RubyGems - passenger - Versions diffs - 3.0.12 → 3.0.13 - Mend

passenger 3.0.12 → 3.0.13

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Files changed (48) hide show

data/DEVELOPERS.TXT +1 -0
data/NEWS +11 -0
data/bin/passenger-install-nginx-module +1 -1
data/build/basics.rb +0 -1
data/build/documentation.rb +17 -8
data/build/packaging.rb +2 -2
data/doc/Architectural overview.html +987 -133
data/doc/Architectural overview.idmap.txt +36 -0
data/doc/Architectural overview.txt +150 -74
data/doc/Security of user switching support.html +820 -54
data/doc/Security of user switching support.idmap.txt +34 -0
data/doc/Users guide Apache.html +1675 -633
data/doc/Users guide Apache.idmap.txt +298 -0
data/doc/Users guide Apache.txt +3 -11
data/doc/Users guide Nginx.html +1462 -452
data/doc/Users guide Nginx.idmap.txt +218 -0
data/doc/Users guide Standalone.html +979 -44
data/doc/Users guide Standalone.idmap.txt +18 -0
data/doc/images/many_web_framework_protocols.png +0 -0
data/doc/images/passenger_architecture.png +0 -0
data/doc/images/passenger_architecture.svg +198 -215
data/doc/images/rack.png +0 -0
data/ext/boost/config/stdlib/libstdcpp3.hpp +2 -1
data/ext/boost/exception/detail/error_info_impl.hpp +1 -1
data/ext/common/AgentBase.cpp +15 -5
data/ext/common/Constants.h +1 -1
data/ext/common/EventedMessageServer.h +1 -1
data/ext/common/StaticString.h +2 -1
data/ext/common/Watchdog.cpp +2 -2
data/ext/libev/config.h +122 -0
data/ext/nginx/Configuration.c +24 -8
data/ext/nginx/ContentHandler.c +5 -6
data/lib/phusion_passenger.rb +2 -2
data/lib/phusion_passenger/abstract_request_handler.rb +11 -8
data/lib/phusion_passenger/dependencies.rb +12 -18
data/lib/phusion_passenger/platform_info/compiler.rb +8 -2
data/lib/phusion_passenger/platform_info/ruby.rb +3 -2
data/lib/phusion_passenger/rails3_extensions/init.rb +6 -4
data/lib/phusion_passenger/standalone/command.rb +10 -13
data/lib/phusion_passenger/standalone/runtime_installer.rb +2 -2
data/lib/phusion_passenger/standalone/start_command.rb +32 -16
data/lib/phusion_passenger/templates/apache2/apache_must_be_compiled_with_compatible_mpm.txt.erb +1 -1
data/lib/phusion_passenger/templates/standalone/config.erb +2 -1
data/test/stub/wsgi/passenger_wsgi.pyc +0 -0
metadata +21 -16
data/doc/Users guide Apache with comments.html +0 -4830
data/lib/phusion_passenger/platform_info/documentation_tools.rb +0 -35
data/test/stub/rails_apps/3.0/empty/log/development.log +0 -3

data/DEVELOPERS.TXT CHANGED Viewed

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ The tests need the following software installed:
 * rspec >= 1.1.2
 * mime-types >= 1.15
 * sqlite3-ruby
+* daemon_controller >= 1.0.0
 The following software is optional:

data/NEWS CHANGED Viewed

@@ -1,3 +1,14 @@
+Release 3.0.13
+--------------
+ * [Nginx] Preferred Nginx version upgraded to 1.2.1.
+ * Fixed compilation problems on FreeBSD 6.4. Fixes issue #766.
+ * Fixed compilation problems on GCC >= 4.6.
+ * Fixed compilation problems on OpenIndiana and Solaris 11. Fixes issue #742.
+ * Union Station-related bug fixes.
+ * Sending the soft termination signal twice to application processes no longer makes them crash. Patch contributed by Ian Ehlert.
 Release 3.0.12
 --------------

data/bin/passenger-install-nginx-module CHANGED Viewed

@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ private
 		new_screen
 		color_puts "<banner>PCRE (required by Nginx) not installed, downloading it...</banner>"
-		url = "ftp://ftp.csx.cam.ac.uk/pub/software/programming/pcre/pcre-#{PREFERRED_PCRE_VERSION}.tar.gz"
+		url = "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/pcre/pcre/#{PREFERRED_PCRE_VERSION}/pcre-#{PREFERRED_PCRE_VERSION}.tar.gz"
 		dirname = "pcre-#{PREFERRED_PCRE_VERSION}"
 		tarball = "#{@working_dir}/pcre.tar.gz"

data/build/basics.rb CHANGED Viewed

@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ require 'phusion_passenger/platform_info/apache'
 require 'phusion_passenger/platform_info/curl'
 require 'phusion_passenger/platform_info/zlib'
 require 'phusion_passenger/platform_info/compiler'
-require 'phusion_passenger/platform_info/documentation_tools'
 include PhusionPassenger
 include PhusionPassenger::PlatformInfo

data/build/documentation.rb CHANGED Viewed

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #  Phusion Passenger - http://www.modrails.com/
-#  Copyright (c) 2010 Phusion
+#  Copyright (c) 2010, 2011, 2012 Phusion
 #
 #  "Phusion Passenger" is a trademark of Hongli Lai & Ninh Bui.
 #
@@ -21,25 +21,34 @@
 #  OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 #  THE SOFTWARE.
-ASCIIDOC_FLAGS = "-b html5 -a toc -a theme=flask -a numbered -a toclevels=3 -a icons"
 desc "Generate all documentation"
 task :doc => Packaging::ASCII_DOCS
 Packaging::ASCII_DOCS.each do |target|
 	source = target.sub(/\.html$/, '.txt')
 	file target => [source] + Dir["doc/users_guide_snippets/**/*"] do
-		if PlatformInfo.asciidoc
+		if PlatformInfo.find_command('mizuho')
 			if target =~ /apache/i
-				type = "-a apache"
+				type = "apache"
+				juvia_site_key = "5jpmkyjqlml8rktsfldfpbwth8ig7w9"
 			elsif target =~ /nginx/i
-				type = "-a nginx"
+				type = "nginx"
+				juvia_site_key = "q0ptarhn8o9xanwomq8zkgewbtwffyz"
+			elsif target =~ /standalone/i
+				type = nil
+				juvia_site_key = "amggdy0k65hb4hbjg3dh7pnb9zd8dwy"
 			else
 				type = nil
+				juvia_site_key = nil
+			end
+			command = "mizuho '#{source}'"
+			command << " -a #{type}" if type
+			if juvia_site_key
+				command << " -c juvia --juvia-url http://juvia.phusion.nl --juvia-site-key #{juvia_site_key}"
 			end
-	  		sh "#{PlatformInfo.asciidoc} #{ASCIIDOC_FLAGS} #{type} '#{source}'"
+			sh(command)
 		else
-			sh "echo 'asciidoc required to build docs' > '#{target}'"
+			sh "echo 'Mizuho required to build docs' > '#{target}'"
 		end
 	end

data/build/packaging.rb CHANGED Viewed

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #  Phusion Passenger - http://www.modrails.com/
-#  Copyright (c) 2010 Phusion
+#  Copyright (c) 2010, 2011, 2012 Phusion
 #
 #  "Phusion Passenger" is a trademark of Hongli Lai & Ninh Bui.
 #
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ spec = Gem::Specification.new do |s|
 	s.require_paths = ["lib"]
 	s.add_dependency 'rake', '>= 0.8.1'
 	s.add_dependency 'fastthread', '>= 1.0.1'
-	s.add_dependency 'daemon_controller', '>= 0.2.5'
+	s.add_dependency 'daemon_controller', '>= 1.0.0'
 	s.add_dependency 'rack'
 	s.files = FileList[*Packaging::GLOB] - FileList[*Packaging::EXCLUDE_GLOB]
 	s.executables = Packaging::USER_EXECUTABLES + Packaging::SUPER_USER_EXECUTABLES

