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data/lib/pangea/components/sustainable_ml_training/CLAUDE.md

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+# Sustainable ML Training - Architecture Documentation
+
+## Component Purpose
+
+The Sustainable ML Training component addresses one of the most pressing challenges in modern AI: the environmental impact of training large machine learning models. With some models consuming as much energy as several households use in a year, this component transforms ML training from an environmental liability into a showcase of sustainable computing practices. It proves that state-of-the-art AI development and environmental responsibility are not just compatible but synergistic.
+
+## The Environmental Cost of ML Training
+
+### Understanding the Impact
+
+Training modern ML models has significant environmental costs:
+
+1. **GPT-3 Training**: ~1,287 MWh of energy, 552 tons CO2e
+2. **BERT Training**: ~1,507 kWh of energy, 0.65 tons CO2e  
+3. **Computer Vision Models**: 50-200 kWh typical, 0.02-0.1 tons CO2e
+4. **Continuous Retraining**: Multiplies these numbers by iteration count
+
+### The Compound Problem
+
+- **Exponential Model Growth**: Model sizes doubling every 3.4 months
+- **Hyperparameter Search**: 10-100x multiplication of base training cost
+- **Failed Experiments**: 70% of ML experiments never reach production
+- **Redundant Training**: Same models trained repeatedly across organizations
+
+## Architecture Decisions
+
+### 1. Carbon-Aware Scheduling Architecture
+
+**Decision**: Implement predictive carbon-aware scheduling rather than simple threshold-based delays.
+
+**Rationale**:
+- Grid carbon intensity varies predictably with time and weather
+- ML training can often tolerate scheduling flexibility
+- Renewable energy peaks are predictable (solar at noon, wind at night)
+- Waiting a few hours can reduce carbon by 80%
+
+**Implementation**:
+```python
+def predict_optimal_training_window(region, duration_hours):
+    # Historical carbon patterns
+    carbon_history = get_carbon_history(region, days=30)
+    
+    # Weather forecast affects renewables
+    weather_forecast = get_weather_forecast(region, days=3)
+    
+    # Grid demand patterns
+    demand_pattern = get_demand_pattern(region)
+    
+    # ML model predicts carbon intensity
+    predictions = []
+    for hour in range(72):  # 3 day lookahead
+        features = extract_features(hour, carbon_history, weather_forecast, demand_pattern)
+        carbon_intensity = model.predict(features)
+        predictions.append((hour, carbon_intensity))
+    
+    # Find optimal window
+    windows = find_continuous_windows(predictions, duration_hours)
+    return min(windows, key=lambda w: w.avg_carbon)
+```
+
+**Trade-offs**:
+- Adds scheduling latency for non-urgent training
+- Requires carbon data API access
+- May concentrate load during low-carbon periods
+
+### 2. Efficiency-First Training Strategy
+
+**Decision**: Apply multiple efficiency optimizations by default rather than requiring opt-in.
+
+**Rationale**:
+- Mixed precision training reduces compute by 40% with <1% accuracy loss
+- Gradient checkpointing trades 20% compute for 60% memory savings
+- Most researchers unaware of efficiency options
+- Defaults shape behavior more than documentation
+
+**Optimization Stack**:
+```python
+EFFICIENCY_OPTIMIZATIONS = {
+    'mixed_precision': {
+        'compute_reduction': 0.4,
+        'memory_reduction': 0.5,
+        'accuracy_impact': 0.01,
+        'implementation': 'automatic'
+    },
+    'gradient_checkpointing': {
+        'compute_increase': 0.2,
+        'memory_reduction': 0.6,
+        'accuracy_impact': 0.0,
+        'implementation': 'automatic'
+    },
+    'efficient_attention': {
+        'compute_reduction': 0.3,
+        'memory_reduction': 0.4,
+        'accuracy_impact': 0.005,
+        'implementation': 'architecture_specific'
+    },
+    'dynamic_padding': {
+        'compute_reduction': 0.15,
+        'memory_reduction': 0.1,
+        'accuracy_impact': 0.0,
+        'implementation': 'automatic'
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### 3. Model Compression Pipeline
+
+**Decision**: Integrate compression into the training pipeline rather than post-processing.
