passenger 3.0.12 → 3.0.13

data/doc/Users guide Apache.idmap.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+###### Autogenerated by Mizuho, DO NOT EDIT ######
+# This file maps section names to IDs so that the commenting system knows which
+# comments belong to which section. Section names may be changed at will but
+# IDs always stay the same, allowing one to retain old comments even if you
+# rename a section.
+#
+# This file is autogenerated but is not a cache; you MUST NOT DELETE this
+# file and you must check it into your version control system. If you lose
+# this file you may lose the ability to identity old comments.
+#
+# Entries marked with "fuzzy" indicate that the section title has changed
+# and that Mizuho has found an ID which appears to be associated with that
+# section. You should check whether it is correct, and if not, fix it.
+
+1. Support information	=>	support-information-zkewk3
+
+1.1. Supported operating systems	=>	supported-operating-systems-rhbg35
+
+1.2. Where to get support	=>	where-to-get-support-f3pbrb
+
+10. Appendix A: About this document	=>	appendix-a-about-this-document-103toqs
+
+11. Appendix B: Terminology	=>	appendix-b-terminology-h4eaf4
+
+11.1. Application root	=>	application-root-otx6xf
+
+12. Appendix C: Spawning methods explained	=>	appendix-c-spawning-methods-explained-owghi9
+
+12.1. The most straightforward and traditional way: conservative spawning	=>	the-most-straightforward-and-traditional-way-conservative-spawning-1ybbli2
+
+12.2. The smart spawning method	=>	the-smart-spawning-method-1cvu9dd
+
+12.2.1. How it works	=>	how-it-works-672zja
+
+12.2.2. Summary of benefits	=>	summary-of-benefits-1yrihfb
+
+12.3. Smart spawning gotcha #1: unintentional file descriptor sharing	=>	smart-spawning-gotcha-1-unintentional-file-descriptor-sharing-z1y55l
+
+12.3.1. Example 1: Memcached connection sharing (harmful)	=>	example-1-memcached-connection-sharing-harmful--c71wqw
+
+12.3.2. Example 2: Log file sharing (not harmful)	=>	example-2-log-file-sharing-not-harmful--1p2yuol
+
+12.4. Smart spawning gotcha #2: the need to revive threads	=>	smart-spawning-gotcha-2-the-need-to-revive-threads-1k6cj7d
+
+12.5. Smart spawning gotcha #3: code load order	=>	smart-spawning-gotcha-3-code-load-order-nkotiy
+
+2. Installing, upgrading and uninstalling Phusion Passenger	=>	installing-upgrading-and-uninstalling-phusion-passenger-laryvs
+
+2.1. Generic installation instructions	=>	generic-installation-instructions-17jo43j
+
+2.1.1. Overview of installation methods	=>	overview-of-installation-methods-12vnjyb
+
+2.1.2. Preparation (gem and source tarball only)	=>	preparation-gem-and-source-tarball-only--1sxhbgg
+
+2.1.3. Installing via the gem	=>	installing-via-the-gem-39jw1u
+
+2.1.4. Installing via the source tarball	=>	installing-via-the-source-tarball-1cgxrqc
+
+2.1.5. Installing via a native Linux package	=>	installing-via-a-native-linux-package-i1tmhg
+
+2.1.6. What does the installer do?	=>	what-does-the-installer-do--3a7z1w
+
+2.2. Operating system-specific instructions and information	=>	operating-system-specific-instructions-and-information-1dfz365
+
+2.2.1. MacOS X	=>	macos-x-1lcpbz2
+
+2.2.2. Ubuntu Linux	=>	ubuntu-linux-1xwc66
+
+2.2.3. OpenSolaris	=>	opensolaris-1e0dynj
+
+2.3. Upgrading or downgrading Phusion Passenger	=>	upgrading-or-downgrading-phusion-passenger-1dl8km6
+
+2.3.1. Via a gem or a source tarball	=>	via-a-gem-or-a-source-tarball-1vgkwhs
+
+2.3.2. Via a native Linux package	=>	via-a-native-linux-package-8dvooa
+
+2.4. Unloading (disabling) Phusion Passenger from Apache without uninstalling it	=>	unloading-disabling-phusion-passenger-from-apache-without-uninstalling-it-s1axnx
+
+2.5. Uninstalling Phusion Passenger	=>	uninstalling-phusion-passenger-1qb4ssq
+
+3. Deploying a Ruby on Rails 1.x or 2.x (but NOT Rails >= 3.x) application	=>	deploying-a-ruby-on-rails-1-x-or-2-x-but-not-rails-3-x-application-9r92hi
+
+3.1. Deploying to a virtual host’s root	=>	deploying-to-a-virtual-host-s-root-zzo4v7
+
+3.2. Deploying to a sub URI	=>	deploying-to-a-sub-uri-zekba6
+
+3.3. Redeploying (restarting the Ruby on Rails application)	=>	redeploying-restarting-the-ruby-on-rails-application--m5zqc6
+
+3.4. Migrations	=>	migrations-15238b4
+
+3.5. Capistrano integration	=>	capistrano-integration-1o4cbyq
+
+4. Deploying a Rack-based Ruby application (including Rails >= 3)	=>	deploying-a-rack-based-ruby-application-including-rails-3--hcs66f
+
+4.1. Tutorial/example: writing and deploying a Hello World Rack application	=>	tutorial-example-writing-and-deploying-a-hello-world-rack-application-axp5z5
+
+4.2. Deploying to a virtual host’s root	=>	deploying-to-a-virtual-host-s-root-ab4zj6
+
+4.3. Deploying to a sub URI	=>	deploying-to-a-sub-uri-13rfygg
+
+4.4. Redeploying (restarting the Rack application)	=>	redeploying-restarting-the-rack-application--18m41m1
+
+4.5. Rackup specifications for various web frameworks	=>	rackup-specifications-for-various-web-frameworks-ndsqc2
+
+4.5.1. Camping	=>	camping-1kxexk0
+
+4.5.2. Halcyon	=>	halcyon-1ghnpmz
+
+4.5.3. Mack	=>	mack-miht6b
+
+4.5.4. Merb	=>	merb-iyj7qy
+
+4.5.5. Ramaze	=>	ramaze-boddtj
+
+4.5.6. Sinatra	=>	sinatra-1hubto4
+
+5. Configuring Phusion Passenger	=>	configuring-phusion-passenger-11oztoe
+
+5.1. PassengerRoot <directory>	=>	passengerroot-directory--sere8l
+
+5.10. PassengerBufferResponse <on|off>	=>	passengerbufferresponse-on-off--1y7ilka
+
+5.11. Security options	=>	security-options-1pb75ho
+
+5.11.1. PassengerUserSwitching <on|off>	=>	passengeruserswitching-on-off--100dc63
+
+5.11.2. PassengerUser <username>	=>	passengeruser-username--iw6865
+
+5.11.3. PassengerGroup <group name>	=>	passengergroup-group-name--1ciwtix
+
+5.11.4. PassengerDefaultUser <username>	=>	passengerdefaultuser-username--nbjs8w
+
+5.11.5. PassengerDefaultGroup <group name>	=>	passengerdefaultgroup-group-name--1xwd1xj
+
+5.11.6. PassengerFriendlyErrorPages <on|off>	=>	passengerfriendlyerrorpages-on-off--rdq45f
+
+5.12. Resource control and optimization options	=>	resource-control-and-optimization-options-zu2f7u
+
+5.12.1. PassengerMaxPoolSize <integer>	=>	passengermaxpoolsize-integer--am64q8
+
+5.12.2. PassengerMinInstances <integer>	=>	passengermininstances-integer--wegq6b
+
+5.12.3. PassengerMaxInstancesPerApp <integer>	=>	passengermaxinstancesperapp-integer--1pteawn
+
+5.12.4. PassengerPoolIdleTime <integer>	=>	passengerpoolidletime-integer--a3gunq
+
+5.12.5. PassengerMaxRequests <integer>	=>	passengermaxrequests-integer--ietgd0
+
+5.12.6. PassengerStatThrottleRate <integer>	=>	passengerstatthrottlerate-integer--13zx4xo
+
+5.12.7. PassengerPreStart <url>	=>	passengerprestart-url--1v76tcz
+
+5.12.8. PassengerHighPerformance <on|off>	=>	passengerhighperformance-on-off--36mw1l
+
+5.13. Compatibility options	=>	compatibility-options-8jve5a
+
+5.13.1. PassengerResolveSymlinksInDocumentRoot <on|off>	=>	passengerresolvesymlinksindocumentroot-on-off--vblz7e
+
+5.13.2. PassengerAllowEncodedSlashes <on|off>	=>	passengerallowencodedslashes-on-off--1ud9a92
+
+5.14. Logging and debugging options	=>	logging-and-debugging-options-el2cuc
+
+5.14.1. PassengerLogLevel <integer>	=>	passengerloglevel-integer--1lt2yhq
+
+5.14.2. PassengerDebugLogFile <filename>	=>	passengerdebuglogfile-filename--pgj55c
+
+5.15. Ruby on Rails-specific options	=>	ruby-on-rails-specific-options-1t10wfu
+
+5.15.1. RailsAutoDetect <on|off>	=>	railsautodetect-on-off--tpigsd
+
+5.15.2. RailsBaseURI <uri>	=>	railsbaseuri-uri--1txrw3k
+
+5.15.3. RailsEnv <string>	=>	railsenv-string--1b0xxvu
+
+5.15.4. RailsFrameworkSpawnerIdleTime <integer>	=>	railsframeworkspawneridletime-integer--1ai8dgq
+
+5.15.5. RailsAppSpawnerIdleTime <integer>	=>	railsappspawneridletime-integer--1awgog1
+
+5.16. Rack-specific options	=>	rack-specific-options-wk9qzt
+
+5.16.1. RackAutoDetect <on|off>	=>	rackautodetect-on-off--vl1lxy
+
+5.16.2. RackBaseURI <uri>	=>	rackbaseuri-uri--1to24pj
+
+5.16.3. RackEnv <string>	=>	rackenv-string--vve9py
+
+5.17. Deprecated options	=>	deprecated-options-pm9m57
+
+5.17.1. RailsRuby	=>	railsruby-ht09ei
+
+5.17.2. RailsUserSwitching	=>	railsuserswitching-1npx8y4
+
+5.17.3. RailsDefaultUser	=>	railsdefaultuser-19j7n3m
+
+5.17.4. RailsAllowModRewrite	=>	railsallowmodrewrite-1vkziro
+
+5.17.5. RailsSpawnMethod	=>	railsspawnmethod-1aljgpa
+
+5.2. PassengerRuby <filename>	=>	passengerruby-filename--1r3fv73
+
+5.3. PassengerAppRoot <path/to/root>	=>	passengerapproot-path-to-root--uf24yd
+
+5.4. PassengerSpawnMethod <string>	=>	passengerspawnmethod-string--sodg2y
+
+5.5. PassengerUseGlobalQueue <on|off>	=>	passengeruseglobalqueue-on-off--1ki369
+
+5.6. PassengerEnabled <on|off>	=>	passengerenabled-on-off--74rzth
+
+5.7. PassengerTempDir <directory>	=>	passengertempdir-directory--68h2ng
+
+5.8. PassengerUploadBufferDir <directory>	=>	passengeruploadbufferdir-directory--kdr8at
+
+5.9. PassengerRestartDir <directory>	=>	passengerrestartdir-directory--1fmhmv0
+
+6. Troubleshooting	=>	troubleshooting-2ihihi
+
+6.1. Operating system-specific problems	=>	operating-system-specific-problems-327gbk
+
+6.1.1. MacOS X: The installer cannot locate MAMP’s Apache	=>	macos-x-the-installer-cannot-locate-mamp-s-apache-or908n
+
+6.2. Problems during installation	=>	problems-during-installation-q1vlsu
+
+6.2.1. Ruby development headers aren’t installed	=>	ruby-development-headers-aren-t-installed-1yqrom8
+
+6.2.2. Apache development headers aren’t installed	=>	apache-development-headers-aren-t-installed-x2473y
+
+6.2.3. APR development headers aren’t installed	=>	apr-development-headers-aren-t-installed-13bk976
+
+6.2.4. Phusion Passenger is using the wrong Apache during installation	=>	phusion-passenger-is-using-the-wrong-apache-during-installation-82qnt4
+
+6.2.5. Phusion Passenger is using the wrong Ruby during installation	=>	phusion-passenger-is-using-the-wrong-ruby-during-installation-1nh3zml
+
+6.3. Problems after installation	=>	problems-after-installation-fwd23q
+
+6.3.1. My Rails application works on Mongrel, but not on Phusion Passenger	=>	my-rails-application-works-on-mongrel-but-not-on-phusion-passenger-1f28drx
+
+6.3.2. Phusion Passenger has been compiled against the wrong Apache installation	=>	phusion-passenger-has-been-compiled-against-the-wrong-apache-installation-n74ce0
+
+6.3.3. I get a "403 Forbidden" error	=>	i-get-a-403-forbidden-error-m0rlay
+
+6.3.4. Static assets such as images and stylesheets aren’t being displayed	=>	static-assets-such-as-images-and-stylesheets-aren-t-being-displayed-uaptpi
+
+6.3.5. The Apache error log says that the spawn manager script does not exist, or that it does not have permission to execute it	=>	the-apache-error-log-says-that-the-spawn-manager-script-does-not-exist-or-that-it-does-not-have-permission-to-execute-it-1fmoozk
+
+6.3.6. The Rails application reports that it’s unable to start because of a permission error	=>	the-rails-application-reports-that-it-s-unable-to-start-because-of-a-permission-error-v53i6s
+
+6.3.7. My Rails application’s log file is not being written to	=>	my-rails-application-s-log-file-is-not-being-written-to-3i747l
+
+6.3.8. I’ve deployed my app on SSL, but the app thinks its not on SSL	=>	i-ve-deployed-my-app-on-ssl-but-the-app-thinks-its-not-on-ssl-10rvgnr
+
+6.4. Conflicting Apache modules	=>	conflicting-apache-modules-1uwpixk
+
+6.4.1. mod_userdir	=>	mod-userdir-x5e2te
+
+6.4.2. MultiViews (mod_negotiation)	=>	multiviews-mod-negotiation--zchfg0
+
+6.4.3. VirtualDocumentRoot	=>	virtualdocumentroot-14cwd7l
+
+7. Analysis and system maintenance	=>	analysis-and-system-maintenance-qvkwzr
+
+7.1. Inspecting memory usage	=>	inspecting-memory-usage-1bkis6i
+
+7.2. Inspecting Phusion Passenger’s internal status	=>	inspecting-phusion-passenger-s-internal-status-ukekf7
+
+7.3. Debugging frozen applications	=>	debugging-frozen-applications-1qsjqq7
+
+7.4. Accessing individual application processes	=>	accessing-individual-application-processes-1p0j4jb
+
+8. Tips	=>	tips-19cwwf7
+
+8.1. User switching (security)	=>	user-switching-security--8njx1x
+
+8.10. Upload progress	=>	upload-progress-71cyl7
+
+8.2. Reducing memory consumption of Ruby on Rails applications by 33%	=>	reducing-memory-consumption-of-ruby-on-rails-applications-by-33--1ubxnq0
+
+8.3. Capistrano recipe	=>	capistrano-recipe-syzgo7
+
+8.4. Bundler support	=>	bundler-support-cf72ih
+
+8.5. Moving Phusion Passenger to a different directory	=>	moving-phusion-passenger-to-a-different-directory-16fapwo
+
+8.6. Installing multiple Ruby on Rails versions	=>	installing-multiple-ruby-on-rails-versions-mi5j14
+
+8.7. Making the application restart after each request	=>	making-the-application-restart-after-each-request-183bezx
+
+8.8. How to fix broken images/CSS/JavaScript URIs in sub-URI deployments	=>	how-to-fix-broken-images-css-javascript-uris-in-sub-uri-deployments-a63b6r
+
+8.9. X-Sendfile support	=>	x-sendfile-support-1cgyykw
+
+9. Under the hood	=>	under-the-hood-21ue5t
+
+9.1. Static assets serving	=>	static-assets-serving-wo2d9v
+
+9.2. Page caching support	=>	page-caching-support-kwq9b9
+
+9.3. How Phusion Passenger detects whether a virtual host is a web application	=>	how-phusion-passenger-detects-whether-a-virtual-host-is-a-web-application-179mp8m
+

data/doc/Users guide Apache.txt

@@ -203,15 +203,7 @@ installation. Furthermore, the 'passenger-x.x.x' folder must be accessible by Ap
 
 ==== Installing via a native Linux package ====
 
-John Leach from Brightbox has kindly provided an Ubuntu Hardy package for Phusion Passenger. The package is available from the link:http://apt.brightbox.net[Brightbox repository].
-
-Please install the native Linux package, e.g.:
-------------------------------------------------------
-sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://apt.brightbox.net hardy main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/brightbox.list'
-sudo sh -c 'wget -q -O - http://apt.brightbox.net/release.asc | apt-key add -'
-sudo apt-get update
-sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-passenger
-------------------------------------------------------
+John Leach from Brightbox has kindly provided a Ubuntu packages for Phusion Passenger. The package is available from the link:http://wiki.brightbox.co.uk/docs:phusion-passenger[Brightbox repository].
 
 ==== What does the installer do? ====
 
@@ -635,8 +627,8 @@ For example:
         Allow from all
     </Directory>
 
-    RackBaseURI /rails                    # <-- These lines have
-    <Directory /websites/phusion/rails>   # <-- been added.
+    RackBaseURI /rack                     # <-- These lines have
+    <Directory /websites/phusion/rack>    # <-- been added.
         Options -MultiViews               # <--
     </Directory>                          # <--
 </VirtualHost>

data/doc/Users guide Nginx.html

@@ -1,20 +1,10 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
-<meta name="generator" content="AsciiDoc 8.6.5">
-<title>Phusion Passenger users guide, Nginx version</title>
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
+<meta name="generator" content="AsciiDoc 8.6.7">
+<title>Phusion Passenger users guide, Nginx version</title>
 <style type="text/css">
-/*
- * AsciiDoc 'flask' theme for xhtml11 and html5 backends. A shameless knock-off
- * of the Flask website styling (http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/).
- *
- * The implementation is straight-forward, consisting of the asciidoc.css file
- * followed by theme specific overrides.
- *
- * */
-
-
 /* Shared CSS for AsciiDoc xhtml11 and html5 backends */
 
 /* Default font. */
@@ -99,6 +89,7 @@ ul > li > * { color: black; }
 pre {
   padding: 0;
   margin: 0;
+  overflow: auto;
 }
 
 #author {
@@ -525,6 +516,29 @@ th.tableblock.valign-bottom, td.tableblock.valign-bottom {
 }
 
