passenger 2.0.6 → 2.1.2

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Files changed (497) hide show
  1. data/DEVELOPERS.TXT +10 -4
  2. data/LICENSE +1 -1
  3. data/NEWS +0 -0
  4. data/Rakefile +183 -117
  5. data/benchmark/dispatcher.rb +5 -9
  6. data/bin/passenger-install-apache2-module +52 -18
  7. data/bin/passenger-memory-stats +67 -13
  8. data/bin/passenger-spawn-server +8 -4
  9. data/bin/passenger-status +21 -46
  10. data/bin/passenger-stress-test +5 -5
  11. data/debian/postinst +1 -1
  12. data/doc/ApplicationPool algorithm.txt +180 -128
  13. data/doc/Architectural overview.html +1 -778
  14. data/doc/Security of user switching support.html +1 -643
  15. data/doc/Users guide Apache.html +3127 -0
  16. data/doc/Users guide Nginx.html +1458 -0
  17. data/doc/Users guide.html +1404 -467
  18. data/doc/Users guide.txt +843 -105
  19. data/doc/cxxapi/ApplicationPoolServer_8h-source.html +751 -641
  20. data/doc/cxxapi/ApplicationPool_8h-source.html +168 -171
  21. data/doc/cxxapi/Application_8h-source.html +494 -394
  22. data/doc/cxxapi/Bucket_8h-source.html +21 -15
  23. data/doc/cxxapi/CachedFileStat_8h-source.html +191 -0
  24. data/doc/cxxapi/Configuration_8h-source.html +311 -149
  25. data/doc/cxxapi/DirectoryMapper_8h-source.html +309 -0
  26. data/doc/cxxapi/DummySpawnManager_8h-source.html +3 -4
  27. data/doc/cxxapi/Exceptions_8h-source.html +182 -165
  28. data/doc/cxxapi/FileChecker_8h-source.html +130 -0
  29. data/doc/cxxapi/Hooks_8h-source.html +2 -3
  30. data/doc/cxxapi/Logging_8h-source.html +92 -89
  31. data/doc/cxxapi/MessageChannel_8h-source.html +585 -477
  32. data/doc/cxxapi/PoolOptions_8h-source.html +305 -0
  33. data/doc/cxxapi/SpawnManager_8h-source.html +515 -540
  34. data/doc/cxxapi/StandardApplicationPool_8h-source.html +779 -679
  35. data/doc/cxxapi/SystemTime_8h-source.html +104 -0
  36. data/doc/cxxapi/Utils_8h-source.html +331 -227
  37. data/doc/cxxapi/annotated.html +6 -7
  38. data/doc/cxxapi/classClient-members.html +1 -2
  39. data/doc/cxxapi/classClient.html +1 -2
  40. data/doc/cxxapi/classHooks-members.html +5 -2
  41. data/doc/cxxapi/classHooks.html +112 -2
  42. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1Application-members.html +2 -3
  43. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1Application.html +8 -9
  44. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1ApplicationPool-members.html +4 -4
  45. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1ApplicationPool.html +42 -81
  46. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1ApplicationPoolServer-members.html +1 -2
  47. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1ApplicationPoolServer.html +3 -4
  48. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1ApplicationPool__inherit__graph.png +0 -0
  49. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1Application_1_1Session-members.html +3 -2
  50. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1Application_1_1Session.html +74 -3
  51. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1BusyException-members.html +1 -2
  52. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1BusyException.html +2 -3
  53. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1ConfigurationException-members.html +1 -2
  54. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1ConfigurationException.html +2 -3
  55. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1DirectoryMapper-members.html +38 -0
  56. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1DirectoryMapper.html +256 -0
  57. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1DummySpawnManager-members.html +1 -2
  58. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1DummySpawnManager.html +2 -3
  59. data/doc/cxxapi/{classPassenger_1_1Thread-members.html → classPassenger_1_1FileChecker-members.html} +4 -5
  60. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1FileChecker.html +121 -0
  61. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1FileNotFoundException-members.html +1 -2
  62. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1FileNotFoundException.html +2 -3
  63. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1FileNotFoundException__inherit__graph.png +0 -0
  64. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1FileSystemException-members.html +2 -3
  65. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1FileSystemException.html +2 -3
  66. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1FileSystemException__inherit__graph.png +0 -0
  67. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1IOException-members.html +1 -2
  68. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1IOException.html +2 -3
  69. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1IOException__inherit__graph.png +0 -0
  70. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1MessageChannel-members.html +5 -2
  71. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1MessageChannel.html +155 -5
  72. data/doc/cxxapi/{classboost_1_1this__thread_1_1enable__syscall__interruption-members.html → classPassenger_1_1RuntimeException-members.html} +2 -3
  73. data/doc/cxxapi/{classboost_1_1this__thread_1_1enable__syscall__interruption.html → classPassenger_1_1RuntimeException.html} +10 -8
  74. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1SpawnException-members.html +1 -2
  75. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1SpawnException.html +2 -3
  76. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1SpawnManager-members.html +2 -3
  77. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1SpawnManager.html +15 -56
  78. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1StandardApplicationPool-members.html +5 -4
