple ways to implement this security. The first one is to use
+a password file, which only Apache and the wrapper can read, through
+the use of proper file permissions. The password file must never be world
+readable or writable.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>It works as follows:</p></div>
+<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
+<li>
+<p>
+Passenger runs the wrapper.
+</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>
+Passenger passes the content of the password file to the wrapper, via
+   an anonymous pipe (or some other anonymous channel, that no other
+   processes can access).
+</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>
+The wrapper checks whether the passed content is the same as what is in
+   the password file. If it is, then it is proven that whatever application
+   ran the wrapper has read access to the password file, and thus is authorized
+   to use the wrapper.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ol></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>An obvious problem that arises is: how does the wrapper locate its own password
+file? We obviously do not want to be able to specify the password filename as
+an argument to the wrapper: that would defeat the point of the password file.
+The solution is that the filename is to be hardcoded into the binary during
+compile time.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Another way to implement security is to use a whitelist of users that are
+allowed to use the wrapper. The wrapper can then check whether the calling
+process’s user is in the whitelist.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Writing a wrapper is not too hard. Furthermore, unit tests do not have to be
+run as root, in contrast to the run-Apache-as-root method.</p></div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<span class="anchor_helper" id="setuid_root"></span><h3 data-anchor="setuid_root">2.4. Using a setuid $X wrapper application</h3>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>A setuid $X wrapper will work in a fashion similar to the setuid root wrapper,
+i.e. it will use a password file for authorization.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Passenger does not spawn Rails applications itself, but does so via the spawn
+server. This spawn server is also responsible for preloading the Rails
+framework and the Rails application code, in order to speed up the spawning
+of Rails applications. See the design document of the spawn server for details.
+The spawn server never calls <span class="monospaced">exec()</span>: doing so will make preloading useless.
+If Passenger is to use a setuid $X wrapper, then it must start the spawn
+server via the wrapper. The spawn server itself cannot use the wrapper.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>However, doing so will make preloading less efficient. Passenger will be forced
+to run a spawn server for each user. The different spawn servers do not share
+memory with each other, so a lot of memory is wasted compared to the other
+methods.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Implementing this will also take more work. One has to create a different
+wrapper for each user, and to install it.</p></div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<span class="anchor_helper" id="_using_em_su_em"></span><h3 data-anchor="_using_em_su_em">2.5. Using <em>su</em>
+</h3>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The standard Unix <em>su</em> tool asks for the root password. It’s a bad idea for
+Apache to know the root password, so using <em>su</em> is not a viable alternative.</p></div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<span class="anchor_helper" id="_using_em_sudo_em"></span><h3 data-anchor="_using_em_sudo_em">2.6. Using <em>sudo</em>
+</h3>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>It might be possible to use the <em>sudo</em> utility. sudo can be configured in
+such a way that the user Apache runs as can use sudo without having to enter a
+password.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>However, Passenger uses an anonymous communication channel (an unnamed Unix
+socket) to communicate with the spawn server. sudo seems to close all file
+descriptors before executing an application, so Passenger will have to
+communicate with the spawn server via a non-anonymous channel, such as a named
+Unix socket. Because other processes can access this channel, it can introduce
+potential security problems. Note that passing information via program arguments
+is not secure: it is possible to view that information with tools like <em>ps</em>,
+or (on Linux) by reading the file <span class="monospaced">/proc/$PID/cmdline</span>.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>So it seems <em>sudo</em> is not a viable alternative.</p></div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<span class="anchor_helper" id="_common_security_issues"></span><h3 data-anchor="_common_security_issues">2.7. Common security issues</h3>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Whatever method Passenger will use, the following security principles must be
+honored:</p></div>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Rails applications must never be run as root.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>It might also be worthy to look into suEXEC’s security model for inspiration.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Also, the following questions remain:</p></div>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Is there a need for a user whitelist/blacklist? That is, is there a need for
+   the ability to restrict the set of users that Passenger can switch to?