 
+/*
+ * manpage specific
+ *
+ * */
+
+body.manpage h1 {
+  padding-top: 0.5em;
+  padding-bottom: 0.5em;
+  border-top: 2px solid silver;
+  border-bottom: 2px solid silver;
+}
+body.manpage h2 {
+  border-style: none;
+}
+body.manpage div.sectionbody {
+  margin-left: 3em;
+}
+
+@media print {
+  body.manpage div#toc { display: none; }
+}
+
+
 /*
  * Theme specific overrides of the preceding (asciidoc.css) CSS.
  *
@@ -551,7 +565,7 @@ h1 { font-size: 240%; }
 h2 { font-size: 180%; }
 h3 { font-size: 150%; }
 h4 { font-size: 130%; }
-h5 { font-size: 100%; }
+h5 { font-size: 115%; }
 h6 { font-size: 100%; }
 #header h1 { margin-top: 0; }
 #toc {
@@ -589,7 +603,7 @@ div.exampleblock > div.content, div.sidebarblock > div.content, div.listingblock
 div.verseblock { border-left-width: 0; margin-left: 3em; }
 div.quoteblock { border-left-width: 3px; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0;}
 div.admonitionblock td.content { border-left: 3px solid #E8E8E8; }
-</style>
+</style>
 <script type="text/javascript">
 /*<![CDATA[*/
 var asciidoc = {  // Namespace.
@@ -633,7 +647,7 @@ toc: function (toclevels) {
 
   function tocEntries(el, toclevels) {
     var result = new Array;
-    var re = new RegExp('[hH]([2-'+(toclevels+1)+'])');
+    var re = new RegExp('[hH]([1-'+(toclevels+1)+'])');
     // Function that scans the DOM tree for header elements (the DOM2
     // nodeIterator API would be a better technique but not supported by all
     // browsers).
@@ -662,7 +676,7 @@ toc: function (toclevels) {
   var i;
   for (i = 0; i < toc.childNodes.length; i++) {
     var entry = toc.childNodes[i];
-    if (entry.nodeName == 'DIV'
+    if (entry.nodeName.toLowerCase() == 'div'
      && entry.getAttribute("class")
      && entry.getAttribute("class").match(/^toclevel/))
       tocEntriesToRemove.push(entry);
@@ -708,7 +722,7 @@ footnotes: function () {
   var entriesToRemove = [];
   for (i = 0; i < noteholder.childNodes.length; i++) {
     var entry = noteholder.childNodes[i];
-    if (entry.nodeName == 'DIV' && entry.getAttribute("class") == "footnote")
+    if (entry.nodeName.toLowerCase() == 'div' && entry.getAttribute("class") == "footnote")
       entriesToRemove.push(entry);
   }
   for (i = 0; i < entriesToRemove.length; i++) {
@@ -783,30 +797,270 @@ install: function(toclevels) {
 }
 asciidoc.install(3);
 /*]]>*/
-</script>
-</head>
-<body class="article">
-<div id="header">
-<h1>Phusion Passenger users guide, Nginx version</h1>
-<div id="toc">
-  <div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
-  <noscript><p><b>JavaScript must be enabled in your browser to display the table of contents.</b></p></noscript>
-</div>
+</script><style type="text/css">
+body {
+	margin: 1em 10% 1em 10%;
+}
+
+a.image {
+	border: none;
+}
+
+.comments {
+	display: block;
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+</head>
+<body class="article">
+<div id="topbar" style="display: none">
+	<div class="title">
+		<img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAsAAAAKCAYAAAEV95QVAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAAZiS0dEAP8A/wD/oL2nkwAAAAlwSFlzAAALEwAACxMBAJqcGAAAAAd0SU1FB9sGCRMSACDxkZwAAAAidEVYdENvbW1lbnQAQ3JlYXRlZCB3aXRoIEdJTVAgb24gYSBNYWOHqHdDAAAAZUlEQVQY032PSxbAIAjEIlfygL6ePF3UUvpzNjgSYWwqAMEhUQnANnsC7TQPeJpsVWzMuh2sog4vDTUbqP081zECrW4dtdaQGSIKlWluPyjK+VXxAz5XfcKufCzA130AfQHWB30HZxlPaP080xsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" width="11" height="10" alt=""><a href="javascript:void(Mizuho.smoothlyScrollToToc())">Phusion Passenger users guide, Nginx version</a>
+	</div>
+	<a href="javascript:void(0)" id="current_section"></a>
 </div>
-<div id="content">
+<div id="header">
+<h1>Phusion Passenger users guide, Nginx version</h1>
 <div id="preamble">
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
 <a class="image" href="http://www.phusion.nl/">
-<img src="images/phusion_banner.png" alt="images/phusion_banner.png">
-</a>
+<img src="images/phusion_banner.png" alt="images/phusion_banner.png"></a>
 </span></p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger is an Nginx module, which makes deploying Ruby and Ruby on
 Rails applications on Nginx a breeze. It follows the usual Ruby on Rails
-conventions, such as "Don&#8217;t-Repeat-Yourself" and ease of setup, while at the
+conventions, such as "Don’t-Repeat-Yourself" and ease of setup, while at the
 same time providing enough flexibility.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This users guide will teach you:</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 How to install Nginx with Phusion Passenger support.
@@ -837,11 +1091,18 @@ How to solve common problems.
 using the commandline.</p></div>
 </div>
 </div>
+<div id="toc">
+  <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
+  <noscript><p><b>JavaScript must be enabled in your browser to display the table of contents.</b></p></noscript>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="content">
+
 <div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="_support_information">1. Support information</h2>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h2 id="_support_information" data-comment-topic="support-information-nl5gdn">1. Support information</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_supported_operating_systems">1.1. Supported operating systems</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_supported_operating_systems" data-comment-topic="supported-operating-systems-a5n2x4">1.1. Supported operating systems</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger works on any POSIX-compliant operating system. In other
 words: practically any operating system on earth, except Microsoft Windows.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger is confirmed on a large number of operating systems and Linux
@@ -851,11 +1112,11 @@ Please
 <a href="http://code.google.com/p/phusion-passenger/issues/list">report a bug</a>
 or
 <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/phusion-passenger">join our discussion forum</a>
-if it doesn&#8217;t work on your POSIX-compliant operating system.</p></div>
+if it doesn’t work on your POSIX-compliant operating system.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_where_to_get_support">1.2. Where to get support</h3>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_where_to_get_support" data-comment-topic="where-to-get-support-2s9na5">1.2. Where to get support</h3>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 <a href="http://code.google.com/p/phusion-passenger/issues/list">Issue tracker</a> - report
@@ -865,7 +1126,7 @@ if it doesn&#8217;t work on your POSIX-compliant operating system.</p></div>
 <li>
 <p>
 <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/phusion-passenger">Discussion forum</a> - post a
-  message here if you&#8217;re experiencing problems.
+  message here if you’re experiencing problems.
 </p>
 </li>
 </ul></div>
@@ -873,15 +1134,15 @@ if it doesn&#8217;t work on your POSIX-compliant operating system.</p></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="_installing_phusion_passenger">2. Installing Phusion Passenger</h2>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h2 id="_installing_phusion_passenger" data-comment-topic="installing-phusion-passenger-hn03ac">2. Installing Phusion Passenger</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_overview">2.1. Overview</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_overview" data-comment-topic="overview-kvhzi4">2.1. Overview</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>As you might already know, Nginx does not support loadable modules, in contrast
 to most other web servers (e.g. Apache). Therefore, to install Phusion Passenger
 for Nginx, one must recompile and reinstall Nginx with Phusion Passenger support.
 There are two ways to do this:</p></div>
-<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
+<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
 <li>
 <p>
 By running the Phusion Passenger installer for Nginx. This installer will
@@ -894,36 +1155,36 @@ By running the Phusion Passenger installer for Nginx. This installer will
 <li>
 <p>
 By manually configuring and compiling Nginx with Phusion Passenger support,
-   through Nginx&#8217;s <span class="monospaced">--add-module</span> configure option. Generally, using our
-   installer is easier, so you should only use this method if you&#8217;re already
+   through Nginx’s <span class="monospaced">--add-module</span> configure option. Generally, using our
+   installer is easier, so you should only use this method if you’re already
    familiar with compiling Nginx.
 </p>
 </li>
 </ol></div>
 <div class="admonitionblock">
-<table><tr>
+<table><tr>
 <td class="icon">
-<img src="./images/icons/tip.png" alt="Tip">
+<img src="./images/icons/tip.png" alt="Tip">
 </td>
 <td class="content">You might have to run the installation commands in the following sections
 as <em>root</em>. If the installer fails because of permission errors, it will tell
 you.</td>
-</tr></table>
+</tr></table>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="specifying_ruby_installation">2.2. Specifying the correct Ruby installation</h3>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>If your system has multiple Ruby installations&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;which is likely the case on
-MacOS X, or if you&#8217;ve also installed
-<a href="http://www.rubyenterpriseedition.com">Ruby Enterprise Edition</a>&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;then you
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="specifying_ruby_installation" data-comment-topic="specifying-the-correct-ruby-installation-jvqdv6">2.2. Specifying the correct Ruby installation</h3>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>If your system has multiple Ruby installations — which is likely the case on
+MacOS X, or if you’ve also installed
+<a href="http://www.rubyenterpriseedition.com">Ruby Enterprise Edition</a> — then you
 will need to tell the operating system which Ruby installation to use, prior to
 running the Phusion Passenger installer. If you only have one Ruby installation
 (the case on most Linux systems), then you can skip this section because Phusion
 Passenger will automatically detect it.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>To specify a Ruby installation, prepend your Ruby installation&#8217;s <span class="monospaced">bin</span>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>To specify a Ruby installation, prepend your Ruby installation’s <span class="monospaced">bin</span>
 directory to the <span class="monospaced">PATH</span> environment variable. For example, if you have the
 following Ruby installations:</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 /usr/bin/ruby
@@ -939,12 +1200,13 @@ following Ruby installations:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>export PATH=/opt/myruby/bin:$PATH</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_installing_phusion_passenger_for_nginx_through_the_installer">2.3. Installing Phusion Passenger for Nginx through the installer</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_installing_phusion_passenger_for_nginx_through_the_installer" data-comment-topic="installing-phusion-passenger-for-nginx-through-the-installer-1lqxes1">2.3. Installing Phusion Passenger for Nginx through the installer</h3>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_obtaining_the_phusion_passenger_files_and_running_the_installer">2.3.1. Obtaining the Phusion Passenger files and running the installer</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_obtaining_the_phusion_passenger_files_and_running_the_installer" data-comment-topic="obtaining-the-phusion-passenger-files-and-running-the-installer-6l6ula">2.3.1. Obtaining the Phusion Passenger files and running the installer</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>You must obtain the Phusion Passenger files in order to run the installer.
 This can be done either by installing the Phusion Passenger gem, or by
 downloading the source tarball.</p></div>
@@ -954,12 +1216,14 @@ downloading the source tarball.</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>gem install passenger</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Next, run the Phusion Passenger installer for Nginx:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>passenger-install-nginx-module</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Please follow the instructions given by the installer.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect4">
@@ -973,26 +1237,28 @@ reside in <span class="monospaced">/opt/passenger-x.x.x</span>, then type:</p></
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>cd /opt
 tar xzvf ~/YourDownloadsFolder/passenger-x.x.x.tar.gz</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Next, run the Phusion Passenger installer for Nginx:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>/opt/passenger-x.x.x/bin/passenger-install-nginx-module</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Please follow the instructions given by the installer.</p></div>
 <div class="admonitionblock">
-<table><tr>
+<table><tr>
 <td class="icon">
-<img src="./images/icons/important.png" alt="Important">
+<img src="./images/icons/important.png" alt="Important">
 </td>
 <td class="content">Please do not remove the passenger-x.x.x folder after installation.
 Furthermore, the passenger-x.x.x folder must be accessible by Nginx.</td>
-</tr></table>
+</tr></table>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_non_interactive_automatic_installation">2.3.2. Non-interactive/automatic installation</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_non_interactive_automatic_installation" data-comment-topic="non-interactive-automatic-installation-1u97717">2.3.2. Non-interactive/automatic installation</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>By default, the installer is interactive. If you want to automate installation,
 then you can do so by passing various answers to the installer through command
 line options.</p></div>
@@ -1001,32 +1267,34 @@ options.</p></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_installing_phusion_passenger_for_nginx_manually">2.4. Installing Phusion Passenger for Nginx manually</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_installing_phusion_passenger_for_nginx_manually" data-comment-topic="installing-phusion-passenger-for-nginx-manually-1qg1e2x">2.4. Installing Phusion Passenger for Nginx manually</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>You can also install Phusion Passenger the way you install any other Nginx module.
-To do this, run Nginx&#8217;s configure script with <span class="monospaced">--add-module=/path-to-passenger-root/ext/nginx</span>.</p></div>
+To do this, run Nginx’s configure script with <span class="monospaced">--add-module=/path-to-passenger-root/ext/nginx</span>.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you installed Phusion Passenger via the gem, then <em>path-to-passenger-root</em>
 can be obtained with the command:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>passenger-config --root</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This will probably output something along the lines of <em>/usr/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/passenger-x.x.x</em>,
-so you&#8217;ll probably have to specify something like <span class="monospaced">--add-module=/usr/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/passenger-x.x.x/ext/nginx</span>.</p></div>
+so you’ll probably have to specify something like <span class="monospaced">--add-module=/usr/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/passenger-x.x.x/ext/nginx</span>.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you installed Phusion Passenger via a source tarball, then <em>path-to-passenger-root</em>
 is the directory which contains the Phusion Passenger source code. So if you
-extracted the Phusion Passenger source code to <em>/opt/passenger-x.x.x</em>, then you&#8217;ll
+extracted the Phusion Passenger source code to <em>/opt/passenger-x.x.x</em>, then you’ll
 have to specify <span class="monospaced">--add-module=/opt/passenger-x.x.x/ext/nginx</span>.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>After having installed Nginx with Phusion Passenger support, you must paste the following
 line into your Nginx configuration file:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>passenger_root /path-to-passenger-root;</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>After having done so, restart Nginx.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_upgrading_or_downgrading_phusion_passenger_or_nginx_itself">2.5. Upgrading or downgrading Phusion Passenger or Nginx itself</h3>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Whether you&#8217;re upgrading/downgrading Phusion Passenger or Nginx itself (or perhaps both),
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_upgrading_or_downgrading_phusion_passenger_or_nginx_itself" data-comment-topic="upgrading-or-downgrading-phusion-passenger-or-nginx-itself-8dulxz">2.5. Upgrading or downgrading Phusion Passenger or Nginx itself</h3>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Whether you’re upgrading/downgrading Phusion Passenger or Nginx itself (or perhaps both),
 Nginx will have to be recompiled and reinstalled. The procedure is exactly the same as
 a normal installation so just follow the instructions in section 2.3 or 2.4.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>When following the installation instructions, eventually <span class="monospaced">passenger-install-nginx-module</span>
@@ -1036,26 +1304,27 @@ configuration file; something that looks along the lines of:</p></div>
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>passenger_root ...;
 passenger_ruby ...;</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Because you already had Phusion Passenger installed, you already had similar settings
 in your Nginx configuration file, just with different values. <strong>Replace</strong> the old settings with
 the new ones that you are instructed to paste. It is important that the old settings are
 removed, otherwise Phusion Passenger may malfunction.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>When you&#8217;re done, restart Nginx.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>When you’re done, restart Nginx.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_unloading_disabling_phusion_passenger_from_nginx_without_uninstalling_it">2.6. Unloading (disabling) Phusion Passenger from Nginx without uninstalling it</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_unloading_disabling_phusion_passenger_from_nginx_without_uninstalling_it" data-comment-topic="unloading-disabling-phusion-passenger-from-nginx-without-uninstalling-it-v447e0">2.6. Unloading (disabling) Phusion Passenger from Nginx without uninstalling it</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>You can temporarily unload (disable) Phusion Passenger from Nginx, without
 uninstalling the Phusion Passenger files, so that Nginx behaves as if Phusion
 Passenger was never installed in the first place. This might be useful to you if,
 for example, you seem to be experiencing a problem caused by Phusion Passenger,
-but you want to make sure whether that&#8217;s actually the case, without having
+but you want to make sure whether that’s actually the case, without having
 to go through the hassle of uninstalling Phusion Passenger completely. When disabled,
 Phusion Passenger will not occupy any memory or CPU or otherwise interfere with
 Nginx.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>To unload Phusion Passenger, edit your Nginx configuration file(s)
 and comment out all Phusion Passenger configuration directives.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, if your configuration file looks like this&#8230;</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, if your configuration file looks like this…</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>...
@@ -1075,8 +1344,9 @@ http {
         passenger_use_global_queue on;
     }
 }</pre>
-</div></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>&#8230;then comment out the relevant directives, so that it looks like this:</p></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>…then comment out the relevant directives, so that it looks like this:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>...
@@ -1096,15 +1366,16 @@ http {
         # passenger_use_global_queue on;
     }
 }</pre>
-</div></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>After you&#8217;ve done this, save the file and restart Nginx.</p></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>After you’ve done this, save the file and restart Nginx.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_uninstalling_phusion_passenger">2.7. Uninstalling Phusion Passenger</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_uninstalling_phusion_passenger" data-comment-topic="uninstalling-phusion-passenger-wuycvb">2.7. Uninstalling Phusion Passenger</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>To uninstall Phusion Passenger, please first remove all Phusion Passenger
-configuration directives from your Nginx configuration file(s). After you&#8217;ve
+configuration directives from your Nginx configuration file(s). After you’ve
 done this, you need to remove the Phusion Passenger files.</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 If you installed Phusion Passenger via a gem, then type <span class="monospaced">gem uninstall passenger</span>.
@@ -1126,27 +1397,27 @@ Nginx binary.</p></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="deploying_a_ror_app">3. Deploying a Ruby on Rails 1.x or 2.x (but NOT Rails &gt;= 3) application</h2>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h2 id="deploying_a_ror_app" data-comment-topic="deploying-a-ruby-on-rails-1-x-or-2-x-but-not-rails-3-application-b69gqa">3. Deploying a Ruby on Rails 1.x or 2.x (but NOT Rails &gt;= 3) application</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose you have a Ruby on Rails application in <em>/webapps/mycook</em>, and you own
 the domain <em>www.mycook.com</em>. You can either deploy your application to the
-virtual host&#8217;s root (i.e. the application will be accessible from the root URL,
+virtual host’s root (i.e. the application will be accessible from the root URL,
 <em>http://www.mycook.com/</em>), or in a sub URI (i.e. the application will be
 accessible from a sub URL, such as <em>http://www.mycook.com/railsapplication</em>).</p></div>
 <div class="admonitionblock">
-<table><tr>
+<table><tr>
 <td class="icon">
-<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
+<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
 </td>
 <td class="content">The default <span class="monospaced">RAILS_ENV</span> environment in which deployed Rails applications
-are run, is &#8220;production&#8221;. You can change this by changing the
+are run, is “production”. You can change this by changing the
 <a href="#RailsEnv">rails_env</a> configuration option.</td>
-</tr></table>
+</tr></table>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_deploying_to_a_virtual_host_8217_s_root">3.1. Deploying to a virtual host&#8217;s root</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_deploying_to_a_virtual_host_8217_s_root" data-comment-topic="deploying-to-a-virtual-host-s-root-1mh24z5">3.1. Deploying to a virtual host’s root</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Add a <em>server</em> virtual host entry to your Nginx configuration file. The virtual
-host&#8217;s root must point to your Ruby on Rails application&#8217;s <em>public</em> folder.</p></div>
+host’s root must point to your Ruby on Rails application’s <em>public</em> folder.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Inside the <em>server</em> block, set <em>passenger_enabled on</em>.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>For example:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
@@ -1163,11 +1434,12 @@ host&#8217;s root must point to your Ruby on Rails application&#8217;s <em>publi
 
     ...
 }</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Then restart Nginx. The application has now been deployed.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="deploying_rails_to_sub_uri">3.2. Deploying to a sub URI</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="deploying_rails_to_sub_uri" data-comment-topic="deploying-to-a-sub-uri-1il2qj7">3.2. Deploying to a sub URI</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose that you already have a <em>server</em> virtual host entry:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
@@ -1182,15 +1454,17 @@ host&#8217;s root must point to your Ruby on Rails application&#8217;s <em>publi
 
     ...
 }</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>And you want your Ruby on Rails application to be accessible from the URL
 <em>http://www.phusion.nl/rails</em>.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>To do this, make a symlink in the virtual host&#8217;s document root, and have it
-point to your Ruby on Rails application&#8217;s <em>public</em> folder. For example:</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>To do this, make a symlink in the virtual host’s document root, and have it
+point to your Ruby on Rails application’s <em>public</em> folder. For example:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>ln -s /webapps/mycook/public /websites/phusion/rails</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Next, set <em>passenger_enabled on</em> and add a <a href="#PassengerBaseURI">passenger_base_uri</a>
 option to the <em>server</em> block:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
@@ -1208,12 +1482,13 @@ option to the <em>server</em> block:</p></div>
 