  79. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1StandardApplicationPool.html +20 -81
  80. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1StandardApplicationPool__inherit__graph.png +0 -0
  81. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1SystemException-members.html +2 -3
  82. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1SystemException.html +9 -10
  83. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1SystemException__inherit__graph.png +0 -0
  84. data/doc/cxxapi/{classboost_1_1this__thread_1_1disable__syscall__interruption-members.html → classPassenger_1_1SystemTime-members.html} +5 -3
  85. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1SystemTime.html +86 -0
  86. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1TempFile-members.html +2 -3
  87. data/doc/cxxapi/classPassenger_1_1TempFile.html +17 -9
  88. data/doc/cxxapi/definitions_8h-source.html +1 -2
  89. data/doc/cxxapi/files.html +6 -3
  90. data/doc/cxxapi/functions.html +98 -35
  91. data/doc/cxxapi/functions_func.html +60 -32
  92. data/doc/cxxapi/functions_type.html +1 -2
  93. data/doc/cxxapi/functions_vars.html +27 -2
  94. data/doc/cxxapi/graph_legend.html +1 -2
  95. data/doc/cxxapi/graph_legend.png +0 -0
  96. data/doc/cxxapi/group__Configuration.html +3 -4
  97. data/doc/cxxapi/group__Configuration.png +0 -0
  98. data/doc/cxxapi/group__Core.html +3 -4
  99. data/doc/cxxapi/group__Core.png +0 -0
  100. data/doc/cxxapi/group__Exceptions.html +4 -2
  101. data/doc/cxxapi/group__Hooks.html +1 -6
  102. data/doc/cxxapi/group__Hooks.png +0 -0
  103. data/doc/cxxapi/group__Support.html +259 -36
  104. data/doc/cxxapi/hierarchy.html +6 -7
  105. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__0.map +1 -1
  106. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__0.md5 +1 -1
  107. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__0.png +0 -0
  108. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__1.map +1 -1
  109. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__1.md5 +1 -1
  110. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__1.png +0 -0
  111. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__10.map +1 -1
  112. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__10.md5 +1 -1
  113. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__10.png +0 -0
  114. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__11.map +1 -1
  115. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__11.md5 +1 -1
  116. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__11.png +0 -0
  117. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__12.map +2 -1
  118. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__12.md5 +1 -1
  119. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__12.png +0 -0
  120. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__13.map +1 -1
  121. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__13.md5 +1 -1
  122. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__13.png +0 -0
  123. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__14.map +1 -2
  124. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__14.md5 +1 -1
  125. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__14.png +0 -0
  126. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__15.map +1 -1
  127. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__15.md5 +1 -1
  128. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__15.png +0 -0
  129. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__16.map +1 -1
  130. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__16.md5 +1 -1
  131. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__16.png +0 -0
  132. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__17.png +0 -0
  133. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__18.png +0 -0
  134. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__19.png +0 -0
  135. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__2.map +1 -1
  136. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__2.md5 +1 -1
  137. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__2.png +0 -0
  138. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__20.map +1 -1
  139. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__20.md5 +1 -1
  140. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__20.png +0 -0
  141. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__21.map +1 -1
  142. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__21.md5 +1 -1
  143. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__21.png +0 -0
  144. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__3.map +1 -1
  145. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__3.md5 +1 -1
  146. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__3.png +0 -0
  147. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__4.map +1 -1
  148. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__4.md5 +1 -1
  149. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__4.png +0 -0
  150. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__5.map +2 -1
  151. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__5.md5 +1 -1
  152. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__5.png +0 -0
  153. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__6.map +1 -1
  154. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__6.md5 +1 -1
  155. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__6.png +0 -0
  156. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__7.map +1 -1
  157. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__7.md5 +1 -1
  158. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__7.png +0 -0
  159. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__8.map +1 -1
  160. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__8.md5 +1 -1
