oj 3.7.4 → 3.13.21

data/ext/oj/oj.c

@@ -1,353 +1,473 @@
-/* oj.c
- * Copyright (c) 2012, Peter Ohler
- * All rights reserved.
- */
+// Copyright (c) 2012 Peter Ohler. All rights reserved.
+// Licensed under the MIT License. See LICENSE file in the project root for license details.
+
+#include "oj.h"
 
-#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
 
-#include "oj.h"
-#include "parse.h"
-#include "hash.h"
-#include "odd.h"
 #include "dump.h"
-#include "rails.h"
 #include "encode.h"
+#include "intern.h"
+#include "odd.h"
+#include "parse.h"
+#include "rails.h"
 
-typedef struct _YesNoOpt {
-    VALUE	sym;
-    char	*attr;
-} *YesNoOpt;
+typedef struct _yesNoOpt {
+    VALUE sym;
+    char *attr;
+} * YesNoOpt;
 
 void Init_oj();
 
-VALUE	 Oj = Qnil;
-
-ID	oj_add_value_id;
-ID	oj_array_append_id;
-ID	oj_array_end_id;
-ID	oj_array_start_id;
-ID	oj_as_json_id;
-ID	oj_begin_id;
-ID	oj_bigdecimal_id;
-ID	oj_end_id;
-ID	oj_exclude_end_id;
-ID	oj_error_id;
-ID	oj_file_id;
-ID	oj_fileno_id;
-ID	oj_ftype_id;
-ID	oj_has_key_id;
-ID	oj_hash_end_id;
-ID	oj_hash_key_id;
-ID	oj_hash_set_id;
-ID	oj_hash_start_id;
-ID	oj_iconv_id;
-ID	oj_instance_variables_id;
-ID	oj_json_create_id;
-ID	oj_length_id;
-ID	oj_new_id;
-ID	oj_parse_id;
-ID	oj_pos_id;
-ID	oj_read_id;
-ID	oj_readpartial_id;
-ID	oj_replace_id;
-ID	oj_stat_id;
-ID	oj_string_id;
-ID	oj_to_h_id;
-ID	oj_to_hash_id;
-ID	oj_to_json_id;
-ID	oj_to_s_id;
-ID	oj_to_sym_id;
-ID	oj_to_time_id;
-ID	oj_tv_nsec_id;
-ID	oj_tv_sec_id;
-ID	oj_tv_usec_id;
-ID	oj_utc_id;
-ID	oj_utc_offset_id;
-ID	oj_utcq_id;
-ID	oj_write_id;
-
-
-VALUE	oj_bag_class;
-VALUE	oj_bigdecimal_class;
-VALUE	oj_cstack_class;
-VALUE	oj_date_class;
-VALUE	oj_datetime_class;
-VALUE	oj_enumerable_class;
-VALUE	oj_parse_error_class;
-VALUE	oj_stream_writer_class;
-VALUE	oj_string_writer_class;
-VALUE	oj_stringio_class;
-VALUE	oj_struct_class;
-
-VALUE	oj_slash_string;
-
-VALUE	oj_allow_nan_sym;
-VALUE	oj_array_class_sym;
-VALUE	oj_create_additions_sym;
-VALUE	oj_hash_class_sym;
-VALUE	oj_indent_sym;
-VALUE	oj_object_class_sym;
-VALUE	oj_quirks_mode_sym;
-VALUE	oj_trace_sym;
-
-static VALUE	allow_blank_sym;
-static VALUE	allow_gc_sym;
-static VALUE	allow_invalid_unicode_sym;
-static VALUE	ascii_sym;
-static VALUE	auto_define_sym;
-static VALUE	auto_sym;
-static VALUE	bigdecimal_as_decimal_sym;
-static VALUE	bigdecimal_load_sym;
-static VALUE	bigdecimal_sym;
-static VALUE	circular_sym;
-static VALUE	class_cache_sym;
-static VALUE	compat_sym;
-static VALUE	create_id_sym;
-static VALUE	custom_sym;
-static VALUE	empty_string_sym;
-static VALUE	escape_mode_sym;
-static VALUE	integer_range_sym;
-static VALUE	float_prec_sym;
-static VALUE	float_sym;
-static VALUE	huge_sym;
-static VALUE	ignore_sym;
-static VALUE	json_sym;
-static VALUE	match_string_sym;
-static VALUE	mode_sym;
-static VALUE	nan_sym;
-static VALUE	newline_sym;
-static VALUE	nilnil_sym;
-static VALUE	null_sym;
-static VALUE	object_sym;
-static VALUE	omit_nil_sym;
-static VALUE	rails_sym;
-static VALUE	raise_sym;
-static VALUE	ruby_sym;
-static VALUE	sec_prec_sym;
-static VALUE	strict_sym;
-static VALUE	symbol_keys_sym;
-static VALUE	time_format_sym;
-static VALUE	unicode_xss_sym;
-static VALUE	unix_sym;
-static VALUE	unix_zone_sym;
-static VALUE	use_as_json_sym;
-static VALUE	use_to_hash_sym;
-static VALUE	use_to_json_sym;
-static VALUE	wab_sym;
-static VALUE	word_sym;
-static VALUE	xmlschema_sym;
-static VALUE	xss_safe_sym;
-
-rb_encoding	*oj_utf8_encoding = 0;
-
-#if HAVE_LIBPTHREAD
-pthread_mutex_t	oj_cache_mutex;
+VALUE Oj = Qnil;
+
+ID oj_add_value_id;
+ID oj_array_append_id;
+ID oj_array_end_id;
+ID oj_array_start_id;
+ID oj_as_json_id;
+ID oj_begin_id;
+ID oj_bigdecimal_id;
+ID oj_end_id;
+ID oj_exclude_end_id;
+ID oj_error_id;
+ID oj_file_id;
+ID oj_fileno_id;
+ID oj_ftype_id;
+ID oj_hash_end_id;
+ID oj_hash_key_id;
+ID oj_hash_set_id;
+ID oj_hash_start_id;
+ID oj_iconv_id;
+ID oj_json_create_id;
+ID oj_length_id;
+ID oj_new_id;
+ID oj_parse_id;
+ID oj_pos_id;
+ID oj_raw_json_id;
+ID oj_read_id;
+ID oj_readpartial_id;
+ID oj_replace_id;
+ID oj_stat_id;
+ID oj_string_id;
+ID oj_to_h_id;
+ID oj_to_hash_id;
+ID oj_to_json_id;
+ID oj_to_s_id;
+ID oj_to_sym_id;
+ID oj_to_time_id;
+ID oj_tv_nsec_id;
+ID oj_tv_sec_id;
+ID oj_tv_usec_id;
+ID oj_utc_id;
+ID oj_utc_offset_id;
+ID oj_utcq_id;
+ID oj_write_id;
+
+VALUE oj_bag_class;
+VALUE oj_bigdecimal_class;
+VALUE oj_cstack_class;
+VALUE oj_date_class;
+VALUE oj_datetime_class;
+VALUE oj_enumerable_class;
+VALUE oj_parse_error_class;
+VALUE oj_stream_writer_class;
+VALUE oj_string_writer_class;
+VALUE oj_stringio_class;
+VALUE oj_struct_class;
+
+VALUE oj_slash_string;
+
+VALUE oj_allow_nan_sym;
+VALUE oj_array_class_sym;
+VALUE oj_create_additions_sym;
+VALUE oj_decimal_class_sym;
+VALUE oj_hash_class_sym;
+VALUE oj_indent_sym;
+VALUE oj_object_class_sym;
+VALUE oj_quirks_mode_sym;
+VALUE oj_safe_sym;
+VALUE oj_symbolize_names_sym;
+VALUE oj_trace_sym;
+
+static VALUE allow_blank_sym;
+static VALUE allow_gc_sym;
+static VALUE allow_invalid_unicode_sym;
+static VALUE ascii_sym;
+static VALUE auto_define_sym;
+static VALUE auto_sym;
+static VALUE bigdecimal_as_decimal_sym;
+static VALUE bigdecimal_load_sym;
+static VALUE bigdecimal_sym;
+static VALUE cache_keys_sym;
+static VALUE cache_str_sym;
+static VALUE cache_string_sym;
+static VALUE circular_sym;
+static VALUE class_cache_sym;
+static VALUE compat_bigdecimal_sym;
+static VALUE compat_sym;
+static VALUE create_id_sym;
+static VALUE custom_sym;
+static VALUE empty_string_sym;
+static VALUE escape_mode_sym;
+static VALUE integer_range_sym;
+static VALUE fast_sym;
+static VALUE float_prec_sym;
+static VALUE float_sym;
+static VALUE huge_sym;
+static VALUE ignore_sym;
+static VALUE ignore_under_sym;
+static VALUE json_sym;
+static VALUE match_string_sym;
+static VALUE mode_sym;
+static VALUE nan_sym;
+static VALUE newline_sym;
+static VALUE nilnil_sym;
+static VALUE null_sym;
+static VALUE object_sym;
+static VALUE omit_nil_sym;
+static VALUE rails_sym;
+static VALUE raise_sym;
+static VALUE ruby_sym;
+static VALUE sec_prec_sym;
+static VALUE slash_sym;
+static VALUE strict_sym;
+static VALUE symbol_keys_sym;
+static VALUE time_format_sym;
+static VALUE unicode_xss_sym;
+static VALUE unix_sym;
+static VALUE unix_zone_sym;
+static VALUE use_as_json_sym;
+static VALUE use_raw_json_sym;
+static VALUE use_to_hash_sym;
+static VALUE use_to_json_sym;
+static VALUE wab_sym;
+static VALUE word_sym;
+static VALUE xmlschema_sym;
+static VALUE xss_safe_sym;
+
+rb_encoding *oj_utf8_encoding = 0;
+int oj_utf8_encoding_index = 0;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_PTHREAD_MUTEX_INIT
+pthread_mutex_t oj_cache_mutex;
 #else
 VALUE oj_cache_mutex = Qnil;
 #endif
 