     ...
 }</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Then restart Nginx. The application has now been deployed.</p></div>
 <div class="admonitionblock">
-<table><tr>
+<table><tr>
 <td class="icon">
-<img src="./images/icons/tip.png" alt="Tip">
+<img src="./images/icons/tip.png" alt="Tip">
 </td>
 <td class="content">
 <div class="paragraph"><p>You can deploy multiple Rails applications under a virtual host, by specifying
@@ -1226,17 +1501,18 @@ option to the <em>server</em> block:</p></div>
     passenger_base_uri /app2;
     passenger_base_uri /app3;
 }</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 </td>
-</tr></table>
+</tr></table>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_redeploying_restarting_the_ruby_on_rails_application">3.3. Redeploying (restarting the Ruby on Rails application)</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_redeploying_restarting_the_ruby_on_rails_application" data-comment-topic="redeploying-restarting-the-ruby-on-rails-application--1eso761">3.3. Redeploying (restarting the Ruby on Rails application)</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Deploying a new version of a Ruby on Rails application is as simple as
 re-uploading the application files, and restarting the application.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>There are two ways to restart the application:</p></div>
-<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
+<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
 <li>
 <p>
 By restarting Nginx.
@@ -1245,7 +1521,7 @@ By restarting Nginx.
 <li>
 <p>
 By creating or modifying the file <em>tmp/restart.txt</em> in the Rails
-   application&#8217;s <a href="#application_root">root folder</a>. Phusion Passenger will
+   application’s <a href="#application_root">root folder</a>. Phusion Passenger will
    automatically restart the application during the next request.
 </p>
 </li>
@@ -1255,34 +1531,35 @@ command line:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>touch /webapps/mycook/tmp/restart.txt</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Please note that, unlike earlier versions of Phusion Passenger, <em>restart.txt</em>
 is not automatically deleted. Phusion Passenger checks whether the timestamp
 of this file has changed in order to determine whether the application should
 be restarted.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_migrations">3.4. Migrations</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_migrations" data-comment-topic="migrations-9yyb8w">3.4. Migrations</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger is not related to Ruby on Rails migrations in any way. To
 run migrations on your deployment server, please login to your deployment
 server (e.g. with <em>ssh</em>) and type <span class="monospaced">rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=production</span> in
 a shell console, just like one would normally run migrations.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_capistrano_integration">3.5. Capistrano integration</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_capistrano_integration" data-comment-topic="capistrano-integration-1ktunm6">3.5. Capistrano integration</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="#capistrano">Capistrano recipe</a>.</p></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="deploying_a_rack_app">4. Deploying a Rack-based Ruby application (including Rails &gt;= 3)</h2>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h2 id="deploying_a_rack_app" data-comment-topic="deploying-a-rack-based-ruby-application-including-rails-3--12benx3">4. Deploying a Rack-based Ruby application (including Rails &gt;= 3)</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger supports arbitrary Ruby web applications that follow the
 <a href="http://rack.rubyforge.org/">Rack</a> interface.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger assumes that Rack application directories have a certain layout.
 Suppose that you have a Rack application in <em>/webapps/rackapp</em>. Then that
 folder must contain at least three entries:</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>config.ru</em>, a Rackup file for starting the Rack application. This file must contain
@@ -1311,30 +1588,32 @@ folder must contain at least three entries:</p></div>
   +-- public/
   |
   +-- tmp/</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose you own the domain <em>www.rackapp.com</em>. You can either deploy your application
-to the virtual host&#8217;s root (i.e. the application will be accessible from the root URL,
+to the virtual host’s root (i.e. the application will be accessible from the root URL,
 <em>http://www.rackapp.com/</em>), or in a sub URI (i.e. the application will be
 accessible from a sub URL, such as <em>http://www.rackapp.com/rackapp</em>).</p></div>
 <div class="admonitionblock">
-<table><tr>
+<table><tr>
 <td class="icon">
-<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
+<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
 </td>
 <td class="content">The default <span class="monospaced">RACK_ENV</span> environment in which deployed Rack applications
-are run, is &#8220;production&#8221;. You can change this by changing the
+are run, is “production”. You can change this by changing the
 <a href="#RackEnv">rack_env</a> configuration option.</td>
-</tr></table>
+</tr></table>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_tutorial_example_writing_and_deploying_a_hello_world_rack_application">4.1. Tutorial/example: writing and deploying a Hello World Rack application</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_tutorial_example_writing_and_deploying_a_hello_world_rack_application" data-comment-topic="tutorial-example-writing-and-deploying-a-hello-world-rack-application-1wstx99">4.1. Tutorial/example: writing and deploying a Hello World Rack application</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>First we create a Phusion Passenger-compliant Rack directory structure:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>$ mkdir /webapps/rack_example
 $ mkdir /webapps/rack_example/public
 $ mkdir /webapps/rack_example/tmp</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Next, we write a minimal "hello world" Rack application:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
@@ -1346,7 +1625,8 @@ app = proc do |env|
     [200, { "Content-Type" =&gt; "text/html" }, ["hello &lt;b&gt;world&lt;/b&gt;"]]
 end
 run app</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Finally, we deploy it by adding the following configuration options to
 the Nginx configuration file:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
@@ -1361,14 +1641,15 @@ the Nginx configuration file:</p></div>
     }
     ...
 }</pre>
-</div></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>And we&#8217;re done! After an Nginx restart, the above Rack application will be available
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>And we’re done! After an Nginx restart, the above Rack application will be available
 under the URL <em>http://www.rackexample.com/</em>.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_deploying_to_a_virtual_host_8217_s_root_2">4.2. Deploying to a virtual host&#8217;s root</h3>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Add a <em>server</em> virtual host entry to your Nginx configuration file. The virtual host&#8217;s
-root must point to your Rack application&#8217;s <em>public</em> folder. You must also set
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_deploying_to_a_virtual_host_8217_s_root_2" data-comment-topic="deploying-to-a-virtual-host-s-root-f02erj">4.2. Deploying to a virtual host’s root</h3>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Add a <em>server</em> virtual host entry to your Nginx configuration file. The virtual host’s
+root must point to your Rack application’s <em>public</em> folder. You must also set
 <em>passenger_enabled on</em> in the <em>server</em> block.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>For example:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
@@ -1383,11 +1664,12 @@ root must point to your Rack application&#8217;s <em>public</em> folder. You mus
     }
     ...
 }</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Then restart Nginx. The application has now been deployed.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="deploying_rack_to_sub_uri">4.3. Deploying to a sub URI</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="deploying_rack_to_sub_uri" data-comment-topic="deploying-to-a-sub-uri-37q0ou">4.3. Deploying to a sub URI</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose that you already have a virtual host:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
@@ -1403,15 +1685,17 @@ root must point to your Rack application&#8217;s <em>public</em> folder. You mus
 
     ...
 }</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>And you want your Rack application to be accessible from the URL
 <em>http://www.phusion.nl/rack</em>.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>To do this, make a symlink in the virtual host&#8217;s document root, and have it
-point to your Rack application&#8217;s <em>public</em> folder. For example:</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>To do this, make a symlink in the virtual host’s document root, and have it
+point to your Rack application’s <em>public</em> folder. For example:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>ln -s /webapps/rackapp/public /websites/phusion/rack</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Next, set <em>passenger_enabled on</em> and add a <a href="#PassengerBaseURI">passenger_base_uri</a>
 option to the <em>server</em> block:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
@@ -1429,12 +1713,13 @@ option to the <em>server</em> block:</p></div>
 
     ...
 }</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Then restart Nginx. The application has now been deployed.</p></div>
 <div class="admonitionblock">
-<table><tr>
+<table><tr>
 <td class="icon">
-<img src="./images/icons/tip.png" alt="Tip">
+<img src="./images/icons/tip.png" alt="Tip">
 </td>
 <td class="content">
 <div class="paragraph"><p>You can deploy multiple Rack applications under a virtual host, by specifying
@@ -1447,17 +1732,18 @@ option to the <em>server</em> block:</p></div>
     passenger_base_uri /app2;
     passenger_base_uri /app3;
 }</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 </td>
-</tr></table>
+</tr></table>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_redeploying_restarting_the_rack_application">4.4. Redeploying (restarting the Rack application)</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_redeploying_restarting_the_rack_application" data-comment-topic="redeploying-restarting-the-rack-application--xnbfam">4.4. Redeploying (restarting the Rack application)</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Deploying a new version of a Rack application is as simple as
 re-uploading the application files, and restarting the application.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>There are two ways to restart the application:</p></div>
-<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
+<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
 <li>
 <p>
 By restarting Nginx.
@@ -1466,7 +1752,7 @@ By restarting Nginx.
 <li>
 <p>
 By creating or modifying the file <em>tmp/restart.txt</em> in the Rack
-   application&#8217;s <a href="#application_root">root folder</a>. Phusion Passenger will
+   application’s <a href="#application_root">root folder</a>. Phusion Passenger will
    automatically restart the application.
 </p>
 </li>
@@ -1476,13 +1762,14 @@ command line:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>touch /webapps/rackapp/tmp/restart.txt</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_rackup_specifications_for_various_web_frameworks">4.5. Rackup specifications for various web frameworks</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_rackup_specifications_for_various_web_frameworks" data-comment-topic="rackup-specifications-for-various-web-frameworks-1a2cs41">4.5. Rackup specifications for various web frameworks</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This subsection shows example <em>config.ru</em> files for various web frameworks.</p></div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_camping">4.5.1. Camping</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_camping" data-comment-topic="camping-16vz2yb">4.5.1. Camping</h4>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>require 'rubygems'
@@ -1496,11 +1783,12 @@ Camping.goes :Blog
 ##### End Camping application
 
 run Rack::Adapter::Camping.new(Blog)</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>For Camping versions 2.0 and up, using <span class="monospaced">run Blog</span> as the final line will do.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_halcyon">4.5.2. Halcyon</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_halcyon" data-comment-topic="halcyon-1benlfl">4.5.2. Halcyon</h4>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>require 'rubygems'
@@ -1508,10 +1796,11 @@ require 'halcyon'
 $LOAD_PATH.unshift(Halcyon.root / 'lib')
 Halcyon::Runner.load_config Halcyon.root/'config'/'config.yml'
 run Halcyon::Runner.new</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_mack">4.5.3. Mack</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_mack" data-comment-topic="mack-1ezijq6">4.5.3. Mack</h4>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>ENV["MACK_ENV"] = ENV["RACK_ENV"]
@@ -1519,10 +1808,11 @@ load("Rakefile")
 require 'rubygems'
 require 'mack'
 run Mack::Utils::Server.build_app</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_merb">4.5.4. Merb</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_merb" data-comment-topic="merb-ddsh55">4.5.4. Merb</h4>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>require 'rubygems'
@@ -1537,10 +1827,11 @@ Merb.root = Merb::Config[:merb_root]
 Merb::BootLoader.run
 
 run Merb::Rack::Application.new</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_ramaze">4.5.5. Ramaze</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_ramaze" data-comment-topic="ramaze-1p2zod">4.5.5. Ramaze</h4>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>require "rubygems"
@@ -1549,10 +1840,11 @@ Ramaze.trait[:essentials].delete Ramaze::Adapter
 require "start"
 Ramaze.start!
 run Ramaze::Adapter::Base</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_sinatra">4.5.6. Sinatra</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_sinatra" data-comment-topic="sinatra-a7u9ag">4.5.6. Sinatra</h4>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>require 'rubygems'
@@ -1560,59 +1852,61 @@ require 'sinatra'
 require 'app.rb'
 
 run Sinatra::Application</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="_configuring_phusion_passenger">5. Configuring Phusion Passenger</h2>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h2 id="_configuring_phusion_passenger" data-comment-topic="configuring-phusion-passenger-1g1svey">5. Configuring Phusion Passenger</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph"><p>After installation, Phusion Passenger does not need any further configurations.
 Nevertheless, the system administrator may be interested in changing
-Phusion Passenger&#8217;s behavior. Phusion Passenger supports the following configuration
+Phusion Passenger’s behavior. Phusion Passenger supports the following configuration
 options in the Nginx configuration file:</p></div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_passenger_root_lt_directory_gt">5.1. passenger_root &lt;directory&gt;</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_passenger_root_lt_directory_gt" data-comment-topic="passenger-root-directory--bqvhhz">5.1. passenger_root &lt;directory&gt;</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>The location to the Phusion Passenger root directory. This configuration option
 is essential to Phusion Passenger, and allows Phusion Passenger to locate its own
 data files. The correct value is given by the installer.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>If you&#8217;ve moved Phusion Passenger to a different directory then you need to update
+<div class="paragraph"><p>If you’ve moved Phusion Passenger to a different directory then you need to update
 this option as well. Please read
 <a href="#moving_phusion_passenger">Moving Phusion Passenger to a different directory</a> for more information.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This required option may only occur once, in the <em>http</em> configuration block.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_passenger_ruby_lt_filename_gt">5.2. passenger_ruby &lt;filename&gt;</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_passenger_ruby_lt_filename_gt" data-comment-topic="passenger-ruby-filename--1gnok5k">5.2. passenger_ruby &lt;filename&gt;</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option allows one to specify the Ruby interpreter to use.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option may only occur once, in the <em>http</em> configuration block.
 The default is <em>ruby</em>.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="PassengerSpawnMethod">5.3. passenger_spawn_method &lt;string&gt;</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="PassengerSpawnMethod" data-comment-topic="passenger-spawn-method-string--1sc6njl">5.3. passenger_spawn_method &lt;string&gt;</h3>
 <div class="admonitionblock">
-<table><tr>
+<table><tr>
 <td class="icon">
-<img src="./images/icons/tip.png" alt="Tip">
+<img src="./images/icons/tip.png" alt="Tip">
 </td>
 <td class="content">
 <div class="title">"What spawn method should I use?"</div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>This subsection attempts to describe spawn methods, but it&#8217;s okay if you don&#8217;t (want to)
-understand it, as it&#8217;s mostly a technical detail. You can basically follow this rule of thumb:</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>This subsection attempts to describe spawn methods, but it’s okay if you don’t (want to)
+understand it, as it’s mostly a technical detail. You can basically follow this rule of thumb:</p></div>
 <div class="sidebarblock">
 <div class="content">
 <div class="paragraph"><p>If your application works on Mongrel, but not on Phusion Passenger, then set
 <span class="monospaced">passenger_spawn_method</span> to <em>conservative</em>. Otherwise, leave it at <em>smart-lv2</em> (the default).</p></div>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>However, we do recommend you to try to understand it. The <em>smart</em> and <em>smart-lv2</em> spawn
 methods bring many benefits.</p></div>
 </td>
-</tr></table>
+</tr></table>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Internally, Phusion Passenger spawns multiple Ruby application processes in order to handle
 requests. But there are multiple ways with which processes can be spawned, each having
 its own set of pros and cons. Supported spawn methods are:</p></div>
-<div class="dlist"><dl>
+<div class="dlist"><dl>
 <dt class="hdlist1">
 <em>smart</em>
 </dt>
@@ -1628,7 +1922,7 @@ This can significantly decrease spawn time (by as much as 90%). And, when Ruby E
 Edition is used, <a href="#reducing_memory_usage">memory usage can be reduced by 33% on average</a>.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Cons:</strong>
 Some applications and libraries are not compatible with smart spawning.
-If that&#8217;s the case for your application, then you should use <em>conservative</em> as
+If that’s the case for your application, then you should use <em>conservative</em> as
 spawning method. Please read <a href="#spawning_methods_explained">Spawning methods explained</a>
 for possible compatibility issues.</p></div>
 </dd>
@@ -1666,11 +1960,11 @@ and libraries.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Cons:</strong>
 Much slower than smart spawning. Every spawn action will be equally slow, though no slower than
 the startup time of a single server in Mongrel Cluster. Conservative spawning will also
-render <a href="#reducing_memory_usage">Ruby Enterprise Edition&#8217;s memory reduction technology</a> useless.</p></div>
+render <a href="#reducing_memory_usage">Ruby Enterprise Edition’s memory reduction technology</a> useless.</p></div>
 </dd>
 </dl></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
@@ -1695,9 +1989,9 @@ In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
 <div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>smart-lv2</em>.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_important_deployment_options">5.4. Important deployment options</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_important_deployment_options" data-comment-topic="important-deployment-options-av567">5.4. Important deployment options</h3>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_passenger_enabled_lt_on_off_gt">5.4.1. passenger_enabled &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_enabled_lt_on_off_gt" data-comment-topic="passenger-enabled-on-off--1rpb2t7">5.4.1. passenger_enabled &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option may be specified in the <em>http</em> configuration block, a
 <em>server</em> configuration block, a <em>location</em> configuration block or
 an <em>if</em> configuration scope, to enable or disable Phusion Passenger
@@ -1709,7 +2003,7 @@ and <a href="#deploying_a_rack_app">Deploying a Rack-based Ruby application</a>
 for examples.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="PassengerBaseURI">5.4.2. passenger_base_uri &lt;uri&gt;</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="PassengerBaseURI" data-comment-topic="passenger-base-uri-uri--1xtuo50">5.4.2. passenger_base_uri &lt;uri&gt;</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Used to specify that the given URI is an distinct application that should
 be served by Phusion Passenger. This option can be used for both Rails and
 Rack applications. See <a href="#deploying_rails_to_sub_uri">Deploying Rails to a sub URI</a>
@@ -1717,7 +2011,7 @@ for an example.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>It is allowed to specify this option multiple times. Do this to deploy multiple
 applications in different sub-URIs under the same virtual host.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
@@ -1742,12 +2036,12 @@ In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_connection_handling_options">5.5. Connection handling options</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_connection_handling_options" data-comment-topic="connection-handling-options-8jgq90">5.5. Connection handling options</h3>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="PassengerUseGlobalQueue">5.5.1. passenger_use_global_queue &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="PassengerUseGlobalQueue" data-comment-topic="passenger-use-global-queue-on-off--14h9n22">5.5.1. passenger_use_global_queue &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Turns the use of global queuing on or off.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
@@ -1771,26 +2065,32 @@ In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
 </ul></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>on</em>.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p><em>This feature is sponsored by <a href="http://www.37signals.com/">37signals</a>.</em></p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><div class="title">What does this option do?</div><p>Recall that Phusion Passenger spawns multiple backend processes (e.g. multiple
+<div class="paragraph">
+<div class="title">What does this option do?</div>
+<p>Recall that Phusion Passenger spawns multiple backend processes (e.g. multiple
 Ruby on Rails processes), each which processes HTTP requests serially. One of
-Phusion Passenger&#8217;s jobs is to forward HTTP requests to a suitable backend
+Phusion Passenger’s jobs is to forward HTTP requests to a suitable backend
 process. A backend process may take an arbitrary amount of time to process a
 specific HTTP request. If the websites are (temporarily) under high load, and
 the backend processes cannot process the requests fast enough, then some
-requests may have to be queued.</p></div>
+requests may have to be queued.</p>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>If global queuing is turned off, then Phusion Passenger will use <em>fair load
 balancing</em>. This means that each backend process will have its own private
 queue. Phusion Passenger will forward an HTTP request to the backend process
 that has the least amount of requests in its queue.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>If global queuing is turned on, then Phusion Passenger will use a global queue
-that&#8217;s shared between all backend processes. If an HTTP request comes in, and
+that’s shared between all backend processes. If an HTTP request comes in, and
 all the backend processes are still busy, then Phusion Passenger will wait until
 at least one backend process is done, and will then forward the request to that
 process.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><div class="title">When to turn on global queuing?</div><p>You should turn on global queuing if one of your web applications may have
-long-running requests.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<div class="title">When to turn on global queuing?</div>
+<p>You should turn on global queuing if one of your web applications may have
+long-running requests.</p>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>For example suppose that:</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 global queuing is turned off.
@@ -1798,7 +2098,7 @@ global queuing is turned off.
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
-we&#8217;re currently in a state where all backend processes have 3 requests in
+we’re currently in a state where all backend processes have 3 requests in
   their queue, except for a single backend process, which has 1 request in its
   queue.
 </p>
@@ -1811,19 +2111,21 @@ we&#8217;re currently in a state where all backend processes have 3 requests in
 Backend process B:  [***   ]  (3 requests in queue)
 Backend process C:  [***   ]  (3 requests in queue)
 Backend process D:  [***   ]  (3 requests in queue)</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Each process is currently serving short-running requests.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger will forward the next request to backend process A. A will
-now have 2 items in its queue. We&#8217;ll mark this new request with an X:</p></div>
+now have 2 items in its queue. We’ll mark this new request with an X:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>Backend process A:  [*X    ]  (2 request in queue)
 Backend process B:  [***   ]  (3 requests in queue)
 Backend process C:  [***   ]  (3 requests in queue)
 Backend process D:  [***   ]  (3 requests in queue)</pre>
-</div></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Assuming that B, C and D still aren&#8217;t done with their current request, the next
-HTTP request - let&#8217;s call this Y - will be forwarded to backend process A as
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Assuming that B, C and D still aren’t done with their current request, the next
+HTTP request - let’s call this Y - will be forwarded to backend process A as
 well, because it has the least number of items in its queue:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
@@ -1831,29 +2133,30 @@ well, because it has the least number of items in its queue:</p></div>
 Backend process B:  [***   ]  (3 requests in queue)
 Backend process C:  [***   ]  (3 requests in queue)
 Backend process D:  [***   ]  (3 requests in queue)</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>But if request X happens to be a long-running request that needs 60 seconds to
-complete, then we&#8217;ll have a problem. Y won&#8217;t be processed for at least 60
+complete, then we’ll have a problem. Y won’t be processed for at least 60
 seconds. It would have been a better idea if Y was forward to processes B, C or
 D instead, because they only have short-living requests in their queues.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This problem will be avoided entirely if you turn global queuing on. With global
 queuing, all backend processes will share the same queue. The first backend
 process that becomes available will take from the queue, and so this
-&#8220;queuing-behind-long-running-request&#8221; problem will never occur.</p></div>
+“queuing-behind-long-running-request” problem will never occur.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_passenger_ignore_client_abort_lt_on_off_gt">5.5.2. passenger_ignore_client_abort &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_ignore_client_abort_lt_on_off_gt" data-comment-topic="passenger-ignore-client-abort-on-off--19bapt2">5.5.2. passenger_ignore_client_abort &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Normally, when the HTTP client aborts the connection (e.g. when the user clicked on "Stop"
 in the browser), the connection with the application process will be closed too. If the
 application process continues to send its response, then that will result in EPIPE errors
-in the application, which will be printed in the error log if the application doesn&#8217;t
+in the application, which will be printed in the error log if the application doesn’t
 handle them gracefully.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>If this option is turned on then upon client abort Phusion Passenger will continue to
-read the application process&#8217;s response while discarding all the read data. This prevents
-EPIPE errors but it&#8217;ll also mean the backend process will be unavailable for new requests
+read the application process’s response while discarding all the read data. This prevents
+EPIPE errors but it’ll also mean the backend process will be unavailable for new requests
 until it is done sending its response.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
@@ -1878,10 +2181,10 @@ In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
 <div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>off</em>.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_passenger_set_cgi_param_lt_cgi_environment_name_gt_lt_value_gt">5.5.3. passenger_set_cgi_param &lt;CGI environment name&gt; &lt;value&gt;</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_set_cgi_param_lt_cgi_environment_name_gt_lt_value_gt" data-comment-topic="passenger-set-cgi-param-cgi-environment-name-value--rx9gc0">5.5.3. passenger_set_cgi_param &lt;CGI environment name&gt; &lt;value&gt;</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Allows one to define additional CGI environment variables to pass to the backend
-application. This is equivalent to ngx_http_fastcgi_module&#8217;s <em>fastcgi_param</em>
-directive, and is comparable to ngx_http_proxy_module&#8217;s <em>proxy_set_header</em> option.
+application. This is equivalent to ngx_http_fastcgi_module’s <em>fastcgi_param</em>
+directive, and is comparable to ngx_http_proxy_module’s <em>proxy_set_header</em> option.
 Nginx variables in the value are interpolated.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>For example:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
@@ -1891,7 +2194,8 @@ passenger_set_cgi_param APP_NAME "my super blog";
 