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<span class="anchor_helper" id="_chosen_solution"></span><h2 data-anchor="_chosen_solution">3. Chosen solution</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Running Apache as root and writing a setuid root wrapper are the main
+contestants. The former is preferred, because it’s easier to implement.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>We have had some conversations with people on the IRC channel #rubyonrails.
+Among those people, nobody has ever run Apache as non-root. Because of this
+we have chosen to implement the <a href="#apache_root">Running Apache as root</a>
+solution, until a significant number of users request us to implement the
+<a href="#setuid_root">setuid root wrapper</a> solution.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Please read <a href="rdoc/index.html">the Ruby API documentation</a> — in particular
+that of the <em>ApplicationSpawner</em> class — for implementation details. But to
+make a long story short: it will switch to the owner of the file
+<em>config/environment.rb</em>. User whitelisting/blacklisting is currently not
+implemented. We rely on the system administrator to set the correct owner
+on that file.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>We have also not implemented suEXEC’s security model. suEXEC’s model is quite
+paranoid, and although paranoia is good to a certain extent, it can be in the
+way of usability while proving little extra security. We are not entirely
+convinced that implementing suEXEC’s full security model will provide
+significant benefits, but if you have good reasons to think otherwise, please
+feel free to discuss it with us.</p></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="footnotes"><hr></div>
+<div id="footer">
+</div>
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a,b=f.timers,c=0;for(;c<b.length;c++)a=b[c],!a()&&b[c]===a&&b.splice(c--,1);b.length||f.fx.stop()},interval:13,stop:function(){clearInterval(cp),cp=null},speeds:{slow:600,fast:200,_default:400},step:{opacity:function(a){f.style(a.elem,"opacity",a.now)},_default:function(a){a.elem.style&&a.elem.style[a.prop]!=null?a.elem.style[a.prop]=a.now+a.unit:a.elem[a.prop]=a.now}}}),f.each(["width","height"],function(a,b){f.fx.step[b]=function(a){f.style(a.elem,b,Math.max(0,a.now)+a.unit)}}),f.expr&&f.expr.filters&&(f.expr.filters.animated=function(a){return f.grep(f.timers,function(b){return a===b.elem}).length});var cw=/^t(?:able|d|h)$/i,cx=/^(?:body|html)$/i;"getBoundingClientRect"in c.documentElement?f.fn.offset=function(a){var b=this[0],c;if(a)return this.each(function(b){f.offset.setOffset(this,a,b)});if(!b||!b.ownerDocument)return null;if(b===b.ownerDocument.body)return f.offset.bodyOffset(b);try{c=b.getBoundingClientRect()}catch(d){}var e=b.ownerDocument,g=e.documentElement;if(!c||!f.contains(g,b))return c?{top:c.top,left:c.left}:{top:0,left:0};var h=e.body,i=cy(e),j=g.clientTop||h.clientTop||0,k=g.clientLeft||h.clientLeft||0,l=i.pageYOffset||f.support.boxModel&&g.scrollTop||h.scrollTop,m=i.pageXOffset||f.support.boxModel&&g.scrollLeft||h.scrollLeft,n=c.top+l-j,o=c.left+m-k;return{top:n,left:o}}:f.fn.offset=function(a){var b=this[0];if(a)return this.each(function(b){f.offset.setOffset(this,a,b)});if(!b||!b.ownerDocument)return null;if(b===b.ownerDocument.body)return f.offset.bodyOffset(b);var c,d=b.offsetParent,e=b,g=b.ownerDocument,h=g.documentElement,i=g.body,j=g.defaultView,k=j?j.getComputedStyle(b,null):b.currentStyle,l=b.offsetTop,m=b.offsetLeft;while((b=b.parentNode)&&b!==i&&b!