data/doc/Architectural overview.html CHANGED Viewed

@@ -1,20 +1,10 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
-<meta name="generator" content="AsciiDoc 8.6.5">
-<title>Passenger architectural overview</title>
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
+<meta name="generator" content="AsciiDoc 8.6.7">
+<title>Phusion Passenger design &amp; architecture</title>
 <style type="text/css">
-/*
- * AsciiDoc 'flask' theme for xhtml11 and html5 backends. A shameless knock-off
- * of the Flask website styling (http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/).
- *
- * The implementation is straight-forward, consisting of the asciidoc.css file
- * followed by theme specific overrides.
- *
- * */
 /* Shared CSS for AsciiDoc xhtml11 and html5 backends */
 /* Default font. */
@@ -99,6 +89,7 @@ ul > li > * { color: black; }
 pre {
   padding: 0;
   margin: 0;
+  overflow: auto;
 }
 #author {
@@ -525,6 +516,29 @@ th.tableblock.valign-bottom, td.tableblock.valign-bottom {
 }
+/*
+ * manpage specific
+ *
+ * */
+body.manpage h1 {
+  padding-top: 0.5em;
+  padding-bottom: 0.5em;
+  border-top: 2px solid silver;
+  border-bottom: 2px solid silver;
+}
+body.manpage h2 {
+  border-style: none;
+}
+body.manpage div.sectionbody {
+  margin-left: 3em;
+}
+@media print {
+  body.manpage div#toc { display: none; }
+}
 /*
  * Theme specific overrides of the preceding (asciidoc.css) CSS.
  *
@@ -551,7 +565,7 @@ h1 { font-size: 240%; }
 h2 { font-size: 180%; }
 h3 { font-size: 150%; }
 h4 { font-size: 130%; }
-h5 { font-size: 100%; }
+h5 { font-size: 115%; }
 h6 { font-size: 100%; }
 #header h1 { margin-top: 0; }
 #toc {
@@ -589,7 +603,7 @@ div.exampleblock > div.content, div.sidebarblock > div.content, div.listingblock
 div.verseblock { border-left-width: 0; margin-left: 3em; }
 div.quoteblock { border-left-width: 3px; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0;}
 div.admonitionblock td.content { border-left: 3px solid #E8E8E8; }
-</style>
+</style>
 <script type="text/javascript">
 /*<![CDATA[*/
 var asciidoc = {  // Namespace.
@@ -633,7 +647,7 @@ toc: function (toclevels) {
   function tocEntries(el, toclevels) {
     var result = new Array;
-    var re = new RegExp('[hH]([2-'+(toclevels+1)+'])');
+    var re = new RegExp('[hH]([1-'+(toclevels+1)+'])');
     // Function that scans the DOM tree for header elements (the DOM2
     // nodeIterator API would be a better technique but not supported by all
     // browsers).
@@ -662,7 +676,7 @@ toc: function (toclevels) {
   var i;
   for (i = 0; i < toc.childNodes.length; i++) {
     var entry = toc.childNodes[i];
-    if (entry.nodeName == 'DIV'
+    if (entry.nodeName.toLowerCase() == 'div'
      && entry.getAttribute("class")
      && entry.getAttribute("class").match(/^toclevel/))
       tocEntriesToRemove.push(entry);
@@ -708,7 +722,7 @@ footnotes: function () {
   var entriesToRemove = [];
   for (i = 0; i < noteholder.childNodes.length; i++) {
     var entry = noteholder.childNodes[i];
-    if (entry.nodeName == 'DIV' && entry.getAttribute("class") == "footnote")
+    if (entry.nodeName.toLowerCase() == 'div' && entry.getAttribute("class") == "footnote")
       entriesToRemove.push(entry);
   }
   for (i = 0; i < entriesToRemove.length; i++) {
@@ -783,32 +797,285 @@ install: function(toclevels) {
 }
 asciidoc.install(3);
 /*]]>*/
-</script>
-</head>
-<body class="article">
+</script><style type="text/css">
+body {
+	margin: 1em 10% 1em 10%;
+}
+a.image {
+	border: none;
+}
+.comments {
+	display: block;
+	background: url('data:image/png;base64,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') top left no-repeat;
+	float: left;
+	margin-left: -55px;
+	width: 36px;
+	height: 48px;
+	line-height: 0;
+	color: black;
+	text-decoration: none !important;
+	border: none !important;
+}
+#toc .comments {
+	margin-top: 0.25em;
+}
+.sect1 .comments {
+	margin-top: 0.5em;
+}
+.sect2 .comments {
+	margin-top: 1.15em;
+}
+.sect3 .comments {
+	margin-top: -1em;
+}
+.comments.empty {
+	opacity: 0.2;
+}
+.comments.empty:hover,
+.comments.nonempty {
+	opacity: 1;
+}
+.comments .count {
+	display: block;
+	font-size: 80%;
+	padding-top: 12px;
+	text-align: center;
+	text-shadow: 1px 1px 2px white;
+}
+#comments_lightbox_shadow {
+	position: fixed;
+	top: 0;
+	left: 0;
+	right: 0;
+	bottom: 0;
+	background: black;
+	opacity: 0.7;
+	z-index: 10;
+}
+#comments_lightbox_contents {
+	position: fixed;
+	top: 10%;
+	left: 20%;
+	right: 20%;
+	bottom: 10%;
+	background: white;
+	overflow: auto;
+	z-index: 11;
+}
+#comments_lightbox_contents > .shell {
+	margin: 2em;
+}
+@media print {
+	body {
+		font-size: 18pt;
+	}
+	#header h1 {
+		page-break-after: always;
+		font-size: 500%;
+		vertical-align: middle;
+	}
+	#header {
+		page-break-after: always;
+	}
+	#toctitle {
+		font-size: 200%;
+		margin-bottom: 1em;
+	}
+	div.toclevel1 {
+		font-size: 100%;
+	}
+	div.toclevel2 {
+		font-size: 90%;
+	}
+	div.toclevel3 {
+		font-size: 80%;
+	}
+	#content .comments {
+		display: none;
+	}
+	@page :left {
+		@bottom-left {
+			content: counter(page);
+		}
+	}
+}
+#topbar {
+	position: fixed;
+	left: 0;
+	top: 0;
+	right: 0;
+	height: 2.5em;
+	padding-left: 10%;
+	padding-right: 10%;
+	z-index: 1;
+	background: #880000;
+	overflow: hidden;
+	white-space: nowrap;
+	box-shadow: 0px 3px 6px #555555;
+	-moz-box-shadow: 0px 3px 6px #555555;
+	-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 3px 6px #555555;
+	-o-box-shadow: 0px 3px 6px #555555;
+}
+#topbar .title {
+	display: inline-block;
+	margin: 0.6em 1em 0 0;
+	vertical-align: top;
+}
+#topbar .title img {
+	display: none;
+	margin-right: 6px;
+	vertical-align: middle;
+}
+#topbar .title a {
+	color: #fffafa;
+	border: 0;
+}
+#topbar .title:hover img,
+.mobile #topbar .title img {
+	display: inline-block;
+	margin-left: -17px;
+}
+#topbar .title:hover a,
+.mobile #topbar .title a {
+	color: #ffffdd;
+}
+#floattoc {
+	position: fixed;
+	z-index: 1;
+	top: 2em;
+	bottom: 20%;
+	width: 50%;
+	background: #f0f0f0;
+	color: black;
+	box-shadow: 0px 6px 6px #555555;
+	-moz-box-shadow: 0px 6px 6px #555555;
+	-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 6px 6px #555555;
+	-o-box-shadow: 0px 6px 6px #555555;
+	overflow: auto;
+	padding: 1em;
+	border-radius: 6px;
+	-webkit-border-radius: 8px;
+	-webkit-border-top-left-radius: 0;
+	-webkit-border-top-right-radius: 0;
+	-moz-border-radius: 8px;
+	-moz-border-radius-topleft: 0;
+	-moz-border-top-right-radius: 0;
+	-o-border-radius: 8px;
+	-o-border-radius-topleft: 0;
+	-o-border-top-right-radius: 0;
+	border-radius: 8px;
+	border-top-left-radius: 0;
+	border-top-right-radius: 0;
+}
+#floattoc a.current {
+	font-weight: bold;
+	color: black;
+}
+#current_section {
+	display: inline-block;
+	margin: 0.5em 0 0 0;
+	padding: 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em;
+	background: #550000;
+	font-size: 90%;
+	vertical-align: top;
+	color: white;
+	border: none;
+	-webkit-border-radius: 8px;
+	-moz-border-radius: 8px;
+	-o-border-radius: 8px;
+	border-radius: 8px;
+}
+#current_section:hover {
+	text-decoration: none;
+	border: none;
+}
+#current_section.pressed {
+	background: #f0f0f0;
+	color: black;
+	-webkit-border-top-left-radius: 8px;
+	-webkit-border-top-right-radius: 8px;
+	-webkit-border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
+	-webkit-border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
+	-moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px;
+	-moz-border-radius-topright: 8px;
+	-moz-border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
+	-moz-border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
+	border-top-left-radius: 8px;
+	border-top-right-radius: 8px;
+	border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
+	border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
+}
+</style>
+</head>
+<body class="article">
+<div id="topbar" style="display: none">
+	<div class="title">
+		<img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAsAAAAKCAYAAAEV95QVAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAAZiS0dEAP8A/wD/oL2nkwAAAAlwSFlzAAALEwAACxMBAJqcGAAAAAd0SU1FB9sGCRMSACDxkZwAAAAidEVYdENvbW1lbnQAQ3JlYXRlZCB3aXRoIEdJTVAgb24gYSBNYWOHqHdDAAAAZUlEQVQY032PSxbAIAjEIlfygL6ePF3UUvpzNjgSYWwqAMEhUQnANnsC7TQPeJpsVWzMuh2sog4vDTUbqP081zECrW4dtdaQGSIKlWluPyjK+VXxAz5XfcKufCzA130AfQHWB30HZxlPaP080xsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" width="11" height="10" alt=""><a href="javascript:void(Mizuho.smoothlyScrollToToc())">Phusion Passenger design &amp; architecture</a>