 # Nginx variables are interpolated.
 passenger_set_cgi_param EXTRA_REQUEST_METHOD method=$request_method;</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you want to set an HTTP header, then you must set it in the CGI environment name
 format, i.e. <em>HTTP_*</em>:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
@@ -1901,9 +2205,10 @@ passenger_set_cgi_param X-Forwarded-For 127.0.0.2;
 
 # Instead, write it like this:
 passenger_set_cgi_param HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR 127.0.0.2;</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
@@ -1927,7 +2232,7 @@ In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
 </ul></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_passenger_pass_header_lt_header_name_gt">5.5.4. passenger_pass_header &lt;header name&gt;</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_pass_header_lt_header_name_gt" data-comment-topic="passenger-pass-header-header-name--1cg31je">5.5.4. passenger_pass_header &lt;header name&gt;</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Some headers generated by backend applications are not forwarded to the HTTP client,
 e.g. <em>X-Accel-Redirect</em> which is directly processed by Nginx and then discarded from
 the final response. This directive allows one to force Nginx to pass those headers
@@ -1938,9 +2243,10 @@ anyway, similar to how <em>proxy_pass_header</em> works.</p></div>
 <pre>location / {
    passenger_pass_header X-Accel-Redirect;
 }</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
@@ -1964,12 +2270,12 @@ In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
 </ul></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_passenger_buffer_response_lt_on_off_gt">5.5.5. passenger_buffer_response &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_buffer_response_lt_on_off_gt" data-comment-topic="passenger-buffer-response-on-off--1twmh51">5.5.5. passenger_buffer_response &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>When turned on, application-generated responses are buffered in memory and also on
 disk if the response is larger than a certain threshold. By buffering responses,
 protection is provided against slow HTTP clients that can not read your response
 immediately.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, consider an HTTP client that&#8217;s on a dial-up modem link, and your
+<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, consider an HTTP client that’s on a dial-up modem link, and your
 application instance generates a 2 MB response. If response buffering is turned
 off then your application instance will be blocked until the entire 2 MB has been
 sent out to the HTTP client. This disallows your application instance to do any useful
@@ -1986,8 +2292,9 @@ impossible. Consider for example this piece of Rails code:</p></div>
         sleep 1
     end
 }</pre>
-</div></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>&#8230;or this piece of Rack code:</p></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>…or this piece of Rack code:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>class Response
@@ -2002,7 +2309,8 @@ end
 app = lambda do |env|
     [200, { "Content-Type" =&gt; "text/plain" }, Response.new]
 end</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>When response buffering is turned on, Phusion Passenger will wait until
 the application is done sending the entire response before forwarding it
 to the client. The client will not receive anything for 10 seconds,
@@ -2010,7 +2318,7 @@ after which it receives the entire response at once.
 When response buffering is turned off, it works as expected: the client
 receives an "entry X" message every second for 10 seconds.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
@@ -2035,34 +2343,34 @@ In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
 <div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>on</em>.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_passenger_buffer_size">5.5.6. passenger_buffer_size</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_buffer_size" data-comment-topic="passenger-buffer-size-1jfkq87">5.5.6. passenger_buffer_size</h4>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_passenger_buffers">5.5.7. passenger_buffers</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_buffers" data-comment-topic="passenger-buffers-12q1he5">5.5.7. passenger_buffers</h4>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_passenger_busy_buffer_size">5.5.8. passenger_busy_buffer_size</h4>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>These options have the same effect as proxy_module&#8217;s similarly named options.
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_busy_buffer_size" data-comment-topic="passenger-busy-buffer-size-1gde265">5.5.8. passenger_busy_buffer_size</h4>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>These options have the same effect as proxy_module’s similarly named options.
 They can be used to modify the maximum allowed HTTP header size.</p></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_security_options">5.6. Security options</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_security_options" data-comment-topic="security-options-1bv93g4">5.6. Security options</h3>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="PassengerUserSwitching">5.6.1. passenger_user_switching &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="PassengerUserSwitching" data-comment-topic="passenger-user-switching-on-off--1p37u3l">5.6.1. passenger_user_switching &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Whether to enable <a href="#user_switching">user switching support</a>.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option may only occur once, in the <em>http</em> configuration block.
 The default value is <em>on</em>.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_passenger_user_lt_username_gt">5.6.2. passenger_user &lt;username&gt;</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_user_lt_username_gt" data-comment-topic="passenger-user-username--b06ur7">5.6.2. passenger_user &lt;username&gt;</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>If <a href="#user_switching">user switching support</a> is enabled, then Phusion Passenger will
 by default run the web application as the owner of the file <em>config/environment.rb</em>
 (for Rails apps) or <em>config.ru</em> (for Rack apps). This option allows you to override
 that behavior and explicitly set a user to run the web application as, regardless
 of the ownership of <em>environment.rb</em>/<em>config.ru</em>.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
@@ -2087,16 +2395,16 @@ In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
 <div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_passenger_user_lt_group_name_gt">5.6.3. passenger_user &lt;group name&gt;</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_user_lt_group_name_gt" data-comment-topic="passenger-user-group-name--1fco4j7">5.6.3. passenger_user &lt;group name&gt;</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>If <a href="#user_switching">user switching support</a> is enabled, then Phusion Passenger will
 by default run the web application as the primary group of the owner of the file
 <em>config/environment.rb</em> (for Rails apps) or <em>config.ru</em> (for Rack apps). This option
 allows you to override that behavior and explicitly set a group to run the web application
 as, regardless of the ownership of <em>environment.rb</em>/<em>config.ru</em>.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p><em>&lt;group name&gt;</em> may also be set to the special value <em>!STARTUP_FILE!</em>, in which case
-the web application&#8217;s group will be set to <em>environment.rb</em>/<em>config.ru</em>'s group.</p></div>
+the web application’s group will be set to <em>environment.rb</em>/<em>config.ru</em>'s group.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
@@ -2121,7 +2429,7 @@ In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
 <div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="PassengerDefaultUser">5.6.4. passenger_default_user &lt;username&gt;</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="PassengerDefaultUser" data-comment-topic="passenger-default-user-username--1h6cdmf">5.6.4. passenger_default_user &lt;username&gt;</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger enables <a href="#user_switching">user switching support</a> by default.
 This configuration option allows one to specify the user that applications must
 run as, if user switching fails or is disabled.</p></div>
@@ -2129,7 +2437,7 @@ run as, if user switching fails or is disabled.</p></div>
 The default value is <em>nobody</em>.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="PassengerDefaultGroup">5.6.5. Passenger_default_group &lt;group name&gt;</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="PassengerDefaultGroup" data-comment-topic="passenger-default-group-group-name--1qxn2qa">5.6.5. Passenger_default_group &lt;group name&gt;</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger enables <a href="#user_switching">user switching support</a> by default.
 This configuration option allows one to specify the group that applications must
 run as, if user switching fails or is disabled.</p></div>
@@ -2138,7 +2446,7 @@ The default value is the primary group of the user specifified by
 <a href="#PassengerDefaultUser">passenger_default_user</a>.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_passenger_friendly_error_pages_lt_on_off_gt">5.6.6. passenger_friendly_error_pages &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_friendly_error_pages_lt_on_off_gt" data-comment-topic="passenger-friendly-error-pages-on-off--27mews">5.6.6. passenger_friendly_error_pages &lt;on|off&gt;</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger can display friendly error pages whenever an application fails
 to start. This friendly error page presents the startup error message, some
 suggestions for solving the problem, and a backtrace. This feature is very useful
@@ -2147,7 +2455,7 @@ but the page might reveal potentially sensitive information, depending on the
 application. Experienced system administrators who are using Phusion Passenger
 on serious production servers should consider turning this feature off.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
@@ -2173,13 +2481,13 @@ In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_resource_control_and_optimization_options">5.7. Resource control and optimization options</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_resource_control_and_optimization_options" data-comment-topic="resource-control-and-optimization-options-xd7evs">5.7. Resource control and optimization options</h3>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="PassengerMaxPoolSize">5.7.1. passenger_max_pool_size &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="PassengerMaxPoolSize" data-comment-topic="passenger-max-pool-size-integer--3jzefs">5.7.1. passenger_max_pool_size &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>The maximum number of Ruby on Rails or Rack application instances that may
 be simultaneously active. A larger number results in higher memory usage,
 but improved ability to handle concurrent HTTP clients.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>The optimal value depends on your system&#8217;s hardware and the server&#8217;s average
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The optimal value depends on your system’s hardware and the server’s average
 load. You should experiment with different values. But generally speaking,
 the value should be at least equal to the number of CPUs (or CPU cores) that
 you have. If your system has 2 GB of RAM, then we recommend a value of <em>30</em>.
@@ -2192,24 +2500,24 @@ hardware or getting more servers.)</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option may only occur once, in the <em>http</em> configuration bock.
 The default value is <em>6</em>.</p></div>
 <div class="admonitionblock">
-<table><tr>
+<table><tr>
 <td class="icon">
-<img src="./images/icons/tip.png" alt="Tip">
+<img src="./images/icons/tip.png" alt="Tip">
 </td>
 <td class="content">We strongly recommend you to <a href="#reducing_memory_usage">use Ruby Enterprise Edition</a>. This allows you to reduce the memory usage of your Ruby on Rails applications
-by about 33%. And it&#8217;s not hard to install.</td>
-</tr></table>
+by about 33%. And it’s not hard to install.</td>
+</tr></table>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="PassengerMinInstances">5.7.2. passenger_min_instances &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="PassengerMinInstances" data-comment-topic="passenger-min-instances-integer--uclykt">5.7.2. passenger_min_instances &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This specifies the minimum number of application instances that must be kept around
 whenever Phusion Passenger cleans up idle instances. You should set this option to a
 non-zero value if you want to avoid potentially long startup times after a website
 has been idle for an extended period.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Please note that this option does <strong>not</strong> pre-start application instances during Nginx
 startup. It just makes sure that when the application is first accessed:</p></div>
-<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
+<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
 <li>
 <p>
 at least the given number of instances will be spawned.
@@ -2240,18 +2548,19 @@ but <a href="#PassengerPreStart">passenger_pre_start</a> explains the rationale
         passenger_min_instances 3;
     }
 }</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>When you start Nginx, there are 0 application instances for <em>foobar.com</em>. Things will
 stay that way until someone visits <em>foobar.com</em>. Suppose that there is only 1 visitor.
 1 application instance will be started immediately to serve the visitor, while 2 will
 be spawned in the background. After 10 seconds, when the idle timeout has
 been reached, these 3 application instances will not be cleaned up.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Now suppose that there&#8217;s a sudden spike of traffic, and 100 users visit <em>foobar.com</em>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Now suppose that there’s a sudden spike of traffic, and 100 users visit <em>foobar.com</em>
 simultanously. Phusion Passenger will start 12 more application instances. After the idle
 timeout of 10 seconds have passed, Phusion Passenger will clean up 12 application
 instances, keeping 3 instances around.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>The passenger_min_instances option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
@@ -2276,7 +2585,7 @@ In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
 <div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>1</em>.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_passenger_max_instances_per_app_lt_integer_gt">5.7.3. passenger_max_instances_per_app &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_max_instances_per_app_lt_integer_gt" data-comment-topic="passenger-max-instances-per-app-integer--1p7q3cf">5.7.3. passenger_max_instances_per_app &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>The maximum number of application instances that may be simultaneously active
 for a single application. This helps to make sure that a single application
 will not occupy all available slots in the application pool.</p></div>
@@ -2288,9 +2597,9 @@ will be enforced.</p></div>
 The default value is <em>0</em>.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="PassengerPoolIdleTime">5.7.4. passenger_pool_idle_time &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="PassengerPoolIdleTime" data-comment-topic="passenger-pool-idle-time-integer--xcw65o">5.7.4. passenger_pool_idle_time &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>The maximum number of seconds that an application instance may be idle. That is,
-if an application instance hasn&#8217;t received any traffic after the given number of
+if an application instance hasn’t received any traffic after the given number of
 seconds, then it will be shutdown in order to conserve memory.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Decreasing this value means that applications will have to be spawned
 more often. Since spawning is a relatively slow operation, some visitors may
@@ -2301,16 +2610,16 @@ Rails/Rack web page. We recommend a value of <span class="monospaced">2 * x</spa
 number of seconds that a visitor spends on a single Rails/Rack web page. But your
 mileage may vary.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>When this value is set to <em>0</em>, application instances will not be shutdown unless
-it&#8217;s really necessary, i.e. when Phusion Passenger is out of worker processes
+it’s really necessary, i.e. when Phusion Passenger is out of worker processes
 for a given application and one of the inactive application instances needs to
 make place for another application instance. Setting the value to 0 is
-recommended if you&#8217;re on a non-shared host that&#8217;s only running a few
+recommended if you’re on a non-shared host that’s only running a few
 applications, each which must be available at all times.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option may only occur once, in the <em>http</em> configuration block.
 The default value is <em>300</em>.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="PassengerMaxRequests">5.7.5. passenger_max_requests &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="PassengerMaxRequests" data-comment-topic="passenger-max-requests-integer--sgzint">5.7.5. passenger_max_requests &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>The maximum number of requests an application instance will process. After
 serving that many requests, the application instance will be shut down and
 Phusion Passenger will restart it. A value of 0 means that there is no maximum:
@@ -2320,7 +2629,7 @@ reached.</p></div>
 it down after a certain number of requests, all of its memory is guaranteed
 to be freed by the operating system.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
@@ -2344,9 +2653,9 @@ In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
 </ul></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>0</em>.</p></div>
 <div class="admonitionblock">
-<table><tr>
+<table><tr>
 <td class="icon">
-<img src="./images/icons/caution.png" alt="Caution">
+<img src="./images/icons/caution.png" alt="Caution">
 </td>
 <td class="content">
 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <a href="#PassengerMaxRequests">passenger_max_requests</a> directive should be considered
@@ -2354,25 +2663,25 @@ as a workaround for misbehaving applications. It is advised that you fix the
 problem in your application rather than relying on these directives as a
 measure to avoid memory leaks.</p></div>
 </td>
-</tr></table>
+</tr></table>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="PassengerPreStart">5.7.6. passenger_pre_start &lt;url&gt;</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="PassengerPreStart" data-comment-topic="passenger-pre-start-url--qeevln">5.7.6. passenger_pre_start &lt;url&gt;</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>By default, Phusion Passenger does not start any application instances until said
 web application is first accessed. The result is that the first visitor of said
 web application might experience a small delay as Phusion Passenger is starting
 the web application on demand. If that is undesirable, then this directive can be
 used to pre-started application instances during Nginx startup.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>A few things to be careful of:</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 This directive accepts the <strong>URL</strong> of the web application you want to pre-start,
   not a on/off value! This might seem a bit weird, but read on for rationale. As
   for the specifics of the URL:
 </p>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 The domain part of the URL must be equal to the value of the <em>server_name</em>
@@ -2382,7 +2691,7 @@ The domain part of the URL must be equal to the value of the <em>server_name</em
 <li>
 <p>
 Unless the web application is deployed on port 80, the URL should contain
-    the web application&#8217;s port number too.
+    the web application’s port number too.
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
@@ -2422,7 +2731,8 @@ server {
     root /webapps/bar/public;
     passenger_enabled on;
 }</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>You want both of them to be pre-started during Nginx startup. The URL for
 foo.com is <em>http://foo.com/</em> (or, equivalently, <em>http://foo.com:80/</em>) and
 the URL for bar.com is <em>http://bar.com:3500/</em>. So we add two passenger_pre_start
@@ -2445,7 +2755,8 @@ server {
 
 passenger_pre_start http://foo.com/;           # &lt;--- added
 passenger_pre_start http://bar.com:3500/;      # &lt;--- added</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect4">
 <h5 id="_example_2_pre_starting_apps_that_are_deployed_in_sub_uris">Example 2: pre-starting apps that are deployed in sub-URIs</h5>
@@ -2458,7 +2769,8 @@ passenger_pre_start http://bar.com:3500/;      # &lt;--- added</pre>
     root /webapps/wordpress;
     rails_base_uri /store;
 }</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Then specify the <em>server_name</em> value followed by the sub-URI, like this:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
@@ -2470,13 +2782,15 @@ passenger_pre_start http://bar.com:3500/;      # &lt;--- added</pre>
 }
 
 passenger_pre_start http://myblog.com/store;    # &lt;----- added</pre>
-</div></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>The sub-URI <strong>must</strong> be included; if you don&#8217;t then the directive will have no effect.
-The following example is wrong and won&#8217;t pre-start the store web application:</p></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The sub-URI <strong>must</strong> be included; if you don’t then the directive will have no effect.
+The following example is wrong and won’t pre-start the store web application:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>passenger_pre_start http://myblog.com/;    # &lt;----- WRONG! Missing "/store" part.</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect4">
 <h5 id="_example_3_combining_with_passenger_min_instances">Example 3: combining with passenger_min_instances</h5>
@@ -2484,7 +2798,7 @@ The following example is wrong and won&#8217;t pre-start the store web applicati
 also subject to the idle timeout rules as specified by
 <a href="#PassengerPoolIdleTime">passenger_pool_idle_time</a>! That means that by default,
 the pre-started application instances for foo.com are bar.com are shut down
-after a few minutes of inactivity. If you don&#8217;t want that to happen, then
+after a few minutes of inactivity. If you don’t want that to happen, then
 you should combine passenger_pre_start with
 <a href="#PassengerMinInstances">passenger_min_instances</a>, like this:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
@@ -2507,17 +2821,18 @@ server {
 