-const char	oj_json_class[] = "json_class";
-
-struct _Options	oj_default_options = {
-    0,		// indent
-    No,		// circular
-    No,		// auto_define
-    No,		// sym_key
-    JSONEsc,	// escape_mode
-    ObjectMode,	// mode
-    Yes,	// class_cache
-    UnixTime,	// time_format
-    NotSet,	// bigdec_as_num
-    AutoDec,	// bigdec_load
-    No,		// to_hash
-    No,		// to_json
-    No,		// as_json
-    No,		// nilnil
-    Yes,	// empty_string
-    Yes,	// allow_gc
-    Yes,	// quirks_mode
-    No,		// allow_invalid
-    No,		// create_ok
-    Yes,	// allow_nan
-    No,		// trace
-    0,		// integer_range_min
-    0,		// integer_range_max
-    oj_json_class,	// create_id
-    10,		// create_id_len
-    9,		// sec_prec
-    16,		// float_prec
-    "%0.15g",	// float_fmt
-    Qnil,	// hash_class
-    Qnil,	// array_class
-    {		// dump_opts
-	false,	//use
-	"",	// indent
-	"",	// before_sep
-	"",	// after_sep
-	"",	// hash_nl
-	"",	// array_nl
-	0,	// indent_size
-	0,	// before_size
-	0,	// after_size
-	0,	// hash_size
-	0,	// array_size
-	AutoNan,// nan_dump
-	false,	// omit_nil
-	MAX_DEPTH, // max_depth
+extern void oj_parser_init();
+
+const char oj_json_class[] = "json_class";
+
+struct _options oj_default_options = {
+    0,              // indent
+    No,             // circular
+    No,             // auto_define
+    No,             // sym_key
+    JSONEsc,        // escape_mode
+    ObjectMode,     // mode
+    Yes,            // class_cache
+    UnixTime,       // time_format
+    NotSet,         // bigdec_as_num
+    AutoDec,        // bigdec_load
+    false,          // compat_bigdec
+    No,             // to_hash
+    No,             // to_json
+    No,             // as_json
+    No,             // raw_json
+    No,             // nilnil
+    Yes,            // empty_string
+    Yes,            // allow_gc
+    Yes,            // quirks_mode
+    No,             // allow_invalid
+    No,             // create_ok
+    Yes,            // allow_nan
+    No,             // trace
+    No,             // safe
+    false,          // sec_prec_set
+    No,             // ignore_under
+    Yes,            // cache_keys
+    0,              // cache_str
+    0,              // int_range_min
+    0,              // int_range_max
+    oj_json_class,  // create_id
+    10,             // create_id_len
+    9,              // sec_prec
+    16,             // float_prec
+    "%0.15g",       // float_fmt
+    Qnil,           // hash_class
+    Qnil,           // array_class
+    {
+        // dump_opts
+        false,      // use
+        "",         // indent
+        "",         // before_sep
+        "",         // after_sep
+        "",         // hash_nl
+        "",         // array_nl
+        0,          // indent_size
+        0,          // before_size
+        0,          // after_size
+        0,          // hash_size
+        0,          // array_size
+        AutoNan,    // nan_dump
+        false,      // omit_nil
+        MAX_DEPTH,  // max_depth
     },
-    {		// str_rx
-	NULL,	// head
-	NULL,	// tail
-	{ '\0' }, // err
+    {
+        // str_rx
+        NULL,    // head
+        NULL,    // tail
+        {'\0'},  // err
     },
-    NULL,	// ignore
+    NULL,  // ignore
 };
 
 /* Document-method: default_options()
  *	call-seq: default_options()
  *
  * Returns the default load and dump options as a Hash. The options are
- * - *:indent* [_Fixnum_|_String_|_nil_] number of spaces to indent each element in an JSON document, zero or nil is no newline between JSON elements, negative indicates no newline between top level JSON elements in a stream, a String indicates the string should be used for indentation
- * - *:circular* [_Boolean_|_nil_] support circular references while dumping
+ * - *:indent* [_Fixnum_|_String_|_nil_] number of spaces to indent each element in an JSON
+ *document, zero or nil is no newline between JSON elements, negative indicates no newline between
+ *top level JSON elements in a stream, a String indicates the string should be used for indentation
+ * - *:circular* [_Boolean_|_nil_] support circular references while dumping as well as shared
+ *references
  * - *:auto_define* [_Boolean_|_nil_] automatically define classes if they do not exist
  * - *:symbol_keys* [_Boolean_|_nil_] use symbols instead of strings for hash keys
- * - *:escape_mode* [_:newline_|_:json_|_:xss_safe_|_:ascii_|_unicode_xss_|_nil_] determines the characters to escape
- * - *:class_cache* [_Boolean_|_nil_] cache classes for faster parsing (if dynamically modifying classes or reloading classes then don't use this)
- * - *:mode* [_:object_|_:strict_|_:compat_|_:null_|_:custom_|_:rails_|_:wab_] load and dump modes to use for JSON
+ * - *:escape_mode* [_:newline_|_:json_|_:xss_safe_|_:ascii_|_unicode_xss_|_nil_] determines the
+ *characters to escape
+ * - *:class_cache* [_Boolean_|_nil_] cache classes for faster parsing (if dynamically modifying
+ *classes or reloading classes then don't use this)
+ * - *:mode* [_:object_|_:strict_|_:compat_|_:null_|_:custom_|_:rails_|_:wab_] load and dump modes
+ *to use for JSON
  * - *:time_format* [_:unix_|_:unix_zone_|_:xmlschema_|_:ruby_] time format when dumping
  * - *:bigdecimal_as_decimal* [_Boolean_|_nil_] dump BigDecimal as a decimal number or as a String
- * - *:bigdecimal_load* [_:bigdecimal_|_:float_|_:auto_] load decimals as BigDecimal instead of as a Float. :auto pick the most precise for the number of digits.
- * - *:create_id* [_String_|_nil_] create id for json compatible object encoding, default is 'json_class'
- * - *:create_additions* [_Boolean_|_nil_] if true allow creation of instances using create_id on load.
- * - *:second_precision* [_Fixnum_|_nil_] number of digits after the decimal when dumping the seconds portion of time
- * - *:float_precision* [_Fixnum_|_nil_] number of digits of precision when dumping floats, 0 indicates use Ruby
+ * - *:bigdecimal_load* [_:bigdecimal_|_:float_|_:auto_|_:fast_] load decimals as BigDecimal instead
+ *of as a Float. :auto pick the most precise for the number of digits. :float should be the same as
+ *ruby. :fast may require rounding but is must faster.
+ * - *:compat_bigdecimal* [_true_|_false_] load decimals as BigDecimal instead of as a Float when in
+ *compat or rails mode.
+ * - *:create_id* [_String_|_nil_] create id for json compatible object encoding, default is
+ *'json_class'
+ * - *:create_additions* [_Boolean_|_nil_] if true allow creation of instances using create_id on
+ *load.
+ * - *:second_precision* [_Fixnum_|_nil_] number of digits after the decimal when dumping the
+ *seconds portion of time
+ * - *:float_precision* [_Fixnum_|_nil_] number of digits of precision when dumping floats, 0
+ *indicates use Ruby
  * - *:use_to_json* [_Boolean_|_nil_] call to_json() methods on dump, default is false
  * - *:use_as_json* [_Boolean_|_nil_] call as_json() methods on dump, default is false
- * - *:nilnil* [_Boolean_|_nil_] if true a nil input to load will return nil and not raise an Exception
+ * - *:use_raw_json* [_Boolean_|_nil_] call raw_json() methods on dump, default is false
+ * - *:nilnil* [_Boolean_|_nil_] if true a nil input to load will return nil and not raise an
+ *Exception
  * - *:empty_string* [_Boolean_|_nil_] if true an empty input will not raise an Exception
  * - *:allow_gc* [_Boolean_|_nil_] allow or prohibit GC during parsing, default is true (allow)
- * - *:quirks_mode* [_true,_|_false_|_nil_] Allow single JSON values instead of documents, default is true (allow)
- * - *:allow_invalid_unicode* [_true,_|_false_|_nil_] Allow invalid unicode, default is false (don't allow)
- * - *:allow_nan* [_true,_|_false_|_nil_] Allow Nan, Infinity, and -Infinity to be parsed, default is true (allow)
- * - *:indent_str* [_String_|_nil_] String to use for indentation, overriding the indent option is not nil
+ * - *:quirks_mode* [_true,_|_false_|_nil_] Allow single JSON values instead of documents, default
+ *is true (allow)
+ * - *:allow_invalid_unicode* [_true,_|_false_|_nil_] Allow invalid unicode, default is false (don't
+ *allow)
+ * - *:allow_nan* [_true,_|_false_|_nil_] Allow Nan, Infinity, and -Infinity to be parsed, default
+ *is true (allow)
+ * - *:indent_str* [_String_|_nil_] String to use for indentation, overriding the indent option is
+ *not nil
  * - *:space* [_String_|_nil_] String to use for the space after the colon in JSON object fields
  * - *:space_before* [_String_|_nil_] String to use before the colon separator in JSON object fields
  * - *:object_nl* [_String_|_nil_] String to use after a JSON object field value
  * - *:array_nl* [_String_|_nil_] String to use after a JSON array value
- * - *:nan* [_:null_|_:huge_|_:word_|_:raise_|_:auto_] how to dump Infinity and NaN. :null places a null, :huge places a huge number, :word places Infinity or NaN, :raise raises and exception, :auto uses default for each mode.
- * - *:hash_class* [_Class_|_nil_] Class to use instead of Hash on load, :object_class can also be used
+ * - *:nan* [_:null_|_:huge_|_:word_|_:raise_|_:auto_] how to dump Infinity and NaN. :null places a
+ *null, :huge places a huge number, :word places Infinity or NaN, :raise raises and exception, :auto
+ *uses default for each mode.
+ * - *:hash_class* [_Class_|_nil_] Class to use instead of Hash on load, :object_class can also be
+ *used
  * - *:array_class* [_Class_|_nil_] Class to use instead of Array on load
  * - *:omit_nil* [_true_|_false_] if true Hash and Object attributes with nil values are omitted
- * - *:ignore* [_nil_|Array] either nil or an Array of classes to ignore when dumping
- * - *:integer_range* [_Range_] Dump integers outside range as strings. 
+ * - *:ignore* [_nil_|_Array_] either nil or an Array of classes to ignore when dumping
+ * - *:ignore_under* [_Boolean_] if true then attributes that start with _ are ignored when dumping in
+ *object or custom mode.
+ * - *:cache_keys* [_Boolean_] if true then hash keys are cached if less than 35 bytes.
+ * - *:cache_str* [_Fixnum_] maximum string value length to cache (strings less than this are cached)
+ * - *:integer_range* [_Range_] Dump integers outside range as strings.
  * - *:trace* [_true,_|_false_] Trace all load and dump calls, default is false (trace is off)
+ * - *:safe* [_true,_|_false_] Safe mimic breaks JSON mimic to be safer, default is false (safe is
+ *off)
  *
  * Return [_Hash_] all current option settings.
  */
-static VALUE
-get_def_opts(VALUE self) {
-    VALUE	opts = rb_hash_new();
+static VALUE get_def_opts(VALUE self) {
+    VALUE opts = rb_hash_new();
 