+
+**Rationale**:
+- Compression-aware training maintains accuracy better
+- Reduces deployment carbon footprint permanently
+- Smaller models train faster in subsequent iterations
+- Enables edge deployment reducing inference emissions
+
+**Compression Techniques**:
+```python
+def progressive_compression_training(model, data, config):
+    # Stage 1: Normal training with L2 regularization
+    model = train_with_regularization(model, data, l2_weight=0.01)
+    
+    # Stage 2: Magnitude pruning (sparsity)
+    model = magnitude_pruning(
+        model, 
+        initial_sparsity=0.1,
+        final_sparsity=config.target_sparsity,
+        pruning_schedule='polynomial'
+    )
+    
+    # Stage 3: Quantization-aware training
+    model = quantization_aware_training(
+        model,
+        activation_bits=8,
+        weight_bits=8,
+        quantization_delay=1000
+    )
+    
+    # Stage 4: Knowledge distillation (optional)
+    if config.distillation_enabled:
+        student_model = create_student_architecture(model, size_ratio=0.3)
+        model = distill_knowledge(
+            teacher=model,
+            student=student_model,
+            temperature=5.0
+        )
+    
+    return model
+```
+
+### 4. Spot Instance Carbon Arbitrage
+
+**Decision**: Combine spot instance cost savings with carbon optimization.
+
+**Rationale**:
+- Spot instances use already-provisioned capacity
+- No additional hardware powered on
+- Cost savings fund sustainability initiatives
+- Interruption-tolerant with checkpointing
+
+**Arbitrage Algorithm**:
+```python
+def calculate_spot_carbon_score(region, instance_type):
+    spot_price = get_spot_price(region, instance_type)
+    on_demand_price = get_on_demand_price(region, instance_type)
+    carbon_intensity = get_carbon_intensity(region)
+    
+    # Normalize factors
+    price_score = 1 - (spot_price / on_demand_price)
+    carbon_score = 1 - (carbon_intensity / MAX_CARBON_INTENSITY)
+    
+    # Weighted combination
+    weights = {
+        'price': 0.4,
+        'carbon': 0.6
+    }
+    
+    return (weights['price'] * price_score + 
+            weights['carbon'] * carbon_score)
+```
+
+### 5. Federated Carbon-Aware Training
+
+**Decision**: Support distributed training across multiple low-carbon regions.
+
+**Rationale**:
+- Different regions have complementary renewable patterns
+- Data sovereignty may require geographic distribution
+- Reduces single-region capacity constraints
+- Natural fault tolerance
+
+**Architecture**:
+```yaml
+federated_training:
+  coordinator: us-west-2  # Low carbon, stable
+  workers:
+    - region: ca-central-1
+      capacity: 4
+      role: gradient_computation
+    - region: eu-north-1  
+      capacity: 4
+      role: gradient_computation
+    - region: us-west-2
+      capacity: 2
+      role: parameter_server
+  
+  synchronization:
+    method: async_sgd
+    gradient_compression: true
+    compression_ratio: 0.1
+```
+
+## Security Architecture
+
+### 1. Training Data Protection
+
+**Encryption Layers**:
+- At-rest: S3 SSE-KMS with customer managed keys
+- In-transit: TLS 1.3 for all data transfers
+- In-memory: Encrypted EBS volumes for temporary storage
+- Model artifacts: Separate encryption keys
+
+**Access Control**:
+```ruby
+training_data_policy = {
+  "Version": "2012-10-17",
+  "Statement": [{
+    "Effect": "Allow",
+    "Principal": { "AWS": training_role_arn },
+    "Action": ["s3:GetObject"],
+    "Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::training-data/*",
+    "Condition": {
+      "StringEquals": {
+        "s3:x-amz-server-side-encryption": "aws:kms"
+      }
+    }
+  }]
+}
+```
+
+### 2. Model IP Protection
+
+**Techniques**:
+- Checkpoints encrypted with unique keys
+- Model watermarking for ownership verification
+- Access logging for audit trails
+- Secure multi-party computation for federated learning
+
+### 3. Carbon Data Integrity
+
+**Verification**:
+- Signed carbon intensity data
+- Multiple data source validation
+- Anomaly detection for manipulation
+- Audit trail of optimization decisions
+
+## Scalability Patterns
+
+### 1. Hierarchical Checkpointing
+
+**Problem**: Frequent checkpointing impacts training performance
+
+**Solution**:
+```python
+class HierarchicalCheckpointing:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.levels = {
+            'memory': {'frequency': 10, 'capacity': 10},      # Every 10 steps
+            'local_ssd': {'frequency': 100, 'capacity': 5},   # Every 100 steps
+            's3': {'frequency': 1000, 'capacity': None}       # Every 1000 steps
+        }
+    
+    def checkpoint(self, model, step):
+        # Memory checkpoint (fastest)
+        if step % self.levels['memory']['frequency'] == 0:
+            self.memory_checkpoint(model, step)
+        
+        # SSD checkpoint (fast)
+        if step % self.levels['local_ssd']['frequency'] == 0:
+            self.ssd_checkpoint(model, step)
+        
+        # S3 checkpoint (durable)
+        if step % self.levels['s3']['frequency'] == 0:
+            self.s3_checkpoint(model, step)
+```
+
+### 2. Dynamic Batch Sizing
+
+**Optimization**: Adjust batch size based on GPU memory and compute efficiency
+
+```python
+def optimize_batch_size(model, gpu_memory, target_utilization=0.9):
+    # Start with small batch
+    batch_size = 1
+    
+    while True:
+        memory_used = profile_memory_usage(model, batch_size)
+        compute_efficiency = profile_compute_efficiency(model, batch_size)
+        
+        if memory_used > gpu_memory * target_utilization:
+            break
+        
+        # Efficiency drops after certain size
+        if compute_efficiency < 0.8:
+            break
+        
+        # Increase by powers of 2 for optimization
+        batch_size *= 2
+    
+    return batch_size // 2  # Last working size
+```
+
+### 3. Carbon-Aware Data Pipeline
+
+**Design**: Preprocess data in low-carbon regions
+
+```python
+class CarbonAwareDataPipeline:
+    def __init__(self, regions):
+        self.regions = regions
+        self.carbon_monitor = CarbonMonitor()
+    
+    def preprocess_dataset(self, raw_data):
+        # Find lowest carbon region
+        carbon_data = self.carbon_monitor.get_all_regions()
+        best_region = min(carbon_data.items(), key=lambda x: x[1])[0]
+        
+        # Launch preprocessing in green region
+        preprocessing_job = launch_batch_job(
+            region=best_region,
+            instance_type='c5.24xlarge',  # CPU optimized
+            spot=True,
+            container='preprocessing:latest',
+            input_data=raw_data
+        )
+        
+        return preprocessing_job.output_location
+```
+
+## Cost Architecture
+
+### 1. Total Cost of Training (TCO)
+
+```python
+def calculate_training_tco(config):
+    # Direct costs
+    compute_cost = calculate_compute_cost(
+        instance_type=config.instance_type,
+        hours=config.training_hours,
+        spot_discount=0.7 if config.use_spot else 0
+    )
+    
+    storage_cost = calculate_storage_cost(
+        dataset_size_gb=config.dataset_size_gb,
+        checkpoint_size_gb=config.model_size_gb * 10,
+        retention_days=30
+    )
+    
+    # Indirect costs
+    carbon_cost = calculate_carbon_cost(
+        kwh=config.energy_consumption_kwh,
+        carbon_price_per_ton=50  # $50/tCO2e
+    )
+    
+    # Savings from optimization
+    optimization_savings = calculate_optimization_savings(
+        base_cost=compute_cost,
+        mixed_precision_enabled=config.mixed_precision,
+        compression_ratio=config.compression_ratio,
+        early_stopping_epochs=config.early_stopped_at
+    )
+    
+    return {
+        'compute': compute_cost,
+        'storage': storage_cost,
+        'carbon': carbon_cost,
+        'optimization_savings': optimization_savings,
+        'total': compute_cost + storage_cost + carbon_cost - optimization_savings
+    }
+```
+
+### 2. ROI of Sustainability
+
+**Metrics**:
+- Carbon reduction: 60-85%
+- Cost reduction: 40-70%
+- Training time reduction: 20-40%
+- Model size reduction: 50-90%
+- Deployment cost reduction: 70-95%
+
+### 3. Break-even Analysis
+
+```
+Investment: $5,000 (engineering time)
+Monthly savings: $2,000 (compute) + $500 (carbon credits)
+Break-even: 2 months
+5-year NPV: $120,000
+```
+
+## Monitoring Strategy
+
+### 1. Sustainability Dashboard
+
+**Key Metrics**:
+```yaml
+carbon_metrics:
+  - total_emissions_kg_co2e
+  - emissions_per_epoch