  161. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__8.png +0 -0
  162. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__9.map +1 -2
  163. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__9.md5 +1 -1
  164. data/doc/cxxapi/inherit__graph__9.png +0 -0
  165. data/doc/cxxapi/inherits.html +30 -31
  166. data/doc/cxxapi/main.html +1 -2
  167. data/doc/cxxapi/modules.html +1 -2
  168. data/doc/cxxapi/structPassenger_1_1AnythingToString-members.html +1 -2
  169. data/doc/cxxapi/structPassenger_1_1AnythingToString.html +2 -3
  170. data/doc/cxxapi/structPassenger_1_1AnythingToString_3_01vector_3_01string_01_4_01_4-members.html +1 -2
  171. data/doc/cxxapi/structPassenger_1_1AnythingToString_3_01vector_3_01string_01_4_01_4.html +2 -3
  172. data/doc/cxxapi/structPassenger_1_1PoolOptions-members.html +49 -0
  173. data/doc/cxxapi/structPassenger_1_1PoolOptions.html +404 -0
  174. data/doc/cxxapi/tree.html +18 -20
  175. data/doc/images/conservative_spawning.png +0 -0
  176. data/doc/images/conservative_spawning.svg +248 -0
  177. data/doc/images/smart-lv2.png +0 -0
  178. data/doc/images/smart-lv2.svg +320 -0
  179. data/doc/rdoc/classes/ConditionVariable.html +68 -34
  180. data/doc/rdoc/classes/Exception.html +16 -16
  181. data/doc/rdoc/classes/GC.html +9 -9
  182. data/doc/rdoc/classes/IO.html +36 -17
  183. data/doc/rdoc/classes/PhusionPassenger.html +183 -0
  184. data/doc/rdoc/classes/PhusionPassenger/AbstractRequestHandler.html +511 -0
  185. data/doc/rdoc/classes/{Passenger → PhusionPassenger}/AbstractServer.html +285 -242
  186. data/doc/rdoc/classes/{Passenger → PhusionPassenger}/AbstractServer/ServerAlreadyStarted.html +3 -3
  187. data/doc/rdoc/classes/{Passenger → PhusionPassenger}/AbstractServer/ServerError.html +3 -3
  188. data/doc/rdoc/classes/{Passenger → PhusionPassenger}/AbstractServer/ServerNotStarted.html +3 -3
  189. data/doc/rdoc/classes/{Passenger → PhusionPassenger}/AbstractServer/UnknownMessage.html +3 -3
  190. data/doc/rdoc/classes/PhusionPassenger/AbstractServerCollection.html +598 -0
  191. data/doc/rdoc/classes/PhusionPassenger/AdminTools.html +140 -0
  192. data/doc/rdoc/classes/PhusionPassenger/AdminTools/ControlProcess.html +247 -0
  193. data/doc/rdoc/classes/PhusionPassenger/AdminTools/ControlProcess/Instance.html +138 -0
  194. data/doc/rdoc/classes/{Passenger → PhusionPassenger}/AppInitError.html +36 -19
  195. data/doc/rdoc/classes/{Passenger → PhusionPassenger}/Application.html +81 -96
  196. data/doc/rdoc/classes/{Passenger → PhusionPassenger}/ConsoleTextTemplate.html +18 -18
  197. data/doc/rdoc/classes/{Passenger → PhusionPassenger}/FrameworkInitError.html +20 -18
  198. data/doc/rdoc/classes/{Passenger → PhusionPassenger}/HTMLTemplate.html +18 -18
  199. data/doc/rdoc/classes/{Passenger → PhusionPassenger}/InitializationError.html +9 -9
  200. data/doc/rdoc/classes/PhusionPassenger/InvalidPath.html +92 -0
  201. data/doc/rdoc/classes/{Passenger → PhusionPassenger}/MessageChannel.html +93 -92
  202. data/doc/rdoc/classes/{Passenger → PhusionPassenger}/NativeSupport.html +55 -25
  203. data/doc/rdoc/classes/PhusionPassenger/Rack.html +91 -0
  204. data/doc/rdoc/classes/PhusionPassenger/Rack/ApplicationSpawner.html +185 -0
  205. data/doc/rdoc/classes/PhusionPassenger/Rack/RequestHandler.html +182 -0
  206. data/doc/rdoc/classes/PhusionPassenger/Railz.html +95 -0
  207. data/doc/rdoc/classes/PhusionPassenger/Railz/ApplicationSpawner.html +424 -0
  208. data/doc/rdoc/classes/PhusionPassenger/Railz/ApplicationSpawner/Error.html +98 -0
  209. data/doc/rdoc/classes/PhusionPassenger/Railz/CGIFixed.html +200 -0
  210. data/doc/rdoc/classes/PhusionPassenger/Railz/FrameworkSpawner.html +444 -0
  211. data/doc/rdoc/classes/PhusionPassenger/Railz/FrameworkSpawner/Error.html +98 -0
  212. data/doc/rdoc/classes/PhusionPassenger/Railz/RequestHandler.html +154 -0
  213. data/doc/rdoc/classes/PhusionPassenger/SpawnManager.html +408 -0
  214. data/doc/rdoc/classes/{Passenger → PhusionPassenger}/UnknownError.html +13 -13
  215. data/doc/rdoc/classes/PhusionPassenger/Utils.html +687 -0
  216. data/doc/rdoc/classes/{Passenger → PhusionPassenger}/VersionNotFound.html +8 -8
  217. data/doc/rdoc/classes/PhusionPassenger/WSGI.html +89 -0
  218. data/doc/rdoc/classes/PhusionPassenger/WSGI/ApplicationSpawner.html +188 -0
  219. data/doc/rdoc/classes/PlatformInfo.html +663 -159
  220. data/doc/rdoc/classes/RakeExtensions.html +4 -4
  221. data/doc/rdoc/classes/Signal.html +134 -0
  222. data/doc/rdoc/created.rid +1 -1
  223. data/doc/rdoc/files/DEVELOPERS_TXT.html +15 -10
  224. data/doc/rdoc/files/README.html +5 -7
  225. data/doc/rdoc/files/ext/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/native_support_c.html +2 -2
  226. data/doc/rdoc/files/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/abstract_request_handler_rb.html +7 -9
  227. data/doc/rdoc/files/lib/phusion_passenger/abstract_server_collection_rb.html +120 -0
  228. data/doc/rdoc/files/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/abstract_server_rb.html +7 -10
  229. data/doc/rdoc/files/lib/phusion_passenger/admin_tools/control_process_rb.html +99 -0
  230. data/doc/rdoc/files/lib/phusion_passenger/admin_tools_rb.html +92 -0
  231. data/doc/rdoc/files/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/application_rb.html +6 -8
  232. data/doc/rdoc/files/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/console_text_template_rb.html +5 -7
  233. data/doc/rdoc/files/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/constants_rb.html +4 -5
  234. data/doc/rdoc/files/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/dependencies_rb.html +6 -8
  235. data/doc/rdoc/files/lib/phusion_passenger/events_rb.html +116 -0