 passenger_pre_start http://foo.com/;
 passenger_pre_start http://bar.com:3500/;</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect4">
 <h5 id="_so_why_a_url_why_not_just_an_on_off_flag">So why a URL? Why not just an on/off flag?</h5>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>A directive that accepts a simple on/off flag is definitely more intuitive,
-but due technical difficulties w.r.t. the way Nginx works, it&#8217;s very hard
+but due technical difficulties w.r.t. the way Nginx works, it’s very hard
 to implement it like that:</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>It is very hard to obtain a full list of web applications defined in the
-Nginx configuration file(s). In other words, it&#8217;s hard for Phusion Passenger
+Nginx configuration file(s). In other words, it’s hard for Phusion Passenger
 to know which web applications are deployed on Nginx until a web application
-is first accessed, and without such a list Phusion Passenger wouldn&#8217;t know
+is first accessed, and without such a list Phusion Passenger wouldn’t know
 which web applications to pre-start. So as a compromise, we made it accept a
 URL.</p></div>
 </div>
@@ -2535,7 +2850,8 @@ port 3500):</p></div>
 <pre>HEAD / HTTP/1.1
 Host: bar.com
 Connection: close</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Similarly, for example 2, Phusion Passenger will send the following HTTP request
 to 127.0.0.1 port 80:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
@@ -2543,19 +2859,20 @@ to 127.0.0.1 port 80:</p></div>
 <pre>HEAD /store HTTP/1.1
 Host: myblog.com
 Connection: close</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect4">
 <h5 id="_do_i_need_to_edit_etc_hosts_and_point_the_domain_in_the_url_to_127_0_0_1">Do I need to edit /etc/hosts and point the domain in the URL to 127.0.0.1?</h5>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>No. See previous subsection.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect4">
-<h5 id="_my_web_application_consists_of_multiple_web_servers_what_url_do_i_need_to_specify_and_in_which_web_server_8217_s_nginx_config_file">My web application consists of multiple web servers. What URL do I need to specify, and in which web server&#8217;s Nginx config file?</h5>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Put the web application&#8217;s <em>server_name</em> value and the server block&#8217;s
+<h5 id="_my_web_application_consists_of_multiple_web_servers_what_url_do_i_need_to_specify_and_in_which_web_server_8217_s_nginx_config_file">My web application consists of multiple web servers. What URL do I need to specify, and in which web server’s Nginx config file?</h5>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Put the web application’s <em>server_name</em> value and the server block’s
 port in the URL, and put
 passenger_pre_start on all machines that you want to pre-start the web application
 on. The simulated web request is always sent to 127.0.0.1, with the domain name
-in the URL as value for the <em>Host</em> HTTP header, so you don&#8217;t need to worry about
+in the URL as value for the <em>Host</em> HTTP header, so you don’t need to worry about
 the request ending up at a different web server in the cluster.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect4">
@@ -2565,14 +2882,14 @@ the request ending up at a different web server in the cluster.</p></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_logging_and_debugging_options">5.8. Logging and debugging options</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_logging_and_debugging_options" data-comment-topic="logging-and-debugging-options-14e91ni">5.8. Logging and debugging options</h3>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_passenger_log_level_lt_integer_gt">5.8.1. passenger_log_level &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_log_level_lt_integer_gt" data-comment-topic="passenger-log-level-integer--17snhon">5.8.1. passenger_log_level &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option allows one to specify how much information Phusion Passenger should
 write to the Nginx error log file. A higher log level value means that more
 information will be logged.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Possible values are:</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>0</em>: Show only errors and warnings.
@@ -2600,7 +2917,7 @@ information will be logged.</p></div>
 The default is <em>0</em>.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_passenger_debug_log_file_lt_filename_gt">5.8.2. passenger_debug_log_file &lt;filename&gt;</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_passenger_debug_log_file_lt_filename_gt" data-comment-topic="passenger-debug-log-file-filename--21ubaj">5.8.2. passenger_debug_log_file &lt;filename&gt;</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>By default Phusion Passenger debugging and error messages are written to the global
 web server error log. This option allows one to specify the file that debugging and
 error messages should be written to instead.</p></div>
@@ -2608,12 +2925,12 @@ error messages should be written to instead.</p></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_ruby_on_rails_specific_options">5.9. Ruby on Rails-specific options</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_ruby_on_rails_specific_options" data-comment-topic="ruby-on-rails-specific-options-12vfokt">5.9. Ruby on Rails-specific options</h3>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="RailsEnv">5.9.1. rails_env &lt;string&gt;</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="RailsEnv" data-comment-topic="rails-env-string--jlh7v9">5.9.1. rails_env &lt;string&gt;</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option allows one to specify the default <span class="monospaced">RAILS_ENV</span> value.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
@@ -2638,21 +2955,21 @@ In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
 <div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>production</em>.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_rails_framework_spawner_idle_time_lt_integer_gt">5.9.2. rails_framework_spawner_idle_time &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_rails_framework_spawner_idle_time_lt_integer_gt" data-comment-topic="rails-framework-spawner-idle-time-integer--q5ljd5">5.9.2. rails_framework_spawner_idle_time &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>The FrameworkSpawner server (explained in <a href="#spawning_methods_explained">Spawning methods explained</a>) has an idle timeout, just like the backend processes spawned by
-Phusion Passenger do. That is, it will automatically shutdown if it hasn&#8217;t done
+Phusion Passenger do. That is, it will automatically shutdown if it hasn’t done
 anything for a given period.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>This option allows you to set the FrameworkSpawner server&#8217;s idle timeout, in
+<div class="paragraph"><p>This option allows you to set the FrameworkSpawner server’s idle timeout, in
 seconds. A value of <em>0</em> means that it should never idle timeout.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Setting a higher value will mean that the FrameworkSpawner server is kept around
 longer, which may slightly increase memory usage. But as long as the
 FrameworkSpawner server is running, the time to spawn a Ruby on Rails backend
 process only takes about 40% of the time that is normally needed, assuming that
-you&#8217;re using the <em>smart</em> <a href="#RailsSpawnMethod">spawning method</a>. So if your
+you’re using the <em>smart</em> <a href="#RailsSpawnMethod">spawning method</a>. So if your
 system has enough memory, is it recommended that you set this option to a high
 value or to <em>0</em>.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
@@ -2677,21 +2994,21 @@ In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
 <div class="paragraph"><p>In each place, it may be specified at most once. The default value is <em>1800</em> (30 minutes).</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_rails_app_spawner_idle_time_lt_integer_gt">5.9.3. rails_app_spawner_idle_time &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_rails_app_spawner_idle_time_lt_integer_gt" data-comment-topic="rails-app-spawner-idle-time-integer--1xjqe4b">5.9.3. rails_app_spawner_idle_time &lt;integer&gt;</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>The ApplicationSpawner server (explained in <a href="#spawning_methods_explained">Spawning methods explained</a>) has an idle timeout, just like the backend processes spawned by
-Phusion Passenger do. That is, it will automatically shutdown if it hasn&#8217;t done
+Phusion Passenger do. That is, it will automatically shutdown if it hasn’t done
 anything for a given period.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>This option allows you to set the ApplicationSpawner server&#8217;s idle timeout, in
+<div class="paragraph"><p>This option allows you to set the ApplicationSpawner server’s idle timeout, in
 seconds. A value of <em>0</em> means that it should never idle timeout.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Setting a higher value will mean that the ApplicationSpawner server is kept around
 longer, which may slightly increase memory usage. But as long as the
 ApplicationSpawner server is running, the time to spawn a Ruby on Rails backend
 process only takes about 10% of the time that is normally needed, assuming that
-you&#8217;re using the <em>smart</em> or <em>smart-lv2</em> <a href="#RailsSpawnMethod">spawning method</a>. So if your
+you’re using the <em>smart</em> or <em>smart-lv2</em> <a href="#RailsSpawnMethod">spawning method</a>. So if your
 system has enough memory, is it recommended that you set this option to a high
 value or to <em>0</em>.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
@@ -2717,12 +3034,12 @@ In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_rack_specific_options">5.10. Rack-specific options</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_rack_specific_options" data-comment-topic="rack-specific-options-13yvdxs">5.10. Rack-specific options</h3>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="RackEnv">5.10.1. rack_env &lt;string&gt;</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="RackEnv" data-comment-topic="rack-env-string--tqmrt0">5.10.1. rack_env &lt;string&gt;</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option allows one to specify the default <span class="monospaced">RACK_ENV</span> value.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option may occur in the following places:</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 In the <em>http</em> configuration block.
@@ -2748,31 +3065,31 @@ In an <em>if</em> configuration scope.
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_deprecated_options">5.11. Deprecated options</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_deprecated_options" data-comment-topic="deprecated-options-1dtzo0g">5.11. Deprecated options</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following options have been deprecated, but are still supported for backwards
 compatibility reasons.</p></div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_rails_spawn_method">5.11.1. rails_spawn_method</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_rails_spawn_method" data-comment-topic="rails-spawn-method-17vdnpt">5.11.1. rails_spawn_method</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Deprecated in favor of <a href="#PassengerSpawnMethod">passenger_spawn_method</a>.</p></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="_analysis_and_system_maintenance">6. Analysis and system maintenance</h2>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h2 id="_analysis_and_system_maintenance" data-comment-topic="analysis-and-system-maintenance-1nnlnj8">6. Analysis and system maintenance</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger provides a set of tools, which are useful for system analysis,
 maintenance and troubleshooting.</p></div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_inspecting_memory_usage">6.1. Inspecting memory usage</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_inspecting_memory_usage" data-comment-topic="inspecting-memory-usage-1k6y8v0">6.1. Inspecting memory usage</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Process inspection tools such as <span class="monospaced">ps</span> and <span class="monospaced">top</span> are useful, but they
 <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/phusion-passenger/msg/1fd1c233456d3180">rarely show the correct memory usage</a>.
 The real memory usage is usually lower than what <span class="monospaced">ps</span> and <span class="monospaced">top</span> report.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>There are many technical reasons why this is so, but an explanation is beyond
 the scope of this Users Guide. We kindly refer the interested reader to
 operating systems literature about <em>virtual memory</em> and <em>copy-on-write</em>.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>The tool <span class="monospaced">passenger-memory-stats</span> allows one to easily analyze Phusion Passenger&#8217;s
-and Apache&#8217;s real memory usage. For example:</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The tool <span class="monospaced">passenger-memory-stats</span> allows one to easily analyze Phusion Passenger’s
+and Apache’s real memory usage. For example:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>[bash@localhost root]# passenger-memory-stats
@@ -2799,25 +3116,26 @@ PID    Threads  VMSize   Private  Name
 23793  1        26.9 MB  17.1 MB  Rails: /var/www/projects/app1-foobar
 ### Processes: 4
 ### Total private dirty RSS: 27.76 M</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>Private</em> or <em>private dirty RSS</em> field shows the <strong>real</strong> memory usage of processes. Here,
 we see that all the Apache worker processes only take less than 1 MB memory each.
 This is a lot less than the 50 MB-ish memory usage as shown in the <em>VMSize</em> column
 (which is what a lot of people think is the real memory usage, but is actually not).</p></div>
 <div class="admonitionblock">
-<table><tr>
+<table><tr>
 <td class="icon">
-<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
+<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
 </td>
 <td class="content">Private dirty RSS reporting only works on Linux. Unfortunately other operating systems
-don&#8217;t provide facilities for determining processes' private dirty RSS. On non-Linux systems,
+don’t provide facilities for determining processes' private dirty RSS. On non-Linux systems,
 the Resident Set Size is reported instead.</td>
-</tr></table>
+</tr></table>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_inspecting_phusion_passenger_8217_s_internal_status">6.2. Inspecting Phusion Passenger&#8217;s internal status</h3>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>One can inspect Phusion Passenger&#8217;s internal status with the tool <span class="monospaced">passenger-status</span>.
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_inspecting_phusion_passenger_8217_s_internal_status" data-comment-topic="inspecting-phusion-passenger-s-internal-status-v36wbc">6.2. Inspecting Phusion Passenger’s internal status</h3>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>One can inspect Phusion Passenger’s internal status with the tool <span class="monospaced">passenger-status</span>.
 This tool must typically be run as root. For example:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
@@ -2831,9 +3149,10 @@ inactive = 1
 ----------- Domains -----------
 /var/www/projects/app1-foobar:
   PID: 9617      Sessions: 0    Processed: 7       Uptime: 2m 23s</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>general information</em> section shows the following information:</p></div>
-<div class="dlist"><dl>
+<div class="dlist"><dl>
 <dt class="hdlist1">
 max
 </dt>
@@ -2877,7 +3196,7 @@ time). The value of <em>inactive</em> equals <span class="monospaced">count - ac
 </dl></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>domains</em> section shows, for each application directory, information about running
 application instances:</p></div>
-<div class="dlist"><dl>
+<div class="dlist"><dl>
 <dt class="hdlist1">
 Sessions
 </dt>
@@ -2892,7 +3211,7 @@ Processed
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
-Indicates how many requests the instance has served until now. <strong>Tip:</strong> it&#8217;s
+Indicates how many requests the instance has served until now. <strong>Tip:</strong> it’s
 possible to limit this number with the <a href="#PassengerMaxRequests">PassengerMaxRequests</a>
 configuration directive.
 </p>
@@ -2915,7 +3234,8 @@ normal:</p></div>
   PID: 4268      Sessions: 0      Processed: 5      Uptime: 4m 52s
   PID: 4265      Sessions: 1      Processed: 6      Uptime: 5m 38s
   PID: 4275      Sessions: 1      Processed: 7      Uptime: 3m 14s</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>But if you see a "spike", i.e. an application instance has an unusually high number of
 sessions compared to the others, then there might be a problem:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
@@ -2926,9 +3246,10 @@ sessions compared to the others, then there might be a problem:</p></div>
   PID: 4275      Sessions: 1   |  Processed: 7      Uptime: 3m 14s
                                |
                                +---- "spike"</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Possible reasons why spikes can occur:</p></div>
-<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
+<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
 <li>
 <p>
 Your application is busy processing a request that takes a very long time.
@@ -2945,39 +3266,39 @@ Your application is frozen, i.e. has stopped responding. See
 </ol></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="debugging_frozen">6.3. Debugging frozen applications</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="debugging_frozen" data-comment-topic="debugging-frozen-applications-qoctl8">6.3. Debugging frozen applications</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>If one of your application instances is frozen (stopped responding), then you
 can figure out where it is frozen by killing it with <em>SIGABRT</em>. This will cause the
 application to raise an exception, with a backtrace.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>The exception (with full backtrace information) is normally logged into the Apache
 error log. But if your application or if its web framework has its own exception logging
-routines, then exceptions might be logged into the application&#8217;s log files instead.
+routines, then exceptions might be logged into the application’s log files instead.
 This is the case with Ruby on Rails. So if you kill a Ruby on Rails application with
-<em>SIGABRT</em>, please check the application&#8217;s <em>production.log</em> first (assuming that you&#8217;re
-running it in a <em>production</em> environment). If you don&#8217;t see a backtrace there, check
+<em>SIGABRT</em>, please check the application’s <em>production.log</em> first (assuming that you’re
+running it in a <em>production</em> environment). If you don’t see a backtrace there, check
 the Apache error log.</p></div>
 <div class="admonitionblock">
-<table><tr>
+<table><tr>
 <td class="icon">
-<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
+<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
 </td>
 <td class="content">It is safe to kill application instances, even in live environments. Phusion Passenger
 will restart killed application instances, as if nothing bad happened.</td>
-</tr></table>
+</tr></table>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_accessing_individual_application_processes">6.4. Accessing individual application processes</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_accessing_individual_application_processes" data-comment-topic="accessing-individual-application-processes-1qe4fqk">6.4. Accessing individual application processes</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>When a request is sent to the web server, Phusion Passenger will automatically forward
 the request to the most suitable application process, but sometimes it is desirable to
 be able to directly access the individual application processes. Use cases include, but
 are not limited to:</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 One wants to debug a memory leak or memory bloat problem that only seems to appear on
   certain URIs. One can send a request to a specific process to see whether that request
-  causes the process&#8217;s memory usage to rise.
+  causes the process’s memory usage to rise.
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
@@ -2998,7 +3319,7 @@ HTTP tools like <em>curl</em>. The exact addresses can be obtained with the comm
 number is dynamically assigned. As a security measure, the sockets are also protected
 with a process-specific random password, which you can see in the
 <span class="monospaced">passenger-status --verbose</span> output. This password must be sent through the
-&#8220;X-Passenger-Connect-Password&#8221; HTTP header.</p></div>
+“X-Passenger-Connect-Password” HTTP header.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Example:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
@@ -3019,7 +3340,8 @@ Waiting on global queue: 0
   * PID: 24250   Sessions: 0    Processed: 4       Uptime: 1s
       URL     : http://127.0.0.1:57933
       Password: _RGXlQ9EGDGJKLevQ_qflUtF1KmxEo2UiRzMwIE1sBY</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Here we see that the web application <em>rack.test</em> has two processes.
 Process 24235 is accessible via <a href="http://127.0.0.1:58122">http://127.0.0.1:58122</a>, and
 process 24250 is accessible via <a href="http://127.0.0.1:57933">http://127.0.0.1:57933</a>.</p></div>
@@ -3028,31 +3350,32 @@ through the <em>X-Passenger-Connect-Password</em> HTTP header, like this:</p></d
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>bash# curl -H "X-Passenger-Connect-Password: nFfVOX1F8LjZ90HJh28Sd_htJOsgRsNne2QXKf8NIXw" http://127.0.0.1:58122/</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="_tips">7. Tips</h2>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h2 id="_tips" data-comment-topic="tips-n4c22d">7. Tips</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="user_switching">7.1. User switching (security)</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="user_switching" data-comment-topic="user-switching-security--zmsy9o">7.1. User switching (security)</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>There is a problem that plagues most PHP web hosts, namely the fact that all PHP
 applications are run in the same user context as the web server. So for
-example, Joe&#8217;s PHP application will be able to read Jane&#8217;s PHP application&#8217;s
+example, Joe’s PHP application will be able to read Jane’s PHP application’s
 passwords. This is obviously undesirable on many servers.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger solves this problem by implementing <em>user switching</em>. A Rails
 application is started as the owner of the file <em>config/environment.rb</em>,
 and a Rack application is started as the owner of the file <em>config.ru</em>.
 So if <em>/home/webapps/foo/config/environment.rb</em> is owned by <em>joe</em>, then Phusion