     if (0 == oj_default_options.dump_opts.indent_size) {
-	rb_hash_aset(opts, oj_indent_sym, INT2FIX(oj_default_options.indent));
+        rb_hash_aset(opts, oj_indent_sym, INT2FIX(oj_default_options.indent));
     } else {
-	rb_hash_aset(opts, oj_indent_sym, rb_str_new2(oj_default_options.dump_opts.indent_str));
+        rb_hash_aset(opts, oj_indent_sym, rb_str_new2(oj_default_options.dump_opts.indent_str));
     }
     rb_hash_aset(opts, sec_prec_sym, INT2FIX(oj_default_options.sec_prec));
-    rb_hash_aset(opts, circular_sym, (Yes == oj_default_options.circular) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.circular) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
-    rb_hash_aset(opts, class_cache_sym, (Yes == oj_default_options.class_cache) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.class_cache) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
-    rb_hash_aset(opts, auto_define_sym, (Yes == oj_default_options.auto_define) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.auto_define) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
-    rb_hash_aset(opts, symbol_keys_sym, (Yes == oj_default_options.sym_key) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.sym_key) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
-    rb_hash_aset(opts, bigdecimal_as_decimal_sym, (Yes == oj_default_options.bigdec_as_num) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.bigdec_as_num) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
-    rb_hash_aset(opts, oj_create_additions_sym, (Yes == oj_default_options.create_ok) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.create_ok) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
-    rb_hash_aset(opts, use_to_json_sym, (Yes == oj_default_options.to_json) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.to_json) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
-    rb_hash_aset(opts, use_to_hash_sym, (Yes == oj_default_options.to_hash) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.to_hash) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
-    rb_hash_aset(opts, use_as_json_sym, (Yes == oj_default_options.as_json) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.as_json) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
-    rb_hash_aset(opts, nilnil_sym, (Yes == oj_default_options.nilnil) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.nilnil) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
-    rb_hash_aset(opts, empty_string_sym, (Yes == oj_default_options.empty_string) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.empty_string) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
-    rb_hash_aset(opts, allow_gc_sym, (Yes == oj_default_options.allow_gc) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.allow_gc) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
-    rb_hash_aset(opts, oj_quirks_mode_sym, (Yes == oj_default_options.quirks_mode) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.quirks_mode) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
-    rb_hash_aset(opts, allow_invalid_unicode_sym, (Yes == oj_default_options.allow_invalid) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.allow_invalid) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
-    rb_hash_aset(opts, oj_allow_nan_sym, (Yes == oj_default_options.allow_nan) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.allow_nan) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
-    rb_hash_aset(opts, oj_trace_sym, (Yes == oj_default_options.trace) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.trace) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
+    rb_hash_aset(opts,
+                 circular_sym,
+                 (Yes == oj_default_options.circular) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.circular) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
+    rb_hash_aset(
+        opts,
+        class_cache_sym,
+        (Yes == oj_default_options.class_cache) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.class_cache) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
+    rb_hash_aset(
+        opts,
+        auto_define_sym,
+        (Yes == oj_default_options.auto_define) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.auto_define) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
+    rb_hash_aset(opts,
+                 symbol_keys_sym,
+                 (Yes == oj_default_options.sym_key) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.sym_key) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
+    rb_hash_aset(
+        opts,
+        bigdecimal_as_decimal_sym,
+        (Yes == oj_default_options.bigdec_as_num) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.bigdec_as_num) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
+    rb_hash_aset(
+        opts,
+        oj_create_additions_sym,
+        (Yes == oj_default_options.create_ok) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.create_ok) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
+    rb_hash_aset(opts,
+                 use_to_json_sym,
+                 (Yes == oj_default_options.to_json) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.to_json) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
+    rb_hash_aset(opts,
+                 use_to_hash_sym,
+                 (Yes == oj_default_options.to_hash) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.to_hash) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
+    rb_hash_aset(opts,
+                 use_as_json_sym,
+                 (Yes == oj_default_options.as_json) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.as_json) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
+    rb_hash_aset(opts,
+                 use_raw_json_sym,
+                 (Yes == oj_default_options.raw_json) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.raw_json) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
+    rb_hash_aset(opts,
+                 nilnil_sym,
+                 (Yes == oj_default_options.nilnil) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.nilnil) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
+    rb_hash_aset(
+        opts,
+        empty_string_sym,
+        (Yes == oj_default_options.empty_string) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.empty_string) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
+    rb_hash_aset(opts,
+                 allow_gc_sym,
+                 (Yes == oj_default_options.allow_gc) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.allow_gc) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
+    rb_hash_aset(
+        opts,
+        oj_quirks_mode_sym,
+        (Yes == oj_default_options.quirks_mode) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.quirks_mode) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
+    rb_hash_aset(
+        opts,
+        allow_invalid_unicode_sym,
+        (Yes == oj_default_options.allow_invalid) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.allow_invalid) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
+    rb_hash_aset(
+        opts,
+        oj_allow_nan_sym,
+        (Yes == oj_default_options.allow_nan) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.allow_nan) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
+    rb_hash_aset(opts,
+                 oj_trace_sym,
+                 (Yes == oj_default_options.trace) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.trace) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
+    rb_hash_aset(opts,
+                 oj_safe_sym,
+                 (Yes == oj_default_options.safe) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.safe) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
     rb_hash_aset(opts, float_prec_sym, INT2FIX(oj_default_options.float_prec));
+    rb_hash_aset(opts, cache_str_sym, INT2FIX(oj_default_options.cache_str));
+    rb_hash_aset(
+        opts,
+        ignore_under_sym,
+        (Yes == oj_default_options.ignore_under) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.ignore_under) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
+    rb_hash_aset(
+        opts,
+        cache_keys_sym,
+        (Yes == oj_default_options.cache_keys) ? Qtrue : ((No == oj_default_options.cache_keys) ? Qfalse : Qnil));
     switch (oj_default_options.mode) {
-    case StrictMode:	rb_hash_aset(opts, mode_sym, strict_sym);	break;
-    case CompatMode:	rb_hash_aset(opts, mode_sym, compat_sym);	break;
-    case NullMode:	rb_hash_aset(opts, mode_sym, null_sym);		break;
-    case ObjectMode:	rb_hash_aset(opts, mode_sym, object_sym);	break;
-    case CustomMode:	rb_hash_aset(opts, mode_sym, custom_sym);	break;
-    case RailsMode:	rb_hash_aset(opts, mode_sym, rails_sym);	break;
-    case WabMode:	rb_hash_aset(opts, mode_sym, wab_sym);		break;
-    default:		rb_hash_aset(opts, mode_sym, object_sym);	break;
-    }
-    
-    if (oj_default_options.integer_range_max != 0 || oj_default_options.integer_range_min != 0) {
-    VALUE range = rb_obj_alloc(rb_cRange);
-    VALUE min = LONG2FIX(oj_default_options.integer_range_min);
-    VALUE max = LONG2FIX(oj_default_options.integer_range_max);
-    rb_ivar_set(range, oj_begin_id, min);
-    rb_ivar_set(range, oj_end_id, max);
-    rb_hash_aset(opts, integer_range_sym, range);
+    case StrictMode: rb_hash_aset(opts, mode_sym, strict_sym); break;
+    case CompatMode: rb_hash_aset(opts, mode_sym, compat_sym); break;
+    case NullMode: rb_hash_aset(opts, mode_sym, null_sym); break;
+    case ObjectMode: rb_hash_aset(opts, mode_sym, object_sym); break;
+    case CustomMode: rb_hash_aset(opts, mode_sym, custom_sym); break;
+    case RailsMode: rb_hash_aset(opts, mode_sym, rails_sym); break;
+    case WabMode: rb_hash_aset(opts, mode_sym, wab_sym); break;
+    default: rb_hash_aset(opts, mode_sym, object_sym); break;
     }
-    else {
-    rb_hash_aset(opts, integer_range_sym, Qnil);
+
+    if (oj_default_options.int_range_max != 0 || oj_default_options.int_range_min != 0) {
+        VALUE range = rb_obj_alloc(rb_cRange);
+        VALUE min   = LONG2FIX(oj_default_options.int_range_min);
+        VALUE max   = LONG2FIX(oj_default_options.int_range_max);
+
+        rb_ivar_set(range, oj_begin_id, min);
+        rb_ivar_set(range, oj_end_id, max);
+        rb_hash_aset(opts, integer_range_sym, range);
+    } else {
+        rb_hash_aset(opts, integer_range_sym, Qnil);
     }
     switch (oj_default_options.escape_mode) {
-    case NLEsc:		rb_hash_aset(opts, escape_mode_sym, newline_sym);	break;
-    case JSONEsc:	rb_hash_aset(opts, escape_mode_sym, json_sym);		break;
-    case XSSEsc:	rb_hash_aset(opts, escape_mode_sym, xss_safe_sym);	break;
-    case ASCIIEsc:	rb_hash_aset(opts, escape_mode_sym, ascii_sym);		break;
-    case JXEsc:		rb_hash_aset(opts, escape_mode_sym, unicode_xss_sym);	break;
-    default:		rb_hash_aset(opts, escape_mode_sym, json_sym);		break;
+    case NLEsc: rb_hash_aset(opts, escape_mode_sym, newline_sym); break;
+    case JSONEsc: rb_hash_aset(opts, escape_mode_sym, json_sym); break;
+    case SlashEsc: rb_hash_aset(opts, escape_mode_sym, slash_sym); break;
+    case XSSEsc: rb_hash_aset(opts, escape_mode_sym, xss_safe_sym); break;
+    case ASCIIEsc: rb_hash_aset(opts, escape_mode_sym, ascii_sym); break;
+    case JXEsc: rb_hash_aset(opts, escape_mode_sym, unicode_xss_sym); break;
+    default: rb_hash_aset(opts, escape_mode_sym, json_sym); break;
     }
     switch (oj_default_options.time_format) {
-    case XmlTime:	rb_hash_aset(opts, time_format_sym, xmlschema_sym);	break;
-    case RubyTime:	rb_hash_aset(opts, time_format_sym, ruby_sym);		break;
-    case UnixZTime:	rb_hash_aset(opts, time_format_sym, unix_zone_sym);	break;
+    case XmlTime: rb_hash_aset(opts, time_format_sym, xmlschema_sym); break;
+    case RubyTime: rb_hash_aset(opts, time_format_sym, ruby_sym); break;
+    case UnixZTime: rb_hash_aset(opts, time_format_sym, unix_zone_sym); break;
     case UnixTime:
-    default:		rb_hash_aset(opts, time_format_sym, unix_sym);		break;
+    default: rb_hash_aset(opts, time_format_sym, unix_sym); break;
     }
     switch (oj_default_options.bigdec_load) {
-    case BigDec:	rb_hash_aset(opts, bigdecimal_load_sym, bigdecimal_sym);break;
-    case FloatDec:	rb_hash_aset(opts, bigdecimal_load_sym, float_sym);	break;
+    case BigDec: rb_hash_aset(opts, bigdecimal_load_sym, bigdecimal_sym); break;
+    case FloatDec: rb_hash_aset(opts, bigdecimal_load_sym, float_sym); break;
+    case FastDec: rb_hash_aset(opts, bigdecimal_load_sym, fast_sym); break;
     case AutoDec:
-    default:		rb_hash_aset(opts, bigdecimal_load_sym, auto_sym);	break;
+    default: rb_hash_aset(opts, bigdecimal_load_sym, auto_sym); break;
     }
-    rb_hash_aset(opts, create_id_sym, (0 == oj_default_options.create_id) ? Qnil : rb_str_new2(oj_default_options.create_id));
-    rb_hash_aset(opts, oj_space_sym, (0 == oj_default_options.dump_opts.after_size) ? Qnil : rb_str_new2(oj_default_options.dump_opts.after_sep));
-    rb_hash_aset(opts, oj_space_before_sym, (0 == oj_default_options.dump_opts.before_size) ? Qnil : rb_str_new2(oj_default_options.dump_opts.before_sep));
-    rb_hash_aset(opts, oj_object_nl_sym, (0 == oj_default_options.dump_opts.hash_size) ? Qnil : rb_str_new2(oj_default_options.dump_opts.hash_nl));
-    rb_hash_aset(opts, oj_array_nl_sym, (0 == oj_default_options.dump_opts.array_size) ? Qnil : rb_str_new2(oj_default_options.dump_opts.array_nl));
+    rb_hash_aset(opts, compat_bigdecimal_sym, oj_default_options.compat_bigdec ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
+    rb_hash_aset(opts,
+                 create_id_sym,
+                 (NULL == oj_default_options.create_id) ? Qnil : rb_str_new2(oj_default_options.create_id));
+    rb_hash_aset(
+        opts,
+        oj_space_sym,
+        (0 == oj_default_options.dump_opts.after_size) ? Qnil : rb_str_new2(oj_default_options.dump_opts.after_sep));
+    rb_hash_aset(
+        opts,
+        oj_space_before_sym,
+        (0 == oj_default_options.dump_opts.before_size) ? Qnil : rb_str_new2(oj_default_options.dump_opts.before_sep));
+    rb_hash_aset(
+        opts,
+        oj_object_nl_sym,
+        (0 == oj_default_options.dump_opts.hash_size) ? Qnil : rb_str_new2(oj_default_options.dump_opts.hash_nl));
+    rb_hash_aset(
+        opts,
+        oj_array_nl_sym,
+        (0 == oj_default_options.dump_opts.array_size) ? Qnil : rb_str_new2(oj_default_options.dump_opts.array_nl));
 