  236. data/doc/rdoc/files/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/exceptions_rb.html +5 -7
  237. data/doc/rdoc/files/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/html_template_rb.html +5 -7
  238. data/doc/rdoc/files/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/message_channel_rb.html +5 -7
  239. data/doc/rdoc/files/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/platform_info_rb.html +6 -7
  240. data/doc/rdoc/files/lib/phusion_passenger/rack/application_spawner_rb.html +123 -0
  241. data/doc/rdoc/files/lib/phusion_passenger/rack/request_handler_rb.html +117 -0
  242. data/doc/rdoc/files/lib/{passenger/utils_rb.html → phusion_passenger/railz/application_spawner_rb.html} +24 -17
  243. data/doc/rdoc/files/lib/phusion_passenger/railz/cgi_fixed_rb.html +126 -0
  244. data/doc/rdoc/files/lib/phusion_passenger/railz/framework_spawner_rb.html +139 -0
  245. data/doc/rdoc/files/lib/phusion_passenger/railz/request_handler_rb.html +118 -0
  246. data/doc/rdoc/files/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/simple_benchmarking_rb.html +5 -7
  247. data/doc/rdoc/files/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/spawn_manager_rb.html +40 -24
  248. data/doc/rdoc/files/lib/phusion_passenger/utils_rb.html +169 -0
  249. data/doc/rdoc/files/lib/phusion_passenger/wsgi/application_spawner_rb.html +120 -0
  250. data/doc/rdoc/files/lib/rake/extensions_rb.html +3 -4
  251. data/doc/rdoc/fr_class_index.html +37 -19
  252. data/doc/rdoc/fr_file_index.html +25 -14
  253. data/doc/rdoc/fr_method_index.html +145 -74
  254. data/ext/apache2/Application.h +145 -44
  255. data/ext/apache2/ApplicationPool.h +27 -29
  256. data/ext/apache2/ApplicationPoolServer.h +183 -72
  257. data/ext/apache2/ApplicationPoolServerExecutable.cpp +249 -42
  258. data/ext/apache2/Bucket.cpp +61 -9
  259. data/ext/apache2/Bucket.h +15 -8
  260. data/ext/apache2/CachedFileStat.cpp +114 -0
  261. data/ext/apache2/CachedFileStat.h +169 -0
  262. data/ext/apache2/Configuration.cpp +213 -22
  263. data/ext/apache2/Configuration.h +176 -13
  264. data/ext/apache2/DirectoryMapper.h +287 -0
  265. data/ext/apache2/Exceptions.h +30 -12
  266. data/ext/apache2/FileChecker.h +108 -0
  267. data/ext/apache2/Hooks.cpp +709 -493
  268. data/ext/apache2/LICENSE-CNRI.TXT +15 -0
  269. data/ext/apache2/Logging.h +26 -22
  270. data/ext/apache2/MessageChannel.h +124 -15
  271. data/ext/apache2/PoolOptions.h +283 -0
  272. data/ext/apache2/SpawnManager.h +75 -99
  273. data/ext/apache2/StandardApplicationPool.h +296 -195
  274. data/ext/apache2/SystemTime.cpp +28 -0
  275. data/ext/apache2/SystemTime.h +82 -0
  276. data/ext/apache2/Utils.cpp +172 -18
  277. data/ext/apache2/Utils.h +124 -19
  278. data/ext/boost/cstdint.hpp +4 -2
  279. data/ext/boost/current_function.hpp +67 -0
  280. data/ext/boost/detail/sp_counted_base.hpp +4 -4
  281. data/ext/boost/thread/exceptions.hpp +2 -1
  282. data/ext/boost/thread/pthread/thread.hpp +11 -3
  283. data/ext/boost/thread/pthread/thread_data.hpp +2 -1
  284. data/ext/oxt/backtrace.cpp +172 -0
  285. data/ext/oxt/backtrace.hpp +135 -0
  286. data/ext/oxt/detail/backtrace_disabled.hpp +39 -0
  287. data/ext/oxt/detail/backtrace_enabled.hpp +155 -0
  288. data/ext/oxt/detail/spin_lock_gcc_x86.hpp +82 -0
  289. data/ext/oxt/detail/spin_lock_portable.hpp +38 -0
  290. data/ext/oxt/detail/spin_lock_pthreads.hpp +97 -0
  291. data/ext/oxt/detail/tracable_exception_disabled.hpp +46 -0
  292. data/ext/oxt/detail/tracable_exception_enabled.hpp +48 -0
  293. data/ext/oxt/macros.hpp +58 -0
  294. data/ext/oxt/spin_lock.hpp +55 -0
  295. data/ext/{apache2/System.cpp → oxt/system_calls.cpp} +87 -52
  296. data/ext/oxt/system_calls.hpp +234 -0
  297. data/ext/oxt/thread.cpp +32 -0
  298. data/ext/oxt/thread.hpp +223 -0
  299. data/ext/oxt/tracable_exception.cpp +87 -0
  300. data/ext/oxt/tracable_exception.hpp +35 -0
  301. data/{lib/passenger/constants.rb → ext/phusion_passenger/extconf.rb} +14 -9
  302. data/ext/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/native_support.c +33 -6
  303. data/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/abstract_request_handler.rb +209 -93
  304. data/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/abstract_server.rb +23 -8
  305. data/lib/phusion_passenger/abstract_server_collection.rb +301 -0
  306. data/lib/phusion_passenger/admin_tools.rb +25 -0
  307. data/lib/phusion_passenger/admin_tools/control_process.rb +107 -0
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  311. data/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/dependencies.rb +38 -32
  312. data/lib/phusion_passenger/events.rb +45 -0
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  314. data/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/html_template.rb +2 -2
  315. data/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/message_channel.rb +3 -2
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  320. data/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/railz/cgi_fixed.rb +2 -2
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  322. data/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/railz/request_handler.rb +6 -6
  323. data/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/simple_benchmarking.rb +0 -0
  324. data/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/spawn_manager.rb +136 -128
  325. data/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/templates/apache2_config_snippets.txt.erb +0 -0
  326. data/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/templates/apache_must_be_compiled_with_compatible_mpm.txt.erb +0 -0
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  328. data/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/templates/app_init_error.html.erb +0 -0