 Passenger will launch the corresponding Rails application as <em>joe</em> as well.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>This behavior is the default, and you don&#8217;t need to configure anything. But
+<div class="paragraph"><p>This behavior is the default, and you don’t need to configure anything. But
 there are things that you should keep in mind:</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
-The owner of <em>environment.rb</em>/<em>config.ru</em> must have read access to the application&#8217;s
-  root directory, and read/write access to the application&#8217;s <em>logs</em> directory.
+The owner of <em>environment.rb</em>/<em>config.ru</em> must have read access to the application’s
+  root directory, and read/write access to the application’s <em>logs</em> directory.
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
@@ -3076,17 +3399,17 @@ Under no circumstances will applications be run as <em>root</em>. If
 option.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="reducing_memory_usage">7.2. Reducing memory consumption of Ruby on Rails applications by 33%</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="reducing_memory_usage" data-comment-topic="reducing-memory-consumption-of-ruby-on-rails-applications-by-33--1o3z66q">7.2. Reducing memory consumption of Ruby on Rails applications by 33%</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Is it possible to reduce memory consumption of your Rails applications by 33% on average,
 by using <a href="http://www.rubyenterpriseedition.com/">Ruby Enterprise Edition</a>.
 Please visit the website for details.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that this feature does not apply to Rack applications.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="capistrano">7.3. Capistrano recipe</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="capistrano" data-comment-topic="capistrano-recipe-pfn4qu">7.3. Capistrano recipe</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger can be combined with <a href="http://capify.org/">Capistrano</a>.
 The following Capistrano recipe demonstrates Phusion Passenger support.
-It assumes that you&#8217;re using Git as version control system.</p></div>
+It assumes that you’re using Git as version control system.</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>set :application, "myapp"
@@ -3114,13 +3437,14 @@ namespace :deploy do
     run "touch #{current_release}/tmp/restart.txt"
   end
 end</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="bundler_support">7.4. Bundler support</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="bundler_support" data-comment-topic="bundler-support-19v1h43">7.4. Bundler support</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger has automatic support for <a href="http://gembundler.com/git.html">Bundler</a>.
 It works as follows:</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 If you have a <em>.bundle/environment.rb</em> in your application root, then Phusion
@@ -3134,26 +3458,26 @@ Otherwise, if you have a <em>Gemfile</em>, then Phusion Passenger will automatic
 </p>
 </li>
 </ul></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>It&#8217;s possible that your application also calls <span class="monospaced">Bundler.setup</span> during loading, e.g. in
+<div class="paragraph"><p>It’s possible that your application also calls <span class="monospaced">Bundler.setup</span> during loading, e.g. in
 <em>config.ru</em> or in <em>config/boot.rb</em>. This is the case with Rails 3, and is also the case if you
 modified your <em>config/boot.rb</em> according to the
 <a href="http://gembundler.com/rails23.html">Bundler Rails 2.3 instructions</a>.
 This leads to <span class="monospaced">Bundler.setup</span> being called twice, once before the application startup file
-is required and once during application startup. However this is harmless and doesn&#8217;t
+is required and once during application startup. However this is harmless and doesn’t
 have any negative effects.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger assumes that you&#8217;re using Bundler &gt;= 0.9.5. If you don&#8217;t want Phusion
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger assumes that you’re using Bundler &gt;= 0.9.5. If you don’t want Phusion
 Passenger to run its Bundler support code, e.g. because you need to use an older version
 of Bundler with an incompatible API or because you use a system other than Bundler, then
-you can override Phusion Passenger&#8217;s Bundler support code by creating a file
+you can override Phusion Passenger’s Bundler support code by creating a file
 <em>config/setup_load_paths.rb</em>. If this file exists then it will be required before loading
 the application startup file. In this file you can do whatever you need to setup Bundler
 or a similar system.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="moving_phusion_passenger">7.5. Moving Phusion Passenger to a different directory</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="moving_phusion_passenger" data-comment-topic="moving-phusion-passenger-to-a-different-directory-1hel5cp">7.5. Moving Phusion Passenger to a different directory</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>It is possible to relocate the Phusion Passenger files to a different directory. It
 involves two steps:</p></div>
-<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
+<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
 <li>
 <p>
 Moving the directory.
@@ -3161,13 +3485,13 @@ Moving the directory.
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
-Updating the &#8220;PassengerRoot&#8221; configuration option in Apache.
+Updating the “PassengerRoot” configuration option in Apache.
 </p>
 </li>
 </ol></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, if Phusion Passenger is located in <em>/opt/passenger/</em>, and you&#8217;d like to
+<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, if Phusion Passenger is located in <em>/opt/passenger/</em>, and you’d like to
 move it to <em>/usr/local/passenger/</em>, then do this:</p></div>
-<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
+<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
 <li>
 <p>
 Run the following command:
@@ -3175,7 +3499,8 @@ Run the following command:
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>mv /opt/passenger /usr/local/passenger</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
@@ -3184,54 +3509,56 @@ Edit your Apache configuration file, and set:
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>PassengerRoot /usr/local/passenger</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 </li>
 </ol></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_installing_multiple_ruby_on_rails_versions">7.6. Installing multiple Ruby on Rails versions</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_installing_multiple_ruby_on_rails_versions" data-comment-topic="installing-multiple-ruby-on-rails-versions-1bp1fff">7.6. Installing multiple Ruby on Rails versions</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Each Ruby on Rails applications that are going to be deployed may require a
 specific Ruby on Rails version. You can install a specific version with
 this command:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>gem install rails -v X.X.X</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>where <em>X.X.X</em> is the version number of Ruby on Rails.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>All of these versions will exist in parallel, and will not conflict with each
 other. Phusion Passenger will automatically make use of the correct version.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_making_the_application_restart_after_each_request">7.7. Making the application restart after each request</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_making_the_application_restart_after_each_request" data-comment-topic="making-the-application-restart-after-each-request-vimy48">7.7. Making the application restart after each request</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>In some situations it might be desirable to restart the web application after
-each request, for example when developing a non-Rails application that doesn&#8217;t
+each request, for example when developing a non-Rails application that doesn’t
 support code reloading, or when developing a web framework.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>To achieve this, simply create the file <em>tmp/always_restart.txt</em> in your
-application&#8217;s root folder. Unlike <em>restart.txt</em>, Phusion Passenger does not
-check for this file&#8217;s timestamp: Phusion Passenger will always restart the
+application’s root folder. Unlike <em>restart.txt</em>, Phusion Passenger does not
+check for this file’s timestamp: Phusion Passenger will always restart the
 application, as long as <em>always_restart.txt</em> exists.</p></div>
 <div class="admonitionblock">
-<table><tr>
+<table><tr>
 <td class="icon">
-<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
+<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
 </td>
-<td class="content">If you&#8217;re just developing a Rails application then you probably don&#8217;t need
+<td class="content">If you’re just developing a Rails application then you probably don’t need
 this feature. If you set <em>RailsEnv development</em> in your Apache configuration,
 then Rails will automatically reload your application code after each request.
-<em>always_restart.txt</em> is only useful if you&#8217;re working on Ruby on Rails itself,
-or when you&#8217;re not developing a Rails application and your web framework
+<em>always_restart.txt</em> is only useful if you’re working on Ruby on Rails itself,
+or when you’re not developing a Rails application and your web framework
 does not support code reloading.</td>
-</tr></table>
+</tr></table>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="sub_uri_deployment_uri_fix">7.8. How to fix broken images/CSS/JavaScript URIs in sub-URI deployments</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="sub_uri_deployment_uri_fix" data-comment-topic="how-to-fix-broken-images-css-javascript-uris-in-sub-uri-deployments-11mzwt6">7.8. How to fix broken images/CSS/JavaScript URIs in sub-URI deployments</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Some people experience broken images and other broken static assets when they
 deploy their application to a sub-URI (i.e. <em>http://mysite.com/railsapp/</em>).
 The reason for this usually is that you used a
 static URI for your image in the views. This means your <em>img</em> source probably refers
-to something like <em>/images/foo.jpg</em>. The leading slash means that it&#8217;s an absolute URI:
-you&#8217;re telling the browser to always load <em>http://mysite.com/images/foo.jpg</em> no
+to something like <em>/images/foo.jpg</em>. The leading slash means that it’s an absolute URI:
+you’re telling the browser to always load <em>http://mysite.com/images/foo.jpg</em> no
 matter what. The problem is that the image is actually at
 <em>http://mysite.com/railsapp/images/foo.jpg</em>. There are two ways to fix this.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>The first way (not recommended) is to change your view templates to refer to
@@ -3239,23 +3566,24 @@ matter what. The problem is that the image is actually at
 this does is making the path relative to the current URI. The problem is that if you
 use restful URIs, then your images will probably break again when you add a level to
 the URI.
-For example, when you&#8217;re at <em>http://mysite.com/railsapp</em> the browser will look for
-<em>http://mysite.com/railsapp/images/foo.jpg</em>. But when you&#8217;re at
+For example, when you’re at <em>http://mysite.com/railsapp</em> the browser will look for
+<em>http://mysite.com/railsapp/images/foo.jpg</em>. But when you’re at
 <em>http://mysite.com/railsapp/controller</em>. the browser will look for
 <em>http://mysite.com/railsapp/controller/images/foo.jpg</em>.
-So relative URIs usually don&#8217;t work well with layout templates.</p></div>
+So relative URIs usually don’t work well with layout templates.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>The second and highly recommended way is to always use Rails helper methods to
 output tags for static assets. These helper methods automatically take care
-of prepending the base URI that you&#8217;ve deployed the application to. For images
+of prepending the base URI that you’ve deployed the application to. For images
 there is <span class="monospaced">image_tag</span>, for JavaScript there is <span class="monospaced">javascript_include_tag</span> and for
 CSS there is <span class="monospaced">stylesheet_link_tag</span>. In the above example you would simply remove
 the <em>&lt;img&gt;</em> HTML tag and replace it with inline Ruby like this:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>&lt;%= image_tag("foo.jpg") %&gt;</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This will generate the proper image tag to <span class="monospaced">$RAILS_ROOT/public/images/foo.jpg</span>
-so that your images will always work no matter what sub-URI you&#8217;ve deployed to.</p></div>
+so that your images will always work no matter what sub-URI you’ve deployed to.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>These helper methods are more valuable than you may think. For example they also
 append a timestamp to the URI to better facilitate HTTP caching. For more information,
 please refer to
@@ -3264,13 +3592,13 @@ please refer to
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="_under_the_hood">8. Under the hood</h2>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h2 id="_under_the_hood" data-comment-topic="under-the-hood-8uney">8. Under the hood</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger hides a lot of complexity for the end user (i.e. the web server
 system administrator), but sometimes it is desirable to know what is going on.
 This section describes a few things that Phusion Passenger does under the hood.</p></div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_page_caching_support">8.1. Page caching support</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_page_caching_support" data-comment-topic="page-caching-support-nafhf6">8.1. Page caching support</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>For each HTTP request, Phusion Passenger will automatically look for a corresponding
 page cache file, and serve that if it exists. It does this by appending ".html" to
 the filename that the URI normally maps to, and checking whether that file exists.
@@ -3278,36 +3606,36 @@ This check occurs after checking whether the original mapped filename exists (as
 of static asset serving). All this is done without the need for special mod_rewrite
 rules.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>For example, suppose that the browser requests <em>/foo/bar</em>.</p></div>
-<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
+<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
 <li>
 <p>
 Phusion Passenger will first check whether this URI maps to a static file, i.e.
-   whether the file <em>foo/bar</em> exists in the web application&#8217;s <em>public</em> directory.
+   whether the file <em>foo/bar</em> exists in the web application’s <em>public</em> directory.
    If it does then Phusion Passenger will serve this file through Apache immediately.
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
-If that doesn&#8217;t exist, then Phusion Passenger will check whether the file
+If that doesn’t exist, then Phusion Passenger will check whether the file
    <em>foo/bar.html</em> exists. If it does then Phusion Passenger will serve this file
    through Apache immediately.
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
-If <em>foo/bar.html</em> doesn&#8217;t exist either, then Phusion Passenger will forward the
+If <em>foo/bar.html</em> doesn’t exist either, then Phusion Passenger will forward the
    request to the underlying web application.
 </p>
 </li>
 </ol></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that Phusion Passenger&#8217;s page caching support doesn&#8217;t work if your web
-application uses a non-standard page cache directory, i.e. if it doesn&#8217;t cache to
-the <em>public</em> directory. In that case you&#8217;ll need to use mod_rewrite to serve such
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that Phusion Passenger’s page caching support doesn’t work if your web
+application uses a non-standard page cache directory, i.e. if it doesn’t cache to
+the <em>public</em> directory. In that case you’ll need to use mod_rewrite to serve such
 page cache files.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="application_detection">8.2. How Phusion Passenger detects whether a virtual host is a web application</h3>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>After you&#8217;ve read the deployment instructions you might wonder how Phusion Passenger
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="application_detection" data-comment-topic="how-phusion-passenger-detects-whether-a-virtual-host-is-a-web-application-13qbmhn">8.2. How Phusion Passenger detects whether a virtual host is a web application</h3>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>After you’ve read the deployment instructions you might wonder how Phusion Passenger
 knows that the server root points to a web application that Phusion Passenger is
 able to serve, and how it knows what kind of web application it is (e.g. Rails or Rack).</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger checks whether the virtual host is a Rails application by checking
@@ -3315,13 +3643,14 @@ whether the following file exists:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content monospaced">
 <pre>dirname(DocumentRoot) + "/config/environment.rb"</pre>
-</div></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>If you&#8217;re not a programmer and don&#8217;t understand the above pseudo-code snippet, it means
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>If you’re not a programmer and don’t understand the above pseudo-code snippet, it means
 that Phusion Passenger will:</p></div>
-<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
+<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
 <li>
 <p>
-Extract the parent directory filename from the value of the &#8220;root&#8221; directive.
+Extract the parent directory filename from the value of the “root” directive.
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
@@ -3337,8 +3666,8 @@ whether the file <em>/webapps/foo/config/environment.rb</em> exists.</p></div>
 So for example, suppose that your root points to <em>/home/www/example.com</em>, which in
 turn is a symlink to <em>/webapps/example.com/public</em>. Phusion Passenger for Nginx will check for
 <em>/home/www/config/environment.rb</em>, <strong>not</strong> <em>/webapps/example.com/config/environment.rb</em>.
-This file of course doesn&#8217;t exist, and as a result Phusion Passenger will not activate
-itself for this virtual host, and you&#8217;ll most likely see some output generated by the
+This file of course doesn’t exist, and as a result Phusion Passenger will not activate
+itself for this virtual host, and you’ll most likely see some output generated by the
 Nginx default directory handler such as a Forbidden error message.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Detection of Rack applications happens through the same mechanism, exception that
 Phusion Passenger will look for <em>config.ru</em> instead of <em>config/environment.rb</em>.</p></div>
@@ -3346,31 +3675,29 @@ Phusion Passenger will look for <em>config.ru</em> instead of <em>config/environ
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="_appendix_a_about_this_document">9. Appendix A: About this document</h2>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h2 id="_appendix_a_about_this_document" data-comment-topic="appendix-a-about-this-document-zfvixm">9. Appendix A: About this document</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph"><p>The text of this document is licensed under the
 <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">Creative Commons
 Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License</a>.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
 <a class="image" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">
-<img src="images/by_sa.png" alt="images/by_sa.png">
-</a>
+<img src="images/by_sa.png" alt="images/by_sa.png"></a>
 </span></p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger is brought to you by <a href="http://www.phusion.nl/">Phusion</a>.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
 <a class="image" href="http://www.phusion.nl/">
-<img src="images/phusion_banner.png" alt="images/phusion_banner.png">
-</a>
+<img src="images/phusion_banner.png" alt="images/phusion_banner.png"></a>
 </span></p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger is a trademark of Hongli Lai &amp; Ninh Bui.</p></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="_appendix_b_terminology">10. Appendix B: Terminology</h2>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h2 id="_appendix_b_terminology" data-comment-topic="appendix-b-terminology-wzv5ro">10. Appendix B: Terminology</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="application_root">10.1. Application root</h3>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>The root directory of an application that&#8217;s served by Phusion Passenger.</p></div>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="application_root" data-comment-topic="application-root-1fd6bqv">10.1. Application root</h3>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The root directory of an application that’s served by Phusion Passenger.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>In case of Ruby on Rails applications, this is the directory that contains
 <em>Rakefile</em>, <em>app/</em>, <em>config/</em>, <em>public/</em>, etc. In other words, the directory
 pointed to by <span class="monospaced">RAILS_ROOT</span>. For example, take the following directory structure:</p></div>
@@ -3397,7 +3724,8 @@ pointed to by <span class="monospaced">RAILS_ROOT</span>. For example, take the
    |   +- ...
    |
    +- ...</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>In case of Rack applications, this is the directory that contains <em>config.ru</em>.
 For example, take the following directory structure:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
@@ -3411,7 +3739,8 @@ For example, take the following directory structure:</p></div>
    +- config.ru
    |
    +- ...</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>In case of Python (WSGI) applications, this is the directory that contains
 <em>passenger_wsgi.py</em>. For example, take the following directory structure:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
@@ -3425,31 +3754,32 @@ For example, take the following directory structure:</p></div>
    +- passenger_wsgi.py
    |
    +- ...</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="spawning_methods_explained">11. Appendix C: Spawning methods explained</h2>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h2 id="spawning_methods_explained" data-comment-topic="appendix-c-spawning-methods-explained-tcp8e6">11. Appendix C: Spawning methods explained</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph"><p>At its core, Phusion Passenger is an HTTP proxy and process manager. It spawns
 Ruby on Rails/Rack/WSGI worker processes (which may also be referred to as
 <em>backend processes</em>), and forwards incoming HTTP request to one of the worker