+	</div>
+	<a href="javascript:void(0)" id="current_section"></a>
+</div>
 <div id="header">
-<h1>Passenger architectural overview</h1>
+<h1>Phusion Passenger design &amp; architecture</h1>
+<div id="preamble">
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
+<a class="image" href="http://www.phusion.nl/">
+<img src="images/phusion_banner.png" alt="images/phusion_banner.png"></a>
+</span></p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Last updated: June 5, 2012.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>This document describes Phusion Passenger’s design and architure in a global way.
+Its purpose is to lower the barrier to entry for new contributors,
+to explain some of the design choices we have made and to educate people
+about how Phusion Passenger works.</p></div>
+</div>
+</div>
 <div id="toc">
   <div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
   <noscript><p><b>JavaScript must be enabled in your browser to display the table of contents.</b></p></noscript>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
-<div id="preamble">
-<div class="sectionbody">
-<div class="paragraph"><p>This document describes Passenger&#8217;s architure in a global way. The purpose of
-this document is to lower the barrier to entry for new contributors, as well
-as to explain (some of the) design choices that we have made.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Or it can be a fun read for people who just want to know how Passenger works.</p></div>
-</div>
-</div>
 <div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="_about_the_involved_technologies">1. About the involved technologies</h2>
+<h2 id="_introduction_to_related_technologies">1. Introduction to related technologies</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="typical_web_applications">1.1. Typical web applications</h3>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Before we describe Passenger, it is important to understand how typical web
-applications work, from the point of view of someone who wants to connect the
+<h3 id="web_app_models">1.1. Web application models</h3>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Before we describe Phusion Passenger, it is important to understand how typical web
+applications work from the viewpoint of someone who wants to connect the
 application to a web server.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>A typical, isolated, web application accepts an HTTP request from some I/O
 channel, processes it internally, and outputs an HTTP response, which is sent
@@ -817,42 +1084,62 @@ to exit. This does not necessarily mean that the web application speaks HTTP
 directly: it just means that the web application accepts some kind of
 representation of an HTTP request.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
-<img src="images/typical_isolated_web_application.png" alt="Architecture of a typical web application in isolation">
-</span></p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Few web applications are accessible directly by HTTP clients. Common setups
+<img src="images/typical_isolated_web_application.png" alt="Architecture of a typical web application in isolation"></span></p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Few web applications are accessible directly by HTTP clients. Common models
 are:</p></div>
-<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
+<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
 <li>
 <p>
 The web application is contained in an application server. This application
 server may or may not be able to contain multiple web applications. The
-application server is then connected to the web server. The web server
+application server is then connected to the web server through some kind of
+protocol. This protocol may be HTTP, FastCGI, SCGI, AJP or whatever. The web server
 dispatches requests to the application server, which in turn dispatches
 requests to the correct web application, in a format that the web application
 understands. Conversely, HTTP responses outputted by the web application are
 sent to the application server, which in turn sends them to the web server,
 and eventually to the HTTP client.
 </p>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>A typical example of such a setup is a J2EE application, contained in the
-Tomcat web server, behind the Apache web server.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Typical examples of such a model:</p></div>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+A J2EE application, contained in the Tomcat application server, proxied
+   behind the Apache web server. Tomcat can contain multiple web applications
+   in a single Tomcat instance.
+</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>
+Most Ruby application servers besides Phusion Passenger (Thin, Unicorn,
+   Goliath, etc). These application servers can only contain a single Ruby
+   web application per instance. They load the web application into their
+   own process and are put behind a web server (Apache, Nginx) in a reverse
+   proxy setup.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 The web application is contained in a web server. In this case, the web
-server acts like an application server. This is the case for PHP applications,
+server acts like an application server. This is the case for PHP applications
 on Apache servers with <em>mod_php</em>. Note that this does not necessarily mean
 that the web application is run inside the same process as the web server:
-it just means that the web server manages applications.
+it just means that the web server manages applications. In case of mod_php
+however PHP does run directly inside the Apache worker processes.
 </p>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger for Apache and Phusion Passenger for Nginx implement this model.</p></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 The web application <strong>is</strong> a web server, and can accept HTTP requests
 directly. This is the case for the Trac bug tracking system, running in its
-standalone server. In many setups, such web applications sit behind a different
-web server, instead of accepting HTTP requests directly. The frontend web
-server acts like a reverse HTTP proxy.
+standalone server. In most setups they are reverse proxied behind a real
+web server such as Apache or Nginx, instead of accepting HTTP requests directly.
 </p>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger Standalone implements this model. You can expose Phusion Passenger
+Standalone directly to the Internet because it uses Nginx internally.</p></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
@@ -862,14 +1149,14 @@ are good examples of this.
 </p>
 </li>
 </ol></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>These descriptions are true for virtually all web applications, whether they&#8217;re
+<div class="paragraph"><p>These descriptions are true for virtually all web applications, whether they’re
 based on PHP, Django, J2EE, ASP.NET, Ruby on Rails, or whatever. Note that all
-of these setups provide the same functionality, i.e. no setup can do something
-that a different setup can&#8217;t. The critical reader will notice that all of these
-setups are identical to the one described in the first diagram, if the
+of these models provide the same functionality, i.e. no model can do something
+that a different model can’t. The critical reader will notice that all of these
+models are identical to the one described in the first diagram, if the
 combination of web servers, application servers, web applications etc. are
 considered to be a single entity; a black box if you will.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>It should also be noted that these setups do not enforce any particular
+<div class="paragraph"><p>It should also be noted that these models do not enforce any particular
 I/O processing implementation. The web servers, application servers, web
 applications, etc. could process I/O serially (i.e. one request at a time),
 could multiplex I/O with a single thread (e.g. by using <span class="monospaced">select(2)</span> or
@@ -877,21 +1164,64 @@ could multiplex I/O with a single thread (e.g. by using <span class="monospaced"