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  332. data/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/templates/error_layout.html.erb +0 -0
  333. data/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/templates/framework_init_error.html.erb +0 -0
  334. data/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/templates/general_error.html.erb +0 -0
  335. data/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/templates/invalid_app_root.html.erb +1 -1
  336. data/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/templates/load_error.html.erb +0 -0
  337. data/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/templates/no_write_permission_to_passenger_root.txt.erb +0 -0
  338. data/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/templates/possible_solutions_for_compilation_and_installation_problems.txt.erb +0 -0
  339. data/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/templates/run_installer_as_root.txt.erb +0 -0
  340. data/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/templates/version_not_found.html.erb +0 -0
  341. data/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/templates/welcome.txt.erb +0 -0
  342. data/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/utils.rb +210 -44
  343. data/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/wsgi/application_spawner.rb +18 -15
  344. data/lib/{passenger → phusion_passenger}/wsgi/request_handler.py +7 -1
  345. data/man/passenger-memory-stats.8 +1 -1
  346. data/misc/render_error_pages.rb +1 -1
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416
- <title>Passenger architectural overview</title>
417
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418
- <body>
419
- <div id="header">
420
- <h1>Passenger architectural overview</h1>
421
- <div id="toc">
422
- <div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
423
- <noscript><p><b>JavaScript must be enabled in your browser to display the table of contents.</b></p></noscript>
424
- </div>
425
- </div>
426
- <div id="preamble">
427
- <div class="sectionbody">
428
- <div class="para"><p>This document describes Passenger's architure in a global way. The purpose of
429
- this document is to lower the barrier to entry for new contributors, as well
430
- as to explain (some of the) design choices that we have made.</p></div>
431
- <div class="para"><p>Or it can be a fun read for people who just want to know how Passenger works.</p></div>
432
- </div>
433
- </div>
434
- <h2 id="_about_the_involved_technologies">1. About the involved technologies</h2>
435
- <div class="sectionbody">
436
- <h3 id="typical_web_applications">1.1. Typical web applications</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
437
- <div class="para"><p>Before we describe Passenger, it is important to understand how typical web
438
- applications work, from the point of view of someone who wants to connect the
439
- application to a web server.</p></div>
440
- <div class="para"><p>A typical, isolated, web application accepts an HTTP request from some I/O
441
- channel, processes it internally, and outputs an HTTP response, which is sent
442
- back to the client. This is done in a loop, until the application is commanded
443
- to exit. This does not necessarily mean that the web application speaks HTTP
444
- directly: it just means that the web application accepts some kind of
445
- representation of an HTTP request.</p></div>
446
- <div class="para"><p><span class="image">
447
- <img src="images/typical_isolated_web_application.png" alt="Architecture of a typical web application in isolation" title="Architecture of a typical web application in isolation" />
448
- </span></p></div>
449
- <div class="para"><p>Few web applications are accessible directly by HTTP clients. Common setups
450
- are:</p></div>
451
- <div class="olist"><ol>
452
- <li>
453
- <p>
454
- The web application is contained in an application server. This application
455
- server may or may not be able to contain multiple web applications. The
456
- application server is then connected to the web server. The web server
457
- dispatches requests to the application server, which in turn dispatches
458
- requests to the correct web application, in a format that the web application
459
- understands. Conversely, HTTP responses outputted by the web application are
460
- sent to the application server, which in turn sends them to the web server,
461
- and eventually to the HTTP client.
462
- </p>
463
- <div class="para"><p>A typical example of such a setup is a J2EE application, contained in the
464
- Tomcat web server, behind the Apache web server.</p></div>
465
- </li>
466
- <li>
467
- <p>
468
- The web application is contained in a web server. In this case, the web
469
- server acts like an application server. This is the case for PHP applications,
470
- on Apache servers with <em>mod_php</em>. Note that this does not necessarily mean
471
- that the web application is run inside the same process as the web server:
472
- it just means that the web server manages applications.
473
- </p>
474
- </li>
475
- <li>
476
- <p>
477
- The web application <strong>is</strong> a web server, and can accept HTTP requests
478
- directly. This is the case for the Trac bug tracking system, running in its
479
- standalone server. In many setups, such web applications sit behind a different
480
- web server, instead of accepting HTTP requests directly. The frontend web
481
- server acts like a reverse HTTP proxy.
482
- </p>
483
- </li>
484
- <li>
485
- <p>
486
- The web application does not speak HTTP directly, but is connected directly
487
- to the web server through some communication adapter. CGI, FastCGI and SCGI
488
- are good examples of this.