     switch (oj_default_options.dump_opts.nan_dump) {
-    case NullNan:	rb_hash_aset(opts, nan_sym, null_sym);	break;
-    case RaiseNan:	rb_hash_aset(opts, nan_sym, raise_sym);	break;
-    case WordNan:	rb_hash_aset(opts, nan_sym, word_sym);	break;
-    case HugeNan:	rb_hash_aset(opts, nan_sym, huge_sym);	break;
+    case NullNan: rb_hash_aset(opts, nan_sym, null_sym); break;
+    case RaiseNan: rb_hash_aset(opts, nan_sym, raise_sym); break;
+    case WordNan: rb_hash_aset(opts, nan_sym, word_sym); break;
+    case HugeNan: rb_hash_aset(opts, nan_sym, huge_sym); break;
     case AutoNan:
-    default:		rb_hash_aset(opts, nan_sym, auto_sym);	break;
+    default: rb_hash_aset(opts, nan_sym, auto_sym); break;
     }
     rb_hash_aset(opts, omit_nil_sym, oj_default_options.dump_opts.omit_nil ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
     rb_hash_aset(opts, oj_hash_class_sym, oj_default_options.hash_class);
     rb_hash_aset(opts, oj_array_class_sym, oj_default_options.array_class);
 
     if (NULL == oj_default_options.ignore) {
-	rb_hash_aset(opts, ignore_sym, Qnil);
+        rb_hash_aset(opts, ignore_sym, Qnil);
     } else {
-	VALUE		*vp;
-	volatile VALUE	a = rb_ary_new();
-	
-	for (vp = oj_default_options.ignore; Qnil != *vp; vp++) {
-	    rb_ary_push(a, *vp);
-	}
-	rb_hash_aset(opts, ignore_sym, a);
+        VALUE *        vp;
+        volatile VALUE a = rb_ary_new();
+
+        for (vp = oj_default_options.ignore; Qnil != *vp; vp++) {
+            rb_ary_push(a, *vp);
+        }
+        rb_hash_aset(opts, ignore_sym, a);
     }
     return opts;
 }
@@ -357,427 +477,527 @@ get_def_opts(VALUE self) {
  *
  * Sets the default options for load and dump.
  * - *opts* [_Hash_] options to change
- *   - *:indent* [_Fixnum_|_String_|_nil_] number of spaces to indent each element in a JSON document or the String to use for identation.
+ *   - *:indent* [_Fixnum_|_String_|_nil_] number of spaces to indent each element in a JSON
+ *document or the String to use for indentation.
  *   - :circular [_Boolean_|_nil_] support circular references while dumping.
  *   - *:auto_define* [_Boolean_|_nil_] automatically define classes if they do not exist.
  *   - *:symbol_keys* [_Boolean_|_nil_] convert hash keys to symbols.
  *   - *:class_cache* [_Boolean_|_nil_] cache classes for faster parsing.
- *   - *:escape* [_:newline_|_:json_|_:xss_safe_|_:ascii_|_unicode_xss_|_nil_] mode encodes all high-bit characters as escaped sequences if :ascii, :json is standand UTF-8 JSON encoding, :newline is the same as :json but newlines are not escaped, :unicode_xss allows unicode but escapes &, <, and >, and any \u20xx characters along with some others, and :xss_safe escapes &, <, and >, and some others.
- *   - *:bigdecimal_as_decimal* [_Boolean_|_nil_] dump BigDecimal as a decimal number or as a String.
- *   - *:bigdecimal_load* [_:bigdecimal_|_:float_|_:auto_|_nil_] load decimals as BigDecimal instead of as a Float. :auto pick the most precise for the number of digits.
- *   - *:mode* [_:object_|_:strict_|_:compat_|_:null_|_:custom_|_:rails_|_:wab_] load and dump mode to use for JSON :strict raises an exception when a non-supported Object is encountered. :compat attempts to extract variable values from an Object using to_json() or to_hash() then it walks the Object's variables if neither is found. The :object mode ignores to_hash() and to_json() methods and encodes variables using code internal to the Oj gem. The :null mode ignores non-supported Objects and replaces them with a null. The :custom mode honors all dump options. The :rails more mimics rails and Active behavior.
- *   - *:time_format* [_:unix_|_:xmlschema_|_:ruby_] time format when dumping in :compat mode :unix decimal number denoting the number of seconds since 1/1/1970, :unix_zone decimal number denoting the number of seconds since 1/1/1970 plus the utc_offset in the exponent, :xmlschema date-time format taken from XML Schema as a String, :ruby Time.to_s formatted String.
+ *   - *:escape* [_:newline_|_:json_|_:xss_safe_|_:ascii_|_unicode_xss_|_nil_] mode encodes all
+ *high-bit characters as escaped sequences if :ascii, :json is standand UTF-8 JSON encoding,
+ *:newline is the same as :json but newlines are not escaped, :unicode_xss allows unicode but
+ *escapes &, <, and >, and any \u20xx characters along with some others, and :xss_safe escapes &, <,
+ *and >, and some others.
+ *   - *:bigdecimal_as_decimal* [_Boolean_|_nil_] dump BigDecimal as a decimal number or as a
+ *String.
+ *   - *:bigdecimal_load* [_:bigdecimal_|_:float_|_:auto_|_nil_] load decimals as BigDecimal instead
+ *of as a Float. :auto pick the most precise for the number of digits.
+ *   - *:compat_bigdecimal* [_true_|_false_] load decimals as BigDecimal instead of as a Float in
+ *compat mode.
+ *   - *:mode* [_:object_|_:strict_|_:compat_|_:null_|_:custom_|_:rails_|_:wab_] load and dump mode
+ *to use for JSON :strict raises an exception when a non-supported Object is encountered. :compat
+ *attempts to extract variable values from an Object using to_json() or to_hash() then it walks the
+ *Object's variables if neither is found. The :object mode ignores to_hash() and to_json() methods
+ *and encodes variables using code internal to the Oj gem. The :null mode ignores non-supported
+ *Objects and replaces them with a null. The :custom mode honors all dump options. The :rails more
+ *mimics rails and Active behavior.
+ *   - *:time_format* [_:unix_|_:xmlschema_|_:ruby_] time format when dumping in :compat mode :unix
+ *decimal number denoting the number of seconds since 1/1/1970, :unix_zone decimal number denoting
+ *the number of seconds since 1/1/1970 plus the utc_offset in the exponent, :xmlschema date-time
+ *format taken from XML Schema as a String, :ruby Time.to_s formatted String.
  *   - *:create_id* [_String_|_nil_] create id for json compatible object encoding
- *   - *:create_additions* [_Boolean_|_nil_] if true allow creation of instances using create_id on load.
- *   - *:second_precision* [_Fixnum_|_nil_] number of digits after the decimal when dumping the seconds portion of time.
- *   - *:float_precision* [_Fixnum_|_nil_] number of digits of precision when dumping floats, 0 indicates use Ruby.
+ *   - *:create_additions* [_Boolean_|_nil_] if true allow creation of instances using create_id on
+ *load.
+ *   - *:second_precision* [_Fixnum_|_nil_] number of digits after the decimal when dumping the
+ *seconds portion of time.
+ *   - *:float_precision* [_Fixnum_|_nil_] number of digits of precision when dumping floats, 0
+ *indicates use Ruby.
  *   - *:use_to_json* [_Boolean_|_nil_] call to_json() methods on dump, default is false.
  *   - *:use_as_json* [_Boolean_|_nil_] call as_json() methods on dump, default is false.
  *   - *:use_to_hash* [_Boolean_|_nil_] call to_hash() methods on dump, default is false.
- *   - *:nilnil* [_Boolean_|_nil_] if true a nil input to load will return nil and not raise an Exception.
+ *   - *:use_raw_json* [_Boolean_|_nil_] call raw_json() methods on dump, default is false.
+ *   - *:nilnil* [_Boolean_|_nil_] if true a nil input to load will return nil and not raise an
+ *Exception.
  *   - *:allow_gc* [_Boolean_|_nil_] allow or prohibit GC during parsing, default is true (allow).
- *   - *:quirks_mode* [_Boolean_|_nil_] allow single JSON values instead of documents, default is true (allow).
- *   - *:allow_invalid_unicode* [_Boolean_|_nil_] allow invalid unicode, default is false (don't allow).
+ *   - *:quirks_mode* [_Boolean_|_nil_] allow single JSON values instead of documents, default is
+ *true (allow).
+ *   - *:allow_invalid_unicode* [_Boolean_|_nil_] allow invalid unicode, default is false (don't
+ *allow).
  *   - *:allow_nan* [_Boolean_|_nil_] allow Nan, Infinity, and -Infinity, default is true (allow).
  *   - *:space* [_String_|_nil_] String to use for the space after the colon in JSON object fields.