 processes.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>While this may sound simple, there&#8217;s not just one way to spawn worker processes.
-Let&#8217;s go over the different spawning methods. For simplicity&#8217;s sake, let&#8217;s
-assume that we&#8217;re only talking about Ruby on Rails applications.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>While this may sound simple, there’s not just one way to spawn worker processes.
+Let’s go over the different spawning methods. For simplicity’s sake, let’s
+assume that we’re only talking about Ruby on Rails applications.</p></div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_the_most_straightforward_and_traditional_way_conservative_spawning">11.1. The most straightforward and traditional way: conservative spawning</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_the_most_straightforward_and_traditional_way_conservative_spawning" data-comment-topic="the-most-straightforward-and-traditional-way-conservative-spawning-civ29z">11.1. The most straightforward and traditional way: conservative spawning</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger could create a new Ruby process, which will then load the
 Rails application along with the entire Rails framework. This process will then
 enter an request handling main loop.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>This is the most straightforward way to spawn worker processes. If you&#8217;re
+<div class="paragraph"><p>This is the most straightforward way to spawn worker processes. If you’re
 familiar with the Mongrel application server, then this approach is exactly
 what mongrel_cluster performs: it creates N worker processes, each which loads
 a full copy of the Rails application and the Rails framework in memory. The Thin
 application server employs pretty much the same approach.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that Phusion Passenger&#8217;s version of conservative spawning differs slightly
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that Phusion Passenger’s version of conservative spawning differs slightly
 from mongrel_cluster. Mongrel_cluster creates entirely new Ruby processes. In
 programmers jargon, mongrel_cluster creates new Ruby processes by forking the
 current process and exec()-ing a new Ruby interpreter. Phusion Passenger on the
@@ -3457,30 +3787,28 @@ other hand creates processes that reuse the already loaded Ruby interpreter. In
 programmers jargon, Phusion Passenger calls fork(), but not exec().</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_the_smart_spawning_method">11.2. The smart spawning method</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_the_smart_spawning_method" data-comment-topic="the-smart-spawning-method-7nhgtj">11.2. The smart spawning method</h3>
 <div class="admonitionblock">
-<table><tr>
+<table><tr>
 <td class="icon">
-<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
+<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
 </td>
 <td class="content">Smart spawning is supported for all Ruby applications but not for WSGI applications.</td>
-</tr></table>
+</tr></table>
 </div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>While conservative spawning works well, it&#8217;s not as efficient as it could be
+<div class="paragraph"><p>While conservative spawning works well, it’s not as efficient as it could be
 because each worker process has its own private copy of the Rails application
 as well as the Rails framework. This wastes memory as well as startup time.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
-<img src="images/conservative_spawning.png" alt="Worker processes and conservative spawning">
-</span><br>
-<em>Figure: Worker processes and conservative spawning. Each worker process has its
+<img src="images/conservative_spawning.png" alt="Worker processes and conservative spawning"></span><br><em>Figure: Worker processes and conservative spawning. Each worker process has its
 own private copy of the application code and Rails framework code.</em></p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>It is possible to make the different worker processes share the memory occupied
 by application and Rails framework code, by utilizing so-called
 copy-on-write semantics of the virtual memory system on modern operating
 systems. As a side effect, the startup time is also reduced. This is technique
-is exploited by Phusion Passenger&#8217;s <em>smart</em> and <em>smart-lv2</em> spawn methods.</p></div>
+is exploited by Phusion Passenger’s <em>smart</em> and <em>smart-lv2</em> spawn methods.</p></div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_how_it_works">11.2.1. How it works</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_how_it_works" data-comment-topic="how-it-works-f9umga">11.2.1. How it works</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>When the <em>smart-lv2</em> spawn method is being used, Phusion Passenger will first
 create a so-called <em>ApplicationSpawner server</em> process. This process loads the
 entire Rails application along with the Rails framework, by loading
@@ -3490,15 +3818,13 @@ server will create a worker new process
 that reuses the already loaded Rails application/framework. Creating a worker
 process through an already running ApplicationSpawner server is very fast, about
 10 times faster than loading the Rails application/framework from scratch. If
-the Ruby interpreter is copy-on-write friendly (that is, if you&#8217;re running
+the Ruby interpreter is copy-on-write friendly (that is, if you’re running
 <a href="#reducing_memory_usage">Ruby Enterprise Edition</a>) then all created worker
 processes will share as much common
 memory as possible. That is, they will all share the same application and Rails
 framework code.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
-<img src="images/smart-lv2.png" alt="images/smart-lv2.png">
-</span><br>
-<em>Figure: Worker processes and the smart-lv2 spawn method. All worker processes,
+<img src="images/smart-lv2.png" alt="images/smart-lv2.png"></span><br><em>Figure: Worker processes and the smart-lv2 spawn method. All worker processes,
 as well as the ApplicationSpawner, share the same application code and Rails
 framework code.</em></p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>smart</em> spawn method goes even further, by caching the Rails framework in
@@ -3511,20 +3837,20 @@ ApplicationSpawner servers, will share the same Rails framework code.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>smart-lv2</em> method allows different worker processes that belong to the same
 application to share memory. The <em>smart</em> method allows different worker
 processes - that happen to use the same Rails version - to share memory, even if
-they don&#8217;t belong to the same application.</p></div>
+they don’t belong to the same application.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Notes:</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 Vendored Rails frameworks cannot be shared by different applications, even if
   both vendored Rails frameworks are the same version. So for efficiency reasons
-  we don&#8217;t recommend vendoring Rails.
+  we don’t recommend vendoring Rails.
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 ApplicationSpawner and FrameworkSpawner servers have an idle timeout just
-  like worker processes. If an ApplicationSpawner/FrameworkSpawner server hasn&#8217;t
+  like worker processes. If an ApplicationSpawner/FrameworkSpawner server hasn’t
   been instructed to do anything for a while, it will be shutdown in order to
   conserve memory. This idle timeout is configurable.
 </p>
@@ -3532,10 +3858,10 @@ ApplicationSpawner and FrameworkSpawner servers have an idle timeout just
 </ul></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_summary_of_benefits">11.2.2. Summary of benefits</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_summary_of_benefits" data-comment-topic="summary-of-benefits-qovyvk">11.2.2. Summary of benefits</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose that Phusion Passenger needs a new worker process for an application
 that uses Rails 2.2.1.</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 If the <em>smart-lv2</em> spawning method is used, and an ApplicationSpawner server
@@ -3569,11 +3895,11 @@ gotchas you can easily reap the benefits of smart spawning.</p></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_smart_spawning_gotcha_1_unintentional_file_descriptor_sharing">11.3. Smart spawning gotcha #1: unintentional file descriptor sharing</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_smart_spawning_gotcha_1_unintentional_file_descriptor_sharing" data-comment-topic="smart-spawning-gotcha-1-unintentional-file-descriptor-sharing-cebw6q">11.3. Smart spawning gotcha #1: unintentional file descriptor sharing</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Because worker processes are created by forking from an ApplicationSpawner
 server, it will share all file descriptors that are opened by the
 ApplicationSpawner server. (This is part of the semantics of the Unix
-<em>fork()</em> system call. You might want to Google it if you&#8217;re not familiar with
+<em>fork()</em> system call. You might want to Google it if you’re not familiar with
 it.) A file descriptor is a handle which can be an opened file, an opened socket
 connection, a pipe, etc. If different worker processes write to such a file
 descriptor at the same time, then their write calls will be interleaved, which
@@ -3584,7 +3910,8 @@ Passenger is creating a new worker process. Phusion Passenger provides the API
 call <span class="monospaced">PhusionPassenger.on_event(:starting_worker_process)</span> to do so. So you
 could insert the following code in your <em>environment.rb</em>:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+<div class="content">
+<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
 by Lorenzo Bettini
 http://www.lorenzobettini.it
 http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
@@ -3597,12 +3924,14 @@ http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
             <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># We're in conservative spawning mode. We don't need to do anything.</span></span>
         <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
     <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
-<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that Phusion Passenger automatically reestablishes the connection to the
 database upon creating a new worker process, which is why you normally do not
 encounter any database issues when using smart spawning mode.</p></div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_example_1_memcached_connection_sharing_harmful">11.3.1. Example 1: Memcached connection sharing (harmful)</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_example_1_memcached_connection_sharing_harmful" data-comment-topic="example-1-memcached-connection-sharing-harmful--1wfs3ad">11.3.1. Example 1: Memcached connection sharing (harmful)</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose we have a Rails application that connects to a Memcached server in
 <em>environment.rb</em>. This causes the ApplicationSpawner to have a socket connection
 (file descriptor) to the Memcached server, as shown in the following figure:</p></div>
@@ -3611,7 +3940,8 @@ encounter any database issues when using smart spawning mode.</p></div>
 <pre>+--------------------+
 | ApplicationSpawner |-----------[Memcached server]
 +--------------------+</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger then proceeds with creating a new Rails worker process, which
 is to process incoming HTTP requests. The result will look like this:</p></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
@@ -3623,7 +3953,8 @@ is to process incoming HTTP requests. The result will look like this:</p></div>
 +--------------------+      |
 | Worker process 1   |-----/
 +--------------------+</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Since a <em>fork()</em> makes a (virtual) complete copy of a process, all its file
 descriptors will be copied as well. What we see here is that ApplicationSpawner
 and Worker process 1 both share the same connection to Memcached.</p></div>
@@ -3643,11 +3974,12 @@ result is now as follows:</p></div>
 +--------------------+      |
 | Worker process 2   |-----/
 +--------------------+</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>As you can see, Worker process 1 and Worker process 2 have the same Memcached
 connection.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose that users Joe and Jane visit your website at the same time. Joe&#8217;s
-request is handled by Worker process 1, and Jane&#8217;s request is handled by Worker
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose that users Joe and Jane visit your website at the same time. Joe’s
+request is handled by Worker process 1, and Jane’s request is handled by Worker
 process 2. Both worker processes want to fetch something from Memcached. Suppose
 that in order to do that, both handlers need to send a "FETCH" command to Memcached.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>But suppose that, after worker process 1 having only sent "FE", a context switch
@@ -3674,11 +4006,13 @@ Memcached is forced to handle this as an error.</p></div>
 +--------------------+                          |
           |                                     |
           +-------------------------------------+</pre>
-</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Worker process 2 now has its own, separate communication channel with Memcached.
 The code in <em>environment.rb</em> looks like this:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+<div class="content">
+<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
 by Lorenzo Bettini
 http://www.lorenzobettini.it
 http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
@@ -3691,10 +4025,12 @@ http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
             <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># We're in conservative spawning mode. We don't need to do anything.</span></span>
         <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
     <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
-<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
-<h4 id="_example_2_log_file_sharing_not_harmful">11.3.2. Example 2: Log file sharing (not harmful)</h4>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h4 id="_example_2_log_file_sharing_not_harmful" data-comment-topic="example-2-log-file-sharing-not-harmful--ox4yfy">11.3.2. Example 2: Log file sharing (not harmful)</h4>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>There are also cases in which unintentional file descriptor sharing is not harmful.
 One such case is log file file descriptor sharing. Even if two processes write
 to the log file at the same time, the worst thing that can happen is that the
@@ -3702,18 +4038,19 @@ data in the log file is interleaved.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>To guarantee that the data written to the log file is never interleaved, you
 must synchronize write access via an inter-process synchronization mechanism,
 such as file locks. Reopening the log file, like you would have done in the
-Memcached example, doesn&#8217;t help.</p></div>
+Memcached example, doesn’t help.</p></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_smart_spawning_gotcha_2_the_need_to_revive_threads">11.4. Smart spawning gotcha #2: the need to revive threads</h3>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Another part of the <em>fork()</em> system call&#8217;s semantics is the fact that threads
-disappear after a fork call. So if you&#8217;ve created any threads in environment.rb,
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_smart_spawning_gotcha_2_the_need_to_revive_threads" data-comment-topic="smart-spawning-gotcha-2-the-need-to-revive-threads-1ey176o">11.4. Smart spawning gotcha #2: the need to revive threads</h3>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Another part of the <em>fork()</em> system call’s semantics is the fact that threads
+disappear after a fork call. So if you’ve created any threads in environment.rb,
 then those threads will no longer be running in newly created worker process.
 You need to revive them when a new worker process is created. Use the
 <span class="monospaced">:starting_worker_process</span> event that Phusion Passenger provides, like this:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+<div class="content">
+<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
 by Lorenzo Bettini
 http://www.lorenzobettini.it
 http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
@@ -3726,17 +4063,19 @@ http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
             <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># We're in conservative spawning mode. We don't need to do anything.</span></span>
         <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
     <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
-<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_smart_spawning_gotcha_3_code_load_order">11.5. Smart spawning gotcha #3: code load order</h3>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="comments empty" title="Add a comment"><span class="count"></span></a><h3 id="_smart_spawning_gotcha_3_code_load_order" data-comment-topic="smart-spawning-gotcha-3-code-load-order-12ydsn8">11.5. Smart spawning gotcha #3: code load order</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This gotcha is only applicable to the <em>smart</em> spawn method, not the <em>smart-lv2</em>
 spawn method.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>If your application expects the Rails framework to be not loaded during the
 beginning of <em>environment.rb</em>, then it can cause problems when an
 ApplicationSpawner is created from a FrameworkSpawner, which already has the
 Rails framework loaded. The most common case is when applications try to patch
-Rails by dropping a modified file that has the same name as Rails&#8217;s own file,
+Rails by dropping a modified file that has the same name as Rails’s own file,
 in a path that comes earlier in the Ruby search path.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>For example, suppose that we have an application which has a patched version
 of <em>active_record/base.rb</em> located in <em>RAILS_ROOT/lib/patches</em>, and
@@ -3752,8 +4091,679 @@ has no effect.</p></div>
 <div id="footnotes"><hr></div>
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
-Last updated 2012-03-20 10:52:52 CET
-</div>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+Last updated 2012-06-14 09:44:53 CEST
+</div>
+</div>
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this},_toggle:f.fn.toggle,toggle:function(a,b,c){var d=typeof a=="boolean";f.isFunction(a)&&f.isFunction(b)?this._toggle.apply(this,arguments):a==null||d?this.each(function(){var b=d?a:f(this).is(":hidden");f(this)[b?"show":"hide"]()}):this.animate(cu("toggle",3),a,b,c);return this},fadeTo:function(a,b,c,d){return this.filter(":hidden").css("opacity",0).show().end().animate({opacity:b},a,c,d)},animate:function(a,b,c,d){function g(){e.queue===!1&&f._mark(this);var b=f.extend({},e),c=this.nodeType===1,d=c&&f(this).is(":hidden"),g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o;b.animatedProperties={};for(i in a){g=f.camelCase(i),i!==g&&(a[g]=a[i],delete a[i]),h=a[g],f.isArray(h)?(b.animatedProperties[g]=h[1],h=a[g]=h[0]):b.animatedProperties[g]=b.specialEasing&&b.specialEasing[g]||b.easing||"swing";if(h==="hide"&&d||h==="show"&&!d)return b.complete.call(this);c&&(g==="height"||g==="width")&&(b.overflow=[this.style.overflow,this.style.overflowX,this.style.overflowY],f.css(this,"display")==="inline"&&f.css(this,"float")==="none"&&(!f.support.inlineBlockNeedsLayout||cv(this.nodeName)==="inline"?this.style.display="inline-block":this.style.zoom=1))}b.overflow!=null&&(this.style.overflow="hidden");for(i in a)j=new f.fx(this,b,i),h=a[i],cn.test(h)?(o=f._data(this,"toggle"+i)||(h==="toggle"?d?"show":"hide":0),o?(f._data(this,"toggle"+i,o==="show"?"hide":"show"),j[o]()):j[h]()):(k=co.exec(h),l=j.cur(),k?(m=parseFloat(k[2]),n=k[3]||(f.cssNumber[i]?"":"px"),n!=="px"&&(f.style(this,i,(m||1)+n),l=(m||1)/j.cur()*l,f.style(this,i,l+n)),k[1]&&(m=(k[1]==="-="?-1:1)*m+l),j.custom(l,m,n)):j.custom(l,h,""));return!0}var e=f.speed(b,c,d);if(f.isEmptyObject(a))return this.each(e.complete,[!1]);a=f.extend({},a);return e.queue===!1?this.each(g):this.queue(e.queue,g)},stop:function(a,c,d){typeof a!="string"&&(d=c,c=a,a=b),c&&a!==!1&&this.queue(a||"fx",[]);return this.each(function(){function h(a,b,c){var e=b[c];f.removeData(a,c,!0),e.stop(d)}var b,c=!1,e=f.timers,g=f._data(this);d||f._unmark(!0,this);if(a==null)for(b in g)g[b]&&g[b].stop&&b.indexOf(".run")===b.length-4&&h(this,g,b);else g[b=a+".run"]&&g[b].stop&&h(this,g,b);for(b=e.length;b--;)e[b].elem===this&&(a==null||e[b].queue===a)&&(d?e[b](!0):e[b].saveState(),c=!0,e.splice(b,1));(!d||!c)&&f.dequeue(this,a)})}}),f.each({slideDown:cu("show",1),slideUp:cu("hide",1),slideToggle:cu("toggle",1),fadeIn:{opacity:"show"},fadeOut:{opacity:"hide"},fadeToggle:{opacity:"toggle"}},function(a,b){f.fn[a]=function(a,c,d){return this.animate(b,a,c,d)}}),f.extend({speed:function(a,b,c){var d=a&&typeof a=="object"?f.extend({},a):{complete:c||!c&&b||f.isFunction(a)&&a,duration:a,easing:c&&b||b&&!f.isFunction(b)&&b};d.duration=f.fx.off?0:typeof d.duration=="number"?d.duration:d.duration in f.fx.speeds?f.fx.speeds[d.duration]:f.fx.speeds._default;if(d.queue==null||d.queue===!0)d.queue="fx";d.old=d.complete,d.complete=function(a){f.isFunction(d.old)&&d.old.call(this),d.queue?f.dequeue(this,d.queue):a!==!1&&f._unmark(this)};return d},easing:{linear:function(a,b,c,d){return c+d*a},swing:function(a,b,c,d){return(-Math.cos(a*Math.PI)/2+.5)*d+c}},timers:[],fx:function(a,b,c){this.options=b,this.elem=a,this.prop=c,b.orig=b.orig||{}}}),f.fx.prototype={update:function(){this.options.step&&this.options.step.call(this.elem,this.now,this),(f.fx.step[this.prop]||f.fx.step._default)(this)},cur:function(){if(this.elem[this.prop]!=null&&(!this.elem.style||this.elem.style[this.prop]==null))return this.elem[this.prop];var a,b=f.css(this.elem,this.prop);return isNaN(a=parseFloat(b))?!b||b==="auto"?0:b:a},custom:function(a,c,d){function h(a){return e.step(a)}var e=this,g=f.fx;this.startTime=cr||cs(),this.end=c,this.now=this.start=a,this.pos=this.state=0,this.unit=d||this.unit||(f.cssNumber[this.prop]?"":"px"),h.queue=this.options.queue,h.elem=this.elem,h.saveState=function(){e.options.hide&&f._data(e.elem,"fxshow"+e.prop)===b&&f._data(e.elem,"fxshow"+e.prop,e.start)},h()&&f.timers.push(h)&&!cp&&(cp=setInterval(g.tick,g.interval))},show:function(){var a=f._data(this.elem,"fxshow"+this.prop);this.options.orig[this.prop]=a||f.style(this.elem,this.prop),this.options.show=!0,a!==b?this.custom(this.cur(),a):this.custom(this.prop==="width"||this.prop==="height"?1:0,this.cur()),f(this.elem).show()},hide:function(){this.options.orig[this.prop]=f._data(this.elem,"fxshow"+this.prop)||f.style(this.elem,this.prop),this.options.hide=!0,this.custom(this.cur(),0)},step:function(a){var b,c,d,e=cr||cs(),g=!0,h=this.elem,i=this.options;if(a||e>=i.duration+this.startTime){this.now=this.end,this.pos=this.state=1,this.update(),i.animatedProperties[this.prop]=!0;for(b in i.animatedProperties)i.animatedProperties[b]!==!0&&(g=!1);if(g){i.overflow!