 processes.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Of course, there are many variations possible. For example, load balancers
 could be used. But that is outside the scope of this document.</p></div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h4 id="_why_reverse_proxy">1.1.1. Why reverse proxy?</h4>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>As you’ve seen, it is often necessary to put the web application or its
+application server behind a real web server in a reverse proxy setup even
+when the web app/app server already speaks HTTP. This is because implementing
+HTTP in a proper, secure way involves more than just speaking the protocol.
+The public Internet is a hostile environment where clients can send any
+arbitrary data and can exhibit any arbitrary I/O patterns. Web servers like
+Apache and Nginx have already implemented world-class I/O and connection
+handling code and it would be a waste to reinvent their wheel. In the end,
+putting the application in a reverse proxying setup makes the whole system
+more robust and and more secure.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>A typical problem involves dealing with <strong>slow clients</strong>. These clients may send
+HTTP requests slowly and read HTTP responses slowly, perhaps taking many seconds
+to complete their work. A naive single-threaded HTTP server implementation
+that reads an HTTP requests, processes, and sends the HTTP response in a loop
+may end up spending so much time waiting for I/O that spends very little time
+doing actual work. Worse: suppose that the client is malicious, just leaves the
+socket open and never reads the HTTP response, then the server will spend
+forever waiting for the client, not being able to handle any more requests.</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="title">An example of a naive HTTP server implementation</div>
+<div class="content monospaced">
+<pre>while true
+    client = accept_next_client()
+    request = read_http_request(client)
+    response = process_request(request)
+    send_http_response(client, response)
+end</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>There are many ways to solve this problem. One could use one thread per client,
+one could implement I/O timeouts, one could use an evented I/O architecture, one
+could have a dedicated I/O thread or process buffer requests and responses.
+The point is, implementing all this properly is non-trivial. Instead of
+reimplementing these over and over in each application server, it’s better to
+let a real web server deal with all the details and let the application server
+and the web application do what they’re best at: their own core business logic.</p></div>
+</div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
-<h3 id="_ruby_on_rails">1.2. Ruby on Rails</h3>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Every Ruby on Rails application has a <em>dispatcher</em>. This dispatcher is
-responsible for processing HTTP requests. It does not speak HTTP directly.
-Instead, it accepts data structures that contain the information of an
-HTTP request. Thus, the dispatcher is particularly interesting to
-developers who wish to develop software which connects Ruby on Rails to an
-HTTP processing layer (e.g. a web server).</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>The Ruby on Rails dispatcher can only process requests serially, i.e. one
-at a time. It is not possible to process two requests at the same time
-with threads, because parts of Ruby on Rails are not thread-safe. (In
-practice, this isn&#8217;t as big of a problem as some people imagine. This will
-be elaborated further in <a href="#concurrent_requests">Handling of concurrent requests</a>.)</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>A particularly interesting thing to note, is that a lot of the memory
+<h3 id="_ruby_rack_and_ruby_on_rails">1.2. Ruby Rack and Ruby on Rails</h3>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The de-facto standard interface for Ruby web applications is <a href="http://rack.rubyforge.org/">Rack</a>.
+Rack specifies an programming interface for web application developers to implement.
+This interface covers HTTP request and response handling, and is not dependent on
+any particular application server. The idea is that any Rack-compliant application
+server can implement the Rack specification and work with all Rack-compliant web applications.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
+<img src="images/rack.png" alt="images/rack.png"></span></p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>In the distant past, each Ruby web framework had its own interface, so application
+servers needed to explicitly add support for each web framework. Nowadays application
+servers just support Rack.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
+<img src="images/many_web_framework_protocols.png" alt="images/many_web_framework_protocols.png"></span></p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Ruby on Rails has been fully Rack compliant since version 3.0. Rails 2.3 was partially
+Rack-compliant while earlier versions were not Rack-compliant at all. Phusion Passenger
+supports Rack as well as all Rails 1.x and 2.x versions.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>A particularly interesting thing to note is that a lot of the memory
 occupied by Ruby on Rails applications is spent on storing the program code
 (i.e. the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_syntax_tree">abstract
 syntax tree (AST)</a>) in memory. This is observed through the use of the
@@ -901,56 +1231,80 @@ application is spent on bootstrapping the Rails framework.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_apache">1.3. Apache</h3>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>The Apache web server has a pluggable I/O multiprocessing (the ability to
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The Apache web server has a dynamic module system and a pluggable I/O
+multiprocessing (the ability to
 handle more than 1 concurrent HTTP client at the same time) architecture. An
 Apache module which implements a particular multiprocessing strategy, is called
-a Multi-Processing Module (MPM). The
-<a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/mod/prefork.html">prefork MPM</a>&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;which
-also happens to be the default&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;appears to be the most popular one. This MPM
-spawns multiple worker child processes. HTTP requests are first accepted by a
+a Multi-Processing Module (MPM). The single-threaded multi-process
+<a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/prefork.html">prefork MPM</a> had been
+the default and the most popular one for a long time, but in recent times the
+hybrid multi-threaded/multi-process <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/worker.html">worker MPM</a>
+is becoming increasingly popular because of its better performance and scalability.
+Furthermore, Apache 2.4 introduced the <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/event.html">event MPM</a>
+which is a hybrid evented/multi-threaded/multi-process MPM and offers even more
+scalability benefits.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The prefork MPM remains in wide use today because it’s the only MPM that works well with mod_php.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The prefork MPM spawns multiple worker child processes. HTTP requests are first accepted by a
 so-called control process, and then forwarded to one of the worker processes.
-The next section contains a diagram which shows the prefork MPM&#8217;s architecture.</p></div>
+The next section contains a diagram which shows the prefork MPM’s architecture.</p></div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="_nginx">1.4. Nginx</h3>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Nginx is a lightweight web server that is becoming increasingly popular. It is known
+to be smaller, lighter weight and more scalable than Apache thanks to its evented I/O
+architecture. That said, Nginx is less flexible than Apache. For example it has no
+dynamic module system: all modules must be statically compiled into Nginx.</p></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