==h){if(f.support.fixedPosition&&k.position==="fixed")break;c=j?j.getComputedStyle(b,null):b.currentStyle,l-=b.scrollTop,m-=b.scrollLeft,b===d&&(l+=b.offsetTop,m+=b.offsetLeft,f.support.doesNotAddBorder&&(!f.support.doesAddBorderForTableAndCells||!cw.test(b.nodeName))&&(l+=parseFloat(c.borderTopWidth)||0,m+=parseFloat(c.borderLeftWidth)||0),e=d,d=b.offsetParent),f.support.subtractsBorderForOverflowNotVisible&&c.overflow!=="visible"&&(l+=parseFloat(c.borderTopWidth)||0,m+=parseFloat(c.borderLeftWidth)||0),k=c}if(k.position==="relative"||k.position==="static")l+=i.offsetTop,m+=i.offsetLeft;f.support.fixedPosition&&k.position==="fixed"&&(l+=Math.max(h.scrollTop,i.scrollTop),m+=Math.max(h.scrollLeft,i.scrollLeft));return{top:l,left:m}},f.offset={bodyOffset:function(a){var b=a.offsetTop,c=a.offsetLeft;f.support.doesNotIncludeMarginInBodyOffset&&(b+=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginTop"))||0,c+=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginLeft"))||0);return{top:b,left:c}},setOffset:function(a,b,c){var d=f.css(a,"position");d==="static"&&(a.style.position="relative");var e=f(a),g=e.offset(),h=f.css(a,"top"),i=f.css(a,"left"),j=(d==="absolute"||d==="fixed")&&f.inArray("auto",[h,i])>-1,k={},l={},m,n;j?(l=e.position(),m=l.top,n=l.left):(m=parseFloat(h)||0,n=parseFloat(i)||0),f.isFunction(b)&&(b=b.call(a,c,g)),b.top!=null&&(k.top=b.top-g.top+m),b.left!=null&&(k.left=b.left-g.left+n),"using"in b?b.using.call(a,k):e.css(k)}},f.fn.extend({position:function(){if(!this[0])return null;var a=this[0],b=this.offsetParent(),c=this.offset(),d=cx.test(b[0].nodeName)?{top:0,left:0}:b.offset();c.top-=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginTop"))||0,c.left-=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginLeft"))||0,d.top+=parseFloat(f.css(b[0],"borderTopWidth"))||0,d.left+=parseFloat(f.css(b[0],"borderLeftWidth"))||0;return{top:c.top-d.top,left:c.left-d.left}},offsetParent:function(){return this.map(function(){var a=this.offsetParent||c.body;while(a&&!cx.test(a.nodeName)&&f.css(a,"position")==="static")a=a.offsetParent;return a})}}),f.each(["Left","Top"],function(a,c){var d="scroll"+c;f.fn[d]=function(c){var e,g;if(c===b){e=this[0];if(!e)return null;g=cy(e);return g?"pageXOffset"in g?g[a?"pageYOffset":"pageXOffset"]:f.support.boxModel&&g.document.documentElement[d]||g.document.body[d]:e[d]}return this.each(function(){g=cy(this),g?g.scrollTo(a?f(g).scrollLeft():c,a?c:f(g).scrollTop()):this[d]=c})}}),f.each(["Height","Width"],function(a,c){var d=c.toLowerCase();f.fn["inner"+c]=function(){var a=this[0];return a?a.style?parseFloat(f.css(a,d,"padding")):this[d]():null},f.fn["outer"+c]=function(a){var b=this[0];return b?b.style?parseFloat(f.css(b,d,a?"margin":"border")):this[d]():null},f.fn[d]=function(a){var e=this[0];if(!e)return a==null?null:this;if(f.isFunction(a))return this.each(function(b){var c=f(this);c[d](a.call(this,b,c[d]()))});if(f.isWindow(e)){var g=e.document.documentElement["client"+c],h=e.document.body;return e.document.compatMode==="CSS1Compat"&&g||h&&h["client"+c]||g}if(e.nodeType===9)return Math.max(e.documentElement["client"+c],e.body["scroll"+c],e.documentElement["scroll"+c],e.body["offset"+c],e.documentElement["offset"+c]);if(a===b){var i=f.css(e,d),j=parseFloat(i);return f.isNumeric(j)?j:i}return this.css(d,typeof a=="string"?a:a+"px")}}),a.jQuery=a.$=f,typeof define=="function"&&define.amd&&define.amd.jQuery&&define("jquery",[],function(){return f})})(window);
+/**
+ * jQuery hashchange 1.0.0
+ *
+ * (based on jquery.history)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2008 Chris Leishman (chrisleishman.com)
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT (MIT-LICENSE.txt)
+ * and GPL (GPL-LICENSE.txt) licenses.