- *   - *:space_before* [_String_|_nil_] String to use before the colon separator in JSON object fields.
+ *   - *:space_before* [_String_|_nil_] String to use before the colon separator in JSON object
+ *fields.
  *   - *:object_nl* [_String_|_nil_] String to use after a JSON object field value.
  *   - *:array_nl* [_String_|_nil_] String to use after a JSON array value
- *   - *:nan* [_:null_|_:huge_|_:word_|_:raise_] how to dump Infinity and NaN in null, strict, and compat mode. :null places a null, :huge places a huge number, :word places Infinity or NaN, :raise raises and exception, :auto uses default for each mode.
- *   - *:hash_class* [_Class_|_nil_] Class to use instead of Hash on load, :object_class can also be used.
+ *   - *:nan* [_:null_|_:huge_|_:word_|_:raise_] how to dump Infinity and NaN in null, strict, and
+ *compat mode. :null places a null, :huge places a huge number, :word places Infinity or NaN, :raise
+ *raises and exception, :auto uses default for each mode.
+ *   - *:hash_class* [_Class_|_nil_] Class to use instead of Hash on load, :object_class can also be
+ *used.
  *   - *:array_class* [_Class_|_nil_] Class to use instead of Array on load.
  *   - *:omit_nil* [_true_|_false_] if true Hash and Object attributes with nil values are omitted.
  *   - *:ignore* [_nil_|Array] either nil or an Array of classes to ignore when dumping
- *   - *:integer_range* [_Range_] Dump integers outside range as strings. 
+ *   - *:ignore_under* [_Boolean_] if true then attributes that start with _ are ignored when
+ *dumping in object or custom mode.
+ *   - *:cache_keys* [_Boolean_] if true then hash keys are cached
+ *   - *:cache_str* [_Fixnum_] maximum string value length to cache (strings less than this are cached)
+ *   - *:integer_range* [_Range_] Dump integers outside range as strings.
  *   - *:trace* [_Boolean_] turn trace on or off.
+ *   - *:safe* [_Boolean_] turn safe mimic on or off.
  */
-static VALUE
-set_def_opts(VALUE self, VALUE opts) {
+static VALUE set_def_opts(VALUE self, VALUE opts) {
     Check_Type(opts, T_HASH);
     oj_parse_options(opts, &oj_default_options);
 
     return Qnil;
 }
 
-void
-oj_parse_options(VALUE ropts, Options copts) {
-    struct _YesNoOpt	ynos[] = {
-	{ circular_sym, &copts->circular },
-	{ auto_define_sym, &copts->auto_define },
-	{ symbol_keys_sym, &copts->sym_key },
-	{ class_cache_sym, &copts->class_cache },
-	{ bigdecimal_as_decimal_sym, &copts->bigdec_as_num },
-	{ use_to_hash_sym, &copts->to_hash },
-	{ use_to_json_sym, &copts->to_json },
-	{ use_as_json_sym, &copts->as_json },
-	{ nilnil_sym, &copts->nilnil },
-	{ allow_blank_sym, &copts->nilnil }, // same as nilnil
-	{ empty_string_sym, &copts->empty_string },
-	{ allow_gc_sym, &copts->allow_gc },
-	{ oj_quirks_mode_sym, &copts->quirks_mode },
-	{ allow_invalid_unicode_sym, &copts->allow_invalid },
-	{ oj_allow_nan_sym, &copts->allow_nan },
-	{ oj_trace_sym, &copts->trace },
-	{ oj_create_additions_sym, &copts->create_ok },
-	{ Qnil, 0 }
-    };
-    YesNoOpt		o;
-    volatile VALUE	v;
-    size_t		len;
-    
-    if (T_HASH != rb_type(ropts)) {
-	return;
+bool oj_hash_has_key(VALUE hash, VALUE key) {
+    if (Qundef == rb_hash_lookup2(hash, key, Qundef)) {
+        return false;
     }
-    if (Qtrue == rb_funcall(ropts, oj_has_key_id, 1, oj_indent_sym)) {
-	v = rb_hash_lookup(ropts, oj_indent_sym);
-	switch (rb_type(v)) {
-	case T_NIL:
-	    copts->dump_opts.indent_size = 0;
-	    *copts->dump_opts.indent_str = '\0';
-	    copts->indent = 0;
-	    break;
-	case T_FIXNUM:
-	    copts->dump_opts.indent_size = 0;
-	    *copts->dump_opts.indent_str = '\0';
-	    copts->indent = FIX2INT(v);
-	    break;
-	case T_STRING:
-	    if (sizeof(copts->dump_opts.indent_str) <= (len = RSTRING_LEN(v))) {
-		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "indent string is limited to %lu characters.", (unsigned long)sizeof(copts->dump_opts.indent_str));
-	    }
-	    strcpy(copts->dump_opts.indent_str, StringValuePtr(v));
-	    copts->dump_opts.indent_size = (uint8_t)len;
-	    copts->indent = 0;
-	    break;
-	default:
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "indent must be a Fixnum, String, or nil.");
-	    break;
-	}
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool set_yesno_options(VALUE key, VALUE value, Options copts) {
+    struct _yesNoOpt ynos[] = {{circular_sym, &copts->circular},
+                               {auto_define_sym, &copts->auto_define},
+                               {symbol_keys_sym, &copts->sym_key},
+                               {class_cache_sym, &copts->class_cache},
+                               {bigdecimal_as_decimal_sym, &copts->bigdec_as_num},
+                               {use_to_hash_sym, &copts->to_hash},
+                               {use_to_json_sym, &copts->to_json},
+                               {use_as_json_sym, &copts->as_json},
+                               {use_raw_json_sym, &copts->raw_json},
+                               {nilnil_sym, &copts->nilnil},
+                               {allow_blank_sym, &copts->nilnil},  // same as nilnil
+                               {empty_string_sym, &copts->empty_string},
+                               {allow_gc_sym, &copts->allow_gc},
+                               {oj_quirks_mode_sym, &copts->quirks_mode},
+                               {allow_invalid_unicode_sym, &copts->allow_invalid},
+                               {oj_allow_nan_sym, &copts->allow_nan},
+                               {oj_trace_sym, &copts->trace},
+                               {oj_safe_sym, &copts->safe},
+                               {ignore_under_sym, &copts->ignore_under},
+                               {oj_create_additions_sym, &copts->create_ok},
+                               {cache_keys_sym, &copts->cache_keys},
+                               {Qnil, 0}};
+    YesNoOpt         o;
+
+    for (o = ynos; 0 != o->attr; o++) {
+        if (key == o->sym) {
+            if (Qnil == value) {
+                *o->attr = NotSet;
+            } else if (Qtrue == value) {
+                *o->attr = Yes;
+            } else if (Qfalse == value) {
+                *o->attr = No;
+            } else {
+                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "%s must be true, false, or nil.", rb_id2name(key));
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
     }
-    if (Qnil != (v = rb_hash_lookup(ropts, float_prec_sym))) {
-	int	n;
+    return false;
+}
+
+static int parse_options_cb(VALUE k, VALUE v, VALUE opts) {
+    Options copts = (Options)opts;
+    size_t  len;
+
+    if (set_yesno_options(k, v, copts)) {
+        return ST_CONTINUE;
+    }
+
+    if (oj_indent_sym == k) {
+        switch (rb_type(v)) {
+        case T_NIL:
+            copts->dump_opts.indent_size = 0;
+            *copts->dump_opts.indent_str = '\0';
+            copts->indent                = 0;
+            break;
+        case T_FIXNUM:
+            copts->dump_opts.indent_size = 0;
+            *copts->dump_opts.indent_str = '\0';
+            copts->indent                = FIX2INT(v);
+            break;
+        case T_STRING:
+            if (sizeof(copts->dump_opts.indent_str) <= (len = RSTRING_LEN(v))) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+                         "indent string is limited to %lu characters.",
+                         (unsigned long)sizeof(copts->dump_opts.indent_str));
+            }
+            strcpy(copts->dump_opts.indent_str, StringValuePtr(v));
+            copts->dump_opts.indent_size = (uint8_t)len;
+            copts->indent                = 0;
+            break;
+        default: rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "indent must be a Fixnum, String, or nil."); break;
+        }
+    } else if (float_prec_sym == k) {
+        int n;
 