-<h2 id="_passenger_architecture">2. Passenger architecture</h2>
+<h2 id="_phusion_passenger_architecture">2. Phusion Passenger architecture</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_overview">2.1. Overview</h3>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Passenger&#8217;s architecture is a lot like setup #2 described in
-<a href="#typical_web_applications">Typical web applications</a>. In other words,
-Passenger extends Apache and allows it to act like an application server.
-Passenger&#8217;s architecture&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;assuming Apache 2 with the prefork MPM is used&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;is shown in the following diagram:</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger’s architecture is a lot like model #2 described in
+<a href="#web_app_models">Web application models</a>. In other words,
+Phusion Passenger extends Apache/Nginx and allows it to act like an
+application server. This is shown in the following diagram:</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
-<img src="images/passenger_architecture.png" alt="Passenger&#8217;s architecture">
-</span></p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Passenger consists of an Apache module, <em>mod_passenger</em>. This is written in
-C++, and can be found in the directory <em>ext/apache2</em>. The module is active in
-the Apache control process and in all the Apache worker processes. When an
-HTTP request comes in, <em>mod_passenger</em> will check whether the request should
-be handled by a Ruby on Rails application. If so, then <em>mod_passenger</em> will
-spawn the corresponding Rails application (if necessary) and forward the
-request to that application.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>It should be noted that the Ruby on Rails application does <strong>not</strong> run in the
-same address space as Apache. This differentiates Passenger from other
+<img src="images/passenger_architecture.png" alt="Passenger’s architecture"></span></p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Phusion Passenger consists of:</p></div>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+an Apache module, <em>mod_passenger</em>. This is written in C++, and can be found in the directory <em>ext/apache2</em>.
+</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>
+an Nginx module <em>ngx_http_passenger_module</em>. This is written in C, and can be found in the directory <em>ext/nginx</em>.
+</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>
+Common code used by both the Apache and the Nginx module. For example the helper agent is among this code. This code is mostly C++ and can be found in the directory <em>ext/common</em>.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The module is active all Apache/Nginx processes. When an HTTP request comes in, the Phusion Passenger module checks whether the request should be handled by a Phusion Passenger-served application. If so, then the module spawns one or more processes for the corresponding application (if necessary), forwards the request to that application process and forwards its generated response back to the client. This is all done with the assistance of the Phusion Passenger helper agent, which stores state that must be shared among all web server worker processes and handles much of the internal I/O between the web server and the application processes.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>It should be noted that applications do <strong>not</strong> run in the same address space as the web server.
+This differentiates Passenger from other
 application-server-inside-web-server software such as mod_php, mod_perl and
-mod_ruby. If the Rails application crashes or leak memory, it will have no
-effect on Apache. In fact, stability is one of our highest goals. Passenger
-is carefully designed and implemented so that Apache shouldn&#8217;t crash because
-of Passenger.</p></div>
+mod_ruby. If the application crashes or leak memory, it will have no
+effect on the web server. In fact, stability is one of our highest goals. Phusion Passenger
+is carefully designed and implemented so that the web server shouldn’t crash because
+of Phusion Passenger.</p></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_spawning_and_caching_of_code_and_applications">2.2. Spawning and caching of code and applications</h3>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>A very naive implementation of Passenger would spawn a Ruby on Rails
-application every time an HTTP request is received, just like CGI would.
-However, spawning Ruby on Rails applications is expensive. It can take 1 or 2
-seconds on a modern PC, and possibly much longer on a heavily loaded server.
-This overhead is particularily unacceptable on shared hosts. A less naive
-implementation would keep spawned Ruby on Rails application instances alive,
-similar to how Lighttpd&#8217;s FastCGI implementation works.
+<div class="paragraph"><p>A very naive implementation of an application server would spawn an application
+process every time an HTTP request is received, just like CGI would.
+However, spawning Ruby applications is typically expensive. It can take a few
+seconds on a modern computer, and possibly much longer on a heavily loaded server.
+A less naive implementation would keep spawned application processes alive,
+similar to how Lighttpd’s FastCGI implementation works.
 However, this still has several problems:</p></div>
-<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
+<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
 <li>
 <p>
 The first request to a Rails website will be slow, and subsequent requests
@@ -960,21 +1314,21 @@ The first request to a Rails website will be slow, and subsequent requests
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
-As we&#8217;ve explained earlier in this article, a lot of memory in a Rails
+As we’ve explained earlier in this article, a lot of memory in a Rails
    application is spent on storing the AST of the Ruby on Rails framework and
    the application. Especially on shared hosts and on memory-constrained
    Virtual Private Servers (VPS), this can be a problem.
 </p>
 </li>
 </ol></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Both of these problems are very much solvable, and we&#8217;ve chosen to do just
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Both of these problems are very much solvable, and we’ve chosen to do just
 that.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>The first problem can be solved by preloading Rails applications, i.e. by
 running the Rails application before a request is ever made to that website.
 This is the approach taken by most Rails hosts, for example in the form of a
 Mongrel cluster which is running all the time. However, this is unacceptable
 for a shared host: such an application would just sit there and waste memory
-even if it&#8217;s not doing anything. Instead, we&#8217;ve chosen to take a different
+even if it’s not doing anything. Instead, we’ve chosen to take a different
 approach, which solves both of the aforementioned problems.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>We spawn Rails applications via a <em>spawn server</em>. The spawn server caches Ruby
 on Rails framework code and application code in memory. Spawning a Rails
@@ -988,14 +1342,14 @@ share memory with each other, thus solving problem #2. This is described in
 detail in <a href="#spawn_server">the next section</a>.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>But despite the caching of framework code and application code, spawning is
 still expensive compared to an HTTP request. We want to avoid spawning whenever
-possible. This is why we&#8217;ve introduced the <strong>application pool</strong>. Spawned
+possible. This is why we’ve introduced the <strong>application pool</strong>. Spawned
 application instances are kept alive, and their handles are stored into this
 pool, allowing each application instance to be reused later. Thus, Passenger
 has very good average case performance.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>The application pool is shared between different worker processes. Because the
 worker processes cannot share memory with each other, either shared memory must