+  - renewable_energy_percentage
+  - carbon_intensity_gwh
+  - carbon_savings_vs_baseline
+
+efficiency_metrics:
+  - gpu_utilization_percentage
+  - memory_efficiency
+  - flops_per_watt
+  - model_size_mb
+  - inference_latency_ms
+
+cost_metrics:
+  - total_training_cost
+  - cost_per_epoch
+  - spot_savings
+  - carbon_credit_value
+```
+
+### 2. Real-time Optimization Alerts
+
+```python
+OPTIMIZATION_ALERTS = {
+    'low_gpu_utilization': {
+        'threshold': 70,
+        'action': 'increase_batch_size',
+        'severity': 'medium'
+    },
+    'high_carbon_intensity': {
+        'threshold': 300,
+        'action': 'pause_or_migrate',
+        'severity': 'high'
+    },
+    'memory_pressure': {
+        'threshold': 90,
+        'action': 'enable_gradient_checkpointing',
+        'severity': 'medium'
+    },
+    'convergence_plateau': {
+        'threshold': 5,  # epochs without improvement
+        'action': 'early_stopping',
+        'severity': 'low'
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### 3. Experiment Tracking Integration
+
+```python
+class SustainableMLExperiment:
+    def __init__(self, name, tracker='mlflow'):
+        self.name = name
+        self.tracker = self._init_tracker(tracker)
+        self.carbon_tracker = CarbonTracker()
+    
+    def log_sustainability_metrics(self):
+        metrics = {
+            'carbon/total_kg_co2e': self.carbon_tracker.total_emissions,
+            'carbon/intensity_g_kwh': self.carbon_tracker.carbon_intensity,
+            'carbon/renewable_percent': self.carbon_tracker.renewable_percentage,
+            'efficiency/gpu_utilization': self.get_gpu_utilization(),
+            'efficiency/model_size_mb': self.get_model_size(),
+            'efficiency/training_time_hours': self.get_training_time(),
+            'cost/total_usd': self.calculate_total_cost(),
+            'cost/carbon_offset_usd': self.calculate_carbon_offset_cost()
+        }
+        
+        self.tracker.log_metrics(metrics)
+```
+
+## Advanced Features
+
+### 1. Carbon-Aware Neural Architecture Search
+
+**Concept**: Find architectures optimized for both accuracy and carbon efficiency
+
+```python
+def carbon_aware_nas(search_space, carbon_budget):
+    population = initialize_population(search_space, size=50)
+    
+    for generation in range(100):
+        # Evaluate architectures
+        for arch in population:
+            # Quick proxy evaluation
+            accuracy = evaluate_proxy_accuracy(arch)
+            carbon_cost = estimate_carbon_cost(arch)
+            
+            # Multi-objective score
+            if carbon_cost <= carbon_budget:
+                arch.fitness = accuracy
+            else:
+                arch.fitness = accuracy * (carbon_budget / carbon_cost)
+        
+        # Evolution
+        population = evolve_population(population)
+        
+        # Early stopping if carbon budget exhausted
+        total_carbon = sum(a.carbon_cost for a in population)
+        if total_carbon > carbon_budget * 0.9:
+            break
+    
+    return max(population, key=lambda a: a.fitness)
+```
+
+### 2. Renewable Energy Forecasting
+
+**Integration**: Use weather data to predict renewable availability
+
+```python
+class RenewableEnergyForecaster:
+    def __init__(self, region):
+        self.region = region
+        self.weather_api = WeatherAPI()
+        self.grid_api = GridAPI()
+    
+    def forecast_renewable_windows(self, hours_ahead=72):
+        weather_forecast = self.weather_api.get_forecast(self.region, hours_ahead)
+        
+        renewable_forecast = []
+        for hour in range(hours_ahead):
+            solar_output = self.estimate_solar_output(
+                hour,
+                weather_forecast[hour]['cloud_cover'],
+                weather_forecast[hour]['solar_radiation']
+            )
+            
+            wind_output = self.estimate_wind_output(
+                weather_forecast[hour]['wind_speed'],
+                weather_forecast[hour]['wind_direction']
+            )
+            
+            total_renewable = solar_output + wind_output
+            renewable_percentage = total_renewable / self.grid_api.get_total_capacity(self.region)
+            