+ */
+(function($) {
+$.fn.extend({
+    hashchange: function(callback) { this.bind('hashchange', callback) },
+    openOnClick: function(href) {
+		if (href === undefined || href.length == 0)
+			href = '#';
+		return this.click(function(ev) {
+			if (href && href.charAt(0) == '#') {
+				// execute load in separate call stack
+				window.setTimeout(function() { $.locationHash(href) }, 0);
+			} else {
+				window.location(href);
+			}
+			ev.stopPropagation();
+			return false;
+		});
+    }
+});
+// IE 8 introduces the hashchange event natively - so nothing more to do
+if ($.browser.msie && document.documentMode && document.documentMode >= 8) {
+	$.extend({
+		locationHash: function(hash) {
+	        if (!hash) hash = '#';
+	        else if (hash.charAt(0) != '#') hash = '#' + hash;
+	        location.hash = hash;
+	    }
+	});
+	return;
+}
+var curHash;
+// hidden iframe for IE (earlier than 8)
+var iframe;
+$.extend({
+	locationHash: function(hash) {
+		if (curHash === undefined) return;
+		if (!hash) hash = '#';
+		else if (hash.charAt(0) != '#') hash = '#' + hash;
+		location.hash = hash;
+		if (curHash == hash) return;
+		curHash = hash;
+		if ($.browser.msie) updateIEFrame(hash);
+		$.event.trigger('hashchange');
+	}
+});
+$(document).ready(function() {
+    curHash = location.hash;
+    if ($.browser.msie) {
+        // stop the callback firing twice during init if no hash present
+        if (curHash == '') curHash = '#';
+        // add hidden iframe for IE
+        iframe = $('<iframe />').hide().get(0);
+        $('body').prepend(iframe);
+        updateIEFrame(location.hash);
+        setInterval(checkHashIE, 100);
+    } else {
+        setInterval(checkHash, 100);
+    }
+});
+$(window).unload(function() { iframe = null });
+function checkHash() {
+    var hash = location.hash;
+    if (hash != curHash) {
+        curHash = hash;
+        $.event.trigger('hashchange');
+    }
+}
+if ($.browser.msie) {
+    // Attach a live handler for any anchor links
+    $('a[href^=#]').live('click', function() {
+        var hash = $(this).attr('href');
+        // Don't intercept the click if there is an existing anchor on the page
+        // that matches this hash
+        if ($(hash).length == 0 && $('a[name='+hash.slice(1)+']').length == 0) {
+            $.locationHash(hash);
+            return false;
+        }
+    });
+}
+function checkHashIE() {
+    // On IE, check for location.hash of iframe
+    var idoc = iframe.contentDocument || iframe.contentWindow.document;
+    var hash = idoc.location.hash;
+    if (hash == '') hash = '#';
+    if (hash != curHash) {
+        if (location.hash != hash) location.hash = hash;
+        curHash = hash;
+        $.event.trigger('hashchange');
+    }
+}
+function updateIEFrame(hash) {
+    if (hash == '#') hash = '';
+    var idoc = iframe.contentWindow.document;
+    idoc.open();
+    idoc.close();
+    if (idoc.location.hash != hash) idoc.location.hash = hash;
+}
+})(jQuery);
+// IE...