489
- </p>
490
- </li>
491
- </ol></div>
492
- <div class="para"><p>These descriptions are true for virtually all web applications, whether they're
493
- based on PHP, Django, J2EE, ASP.NET, Ruby on Rails, or whatever. Note that all
494
- of these setups provide the same functionality, i.e. no setup can do something
495
- that a different setup can't. The critical reader will notice that all of these
496
- setups are identical to the one described in the first diagram, if the
497
- combination of web servers, application servers, web applications etc. are
498
- considered to be a single entity; a black box if you will.</p></div>
499
- <div class="para"><p>It should also be noted that these setups do not enforce any particular
500
- I/O processing implementation. The web servers, application servers, web
501
- applications, etc. could process I/O serially (i.e. one request at a time),
502
- could multiplex I/O with a single thread (e.g. by using <tt>select(2)</tt> or
503
- <tt>poll(2)</tt>) or it could process I/O with multiple threads and/or multiple
504
- processes.</p></div>
505
- <div class="para"><p>Of course, there are many variations possible. For example, load balancers
506
- could be used. But that is outside the scope of this document.</p></div>
507
- <h3 id="_ruby_on_rails">1.2. Ruby on Rails</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
508
- <div class="para"><p>Every Ruby on Rails application has a <em>dispatcher</em>. This dispatcher is
509
- responsible for processing HTTP requests. It does not speak HTTP directly.
510
- Instead, it accepts data structures that contain the information of an
511
- HTTP request. Thus, the dispatcher is particularly interesting to
512
- developers who wish to develop software which connects Ruby on Rails to an
513
- HTTP processing layer (e.g. a web server).</p></div>
514
- <div class="para"><p>The Ruby on Rails dispatcher can only process requests serially, i.e. one
515
- at a time. It is not possible to process two requests at the same time
516
- with threads, because parts of Ruby on Rails are not thread-safe. (In
517
- practice, this isn't as big of a problem as some people imagine. This will
518
- be elaborated further in <a href="#concurrent_requests">Handling of concurrent requests</a>.)</p></div>
519
- <div class="para"><p>A particularly interesting thing to note, is that a lot of the memory
520
- occupied by Ruby on Rails applications is spent on storing the program code
521
- (i.e. the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_syntax_tree">abstract
522
- syntax tree (AST)</a>) in memory. This is observed through the use of the
523
- memory statistics function in <a href="http://www.rubyenterpriseedition.com/">Ruby
524
- Enterprise Edition</a>. Also, a lot of the startup time of a Ruby on Rails
525
- application is spent on bootstrapping the Rails framework.</p></div>
526
- <h3 id="_apache">1.3. Apache</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
527
- <div class="para"><p>The Apache web server has a pluggable I/O multiprocessing (the ability to
528
- handle more than 1 concurrent HTTP client at the same time) architecture. An
529
- Apache module which implements a particular multiprocessing strategy, is called
530
- a Multi-Processing Module (MPM). The
531
- <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/mod/prefork.html">prefork MPM</a> &#8212; which
532
- also happens to be the default &#8212; appears to be the most popular one. This MPM
533
- spawns multiple worker child processes. HTTP requests are first accepted by a
534
- so-called control process, and then forwarded to one of the worker processes.
535
- The next section contains a diagram which shows the prefork MPM's architecture.</p></div>
536
- </div>
537
- <h2 id="_passenger_architecture">2. Passenger architecture</h2>
538
- <div class="sectionbody">
539
- <h3 id="_overview">2.1. Overview</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
540
- <div class="para"><p>Passenger's architecture is a lot like setup #2 described in
541
- <a href="#typical_web_applications">Typical web applications</a>. In other words,
542
- Passenger extends Apache and allows it to act like an application server.
543
- Passenger's architecture &#8212; assuming Apache 2 with the prefork MPM is used &#8212;
544
- is shown in the following diagram:</p></div>
545
- <div class="para"><p><span class="image">
546
- <img src="images/passenger_architecture.png" alt="Passenger's architecture" title="Passenger's architecture" />
547
- </span></p></div>
548
- <div class="para"><p>Passenger consists of an Apache module, <em>mod_passenger</em>. This is written in
549
- C++, and can be found in the directory <em>ext/apache2</em>. The module is active in
550
- the Apache control process and in all the Apache worker processes. When an
551
- HTTP request comes in, <em>mod_passenger</em> will check whether the request should
552
- be handled by a Ruby on Rails application. If so, then <em>mod_passenger</em> will
553
- spawn the corresponding Rails application (if necessary) and forward the
554
- request to that application.</p></div>
555
- <div class="para"><p>It should be noted that the Ruby on Rails application does <strong>not</strong> run in the
556
- same address space as Apache. This differentiates Passenger from other
557
- application-server-inside-web-server software such as mod_php, mod_perl and
558
- mod_ruby. If the Rails application crashes or leak memory, it will have no
559
- effect on Apache. In fact, stability is one of our highest goals. Passenger
560
- is carefully designed and implemented so that Apache shouldn't crash because
561
- of Passenger.</p></div>
562
- <h3 id="_spawning_and_caching_of_code_and_applications">2.2. Spawning and caching of code and applications</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
563
- <div class="para"><p>A very naive implementation of Passenger would spawn a Ruby on Rails
564
- application every time an HTTP request is received, just like CGI would.
565
- However, spawning Ruby on Rails applications is expensive. It can take 1 or 2
566
- seconds on a modern PC, and possibly much longer on a heavily loaded server.
567
- This overhead is particularily unacceptable on shared hosts. A less naive
568
- implementation would keep spawned Ruby on Rails application instances alive,
569
- similar to how Lighttpd's FastCGI implementation works.
570
- However, this still has several problems:</p></div>
571
- <div class="olist"><ol>
572
- <li>
573
- <p>
574
- The first request to a Rails website will be slow, and subsequent requests
575
- will be fast. But the first request to a different Rails website - on the
576
- same web server - will still be slow.