 #ifdef RUBY_INTEGER_UNIFICATION
-	if (rb_cInteger != rb_obj_class(v)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":float_precision must be a Integer.");
-	}
+        if (rb_cInteger != rb_obj_class(v)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":float_precision must be a Integer.");
+        }
 #else
-	if (T_FIXNUM != rb_type(v)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":float_precision must be a Fixnum.");
-	}
+        if (T_FIXNUM != rb_type(v)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":float_precision must be a Fixnum.");
+        }
 #endif
-	n = FIX2INT(v);
-	if (0 >= n) {
-	    *copts->float_fmt = '\0';
-	    copts->float_prec = 0;
-	} else {
-	    if (20 < n) {
-		n = 20;
-	    }
-	    sprintf(copts->float_fmt, "%%0.%dg", n);
-	    copts->float_prec = n;
-	}
-    }
-    if (Qnil != (v = rb_hash_lookup(ropts, sec_prec_sym))) {
-	int	n;
+        n = FIX2INT(v);
+        if (0 >= n) {
+            *copts->float_fmt = '\0';
+            copts->float_prec = 0;
+        } else {
+            if (20 < n) {
+                n = 20;
+            }
+            sprintf(copts->float_fmt, "%%0.%dg", n);
+            copts->float_prec = n;
+        }
+    } else if (cache_str_sym == k || cache_string_sym == k) {
+        int n;
 
 #ifdef RUBY_INTEGER_UNIFICATION
-	if (rb_cInteger != rb_obj_class(v)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":second_precision must be a Integer.");
-	}
+        if (rb_cInteger != rb_obj_class(v)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":cache_str must be a Integer.");
+        }
 #else
-	if (T_FIXNUM != rb_type(v)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":second_precision must be a Fixnum.");
-	}
+        if (T_FIXNUM != rb_type(v)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":cache_str must be a Fixnum.");
+        }
 #endif
-	n = NUM2INT(v);
-	if (0 > n) {
-	    n = 0;
-	} else if (9 < n) {
-	    n = 9;
-	}
-	copts->sec_prec = n;
-    }
-    if (Qnil != (v = rb_hash_lookup(ropts, mode_sym))) {
-	if (wab_sym == v) {
-	    copts->mode = WabMode;
-	} else if (object_sym == v) {
-	    copts->mode = ObjectMode;
-	} else if (strict_sym == v) {
-	    copts->mode = StrictMode;
-	} else if (compat_sym == v || json_sym == v) {
-	    copts->mode = CompatMode;
-	} else if (null_sym == v) {
-	    copts->mode = NullMode;
-	} else if (custom_sym == v) {
-	    copts->mode = CustomMode;
-	} else if (rails_sym == v) {
-	    copts->mode = RailsMode;
-	} else {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":mode must be :object, :strict, :compat, :null, :custom, :rails, or :wab.");
-	}
-    }
-    if (Qnil != (v = rb_hash_lookup(ropts, time_format_sym))) {
-	if (unix_sym == v) {
-	    copts->time_format = UnixTime;
-	} else if (unix_zone_sym == v) {
-	    copts->time_format = UnixZTime;
-	} else if (xmlschema_sym == v) {
-	    copts->time_format = XmlTime;
-	} else if (ruby_sym == v) {
-	    copts->time_format = RubyTime;
-	} else {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":time_format must be :unix, :unix_zone, :xmlschema, or :ruby.");
-	}
-    }
-    if (Qnil != (v = rb_hash_lookup(ropts, escape_mode_sym))) {
-	if (newline_sym == v) {
-	    copts->escape_mode = NLEsc;
-	} else if (json_sym == v) {
-	    copts->escape_mode = JSONEsc;
-	} else if (xss_safe_sym == v) {
-	    copts->escape_mode = XSSEsc;
-	} else if (ascii_sym == v) {
-	    copts->escape_mode = ASCIIEsc;
-	} else if (unicode_xss_sym == v) {
-	    copts->escape_mode = JXEsc;
-	} else {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":encoding must be :newline, :json, :xss_safe, :unicode_xss, or :ascii.");
-	}
-    }
-    if (Qnil != (v = rb_hash_lookup(ropts, bigdecimal_load_sym))) {
-	if (bigdecimal_sym == v || Qtrue == v) {
-	    copts->bigdec_load = BigDec;
-	} else if (float_sym == v) {
-	    copts->bigdec_load = FloatDec;
-	} else if (auto_sym == v || Qfalse == v) {
-	    copts->bigdec_load = AutoDec;
-	} else {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":bigdecimal_load must be :bigdecimal, :float, or :auto.");
-	}
-    }
-    if (Qtrue == rb_funcall(ropts, oj_has_key_id, 1, create_id_sym)) {
-	v = rb_hash_lookup(ropts, create_id_sym);
-	if (Qnil == v) {
-	    if (oj_json_class != oj_default_options.create_id && NULL != copts->create_id) {
-		xfree((char*)oj_default_options.create_id);
-	    }
-	    copts->create_id = NULL;
-	    copts->create_id_len = 0;
-	} else if (T_STRING == rb_type(v)) {
-	    const char	*str = StringValuePtr(v);
-
-	    len = RSTRING_LEN(v);
-	    if (len != copts->create_id_len ||
-		0 != strcmp(copts->create_id, str)) {
-		copts->create_id = ALLOC_N(char, len + 1);
-		strcpy((char*)copts->create_id, str);
-		copts->create_id_len = len;
-	    }
-	} else {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":create_id must be string.");
-	}
-    }
-    for (o = ynos; 0 != o->attr; o++) {
-	if (Qtrue == rb_funcall(ropts, oj_has_key_id, 1, o->sym)) {
-	    v = rb_hash_lookup(ropts, o->sym);
-	    if (Qnil == v) {
-		*o->attr = NotSet;
-	    } else if (Qtrue == v) {
-		*o->attr = Yes;
-	    } else if (Qfalse == v) {
-		*o->attr = No;
-	    } else {
-		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "%s must be true, false, or nil.", rb_id2name(SYM2ID(o->sym)));
-	    }
-	}
-    }
-    if (Qtrue == rb_funcall(ropts, oj_has_key_id, 1, oj_space_sym)) {
-	if (Qnil == (v = rb_hash_lookup(ropts, oj_space_sym))) {
-	    copts->dump_opts.after_size = 0;
-	    *copts->dump_opts.after_sep = '\0';
-	} else {
-	    rb_check_type(v, T_STRING);
-	    if (sizeof(copts->dump_opts.after_sep) <= (len = RSTRING_LEN(v))) {
-		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "space string is limited to %lu characters.", (unsigned long)sizeof(copts->dump_opts.after_sep));
-	    }
-	    strcpy(copts->dump_opts.after_sep, StringValuePtr(v));
-	    copts->dump_opts.after_size = (uint8_t)len;
-	}
-    }
-    if (Qtrue == rb_funcall(ropts, oj_has_key_id, 1, oj_space_before_sym)) {
-	if (Qnil == (v = rb_hash_lookup(ropts, oj_space_before_sym))) {
-	    copts->dump_opts.before_size = 0;
-	    *copts->dump_opts.before_sep = '\0';
-	} else {
-	    rb_check_type(v, T_STRING);
-	    if (sizeof(copts->dump_opts.before_sep) <= (len = RSTRING_LEN(v))) {
-		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "sapce_before string is limited to %lu characters.", (unsigned long)sizeof(copts->dump_opts.before_sep));
-	    }
-	    strcpy(copts->dump_opts.before_sep, StringValuePtr(v));
-	    copts->dump_opts.before_size = (uint8_t)len;
-	}
-    }
-    if (Qtrue == rb_funcall(ropts, oj_has_key_id, 1, oj_object_nl_sym)) {
-	if (Qnil == (v = rb_hash_lookup(ropts, oj_object_nl_sym))) {
-	    copts->dump_opts.hash_size = 0;
-	    *copts->dump_opts.hash_nl = '\0';
-	} else {
-	    rb_check_type(v, T_STRING);