+if (!Date.now) {
+	Date.now = function() {
+		return new Date().getTime();
+	}
+}
+var Mizuho = {
+	/** Cached DOM elements so that we don't have to re-find them over and over. */
+	$document: undefined,
+	$window: undefined,
+	$mainSections: undefined,
+	$sectionHeaders: undefined,
+	/** Constants */
+	MAX_TOC_LEVEL: 3,
+	sectionHeadersSelector: undefined,
+	scrollMemory: {},
+	changingHash: false,
+	activeHash: undefined,
+	/** Whether in single-page or multi-page mode. Either 'single' or 'multi'. */
+	mode: 'single',
+	/** Whether smooth scrolling is enabled. It is always enabled except right
+	 * after page load: when the page is scrolled to the section as pointed to
+	 * by location.hash.
+	 */
+	smoothScrolling: true,
+	initialize: function() {
+		this.sectionHeadersSelector = '';
+		for (var i = 0; i < this.MAX_TOC_LEVEL; i++) {
+			if (i != 0) {
+				this.sectionHeadersSelector += ', ';
+			}
+			this.sectionHeadersSelector += 'h' + (i + 2);
+		}
+		this.$document = $(document);
+		this.$window = $(window);
+		this.$mainSections = $('.sect1');
+		this.$sectionHeaders = $(this.sectionHeadersSelector, '#content');
+		this.$sectionHeaders.sort(function(a, b) {
+			var off_a = $(a).offset();
+			var off_b = $(b).offset();
+			return off_a.top - off_b.top;
+		});
+		if (this.isMobileDevice()) {
+			$(document.body).addClass('mobile');
+		}
+	},
+	/********* Generic utility functions *********/
+	isMobileDevice: function() {
+		return navigator.userAgent.match(
+			/(IEMobile|Windows CE|NetFront|PlayStation|PLAYSTATION|like Mac OS X|MIDP|UP\.Browser|Symbian|Nintendo|Android)/
+		);
+	},
+	virtualAnimate: function(options) {
+		var options = $.extend({
+			duration: 1000
+		}, options || {});
+		var animation_start = Date.now();
+		var animation_end = Date.now() + options.duration;
+		var interval = animation_end - animation_start;
+		this._virtualAnimate_step(animation_start, animation_end, interval, options);
+	},
+	_virtualAnimate_step: function(animation_start, animation_end, interval, options) {
+		var self = this;
+		var now = new Date();
+		var progress = (now - animation_start) / interval;
+		if (progress > 1) {
+			progress = 1;
+		}
+		progress = (1 + Math.sin(-Math.PI / 2 + progress * Math.PI)) / 2;
+		options.step(progress);
+		if (now < animation_end) {
+			setTimeout(function() {
+				self._virtualAnimate_step(animation_start,
+					animation_end, interval, options);
+			}, 15);
+		} else {
+			options.step(1);
+			if (options.finish) {
+				options.finish();
+			}
+		}
+	},
+	smoothlyScrollTo: function(top) {
+		if (!this.smoothScrolling) {
+			return this.setScrollTop(top);
+		}
+		var self = this;
+		var $document = this.$document;
+		var current = $document.scrollTop();
+		this.virtualAnimate({
+			duration: 300,
+			step: function(x) {
+				$document.scrollTop(Math.floor(
+					top + (1 - x) * (current - top)
+				));
+			},
+			finish: function() {
+				self.setScrollTop(top);
+			}
+		});
+	},
+	smoothlyScrollToToc: function() {
+		this.smoothlyScrollTo($('#toc').position().top);
+	},
+	scrollToHeader: function(header) {
+		this.smoothlyScrollTo($(header).offset().top - 50);
+	},
+	setScrollTop: function(top, element) {
+		// Browsers don't always scroll properly so work around
+		// this with a few timers.