577
- </p>
578
- </li>
579
- <li>
580
- <p>
581
- As we've explained earlier in this article, a lot of memory in a Rails
582
- application is spent on storing the AST of the Ruby on Rails framework and
583
- the application. Especially on shared hosts and on memory-constrained
584
- Virtual Private Servers (VPS), this can be a problem.
585
- </p>
586
- </li>
587
- </ol></div>
588
- <div class="para"><p>Both of these problems are very much solvable, and we've chosen to do just
589
- that.</p></div>
590
- <div class="para"><p>The first problem can be solved by preloading Rails applications, i.e. by
591
- running the Rails application before a request is ever made to that website.
592
- This is the approach taken by most Rails hosts, for example in the form of a
593
- Mongrel cluster which is running all the time. However, this is unacceptable
594
- for a shared host: such an application would just sit there and waste memory
595
- even if it's not doing anything. Instead, we've chosen to take a different
596
- approach, which solves both of the aforementioned problems.</p></div>
597
- <div class="para"><p>We spawn Rails applications via a <em>spawn server</em>. The spawn server caches Ruby
598
- on Rails framework code and application code in memory. Spawning a Rails
599
- application for the first time will still be slow, but subsequent spawn
600
- attempts will be very fast. Furthermore, because the framework code is cached
601
- independently from the application code, spawning a different Rails application
602
- will also be very fast, as long as that application is using a Rails framework
603
- version that has already been cached.</p></div>
604
- <div class="para"><p>Another implication of the spawn server is that different Ruby on Rails will
605
- share memory with each other, thus solving problem #2. This is described in
606
- detail in <a href="#spawn_server">the next section</a>.</p></div>
607
- <div class="para"><p>But despite the caching of framework code and application code, spawning is
608
- still expensive compared to an HTTP request. We want to avoid spawning whenever
609
- possible. This is why we've introduced the <strong>application pool</strong>. Spawned
610
- application instances are kept alive, and their handles are stored into this
611
- pool, allowing each application instance to be reused later. Thus, Passenger
612
- has very good average case performance.</p></div>
613
- <div class="para"><p>The application pool is shared between different worker processes. Because the
614
- worker processes cannot share memory with each other, either shared memory must
615
- be used to implement the application pool, or a client/server architecture must
616
- be implemented. We've chosen the latter because it is easier
617
- to implement. The Apache control process acts like a server for the application
618
- pool. However, this does not mean that all HTTP request/response data go
619
- through the control process. A worker process queries the pool for a connection
620
- session with a Rails application. Once this session has been obtained, the
621
- worker process will communicate directly with the Rails application.</p></div>
622
- <div class="para"><p>The application pool is implemented inside <em>mod_passenger</em>. One can find
623
- detailed documentation about it in
624
- <a href="cxxapi/index.html">the C++ API documentation</a>,
625
- in particular the documentation about the <tt>ApplicationPool</tt>,
626
- <tt>StandardApplicationPool</tt> and <tt>ApplicationPoolServer</tt> classes.</p></div>
627
- <div class="admonitionblock">
628
- <table><tr>
629
- <td class="icon">
630
- <img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note" />
631
- </td>
632
- <td class="content">At the moment, Passenger does not support Apache with the worker MPM
633
- (which uses threads instead of processes). But because the application pool is
634
- implemented in a modular way, supporting the worker MPM shouldn't take more
635
- than 10 lines of code.</td>
636
- </tr></table>
637
- </div>
638
- <div class="para"><p>The application pool is responsible for spawning applications, caching
639
- spawned applications' handles, and cleaning up applications which have been
640
- idle for an extended period of time.</p></div>
641
- <h3 id="spawn_server">2.3. The spawn server</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
642
- <div class="para"><p>The spawn server is written in Ruby, and its code can be found in the directory
643
- <em>lib/passenger</em>. Its main executable is <em>bin/passenger-spawn-server</em>.
644
- <a href="rdoc/index.html">The spawn server's RDoc documentation</a> documents the
645
- implementation in detail.</p></div>
646
- <div class="para"><p>The spawn server consists of 3 logical layers:</p></div>
647
- <div class="olist"><ol>
648
- <li>
649
- <p>
650
- <strong>The spawn manager.</strong> This is the topmost layer, and acts like a fascade for
651
- all the underlying layers. Clients who use the spawn server only communicate
652
- with this layer.
653
- </p>
654
- </li>
655
- <li>
656
- <p>
657
- <strong>The framework spawner server.</strong> The spawn manager spawns a framework spawner
658
- server for each unique Ruby on Rails framework version. Each framework
659
- spawner server caches the code for exactly one Ruby on Rails framework
660
- version. A spawn request for an application is forwarded to the framework
661
- spawner server that contains the correct Ruby on Rails version for the
662
- application.
663
- </p>
664
- </li>
665
- <li>
666
- <p>
667
- <strong>The application spawner server.</strong> This is to the framework spawner server
668
- what the framework spawner server is to the spawn manager. The framework
669
- spawner server spawns an application spawner server for each unique Ruby on
670
- Rails application (here &#8220;application&#8221; does not mean a running process, but
671
- a set of (source code) files). An application spawner server caches the
672
- code for exactly one application.