=null&&!f.support.shrinkWrapBlocks&&f.each(["","X","Y"],function(a,b){h.style["overflow"+b]=i.overflow[a]}),i.hide&&f(h).hide();if(i.hide||i.show)for(b in i.animatedProperties)f.style(h,b,i.orig[b]),f.removeData(h,"fxshow"+b,!0),f.removeData(h,"toggle"+b,!0);d=i.complete,d&&(i.complete=!1,d.call(h))}return!1}i.duration==Infinity?this.now=e:(c=e-this.startTime,this.state=c/i.duration,this.pos=f.easing[i.animatedProperties[this.prop]](this.state,c,0,1,i.duration),this.now=this.start+(this.end-this.start)*this.pos),this.update();return!0}},f.extend(f.fx,{tick:function(){var a,b=f.timers,c=0;for(;c<b.length;c++)a=b[c],!a()&&b[c]===a&&b.splice(c--,1);b.length||f.fx.stop()},interval:13,stop:function(){clearInterval(cp),cp=null},speeds:{slow:600,fast:200,_default:400},step:{opacity:function(a){f.style(a.elem,"opacity",a.now)},_default:function(a){a.elem.style&&a.elem.style[a.prop]!=null?a.elem.style[a.prop]=a.now+a.unit:a.elem[a.prop]=a.now}}}),f.each(["width","height"],function(a,b){f.fx.step[b]=function(a){f.style(a.elem,b,Math.max(0,a.now)+a.unit)}}),f.expr&&f.expr.filters&&(f.expr.filters.animated=function(a){return f.grep(f.timers,function(b){return a===b.elem}).length});var cw=/^t(?:able|d|h)$/i,cx=/^(?:body|html)$/i;"getBoundingClientRect"in c.documentElement?f.fn.offset=function(a){var b=this[0],c;if(a)return this.each(function(b){f.offset.setOffset(this,a,b)});if(!b||!b.ownerDocument)return null;if(b===b.ownerDocument.body)return f.offset.bodyOffset(b);try{c=b.getBoundingClientRect()}catch(d){}var e=b.ownerDocument,g=e.documentElement;if(!c||!f.contains(g,b))return c?{top:c.top,left:c.left}:{top:0,left:0};var h=e.body,i=cy(e),j=g.clientTop||h.clientTop||0,k=g.clientLeft||h.clientLeft||0,l=i.pageYOffset||f.support.boxModel&&g.scrollTop||h.scrollTop,m=i.pageXOffset||f.support.boxModel&&g.scrollLeft||h.scrollLeft,n=c.top+l-j,o=c.left+m-k;return{top:n,left:o}}:f.fn.offset=function(a){var b=this[0];if(a)return this.each(function(b){f.offset.setOffset(this,a,b)});if(!b||!b.ownerDocument)return null;if(b===b.ownerDocument.body)return f.offset.bodyOffset(b);var c,d=b.offsetParent,e=b,g=b.ownerDocument,h=g.documentElement,i=g.body,j=g.defaultView,k=j?j.getComputedStyle(b,null):b.currentStyle,l=b.offsetTop,m=b.offsetLeft;while((b=b.parentNode)&&b!==i&&b!==h){if(f.support.fixedPosition&&k.position==="fixed")break;c=j?j.getComputedStyle(b,null):b.currentStyle,l-=b.scrollTop,m-=b.scrollLeft,b===d&&(l+=b.offsetTop,m+=b.offsetLeft,f.support.doesNotAddBorder&&(!f.support.doesAddBorderForTableAndCells||!cw.test(b.nodeName))&&(l+=parseFloat(c.borderTopWidth)||0,m+=parseFloat(c.borderLeftWidth)||0),e=d,d=b.offsetParent),f.support.subtractsBorderForOverflowNotVisible&&c.overflow!=="visible"&&(l+=parseFloat(c.borderTopWidth)||0,m+=parseFloat(c.borderLeftWidth)||0),k=c}if(k.position==="relative"||k.position==="static")l+=i.offsetTop,m+=i.offsetLeft;f.support.fixedPosition&&k.position==="fixed"&&(l+=Math.max(h.scrollTop,i.scrollTop),m+=Math.max(h.scrollLeft,i.scrollLeft));return{top:l,left:m}},f.offset={bodyOffset:function(a){var b=a.offsetTop,c=a.offsetLeft;f.support.doesNotIncludeMarginInBodyOffset&&(b+=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginTop"))||0,c+=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginLeft"))||0);return{top:b,left:c}},setOffset:function(a,b,c){var d=f.css(a,"position");d==="static"&&(a.style.position="relative");var e=f(a),g=e.offset(),h=f.css(a,"top"),i=f.css(a,"left"),j=(d==="absolute"||d==="fixed")&&f.inArray("auto",[h,i])>-1,k={},l={},m,n;j?(l=e.position(),m=l.top,n=l.left):(m=parseFloat(h)||0,n=parseFloat(i)||0),f.isFunction(b)&&(b=b.call(a,c,g)),b.top!=null&&(k.top=b.top-g.top+m),b.left!=null&&(k.left=b.left-g.left+n),"using"in b?b.using.call(a,k):e.css(k)}},f.fn.extend({position:function(){if(!this[0])return null;var a=this[0],b=this.offsetParent(),c=this.offset(),d=cx.test(b[0].nodeName)?{top:0,left:0}:b.offset();c.top-=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginTop"))||0,c.left-=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginLeft"))||0,d.top+=parseFloat(f.css(b[0],"borderTopWidth"))||0,d.left+=parseFloat(f.css(b[0],"borderLeftWidth"))||0;return{top:c.top-d.top,left:c.left-d.left}},offsetParent:function(){return this.map(function(){var a=this.offsetParent||c.body;while(a&&!cx.test(a.nodeName)&&f.css(a,"position")==="static")a=a.offsetParent;return a})}}),f.each(["Left","Top"],function(a,c){var d="scroll"+c;f.fn[d]=function(c){var e,g;if(c===b){e=this[0];if(!e)return null;g=cy(e);return g?"pageXOffset"in g?g[a?"pageYOffset":"pageXOffset"]:f.support.boxModel&&g.document.documentElement[d]||g.document.body[d]:e[d]}return this.each(function(){g=cy(this),g?g.scrollTo(a?f(g).scrollLeft():c,a?c:f(g).scrollTop()):this[d]=c})}}),f.each(["Height","Width"],function(a,c){var d=c.toLowerCase();f.fn["inner"+c]=function(){var a=this[0];return a?a.style?parseFloat(f.css(a,d,"padding")):this[d]():null},f.fn["outer"+c]=function(a){var b=this[0];return b?b.style?parseFloat(f.css(b,d,a?"margin":"border")):this[d]():null},f.fn[d]=function(a){var e=this[0];if(!e)return a==null?null:this;if(f.isFunction(a))return this.each(function(b){var c=f(this);c[d](a.call(this,b,c[d]()))});if(f.isWindow(e)){var g=e.document.documentElement["client"+c],h=e.document.body;return e.document.compatMode==="CSS1Compat"&&g||h&&h["client"+c]||g}if(e.nodeType===9)return Math.max(e.documentElement["client"+c],e.body["scroll"+c],e.documentElement["scroll"+c],e.body["offset"+c],e.documentElement["offset"+c]);if(a===b){var i=f.css(e,d),j=parseFloat(i);return f.isNumeric(j)?j:i}return this.css(d,typeof a=="string"?a:a+"px")}}),a.jQuery=a.$=f,typeof define=="function"&&define.amd&&define.amd.jQuery&&define("jquery",[],function(){return f})})(window);
+/**
+ * jQuery hashchange 1.0.0
+ * 
+ * (based on jquery.history)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2008 Chris Leishman (chrisleishman.com)
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT (MIT-LICENSE.txt)
+ * and GPL (GPL-LICENSE.txt) licenses.
+ */
+(function($) {
+
+$.fn.extend({
+    hashchange: function(callback) { this.bind('hashchange', callback) },
+    openOnClick: function(href) {
+		if (href === undefined || href.length == 0)
+			href = '#';
+		return this.click(function(ev) {
+			if (href && href.charAt(0) == '#') {
+				// execute load in separate call stack
+				window.setTimeout(function() { $.locationHash(href) }, 0);
+			} else {
+				window.location(href);
+			}
+			ev.stopPropagation();
+			return false;
+		});
+    }
+});
+
+// IE 8 introduces the hashchange event natively - so nothing more to do
+if ($.browser.msie && document.documentMode && document.documentMode >= 8) {
+	$.extend({
+		locationHash: function(hash) {
+	        if (!hash) hash = '#';
+	        else if (hash.charAt(0) != '#') hash = '#' + hash;
+	        location.hash = hash;
+	    }
+	});
+	return;
+}
+
+var curHash;
+// hidden iframe for IE (earlier than 8)
+var iframe;
+
+$.extend({
+	locationHash: function(hash) {
+		if (curHash === undefined) return;
+
+		if (!hash) hash = '#';
+		else if (hash.charAt(0) != '#') hash = '#' + hash;
+		
+		location.hash = hash;
+		
+		if (curHash == hash) return;
+		curHash = hash;
+		
+		if ($.browser.msie) updateIEFrame(hash);
+		$.event.trigger('hashchange');
+	}
+});
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+    curHash = location.hash;
+    if ($.browser.msie) {
+        // stop the callback firing twice during init if no hash present
+        if (curHash == '') curHash = '#';
+        // add hidden iframe for IE
+        iframe = $('<iframe />').hide().get(0);
+        $('body').prepend(iframe);
+        updateIEFrame(location.hash);
+        setInterval(checkHashIE, 100);
+    } else {
+        setInterval(checkHash, 100);
+    }
+});
+$(window).unload(function() { iframe = null });
+
+function checkHash() {
+    var hash = location.hash;
+    if (hash != curHash) {
+        curHash = hash;
+        $.event.trigger('hashchange');
+    }
+}
+
+if ($.browser.msie) {
+    // Attach a live handler for any anchor links
+    $('a[href^=#]').live('click', function() {
+        var hash = $(this).attr('href');
+        // Don't intercept the click if there is an existing anchor on the page
+        // that matches this hash
+        if ($(hash).length == 0 && $('a[name='+hash.slice(1)+']').length == 0) {
+            $.locationHash(hash);
+            return false;
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+function checkHashIE() {
+    // On IE, check for location.hash of iframe
+    var idoc = iframe.contentDocument || iframe.contentWindow.document;
+    var hash = idoc.location.hash;
+    if (hash == '') hash = '#';
+
+    if (hash != curHash) {
+        if (location.hash != hash) location.hash = hash;
+        curHash = hash;
+        $.event.trigger('hashchange');
+    }
+}
+
+function updateIEFrame(hash) {
+    if (hash == '#') hash = '';
+    var idoc = iframe.contentWindow.document;
+    idoc.open();
+    idoc.close();
+    if (idoc.location.hash != hash) idoc.location.hash = hash;
+}
+
+})(jQuery);
+// IE...
+if (!Date.now) {
+	Date.now = function() {
+		return new Date().getTime();
+	}
+}
+
+var Mizuho = {
+	/** Cached DOM elements so that we don't have to re-find them over and over. */
+	$document: undefined,
+	$window: undefined,
+	$mainSections: undefined,
+	$sectionHeaders: undefined,
+
+	/** Constants */
+	MAX_TOC_LEVEL: 3,
+
+	sectionHeadersSelector: undefined,
+	scrollMemory: {},
+	changingHash: false,
+	activeHash: undefined,
+	/** Whether in single-page or multi-page mode. Either 'single' or 'multi'. */
+	mode: 'single',
+	/** Whether smooth scrolling is enabled. It is always enabled except right
+	 * after page load: when the page is scrolled to the section as pointed to
+	 * by location.hash.
+	 */
+	smoothScrolling: true,
+	
+	initialize: function() {
+		this.sectionHeadersSelector = '';
+		for (var i = 0; i < this.MAX_TOC_LEVEL; i++) {
+			if (i != 0) {
+				this.sectionHeadersSelector += ', ';
+			}
+			this.sectionHeadersSelector += 'h' + (i + 2);
+		}
+		
+		this.$document = $(document);
+		this.$window = $(window);
+		this.$mainSections = $('.sect1');
+		this.$sectionHeaders = $(this.sectionHeadersSelector, '#content');
+		this.$sectionHeaders.sort(function(a, b) {
+			var off_a = $(a).offset();
+			var off_b = $(b).offset();
+			return off_a.top - off_b.top;
+		});
+		
+		if (this.isMobileDevice()) {
+			$(document.body).addClass('mobile');
+		}
+	},
+	
+
+	/********* Generic utility functions *********/
+
+	isMobileDevice: function() {
+		return navigator.userAgent.match(
+			/(IEMobile|Windows CE|NetFront|PlayStation|PLAYSTATION|like Mac OS X|MIDP|UP\.Browser|Symbian|Nintendo|Android)/
+		);
+	},
+	
+	virtualAnimate: function(options) {
+		var options = $.extend({
+			duration: 1000
+		}, options || {});
+		var animation_start = Date.now();
+		var animation_end = Date.now() + options.duration;
+		var interval = animation_end - animation_start;
+		this._virtualAnimate_step(animation_start, animation_end, interval, options);
+	},
+
+	_virtualAnimate_step: function(animation_start, animation_end, interval, options) {
+		var self = this;
+		var now = new Date();
+		var progress = (now - animation_start) / interval;
+		if (progress > 1) {
+			progress = 1;
+		}
+		progress = (1 + Math.sin(-Math.PI / 2 + progress * Math.PI)) / 2;
+		options.step(progress);
+		if (now < animation_end) {
+			setTimeout(function() {
+				self._virtualAnimate_step(animation_start,
+					animation_end, interval, options);
+			}, 15);
+		} else {
+			options.step(1);
+			if (options.finish) {
+				options.finish();
+			}
+		}
+	},
+	
+	smoothlyScrollTo: function(top) {
+		if (!this.smoothScrolling) {
+			return this.setScrollTop(top);
+		}
+		
+		var self = this;
+		var $document = this.$document;
+		var current = $document.scrollTop();
+		this.virtualAnimate({
+			duration: 300,
+			step: function(x) {
+				$document.scrollTop(Math.floor(
+					top + (1 - x) * (current - top)
+				));
+			},
+			finish: function() {
+				self.setScrollTop(top);
+			}
+		});
+	},
+	
+	smoothlyScrollToToc: function() {
+		this.smoothlyScrollTo($('#toc').position().top);
+	},
+
+	scrollToHeader: function(header) {
+		this.smoothlyScrollTo($(header).offset().top - 50);
+	},
+	
+	setScrollTop: function(top, element) {
+		// Browsers don't always scroll properly so work around
+		// this with a few timers.
+		var self = this;
+		element = element || this.$document;
+		element = $(element);
+		element.scrollTop(top);
+		setTimeout(function() {
+			element.scrollTop(top);
+		}, 1);
+		setTimeout(function() {
+			element.scrollTop(top);
+			self.$document.trigger('mizuho:updateTopBar');
+		}, 20);
+	},
+	
+
+	/********* Mizuho-specific functions *********/
+
+	/** Returns the currently displayed section's header DOM element. */
+	currentSubsection: function() {
+		var $sectionHeaders = this.$sectionHeaders;
+		var scrollTop = this.$document.scrollTop();
+		var windowHeight = this.$window.height();
+		var offset;
+		
+		var low = 0;
+		var high = this.$sectionHeaders.length - 1;
+		var mid = 0;
+		
+		while (low <= high) {
+			mid = Math.floor((low + high) / 2);
+			offset = $($sectionHeaders[mid]).offset();
+			
+			if (offset.top >= scrollTop) {
+				high = mid - 1;
+			} else {
+				low = mid + 1;
+			}
+		}
+		
+		var $found = $($sectionHeaders[low]);
+		if ($found.offset().top > scrollTop + windowHeight) {
+			if (low > 0) {
+				return $sectionHeaders[low - 1];
+			} else {
+				return undefined;
+			}
+		} else {
+			return $sectionHeaders[low];
+		}
+	},
+	
+	/** Looks up a section's header DOM element corresponding to a hash name. */
+	lookupHeader: function(hash) {
+		var id = hash.replace(/^#!\//, '#');
+		if (id == '') {
+			return undefined;
+		} else {
+			var header = $(id);
+			if (header.length == 0) {
+				return undefined;
+			} else {
+				return header;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+};
+
+for (var key in Mizuho) {
+	if (typeof(Mizuho[key]) == 'function') {
+		Mizuho[key] = $.proxy(Mizuho[key], Mizuho);
+	}
+}
+$(document).ready(Mizuho.initialize);
+//$(document).ready(Mizuho.installHashbangLinks);
+
+Mizuho.initializeTopBar = $.proxy(function() {
+	var $window = this.$window;
+	var $document = this.$document;
+	var self = this;
+	var $topbar = $('#topbar');
+	var $title = $('#header h1');
+	var $currentSection = $('#current_section');
+	var isMobileDevice = this.isMobileDevice();
+	var timerId;
+	
+	var $floattoc = $('<div id="floattoc"></div>').html($('#toc').html());
+	$floattoc.find('#toctitle').remove();
+	$floattoc.find('.comments').remove();
+	$floattoc.css('visibility', 'hidden');
+	$floattoc.insertAfter($topbar);
+	var $floattoclinks = $floattoc.find('a');
+	$floattoclinks.each(function() {
+		// Firefox changes '#!' to '#%21' so change that back.
+		var $this = $(this);
+		var href = $this.attr('href');
+		if (href.match(/^#%21/)) {
+			$this.attr('href', href.replace(/^#%21/, '#!'));
+		}
+	});
+	$floattoclinks.click(function(event) {
+		self.internalLinkClicked(this, event);
+	});
+	
+	function showFloatingToc() {
+		var scrollUpdateTimerId;
+		
+		function reposition() {
+			if (isMobileDevice) {
+				$floattoc.css({
+					top: $currentSection.offset().top +
+						$currentSection.innerHeight() +
+						'px',
+					height: $window.height() * 0.7 + 'px'
+				});
+			}
+		}
+		
+		function highlightCurrentTocEntry() {
+			var currentSubsection = self.currentSubsection();
+			$floattoclinks.removeClass('current');
+			if (currentSubsection) {
+				var currentSubsectionTitle = $(currentSubsection).text();
+				var $link;
+				
+				$floattoclinks.each(function() {
+					if ($(this).text() == currentSubsectionTitle) {
+						$link = $(this);
+						return false;
+					}
+				});
+				if ($link) {
+					$link.addClass('current');
+					self.setScrollTop(
+						$floattoc.scrollTop() +
+							$link.position().top -
+							$floattoc.height() * 0.45,
+						$floattoc);
+					return false;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		
+		function hideFloatingToc() {
+			$currentSection.removeClass('pressed');
+			$floattoc.css('visibility', 'hidden');
+			$floattoclinks.unbind('click', hideFloatingToc);
+			$document.unbind('mousedown', onMouseDown);
+			$document.unbind('touchdown', onMouseDown);
+			$document.unbind('mizuho:hideTopBar', hideFloatingToc);
+			$window.unbind('scroll', onScroll);
+			if (scrollUpdateTimerId !== undefined) {
+				clearTimeout(scrollUpdateTimerId);
+				scrollUpdateTimerId = undefined;
+			}
+		}
+		
+		function onMouseDown(event) {
+			if (event.target != $floattoc[0]
+			 && $(event.target).closest('#floattoc').length == 0) {
+				hideFloatingToc();
+			}
+		}
+		
+		function onScroll(event) {
+			if (scrollUpdateTimerId === undefined) {
+				scrollUpdateTimerId = setTimeout(function() {
+					scrollUpdateTimerId = undefined;
+					reposition();
+					highlightCurrentTocEntry();
+				}, 100);
+			}
+		}
+		
+		// Layout and display floating TOC.
+		highlightCurrentTocEntry();
+		var origScrollTop = $document.scrollTop();
+		var windowWidth = $window.width();
+		var maxRight = windowWidth - Math.floor(windowWidth * 0.1);
+		
+		if ($currentSection.offset().left + $floattoc.outerWidth() > maxRight) {
+			$floattoc.css('left', maxRight - $floattoc.outerWidth());
+		} else {
+			$floattoc.css('left', $currentSection.offset().left + 'px');
+		}
+		reposition();
+		$floattoc.css('visibility', 'visible');
+		$currentSection.addClass('pressed');
+		
+		$floattoclinks.bind('click', hideFloatingToc);
+		$document.bind('mousedown', onMouseDown)
+		$document.bind('touchdown', onMouseDown);
+		$document.bind('mizuho:hideTopBar', hideFloatingToc);
+		$window.bind('scroll', onScroll);
+	}
+	
+	function update() {
+		if ($title.offset().top + $title.height() < $document.scrollTop()) {
+			if (!$topbar.is(':visible')) {
+				$topbar.slideDown(250);
+				$document.trigger('mizuho:showTopBar');
+			}
+		} else {
+			if ($topbar.is(':visible')) {
+				$topbar.slideUp();
+				$document.trigger('mizuho:hideTopBar');
+			}
+		}
+		
+		if (isMobileDevice) {
+			$topbar.css({
+				top: $document.scrollTop() + 'px',
+				width: $window.width() -
+					parseInt($topbar.css('padding-left')) -
+					parseInt($topbar.css('padding-right')) +
+					'px'
+			});
+		}
+		
+		var header = self.currentSubsection();
+		var name;
+		if (header) {
+			name = $(header).text();
+		} else {
+			name = 'Preamble';
+		}
+		$currentSection.text(name);
+	}
+	
+	function scheduleUpdate() {
+		if (timerId !== undefined) {
+			return;
+		}
+		timerId = setTimeout(function() {
+			timerId = undefined;
+			update();
+		}, 100);
+	}
+	
+	if (isMobileDevice) {
+		// Mobile devices don't support position fixed.
+		$topbar.css('position', 'absolute');
+		$floattoc.css('position', 'absolute');
+	}
+	
+	$currentSection.click(showFloatingToc);
+	$window.scroll(scheduleUpdate);
+	$document.bind('mizuho:updateTopBar', update);
+}, Mizuho);
+
+$(document).ready(Mizuho.initializeTopBar);
+
+
+				var JUVIA_URL = 'http://juvia.phusion.nl';
+				var JUVIA_SITE_KEY = 'q0ptarhn8o9xanwomq8zkgewbtwffyz';
+			var disqus_identifier;
+var disqus_title;
+var disqus_url;
+var disqus_developer = 1;
+
+Mizuho.initializeCommenting = $.proxy(function() {
+	var self = this;
+	this.commentBalloons = $('.comments');
+	this.commentBalloons.click(function() {
+		self.showCommentsPopup(this);
+	});
+	this.reloadCommentCount();
+}, Mizuho);
+
+Mizuho.showLightbox = $.proxy(function(creationCallback, closeCallback) {
+	var lightbox = $(
+		'<div id="comments_lightbox">' +
+		'  <div id="comments_lightbox_shadow"></div>' +
+		'  <div id="comments_lightbox_contents"><div class="shell"></div></div>' +
+		'</div>');
+	var shadow = $('#comments_lightbox_shadow', lightbox);
+	var contents = $('#comments_lightbox_contents > .shell', lightbox);
+	
+	function close() {
+		if (lightbox) {
+			lightbox.remove();
+			lightbox = undefined;
+			if (closeCallback) {
+				closeCallback();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	shadow.click(close);
+	lightbox.bind('lightbox:close', close);
+	lightbox.appendTo(document.body);
+	creationCallback(contents);
+}, Mizuho);
+
+Mizuho.getCommentThreadInfo = $.proxy(function(balloon) {
+	var info = {};
+	if ($(balloon).closest('#toc').length > 0) {
+		info.id = 'toctitle';
+		info.topic = 'toctitle';
+		info.title = $('#header h1').text() + " - " + $('#toctitle').text();
+	} else {
+		var header = $(balloon).next('h2, h3, h4');
+		if (header.length > 0) {
+			info.id = header.attr('id');
+			info.topic = header.data('comment-topic');
+			info.title = $('#header h1').text() + " - " + header.text();
+		} else {
+			info = undefined;
+		}
+	}
+	return info;
+}, Mizuho);
+
+Mizuho.callJuviaApi = function(action, options) {
+	function makeQueryString(options) {
+		var key, params = [];
+		for (key in options) {
+			params.push(
+				encodeURIComponent(key) +
+				'=' +
+				encodeURIComponent(options[key]));
+		}
+		return params.join('&');
+	}
+
+	// Makes sure that each call generates a unique URL, otherwise
+	// the browser may not actually perform the request.
+	if (!('_juviaRequestCounter' in window)) {
+		window._juviaRequestCounter = 0;
+	}
+
+	var url =
+		JUVIA_URL + '/api/' + action +
+		'?_c=' + window._juviaRequestCounter +
+		'&' + makeQueryString(options);
+	window._juviaRequestCounter++;
+	
+	var s       = document.createElement('script');
+	s.async     = true;
+	s.type      = 'text/javascript';
+	s.className = 'juvia';
+	s.src       = url;
+	(document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0] ||
+	 document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0]).appendChild(s);
+}
+
+Mizuho.showCommentsPopup = $.proxy(function(balloon) {
+	var info = this.getCommentThreadInfo(balloon);
+	if (!info) {
+		return;
+	}
+	
+	var self = this;
+	this.showLightbox(function(element) {
+		// We install a 'Close' button in the Juvia comment form after it has loaded.
+		function installCloseButton() {
+			if ($('#comments .juvia-form-actions').size() > 0) {
+				// The Juvia form is now loaded. Install the button.
+				var div = $('<div class="juvia-action" style="margin-left: 0.5em"></div>');
+				var button = $('<input type="button" value="Cancel"></div>').appendTo(div);
+				div.insertBefore('#comments .juvia-form-actions .juvia-error');
+				button.click(function() {
+					$(element).trigger('lightbox:close');
+				});
+			} else {
+				// Continue polling.
+				setTimeout(installCloseButton, 50);
+			}
+		}
+		setTimeout(installCloseButton, 50);
+
+		// Now load the Juvia comments form.
+		element.html('<div id="comments">Loading comments...</div>');
+		self.changingHash = true;
+		location.hash = '#!/' + info.id;
+		self.callJuviaApi('show_topic.js', {
+			container   : '#comments',
+			site_key    : JUVIA_SITE_KEY,
+			topic_key   : info.topic,
+			topic_url   : location.href,
+			topic_title : info.topic,
+			include_base: !window.Juvia,
+			include_css : !window.Juvia
+		});
+	}, function() {
+		self.reloadCommentCount();
+	});
+}, Mizuho);
+
+Mizuho.reloadCommentCount = $.proxy(function() {
+	this.callJuviaApi('list_topics.jsonp', {
+		site_key: JUVIA_SITE_KEY,
+		jsonp   : 'Mizuho.topicListReceived'
+	});
+}, Mizuho);
+
+Mizuho.topicListReceived = $.proxy(function(result) {
+	var self = this;
+	var i, topic, map = {};
+	for (i = 0; i < result.topics.length; i++) {
+		topic = result.topics[i];
+		map[topic.key] = topic;
+	}
+
+	this.commentBalloons.each(function() {
+		var info = self.getCommentThreadInfo(this);
+		if (info) {
+			topic = map[info.topic];
+			if (topic) {
+				var balloon = $(this);
+				$('.count', balloon).text(topic.comment_count);
+				balloon.removeClass('empty');
+				balloon.addClass('nonempty');
+				balloon.attr('title', null);
+			}
+		}
+	});
+}, Mizuho);
+
+$(document).ready(Mizuho.initializeCommenting);
+
+</script>
+</body>
+</html>