+		var self = this;
+		element = element || this.$document;
+		element = $(element);
+		element.scrollTop(top);
+		setTimeout(function() {
+			element.scrollTop(top);
+		}, 1);
+		setTimeout(function() {
+			element.scrollTop(top);
+			self.$document.trigger('mizuho:updateTopBar');
+		}, 20);
+	},
+	/********* Mizuho-specific functions *********/
+	/** Returns the currently displayed section's header DOM element. */
+	currentSubsection: function() {
+		var $sectionHeaders = this.$sectionHeaders;
+		var scrollTop = this.$document.scrollTop();
+		var windowHeight = this.$window.height();
+		var offset;
+		var low = 0;
+		var high = this.$sectionHeaders.length - 1;
+		var mid = 0;
+		while (low <= high) {
+			mid = Math.floor((low + high) / 2);
+			offset = $($sectionHeaders[mid]).offset();
+			if (offset.top >= scrollTop) {
+				high = mid - 1;
+			} else {
+				low = mid + 1;
+			}
+		}
+		var $found = $($sectionHeaders[low]);
+		if ($found.offset().top > scrollTop + windowHeight) {
+			if (low > 0) {
+				return $sectionHeaders[low - 1];
+			} else {
+				return undefined;
+			}
+		} else {
+			return $sectionHeaders[low];
+		}
+	},
+	/** Looks up a section's header DOM element corresponding to a hash name. */
+	lookupHeader: function(hash) {
+		var id = hash.replace(/^#!\//, '#');
+		if (id == '') {
+			return undefined;
+		} else {
+			var header = $(id);
+			if (header.length == 0) {
+				return undefined;
+			} else {
+				return header;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+};
+for (var key in Mizuho) {
+	if (typeof(Mizuho[key]) == 'function') {
+		Mizuho[key] = $.proxy(Mizuho[key], Mizuho);
+	}
+}
+$(document).ready(Mizuho.initialize);
+//$(document).ready(Mizuho.installHashbangLinks);
+Mizuho.initializeTopBar = $.proxy(function() {
+	var $window = this.$window;
+	var $document = this.$document;
+	var self = this;
+	var $topbar = $('#topbar');
+	var $title = $('#header h1');
+	var $currentSection = $('#current_section');
+	var isMobileDevice = this.isMobileDevice();
+	var timerId;
+	// Create the floating table of contents used in the top bar.
+	var $floattoc = $('<div id="floattoc"></div>').html($('#toc').html());
+	$floattoc.find('#toctitle').remove();
+	$floattoc.find('.comments').remove();
+	$floattoc.css('visibility', 'hidden');
+	$floattoc.insertAfter($topbar);
+	var $floattoclinks = $floattoc.find('a');
+	$floattoclinks.each(function() {
+		// Firefox changes '#!' to '#%21' so change that back.
+		var $this = $(this);
+		var href = $this.attr('href');
+		if (href.match(/^#%21/)) {
+			$this.attr('href', href.replace(/^#%21/, '#!'));
+		}
+	});
+	$floattoclinks.click(function(event) {
+		self.internalLinkClicked(this, event);
+	});
+	// Callback for when the user clicks on the Table of Contents
+	// button on the top bar.