 be used to implement the application pool, or a client/server architecture must
-be implemented. We&#8217;ve chosen the latter because it is easier
+be implemented. We’ve chosen the latter because it is easier
 to implement. The Apache control process acts like a server for the application
 pool. However, this does not mean that all HTTP request/response data go
 through the control process. A worker process queries the pool for a connection
@@ -1014,10 +1368,10 @@ idle for an extended period of time.</p></div>
 <h3 id="spawn_server">2.3. The spawn server</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>The spawn server is written in Ruby, and its code can be found in the directory
 <em>lib/passenger</em>. Its main executable is <em>bin/passenger-spawn-server</em>.
-<a href="rdoc/index.html">The spawn server&#8217;s RDoc documentation</a> documents the
+<a href="rdoc/index.html">The spawn server’s RDoc documentation</a> documents the
 implementation in detail.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>The spawn server consists of 3 logical layers:</p></div>
-<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
+<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
 <li>
 <p>
 <strong>The spawn manager.</strong> This is the topmost layer, and acts like a fascade for
@@ -1040,28 +1394,27 @@ implementation in detail.</p></div>
 <strong>The application spawner server.</strong> This is to the framework spawner server
    what the framework spawner server is to the spawn manager. The framework
    spawner server spawns an application spawner server for each unique Ruby on
-   Rails application (here &#8220;application&#8221; does not mean a running process, but
+   Rails application (here “application” does not mean a running process, but
    a set of (source code) files). An application spawner server caches the
    code for exactly one application.
 </p>
 </li>
 </ol></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
-<img src="images/spawn_server_architecture.png" alt="The spawn server&#8217;s architecture">
-</span></p></div>
+<img src="images/spawn_server_architecture.png" alt="The spawn server’s architecture"></span></p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>As you can see, we have two layers of code caching: when the spawn server
 receives a request to spawn a new application instance, it will forward the
 request to the correct framework spawner server (and will spawn that framework
-spawner server if it doesn&#8217;t already exist), which&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;in turn&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;will forward
+spawner server if it doesn’t already exist), which — in turn — will forward
 it to the correct application spawner server (which will, again, be created if
-it doesn&#8217;t already exist).</p></div>
+it doesn’t already exist).</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Each layer is only responsible for the layer directly below. The spawn manager
 only knows about framework spawner servers, and a framework spawner server only
 knows about its application spawner servers. The application spawner server is,
 however, not responsible for managing spawned application instances. If an
 application instance is spawned by mod_passenger, its information will be sent
 back to mod_passenger, which will be fully responsible for managing the
-application instance&#8217;s life time (through the application pool).</p></div>
+application instance’s life time (through the application pool).</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Also note that each layer is a seperate process. This is required because a
 single Ruby process can only load a single Ruby on Rails framework and a
 single application.</p></div>
@@ -1073,26 +1426,26 @@ be able to access each others' memory, so the operating system makes a copy of
 a piece of memory when it is written to by the parent process or the child
 process. This is called copy-on-write (COW). Detailed background information
 can be found on <a href="http://www.rubyenterpriseedition.com/">Ruby Enterprise
-Edition&#8217;s website</a>.</p></div>
+Edition’s website</a>.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>The spawn server makes use of this useful fact. Each layer shares its Ruby AST
 memory with all of its lower layers, as long as the AST nodes in question
-haven&#8217;t been written to. This means that all spawned Rails applications will&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;if possible&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;share the Ruby on Rails framework&#8217;s code, as well as its own
+haven’t been written to. This means that all spawned Rails applications will — if possible — share the Ruby on Rails framework’s code, as well as its own
 application code, with each other. This results in a dramatic reduction in
 memory usage.</p></div>
 <div class="admonitionblock">
-<table><tr>
+<table><tr>
 <td class="icon">
-<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
+<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note">
 </td>
 <td class="content">
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Sharing memory only works if <a href="http://www.rubyenterpriseedition.com/">Ruby
-Enterprise Edition</a> is used. This is because the standard Ruby interpreter&#8217;s
-garbage collector isn&#8217;t copy-on-write friendly. Please visit the Ruby
+Enterprise Edition</a> is used. This is because the standard Ruby interpreter’s
+garbage collector isn’t copy-on-write friendly. Please visit the Ruby
 Enterprise Edition website for technical details.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Passenger works fine with standard Ruby. You still get to enjoy reduced Rails
-startup times. You just won&#8217;t be able to benefit from memory sharing.</p></div>
+startup times. You just won’t be able to benefit from memory sharing.</p></div>
 </td>
-</tr></table>
+</tr></table>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that <a href="http://rubini.us/">Rubinius</a>'s garbage collector is already
 copy-on-write friendly.</p></div>
@@ -1102,14 +1455,14 @@ copy-on-write friendly.</p></div>
 <h3 id="concurrent_requests">2.4. Handling of concurrent requests</h3>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>As explained earlier, a single Rails application instance can only handle a
 single request at the same time. This is obviously undesirable. But before we
-dive into the solution, let us take a look how the &#8220;competition&#8221; solves this
+dive into the solution, let us take a look how the “competition” solves this
 problem. PHP has similar problems: a single PHP script can also process only
 one HTTP request at a time.</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
-mod_php &#8220;solves&#8221; this problem by using Apache&#8217;s MPM. In other words,
-  mod_php doesn&#8217;t do anything by itself at all. A single Apache worker
+mod_php “solves” this problem by using Apache’s MPM. In other words,
+  mod_php doesn’t do anything by itself at all. A single Apache worker
   process/thread can only handle 1 PHP request at a time, but Apache spawns
   multiple worker processes/threads.
 </p>
@@ -1124,12 +1477,12 @@ PHP-FastCGI solves the problem by spawning multiple persistent PHP servers.
 </li>
 </ul></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Passenger cannot use the mod_php way because it would force us to spawn a new
-Rails application for each request, which is&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;as explained earlier&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;unacceptably slow. Instead, Passenger uses the PHP-FastCGI approach. We
+Rails application for each request, which is — as explained earlier — unacceptably slow. Instead, Passenger uses the PHP-FastCGI approach. We
 maintain a pool of application instances, and whenever a request is received,
 we forward the request to one of the application instances in the pool. The
 size of the pool is configurable, which is useful for administrators of servers
 that are either heavily loaded or have little memory.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>The reader might also be interested in studying the application pool&#8217;s
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The reader might also be interested in studying the application pool’s