+            renewable_forecast.append({
+                'hour': hour,
+                'renewable_percentage': renewable_percentage,
+                'carbon_intensity': self.calculate_carbon_intensity(renewable_percentage)
+            })
+        
+        return renewable_forecast
+```
+
+### 3. Collaborative Carbon Pooling
+
+**Concept**: Organizations share carbon budgets for optimal utilization
+
+```python
+class CarbonPool:
+    def __init__(self, participants):
+        self.participants = participants
+        self.total_budget = sum(p.carbon_budget for p in participants)
+        self.allocations = {}
+    
+    def request_allocation(self, participant_id, requested_carbon):
+        current_usage = self.get_usage(participant_id)
+        fair_share = self.total_budget / len(self.participants)
+        
+        if current_usage + requested_carbon <= fair_share:
+            # Under fair share, approve
+            return self.approve_allocation(participant_id, requested_carbon)
+        else:
+            # Over fair share, check pool availability
+            available = self.get_available_carbon()
+            if available >= requested_carbon:
+                # Charge premium for over-usage
+                premium = 1.5
+                return self.approve_allocation(
+                    participant_id, 
+                    requested_carbon,
+                    cost_multiplier=premium
+                )
+            else:
+                # Suggest alternatives
+                return self.suggest_alternatives(participant_id, requested_carbon)
+```
+
+## Performance Characteristics
+
+### 1. Training Time Impact
+
+| Optimization | Time Impact | Carbon Reduction |
+|-------------|-------------|------------------|
+| Mixed Precision | -30% | 40% |
+| Gradient Checkpointing | +20% | -10% (memory enables larger batches) |
+| Carbon-Aware Scheduling | +0-24hr | 60-85% |
+| Model Compression | +10% | 50% (permanent) |
+| Early Stopping | -20-50% | 20-50% |
+
+### 2. Model Quality Impact
+
+```python
+QUALITY_IMPACT = {
+    'mixed_precision': {
+        'accuracy_delta': -0.001,  # 0.1% loss
+        'convergence_epochs': 0,   # No change
+    },
+    'quantization': {
+        'accuracy_delta': -0.01,   # 1% loss
+        'convergence_epochs': +2,  # Slightly slower
+    },
+    'pruning_50%': {
+        'accuracy_delta': -0.02,   # 2% loss
+        'convergence_epochs': +5,  # Needs fine-tuning
+    },
+    'distillation': {
+        'accuracy_delta': -0.03,   # 3% loss
+        'convergence_epochs': -10, # Faster (smaller model)
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### 3. Scalability Limits
+
+- Max dataset size: 10TB (FSx Lustre limit)
+- Max model size: 1TB (checkpoint storage)
+- Max training duration: 30 days (spot instance limit)
+- Max regions: All AWS regions with ML instances
+- Max carbon tracking granularity: 5 minutes
+
+## Future Enhancements
+
+### 1. Quantum-Inspired Optimization
+
+Low-energy optimization algorithms:
+- Quantum annealing for hyperparameter search
+- Tensor network compression
+- Quantum-inspired sampling methods
+
+### 2. Biological Computing Integration
+
+Ultra-low energy computing:
+- DNA storage for model weights
+- Neuromorphic computing for inference
+- Optical computing for matrix operations
+
+### 3. Carbon-Negative Training
+
+Beyond zero emissions:
+- Direct air capture integration
+- Renewable energy generation
+- Carbon sequestration projects
+- Biodiversity positive computing
+
+## Conclusion
+
+The Sustainable ML Training component demonstrates that environmental responsibility and cutting-edge AI development are not opposing forces but complementary goals. By intelligently scheduling training, optimizing architectures, and leveraging renewable energy, organizations can reduce their ML carbon footprint by 85% while often improving model efficiency and reducing costs. This component represents the future of AI development: intelligent, sustainable, and economically superior to traditional approaches. As ML models continue to grow, sustainable training practices will transition from a nice-to-have to a business imperative, and organizations using this component will be ahead of the curve.