+	function showFloatingToc() {
+		var scrollUpdateTimerId;
+		function reposition() {
+			if (isMobileDevice) {
+				$floattoc.css({
+					top: $currentSection.offset().top +
+						$currentSection.innerHeight() +
+						'px',
+					height: $window.height() * 0.7 + 'px'
+				});
+			}
+		}
+		function highlightCurrentTocEntry() {
+			var currentSubsection = self.currentSubsection();
+			$floattoclinks.removeClass('current');
+			if (currentSubsection) {
+				var currentSubsectionTitle = $(currentSubsection).text();
+				var $link;
+				$floattoclinks.each(function() {
+					if ($(this).text() == currentSubsectionTitle) {
+						$link = $(this);
+						return false;
+					}
+				});
+				if ($link) {
+					$link.addClass('current');
+					self.setScrollTop(
+						$floattoc.scrollTop() +
+							$link.position().top -
+							$floattoc.height() * 0.45,
+						$floattoc);
+					return false;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		function hideFloatingToc() {
+			$currentSection.removeClass('pressed');
+			$floattoc.css('visibility', 'hidden');
+			$floattoclinks.unbind('click', hideFloatingToc);
+			$document.unbind('mousedown', onMouseDown);
+			$document.unbind('touchdown', onMouseDown);
+			$document.unbind('mizuho:hideTopBar', hideFloatingToc);
+			$window.unbind('scroll', onScroll);
+			if (scrollUpdateTimerId !== undefined) {
+				clearTimeout(scrollUpdateTimerId);
+				scrollUpdateTimerId = undefined;
+			}
+		}
+		function onMouseDown(event) {
+			if (event.target != $floattoc[0]
+			 && $(event.target).closest('#floattoc').length == 0) {
+				hideFloatingToc();
+			}
+		}
+		function onScroll(event) {
+			if (scrollUpdateTimerId === undefined) {
+				scrollUpdateTimerId = setTimeout(function() {
+					scrollUpdateTimerId = undefined;
+					reposition();
+					highlightCurrentTocEntry();
+				}, 100);
+			}
+		}
+		// Layout and display floating TOC.
+		highlightCurrentTocEntry();
+		var origScrollTop = $document.scrollTop();
+		var windowWidth = $window.width();
+		var maxRight = windowWidth - Math.floor(windowWidth * 0.1);
+		if ($currentSection.offset().left + $floattoc.outerWidth() > maxRight) {
+			$floattoc.css('left', maxRight - $floattoc.outerWidth());
+		} else {
+			$floattoc.css('left', $currentSection.offset().left + 'px');
+		}
+		reposition();
+		$floattoc.css('visibility', 'visible');
+		$currentSection.addClass('pressed');
+		$floattoclinks.bind('click', hideFloatingToc);
+		$document.bind('mousedown', onMouseDown)
+		$document.bind('touchdown', onMouseDown);
+		$document.bind('mizuho:hideTopBar', hideFloatingToc);
+		$window.bind('scroll', onScroll);
+	}
+	// Called whenever the user scrolls. Updates the title of the
+	// Table of Contents button in the top bar to the section that
+	// the user is currently reading.
+	function update() {
+		if ($title.offset().top + $title.height() < $document.scrollTop()) {
+			if (!$topbar.is(':visible')) {
+				$topbar.slideDown(250);
+				$document.trigger('mizuho:showTopBar');
+			}
+		} else {
+			if ($topbar.is(':visible')) {
+				$topbar.slideUp();
+				$document.trigger('mizuho:hideTopBar');
+			}
+		}
+		if (isMobileDevice) {
+			$topbar.css({
+				top: $document.scrollTop() + 'px',
+				width: $window.width() -
+					parseInt($topbar.css('padding-left')) -
+					parseInt($topbar.css('padding-right')) +
+					'px'
+			});
+		}
+		var header = self.currentSubsection();
+		var name;
+		if (header) {
+			name = $(header).text();
+		} else {
+			name = 'Preamble';
+		}
+		$currentSection.text(name);
+	}
+	function scheduleUpdate() {
+		if (timerId !== undefined) {
+			return;
+		}
+		timerId = setTimeout(function() {
+			timerId = undefined;
+			update();
+		}, 100);
+	}
+	if (isMobileDevice) {
+		// Mobile devices don't support position fixed.
+		$topbar.css('position', 'absolute');
+		$floattoc.css('position', 'absolute');
+	}
+	$currentSection.click(showFloatingToc);
+	$window.scroll(scheduleUpdate);
+	$document.bind('mizuho:updateTopBar', update);
+}, Mizuho);
+$(document).ready(Mizuho.initializeTopBar);
+</script>
+</body>
+</html>