 algorithm, which is non-trivial. The algorithm is documented in detail in
 <a href="ApplicationPool%20algorithm.txt">ApplicationPool algorithm.txt</a>.</p></div>
 </div>
@@ -1143,8 +1496,7 @@ algorithm, which is non-trivial. The algorithm is documented in detail in
 Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License</a>.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
 <a class="image" href="link:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">
-<img src="images/by_sa.png" alt="images/by_sa.png">
-</a>
+<img src="images/by_sa.png" alt="images/by_sa.png"></a>
 </span></p></div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1152,8 +1504,510 @@ Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License</a>.</p></div>
 <div id="footnotes"><hr></div>
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
-Last updated 2010-09-25 20:09:08 CEST
+Last updated 2012-06-14 09:44:52 CEST
 </div>
 </div>
-</body>
-</html>
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b=a.offsetTop,c=a.offsetLeft;f.support.doesNotIncludeMarginInBodyOffset&&(b+=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginTop"))||0,c+=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginLeft"))||0);return{top:b,left:c}},setOffset:function(a,b,c){var d=f.css(a,"position");d==="static"&&(a.style.position="relative");var e=f(a),g=e.offset(),h=f.css(a,"top"),i=f.css(a,"left"),j=(d==="absolute"||d==="fixed")&&f.inArray("auto",[h,i])>-1,k={},l={},m,n;j?(l=e.position(),m=l.top,n=l.left):(m=parseFloat(h)||0,n=parseFloat(i)||0),f.isFunction(b)&&(b=b.call(a,c,g)),b.top!=null&&(k.top=b.top-g.top+m),b.left!=null&&(k.left=b.left-g.left+n),"using"in b?b.using.call(a,k):e.css(k)}},f.fn.extend({position:function(){if(!this[0])return null;var a=this[0],b=this.offsetParent(),c=this.offset(),d=cx.test(b[0].nodeName)?{top:0,left:0}:b.offset();c.top-=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginTop"))||0,c.left-=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginLeft"))||0,d.top+=parseFloat(f.css(b[0],"borderTopWidth"))||0,d.left+=parseFloat(f.css(b[0],"borderLeftWidth"))||0;return{top:c.top-d.top,left:c.left-d.left}},offsetParent:function(){return this.map(function(){var a=this.offsetParent||c.body;while(a&&!cx.test(a.nodeName)&&f.css(a,"position")==="static")a=a.offsetParent;return a})}}),f.each(["Left","Top"],function(a,c){var d="scroll"+c;f.fn[d]=function(c){var e,g;if(c===b){e=this[0];if(!e)return null;g=cy(e);return g?"pageXOffset"in g?g[a?"pageYOffset":"pageXOffset"]:f.support.boxModel&&g.document.documentElement[d]||g.document.body[d]:e[d]}return this.each(function(){g=cy(this),g?g.scrollTo(a?f(g).scrollLeft():c,a?c:f(g).scrollTop()):this[d]=c})}}),f.each(["Height","Width"],function(a,c){var d=c.toLowerCase();f.fn["inner"+c]=function(){var a=this[0];return a?a.style?parseFloat(f.css(a,d,"padding")):this[d]():null},f.fn["outer"+c]=function(a){var b=this[0];return b?b.style?parseFloat(f.css(b,d,a?"margin":"border")):this[d]():null},f.fn[d]=function(a){var e=this[0];if(!e)return a==null?null:this;if(f.isFunction(a))return this.each(function(b){var c=f(this);c[d](a.call(this,b,c[d]()))});if(f.isWindow(e)){var g=e.document.documentElement["client"+c],h=e.document.body;return e.document.compatMode==="CSS1Compat"&&g||h&&h["client"+c]||g}if(e.nodeType===9)return Math.max(e.documentElement["client"+c],e.body["scroll"+c],e.documentElement["scroll"+c],e.body["offset"+c],e.documentElement["offset"+c]);if(a===b){var i=f.css(e,d),j=parseFloat(i);return f.isNumeric(j)?j:i}return this.css(d,typeof a=="string"?a:a+"px")}}),a.jQuery=a.$=f,typeof define=="function"&&define.amd&&define.amd.jQuery&&define("jquery",[],function(){return f})})(window);
+/**
+ * jQuery hashchange 1.0.0
+ *
+ * (based on jquery.history)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2008 Chris Leishman (chrisleishman.com)
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT (MIT-LICENSE.txt)
+ * and GPL (GPL-LICENSE.txt) licenses.
+ */
+(function($) {
+$.fn.extend({
+    hashchange: function(callback) { this.bind('hashchange', callback) },
+    openOnClick: function(href) {
+		if (href === undefined || href.length == 0)
+			href = '#';
+		return this.click(function(ev) {
+			if (href && href.charAt(0) == '#') {
+				// execute load in separate call stack
+				window.setTimeout(function() { $.locationHash(href) }, 0);
+			} else {
+				window.location(href);
+			}
+			ev.stopPropagation();
+			return false;
+		});
+    }
+});
+// IE 8 introduces the hashchange event natively - so nothing more to do
+if ($.browser.msie && document.documentMode && document.documentMode >= 8) {
+	$.extend({
+		locationHash: function(hash) {
+	        if (!hash) hash = '#';
+	        else if (hash.charAt(0) != '#') hash = '#' + hash;
+	        location.hash = hash;
+	    }
+	});
+	return;
+}
+var curHash;
+// hidden iframe for IE (earlier than 8)
+var iframe;
+$.extend({
+	locationHash: function(hash) {
+		if (curHash === undefined) return;
+		if (!hash) hash = '#';
+		else if (hash.charAt(0) != '#') hash = '#' + hash;
+		location.hash = hash;
+		if (curHash == hash) return;
+		curHash = hash;
+		if ($.browser.msie) updateIEFrame(hash);
+		$.event.trigger('hashchange');
+	}
+});
+$(document).ready(function() {
+    curHash = location.hash;
+    if ($.browser.msie) {
+        // stop the callback firing twice during init if no hash present
+        if (curHash == '') curHash = '#';
+        // add hidden iframe for IE
+        iframe = $('<iframe />').hide().get(0);
+        $('body').prepend(iframe);
+        updateIEFrame(location.hash);
+        setInterval(checkHashIE, 100);
+    } else {
+        setInterval(checkHash, 100);
+    }
+});
+$(window).unload(function() { iframe = null });
+function checkHash() {
+    var hash = location.hash;
+    if (hash != curHash) {
+        curHash = hash;
+        $.event.trigger('hashchange');
+    }
+}
+if ($.browser.msie) {
+    // Attach a live handler for any anchor links
+    $('a[href^=#]').live('click', function() {
+        var hash = $(this).attr('href');
+        // Don't intercept the click if there is an existing anchor on the page
+        // that matches this hash
+        if ($(hash).length == 0 && $('a[name='+hash.slice(1)+']').length == 0) {
+            $.locationHash(hash);
+            return false;
+        }
+    });
+}
+function checkHashIE() {
+    // On IE, check for location.hash of iframe
+    var idoc = iframe.contentDocument || iframe.contentWindow.document;
+    var hash = idoc.location.hash;
+    if (hash == '') hash = '#';
+    if (hash != curHash) {
+        if (location.hash != hash) location.hash = hash;
+        curHash = hash;
+        $.event.trigger('hashchange');
+    }
+}
+function updateIEFrame(hash) {
+    if (hash == '#') hash = '';
+    var idoc = iframe.contentWindow.document;
+    idoc.open();
+    idoc.close();
+    if (idoc.location.hash != hash) idoc.location.hash = hash;
+}
+})(jQuery);
+// IE...
+if (!Date.now) {
+	Date.now = function() {
+		return new Date().getTime();
+	}
+}
+var Mizuho = {
+	/** Cached DOM elements so that we don't have to re-find them over and over. */
+	$document: undefined,
+	$window: undefined,
+	$mainSections: undefined,
+	$sectionHeaders: undefined,
+	/** Constants */
+	MAX_TOC_LEVEL: 3,
+	sectionHeadersSelector: undefined,
+	scrollMemory: {},
+	changingHash: false,
+	activeHash: undefined,
+	/** Whether in single-page or multi-page mode. Either 'single' or 'multi'. */
+	mode: 'single',
+	/** Whether smooth scrolling is enabled. It is always enabled except right
+	 * after page load: when the page is scrolled to the section as pointed to
+	 * by location.hash.
+	 */
+	smoothScrolling: true,
+	initialize: function() {
+		this.sectionHeadersSelector = '';
+		for (var i = 0; i < this.MAX_TOC_LEVEL; i++) {
+			if (i != 0) {
+				this.sectionHeadersSelector += ', ';
+			}
+			this.sectionHeadersSelector += 'h' + (i + 2);
+		}
+		this.$document = $(document);
+		this.$window = $(window);
+		this.$mainSections = $('.sect1');
+		this.$sectionHeaders = $(this.sectionHeadersSelector, '#content');
+		this.$sectionHeaders.sort(function(a, b) {
+			var off_a = $(a).offset();
+			var off_b = $(b).offset();
+			return off_a.top - off_b.top;
+		});
+		if (this.isMobileDevice()) {
+			$(document.body).addClass('mobile');
+		}
+	},
+	/********* Generic utility functions *********/
+	isMobileDevice: function() {