-	    if (sizeof(copts->dump_opts.hash_nl) <= (len = RSTRING_LEN(v))) {
-		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "object_nl string is limited to %lu characters.", (unsigned long)sizeof(copts->dump_opts.hash_nl));
-	    }
-	    strcpy(copts->dump_opts.hash_nl, StringValuePtr(v));
-	    copts->dump_opts.hash_size = (uint8_t)len;
-	}
-    }
-    if (Qtrue == rb_funcall(ropts, oj_has_key_id, 1, oj_array_nl_sym)) {
-	if (Qnil == (v = rb_hash_lookup(ropts, oj_array_nl_sym))) {
-	    copts->dump_opts.array_size = 0;
-	    *copts->dump_opts.array_nl = '\0';
-	} else {
-	    rb_check_type(v, T_STRING);
-	    if (sizeof(copts->dump_opts.array_nl) <= (len = RSTRING_LEN(v))) {
-		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "array_nl string is limited to %lu characters.", (unsigned long)sizeof(copts->dump_opts.array_nl));
-	    }
-	    strcpy(copts->dump_opts.array_nl, StringValuePtr(v));
-	    copts->dump_opts.array_size = (uint8_t)len;
-	}
-    }
-    if (Qnil != (v = rb_hash_lookup(ropts, nan_sym))) {
-	if (null_sym == v) {
-	    copts->dump_opts.nan_dump = NullNan;
-	} else if (huge_sym == v) {
-	    copts->dump_opts.nan_dump = HugeNan;
-	} else if (word_sym == v) {
-	    copts->dump_opts.nan_dump = WordNan;
-	} else if (raise_sym == v) {
-	    copts->dump_opts.nan_dump = RaiseNan;
-	} else if (auto_sym == v) {
-	    copts->dump_opts.nan_dump = AutoNan;
-	} else {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":nan must be :null, :huge, :word, :raise, or :auto.");
-	}
-    }
-    copts->dump_opts.use = (0 < copts->dump_opts.indent_size ||
-			    0 < copts->dump_opts.after_size ||
-			    0 < copts->dump_opts.before_size ||
-			    0 < copts->dump_opts.hash_size ||
-			    0 < copts->dump_opts.array_size);
-    if (Qnil != (v = rb_hash_lookup(ropts, omit_nil_sym))) {
-	if (Qtrue == v) {
-	    copts->dump_opts.omit_nil = true;
-	} else if (Qfalse == v) {
-	    copts->dump_opts.omit_nil = false;
-	} else {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":omit_nil must be true or false.");
-	}
-    }
-    // This is here only for backwards compatibility with the original Oj.
-    v = rb_hash_lookup(ropts, oj_ascii_only_sym);
-    if (Qtrue == v) {
-	copts->escape_mode = ASCIIEsc;
-    } else if (Qfalse == v) {
-	copts->escape_mode = JSONEsc;
-    }
-    if (Qtrue == rb_funcall(ropts, oj_has_key_id, 1, oj_hash_class_sym)) {
-	if (Qnil == (v = rb_hash_lookup(ropts, oj_hash_class_sym))) {
-	    copts->hash_class = Qnil;
-	} else {
-	    rb_check_type(v, T_CLASS);
-	    copts->hash_class = v;
-	}
-    }
-    if (Qtrue == rb_funcall(ropts, oj_has_key_id, 1, oj_object_class_sym)) {
-	if (Qnil == (v = rb_hash_lookup(ropts, oj_object_class_sym))) {
-	    copts->hash_class = Qnil;
-	} else {
-	    rb_check_type(v, T_CLASS);
-	    copts->hash_class = v;
-	}
-    }
-    if (Qtrue == rb_funcall(ropts, oj_has_key_id, 1, oj_array_class_sym)) {
-	if (Qnil == (v = rb_hash_lookup(ropts, oj_array_class_sym))) {
-	    copts->array_class = Qnil;
-	} else {
-	    rb_check_type(v, T_CLASS);
-	    copts->array_class = v;
-	}
-    }
-    oj_parse_opt_match_string(&copts->str_rx, ropts);
-    if (Qtrue == rb_funcall(ropts, oj_has_key_id, 1, ignore_sym)) {
-	xfree(copts->ignore);
-	copts->ignore = NULL;
-	if (Qnil != (v = rb_hash_lookup(ropts, ignore_sym))) {
-	    int	cnt;
-
-	    rb_check_type(v, T_ARRAY);
-	    cnt = (int)RARRAY_LEN(v);
-	    if (0 < cnt) {
-		int	i;
-		
-		copts->ignore = ALLOC_N(VALUE, cnt + 1);
-		for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
-		    copts->ignore[i] = rb_ary_entry(v, i);
-		}
-		copts->ignore[i] = Qnil;
-	    }
-	}
-    }
-    if (Qnil != (v = rb_hash_lookup(ropts, integer_range_sym))) {
-    if (TYPE(v) == T_STRUCT && rb_obj_class(v) == rb_cRange) {
-        VALUE min = rb_funcall(v, oj_begin_id, 0);
-        VALUE max = rb_funcall(v, oj_end_id, 0);
+        n = FIX2INT(v);
+        if (0 >= n) {
+            copts->cache_str = 0;
+        } else {
+            if (32 < n) {
+                n = 32;
+            }
+            copts->cache_str = (char)n;
+        }
+    } else if (sec_prec_sym == k) {
+        int n;
+
+#ifdef RUBY_INTEGER_UNIFICATION
+        if (rb_cInteger != rb_obj_class(v)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":second_precision must be a Integer.");
+        }
+#else
+        if (T_FIXNUM != rb_type(v)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":second_precision must be a Fixnum.");
+        }
+#endif
+        n = NUM2INT(v);
+        if (0 > n) {
+            n                   = 0;
+            copts->sec_prec_set = false;
+        } else if (9 < n) {
+            n                   = 9;
+            copts->sec_prec_set = true;
+        } else {
+            copts->sec_prec_set = true;
+        }
+        copts->sec_prec = n;
+    } else if (mode_sym == k) {
+        if (wab_sym == v) {
+            copts->mode = WabMode;
+        } else if (object_sym == v) {
+            copts->mode = ObjectMode;
+        } else if (strict_sym == v) {
+            copts->mode = StrictMode;
+        } else if (compat_sym == v || json_sym == v) {
+            copts->mode = CompatMode;
+        } else if (null_sym == v) {
+            copts->mode = NullMode;
+        } else if (custom_sym == v) {
+            copts->mode = CustomMode;
+        } else if (rails_sym == v) {
+            copts->mode = RailsMode;
+        } else {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":mode must be :object, :strict, :compat, :null, :custom, :rails, or :wab.");
+        }
+    } else if (time_format_sym == k) {
+        if (unix_sym == v) {
+            copts->time_format = UnixTime;
+        } else if (unix_zone_sym == v) {
+            copts->time_format = UnixZTime;
+        } else if (xmlschema_sym == v) {
+            copts->time_format = XmlTime;
+        } else if (ruby_sym == v) {
+            copts->time_format = RubyTime;
+        } else {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":time_format must be :unix, :unix_zone, :xmlschema, or :ruby.");
+        }
+    } else if (escape_mode_sym == k) {
+        if (newline_sym == v) {
+            copts->escape_mode = NLEsc;
+        } else if (json_sym == v) {
+            copts->escape_mode = JSONEsc;
+        } else if (slash_sym == v) {
+            copts->escape_mode = SlashEsc;
+        } else if (xss_safe_sym == v) {
+            copts->escape_mode = XSSEsc;
+        } else if (ascii_sym == v) {
+            copts->escape_mode = ASCIIEsc;
+        } else if (unicode_xss_sym == v) {
+            copts->escape_mode = JXEsc;
+        } else {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":encoding must be :newline, :json, :xss_safe, :unicode_xss, or :ascii.");
+        }
+    } else if (bigdecimal_load_sym == k) {
+        if (Qnil == v) {
+            return ST_CONTINUE;
+        }
 