673
- </p>
674
- </li>
675
- </ol></div>
676
- <div class="para"><p><span class="image">
677
- <img src="images/spawn_server_architecture.png" alt="The spawn server's architecture" title="The spawn server's architecture" />
678
- </span></p></div>
679
- <div class="para"><p>As you can see, we have two layers of code caching: when the spawn server
680
- receives a request to spawn a new application instance, it will forward the
681
- request to the correct framework spawner server (and will spawn that framework
682
- spawner server if it doesn't already exist), which &#8212; in turn &#8212; will forward
683
- it to the correct application spawner server (which will, again, be created if
684
- it doesn't already exist).</p></div>
685
- <div class="para"><p>Each layer is only responsible for the layer directly below. The spawn manager
686
- only knows about framework spawner servers, and a framework spawner server only
687
- knows about its application spawner servers. The application spawner server is,
688
- however, not responsible for managing spawned application instances. If an
689
- application instance is spawned by mod_passenger, its information will be sent
690
- back to mod_passenger, which will be fully responsible for managing the
691
- application instance's life time (through the application pool).</p></div>
692
- <div class="para"><p>Also note that each layer is a seperate process. This is required because a
693
- single Ruby process can only load a single Ruby on Rails framework and a
694
- single application.</p></div>
695
- <h4 id="_memory_sharing">2.3.1. Memory sharing</h4>
696
- <div class="para"><p>On most modern Unix operating systems, when a child process is created, it will
697
- share most of its memory with the parent process. Processes are not supposed to
698
- be able to access each others' memory, so the operating system makes a copy of
699
- a piece of memory when it is written to by the parent process or the child
700
- process. This is called copy-on-write (COW). Detailed background information
701
- can be found on <a href="http://www.rubyenterpriseedition.com/">Ruby Enterprise
702
- Edition's website</a>.</p></div>
703
- <div class="para"><p>The spawn server makes use of this useful fact. Each layer shares its Ruby AST
704
- memory with all of its lower layers, as long as the AST nodes in question
705
- haven't been written to. This means that all spawned Rails applications will
706
- &#8212; if possible &#8212; share the Ruby on Rails framework's code, as well as its own
707
- application code, with each other. This results in a dramatic reduction in
708
- memory usage.</p></div>
709
- <div class="admonitionblock">
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- <table><tr>
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- <td class="icon">
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- <img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note" />
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- </td>
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- <td class="content">
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- <div class="para"><p>Sharing memory only works if <a href="http://www.rubyenterpriseedition.com/">Ruby
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- Enterprise Edition</a> is used. This is because the standard Ruby interpreter's
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- garbage collector isn't copy-on-write friendly. Please visit the Ruby
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- Enterprise Edition website for technical details.</p></div>
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- <div class="para"><p>Passenger works fine with standard Ruby. You still get to enjoy reduced Rails
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- startup times. You just won't be able to benefit from memory sharing.</p></div>
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- </td>
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- </tr></table>
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- </div>
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- <div class="para"><p>Note that <a href="http://rubini.us/">Rubinius</a>'s garbage collector is already
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- copy-on-write friendly.</p></div>
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- <h3 id="concurrent_requests">2.4. Handling of concurrent requests</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
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- <div class="para"><p>As explained earlier, a single Rails application instance can only handle a
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- single request at the same time. This is obviously undesirable. But before we
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- dive into the solution, let us take a look how the &#8220;competition&#8221; solves this
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- problem. PHP has similar problems: a single PHP script can also process only
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- one HTTP request at a time.</p></div>
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- <div class="ilist"><ul>
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- <li>
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- <p>
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- mod_php &#8220;solves&#8221; this problem by using Apache's MPM. In other words,
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- mod_php doesn't do anything by itself at all. A single Apache worker
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- process/thread can only handle 1 PHP request at a time, but Apache spawns
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- multiple worker processes/threads.
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- </p>
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- </li>
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- <li>
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- <p>
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- PHP-FastCGI solves the problem by spawning multiple persistent PHP servers.
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- The number of PHP servers is independent from the number of Apache worker
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- processes/threads. This approach is a lot like existing Rails setups, in
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- which a frontend web server proxies requests to a persistent Mongrel cluster.
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- </p>
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- </li>
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- </ul></div>
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- <div class="para"><p>Passenger cannot use the mod_php way because it would force us to spawn a new
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- Rails application for each request, which is &#8212; as explained earlier &#8212;
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- unacceptably slow. Instead, Passenger uses the PHP-FastCGI approach. We
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- maintain a pool of application instances, and whenever a request is received,
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- we forward the request to one of the application instances in the pool. The
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- size of the pool is configurable, which is useful for administrators of servers
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- that are either heavily loaded or have little memory.</p></div>
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- <div class="para"><p>The reader might also be interested in studying the application pool's
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- algorithm, which is non-trivial. The algorithm is documented in detail in
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- <a href="ApplicationPool%20algorithm.txt">ApplicationPool algorithm.txt</a>.</p></div>
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- </div>
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- <h2 id="_appendix_a_about_this_document">3. Appendix A: About this document</h2>
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- <div class="sectionbody">
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- <div class="para"><p>The text of this document is licensed under the
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- <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">Creative Commons
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- Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License</a>.</p></div>
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- <div class="para"><p><span class="image">
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- <a class="image" href="link:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">
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- <img src="images/by_sa.png" alt="images/by_sa.png" />
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- </a>
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- </span></p></div>
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- </div>
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- <div id="footer">
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- <div id="footer-text">
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- Last updated 2008-12-01 14:21:21 CEST
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- </div>
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- </div>
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- </body>
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- </html>
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