+		return navigator.userAgent.match(
+			/(IEMobile|Windows CE|NetFront|PlayStation|PLAYSTATION|like Mac OS X|MIDP|UP\.Browser|Symbian|Nintendo|Android)/
+		);
+	},
+	virtualAnimate: function(options) {
+		var options = $.extend({
+			duration: 1000
+		}, options || {});
+		var animation_start = Date.now();
+		var animation_end = Date.now() + options.duration;
+		var interval = animation_end - animation_start;
+		this._virtualAnimate_step(animation_start, animation_end, interval, options);
+	},
+	_virtualAnimate_step: function(animation_start, animation_end, interval, options) {
+		var self = this;
+		var now = new Date();
+		var progress = (now - animation_start) / interval;
+		if (progress > 1) {
+			progress = 1;
+		}
+		progress = (1 + Math.sin(-Math.PI / 2 + progress * Math.PI)) / 2;
+		options.step(progress);
+		if (now < animation_end) {
+			setTimeout(function() {
+				self._virtualAnimate_step(animation_start,
+					animation_end, interval, options);
+			}, 15);
+		} else {
+			options.step(1);
+			if (options.finish) {
+				options.finish();
+			}
+		}
+	},
+	smoothlyScrollTo: function(top) {
+		if (!this.smoothScrolling) {
+			return this.setScrollTop(top);
+		}
+		var self = this;
+		var $document = this.$document;
+		var current = $document.scrollTop();
+		this.virtualAnimate({
+			duration: 300,
+			step: function(x) {
+				$document.scrollTop(Math.floor(
+					top + (1 - x) * (current - top)
+				));
+			},
+			finish: function() {
+				self.setScrollTop(top);
+			}
+		});
+	},
+	smoothlyScrollToToc: function() {
+		this.smoothlyScrollTo($('#toc').position().top);
+	},
+	scrollToHeader: function(header) {
+		this.smoothlyScrollTo($(header).offset().top - 50);
+	},
+	setScrollTop: function(top, element) {
+		// Browsers don't always scroll properly so work around
+		// this with a few timers.
+		var self = this;
+		element = element || this.$document;
+		element = $(element);
+		element.scrollTop(top);
+		setTimeout(function() {
+			element.scrollTop(top);
+		}, 1);
+		setTimeout(function() {
+			element.scrollTop(top);
+			self.$document.trigger('mizuho:updateTopBar');
+		}, 20);
+	},
+	/********* Mizuho-specific functions *********/
+	/** Returns the currently displayed section's header DOM element. */
+	currentSubsection: function() {
+		var $sectionHeaders = this.$sectionHeaders;
+		var scrollTop = this.$document.scrollTop();
+		var windowHeight = this.$window.height();
+		var offset;
+		var low = 0;
+		var high = this.$sectionHeaders.length - 1;
+		var mid = 0;
+		while (low <= high) {
+			mid = Math.floor((low + high) / 2);
+			offset = $($sectionHeaders[mid]).offset();
+			if (offset.top >= scrollTop) {
+				high = mid - 1;
+			} else {
+				low = mid + 1;
+			}
+		}
+		var $found = $($sectionHeaders[low]);
+		if ($found.offset().top > scrollTop + windowHeight) {
+			if (low > 0) {
+				return $sectionHeaders[low - 1];
+			} else {
+				return undefined;
+			}
+		} else {
+			return $sectionHeaders[low];
+		}
+	},
+	/** Looks up a section's header DOM element corresponding to a hash name. */
+	lookupHeader: function(hash) {
+		var id = hash.replace(/^#!\//, '#');
+		if (id == '') {
+			return undefined;
+		} else {
+			var header = $(id);
+			if (header.length == 0) {
+				return undefined;
+			} else {
+				return header;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+};
+for (var key in Mizuho) {
+	if (typeof(Mizuho[key]) == 'function') {
+		Mizuho[key] = $.proxy(Mizuho[key], Mizuho);
+	}
+}
+$(document).ready(Mizuho.initialize);
+//$(document).ready(Mizuho.installHashbangLinks);
+Mizuho.initializeTopBar = $.proxy(function() {
+	var $window = this.$window;
+	var $document = this.$document;
+	var self = this;
+	var $topbar = $('#topbar');
+	var $title = $('#header h1');
+	var $currentSection = $('#current_section');
+	var isMobileDevice = this.isMobileDevice();
+	var timerId;
+	var $floattoc = $('<div id="floattoc"></div>').html($('#toc').html());
+	$floattoc.find('#toctitle').remove();
+	$floattoc.find('.comments').remove();
+	$floattoc.css('visibility', 'hidden');
+	$floattoc.insertAfter($topbar);
+	var $floattoclinks = $floattoc.find('a');
+	$floattoclinks.each(function() {
+		// Firefox changes '#!' to '#%21' so change that back.
+		var $this = $(this);
+		var href = $this.attr('href');
+		if (href.match(/^#%21/)) {
+			$this.attr('href', href.replace(/^#%21/, '#!'));
+		}
+	});
+	$floattoclinks.click(function(event) {
+		self.internalLinkClicked(this, event);
+	});
+	function showFloatingToc() {
+		var scrollUpdateTimerId;
+		function reposition() {
+			if (isMobileDevice) {
+				$floattoc.css({
+					top: $currentSection.offset().top +
+						$currentSection.innerHeight() +
+						'px',
+					height: $window.height() * 0.7 + 'px'
+				});
+			}
+		}
+		function highlightCurrentTocEntry() {
+			var currentSubsection = self.currentSubsection();
+			$floattoclinks.removeClass('current');
+			if (currentSubsection) {
+				var currentSubsectionTitle = $(currentSubsection).text();
+				var $link;
+				$floattoclinks.each(function() {
+					if ($(this).text() == currentSubsectionTitle) {
+						$link = $(this);
+						return false;
+					}
+				});
+				if ($link) {
+					$link.addClass('current');
+					self.setScrollTop(
+						$floattoc.scrollTop() +
+							$link.position().top -
+							$floattoc.height() * 0.45,
+						$floattoc);
+					return false;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		function hideFloatingToc() {
+			$currentSection.removeClass('pressed');
+			$floattoc.css('visibility', 'hidden');
+			$floattoclinks.unbind('click', hideFloatingToc);
+			$document.unbind('mousedown', onMouseDown);
+			$document.unbind('touchdown', onMouseDown);
+			$document.unbind('mizuho:hideTopBar', hideFloatingToc);
+			$window.unbind('scroll', onScroll);
+			if (scrollUpdateTimerId !== undefined) {
+				clearTimeout(scrollUpdateTimerId);
+				scrollUpdateTimerId = undefined;
+			}
+		}
+		function onMouseDown(event) {
+			if (event.target != $floattoc[0]
+			 && $(event.target).closest('#floattoc').length == 0) {
+				hideFloatingToc();
+			}
+		}
+		function onScroll(event) {
+			if (scrollUpdateTimerId === undefined) {
+				scrollUpdateTimerId = setTimeout(function() {
+					scrollUpdateTimerId = undefined;
+					reposition();
+					highlightCurrentTocEntry();
+				}, 100);
+			}
+		}
+		// Layout and display floating TOC.
+		highlightCurrentTocEntry();
+		var origScrollTop = $document.scrollTop();
+		var windowWidth = $window.width();
+		var maxRight = windowWidth - Math.floor(windowWidth * 0.1);
+		if ($currentSection.offset().left + $floattoc.outerWidth() > maxRight) {
+			$floattoc.css('left', maxRight - $floattoc.outerWidth());
+		} else {
+			$floattoc.css('left', $currentSection.offset().left + 'px');
+		}
+		reposition();
+		$floattoc.css('visibility', 'visible');
+		$currentSection.addClass('pressed');
+		$floattoclinks.bind('click', hideFloatingToc);
+		$document.bind('mousedown', onMouseDown)
+		$document.bind('touchdown', onMouseDown);
+		$document.bind('mizuho:hideTopBar', hideFloatingToc);
+		$window.bind('scroll', onScroll);
+	}
+	function update() {
+		if ($title.offset().top + $title.height() < $document.scrollTop()) {
+			if (!$topbar.is(':visible')) {
+				$topbar.slideDown(250);
+				$document.trigger('mizuho:showTopBar');
+			}
+		} else {
+			if ($topbar.is(':visible')) {
+				$topbar.slideUp();
+				$document.trigger('mizuho:hideTopBar');
+			}
+		}
+		if (isMobileDevice) {
+			$topbar.css({
+				top: $document.scrollTop() + 'px',
+				width: $window.width() -
+					parseInt($topbar.css('padding-left')) -
+					parseInt($topbar.css('padding-right')) +
+					'px'
+			});
+		}
+		var header = self.currentSubsection();
+		var name;
+		if (header) {
+			name = $(header).text();
+		} else {
+			name = 'Preamble';
+		}
+		$currentSection.text(name);
+	}
+	function scheduleUpdate() {
+		if (timerId !== undefined) {
+			return;
+		}
+		timerId = setTimeout(function() {
+			timerId = undefined;
+			update();
+		}, 100);
+	}
+	if (isMobileDevice) {
+		// Mobile devices don't support position fixed.
+		$topbar.css('position', 'absolute');
+		$floattoc.css('position', 'absolute');
+	}
+	$currentSection.click(showFloatingToc);
+	$window.scroll(scheduleUpdate);
+	$document.bind('mizuho:updateTopBar', update);
+}, Mizuho);
+$(document).ready(Mizuho.initializeTopBar);
+</script>
+</body>
+</html>