-        if (TYPE(min) != T_FIXNUM || TYPE(max) != T_FIXNUM) {
-            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":integer_range range bounds is not Fixnum.");
+        if (bigdecimal_sym == v || Qtrue == v) {
+            copts->bigdec_load = BigDec;
+        } else if (float_sym == v) {
+            copts->bigdec_load = FloatDec;
+        } else if (fast_sym == v) {
+            copts->bigdec_load = FastDec;
+        } else if (auto_sym == v || Qfalse == v) {
+            copts->bigdec_load = AutoDec;
+        } else {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":bigdecimal_load must be :bigdecimal, :float, or :auto.");
+        }
+    } else if (compat_bigdecimal_sym == k) {
+        if (Qnil == v) {
+            return ST_CONTINUE;
         }
 
-        copts->integer_range_min = FIX2LONG(min);
-        copts->integer_range_max = FIX2LONG(max);
-    } else if (Qfalse != v) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":integer_range must be a range of Fixnum.");
+        copts->compat_bigdec = (Qtrue == v);
+    } else if (oj_decimal_class_sym == k) {
+        if (rb_cFloat == v) {
+            copts->compat_bigdec = false;
+        } else if (oj_bigdecimal_class == v) {
+            copts->compat_bigdec = true;
+        } else {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":decimal_class must be BigDecimal or Float.");
+        }
+    } else if (create_id_sym == k) {
+        if (Qnil == v) {
+            if (oj_json_class != oj_default_options.create_id && NULL != copts->create_id) {
+                xfree((char *)oj_default_options.create_id);
+            }
+            copts->create_id     = NULL;
+            copts->create_id_len = 0;
+        } else if (T_STRING == rb_type(v)) {
+            const char *str = StringValuePtr(v);
+
+            len = RSTRING_LEN(v);
+            if (len != copts->create_id_len || 0 != strcmp(copts->create_id, str)) {
+                copts->create_id = ALLOC_N(char, len + 1);
+                strcpy((char *)copts->create_id, str);
+                copts->create_id_len = len;
+            }
+        } else {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":create_id must be string.");
+        }
+    } else if (oj_space_sym == k) {
+        if (Qnil == v) {
+            copts->dump_opts.after_size = 0;
+            *copts->dump_opts.after_sep = '\0';
+        } else {
+            rb_check_type(v, T_STRING);
+            if (sizeof(copts->dump_opts.after_sep) <= (len = RSTRING_LEN(v))) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+                         "space string is limited to %lu characters.",
+                         (unsigned long)sizeof(copts->dump_opts.after_sep));
+            }
+            strcpy(copts->dump_opts.after_sep, StringValuePtr(v));
+            copts->dump_opts.after_size = (uint8_t)len;
+        }
+    } else if (oj_space_before_sym == k) {
+        if (Qnil == v) {
+            copts->dump_opts.before_size = 0;
+            *copts->dump_opts.before_sep = '\0';
+        } else {
+            rb_check_type(v, T_STRING);
+            if (sizeof(copts->dump_opts.before_sep) <= (len = RSTRING_LEN(v))) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+                         "sapce_before string is limited to %lu characters.",
+                         (unsigned long)sizeof(copts->dump_opts.before_sep));
+            }
+            strcpy(copts->dump_opts.before_sep, StringValuePtr(v));
+            copts->dump_opts.before_size = (uint8_t)len;
+        }
+    } else if (oj_object_nl_sym == k) {
+        if (Qnil == v) {
+            copts->dump_opts.hash_size = 0;
+            *copts->dump_opts.hash_nl  = '\0';
+        } else {
+            rb_check_type(v, T_STRING);
+            if (sizeof(copts->dump_opts.hash_nl) <= (len = RSTRING_LEN(v))) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+                         "object_nl string is limited to %lu characters.",
+                         (unsigned long)sizeof(copts->dump_opts.hash_nl));
+            }
+            strcpy(copts->dump_opts.hash_nl, StringValuePtr(v));
+            copts->dump_opts.hash_size = (uint8_t)len;
+        }
+    } else if (oj_array_nl_sym == k) {
+        if (Qnil == v) {
+            copts->dump_opts.array_size = 0;
+            *copts->dump_opts.array_nl  = '\0';
+        } else {
+            rb_check_type(v, T_STRING);
+            if (sizeof(copts->dump_opts.array_nl) <= (len = RSTRING_LEN(v))) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+                         "array_nl string is limited to %lu characters.",
+                         (unsigned long)sizeof(copts->dump_opts.array_nl));
+            }
+            strcpy(copts->dump_opts.array_nl, StringValuePtr(v));
+            copts->dump_opts.array_size = (uint8_t)len;
+        }
+    } else if (nan_sym == k) {
+        if (Qnil == v) {
+            return ST_CONTINUE;
+        }
+        if (null_sym == v) {
+            copts->dump_opts.nan_dump = NullNan;
+        } else if (huge_sym == v) {
+            copts->dump_opts.nan_dump = HugeNan;
+        } else if (word_sym == v) {
+            copts->dump_opts.nan_dump = WordNan;
+        } else if (raise_sym == v) {
+            copts->dump_opts.nan_dump = RaiseNan;
+        } else if (auto_sym == v) {
+            copts->dump_opts.nan_dump = AutoNan;
+        } else {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":nan must be :null, :huge, :word, :raise, or :auto.");
+        }
+    } else if (omit_nil_sym == k) {
+        if (Qnil == v) {
+            return ST_CONTINUE;
+        }
+        if (Qtrue == v) {
+            copts->dump_opts.omit_nil = true;
+        } else if (Qfalse == v) {
+            copts->dump_opts.omit_nil = false;
+        } else {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":omit_nil must be true or false.");
+        }
+    } else if (oj_ascii_only_sym == k) {
+        // This is here only for backwards compatibility with the original Oj.
+        if (Qtrue == v) {
+            copts->escape_mode = ASCIIEsc;
+        } else if (Qfalse == v) {
+            copts->escape_mode = JSONEsc;
+        }
+    } else if (oj_hash_class_sym == k) {
+        if (Qnil == v) {
+            copts->hash_class = Qnil;
+        } else {
+            rb_check_type(v, T_CLASS);
+            copts->hash_class = v;
+        }
+    } else if (oj_object_class_sym == k) {
+        if (Qnil == v) {
+            copts->hash_class = Qnil;
+        } else {
+            rb_check_type(v, T_CLASS);
+            copts->hash_class = v;
+        }
+    } else if (oj_array_class_sym == k) {
+        if (Qnil == v) {
+            copts->array_class = Qnil;
+        } else {
+            rb_check_type(v, T_CLASS);
+            copts->array_class = v;
+        }
+    } else if (ignore_sym == k) {
+        xfree(copts->ignore);
+        copts->ignore = NULL;
+        if (Qnil != v) {
+            int cnt;
+
+            rb_check_type(v, T_ARRAY);
+            cnt = (int)RARRAY_LEN(v);
+            if (0 < cnt) {
+                int i;
+
+                copts->ignore = ALLOC_N(VALUE, cnt + 1);
+                for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
+                    copts->ignore[i] = RARRAY_AREF(v, i);
+                }
+                copts->ignore[i] = Qnil;
+            }
+        }
+    } else if (integer_range_sym == k) {
+        if (Qnil == v) {
+            return ST_CONTINUE;
+        }
+        if (TYPE(v) == T_STRUCT && rb_obj_class(v) == rb_cRange) {
+            VALUE min = rb_funcall(v, oj_begin_id, 0);
+            VALUE max = rb_funcall(v, oj_end_id, 0);
+
+            if (TYPE(min) != T_FIXNUM || TYPE(max) != T_FIXNUM) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":integer_range range bounds is not Fixnum.");
+            }
+
+            copts->int_range_min = FIX2LONG(min);
+            copts->int_range_max = FIX2LONG(max);
+        } else if (Qfalse != v) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":integer_range must be a range of Fixnum.");
+        }
+    } else if (symbol_keys_sym == k || oj_symbolize_names_sym == k) {
+        if (Qnil == v) {
+            return ST_CONTINUE;
+        }
+	copts->sym_key = (Qtrue == v) ? Yes : No;
     }
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+void oj_parse_options(VALUE ropts, Options copts) {
+    if (T_HASH != rb_type(ropts)) {
+        return;
     }
+
+    rb_hash_foreach(ropts, parse_options_cb, (VALUE)copts);
+    oj_parse_opt_match_string(&copts->str_rx, ropts);
+
+    copts->dump_opts.use = (0 < copts->dump_opts.indent_size || 0 < copts->dump_opts.after_size ||
+                            0 < copts->dump_opts.before_size || 0 < copts->dump_opts.hash_size ||
+                            0 < copts->dump_opts.array_size);
+    return;
 }
 
-static int
-match_string_cb(VALUE key, VALUE value, RxClass rc) {
+static int match_string_cb(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE rx) {
+    RxClass rc = (RxClass)rx;
+
     if (T_CLASS != rb_type(value)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "for :match_string, the hash values must be a Class.");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "for :match_string, the hash values must be a Class.");
     }
     switch (rb_type(key)) {
-    case T_REGEXP:
-	oj_rxclass_rappend(rc, key, value);
-	break;
+    case T_REGEXP: oj_rxclass_rappend(rc, key, value); break;
     case T_STRING:
-	if (0 != oj_rxclass_append(rc, StringValuePtr(key), value)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "%s", rc->err);
-	}
-	break;
-    default:
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "for :match_string, keys must either a String or RegExp.");
-	break;
+        if (0 != oj_rxclass_append(rc, StringValuePtr(key), value)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "%s", rc->err);
+        }
+        break;
+    default: rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "for :match_string, keys must either a String or RegExp."); break;
     }
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
-void
-oj_parse_opt_match_string(RxClass rc, VALUE ropts) {
-    VALUE	v;
+void oj_parse_opt_match_string(RxClass rc, VALUE ropts) {
+    VALUE v;
 
     if (Qnil != (v = rb_hash_lookup(ropts, match_string_sym))) {
-	rb_check_type(v, T_HASH);
-	// Zero out rc. Pattern are not appended but override.
-	rc->head = NULL;
-	rc->tail = NULL;
-	*rc->err = '\0';
-	rb_hash_foreach(v, match_string_cb, (VALUE)rc);
+        rb_check_type(v, T_HASH);
+        // Zero out rc. Pattern are not appended but override.
+        rc->head = NULL;
+        rc->tail = NULL;
+        *rc->err = '\0';
+        rb_hash_foreach(v, match_string_cb, (VALUE)rc);
     }
 }
 
 /* Document-method: load
- * call-seq: load(json, options) { _|_obj, start, len_|_ }
+ * call-seq: load(json, options={}) { _|_obj, start, len_|_ }
  *
  * Parses a JSON document String into a Object, Hash, Array, String, Fixnum,
  * Float, true, false, or nil according to the default mode or the mode
@@ -802,67 +1022,62 @@ oj_parse_opt_match_string(RxClass rc, VALUE ropts) {
  *
  * - *json* [_String_|_IO_] JSON String or an Object that responds to read()
  * - *options* [_Hash_] load options (same as default_options)
- *   - -
  * - *obj* [_Hash_|_Array_|_String_|_Fixnum_|_Float_|_Boolean_|_nil_] parsed object.
  * - *start* [_optional, _Integer_] start position of parsed JSON for obj.
  * - *len* [_optional, _Integer_] length of parsed JSON for obj.
- * 
+ *
  * Returns [_Hash_|_Array_|_String_|_Fixnum_|_Float_|_Boolean_|_nil_]
  */
-static VALUE
-load(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
-    Mode	mode = oj_default_options.mode;
+static VALUE load(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
+    Mode mode = oj_default_options.mode;
 
     if (1 > argc) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Wrong number of arguments to load().");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Wrong number of arguments to load().");
     }
     if (2 <= argc) {
-	VALUE	ropts = argv[1];
-	VALUE	v;
-
-	if (Qnil != ropts || CompatMode != mode) {
-	    Check_Type(ropts, T_HASH);
-	    if (Qnil != (v = rb_hash_lookup(ropts, mode_sym))) {
-		if (object_sym == v) {
-		    mode = ObjectMode;
-		} else if (strict_sym == v) {
-		    mode = StrictMode;
-		} else if (compat_sym == v || json_sym == v) {
-		    mode = CompatMode;
-		} else if (null_sym == v) {
-		    mode = NullMode;
-		} else if (custom_sym == v) {
-		    mode = CustomMode;
-		} else if (rails_sym == v) {
-		    mode = RailsMode;
-		} else if (wab_sym == v) {
-		    mode = WabMode;
-		} else {
-		    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":mode must be :object, :strict, :compat, :null, :custom, :rails, or :wab.");
-		}
-	    }
-	}
+        VALUE ropts = argv[1];
+        VALUE v;
+
+        if (Qnil != ropts || CompatMode != mode) {
+            Check_Type(ropts, T_HASH);
+            if (Qnil != (v = rb_hash_lookup(ropts, mode_sym))) {
+                if (object_sym == v) {
+                    mode = ObjectMode;
+                } else if (strict_sym == v) {
+                    mode = StrictMode;
+                } else if (compat_sym == v || json_sym == v) {
+                    mode = CompatMode;
+                } else if (null_sym == v) {
+                    mode = NullMode;
+                } else if (custom_sym == v) {
+                    mode = CustomMode;
+                } else if (rails_sym == v) {
+                    mode = RailsMode;
+                } else if (wab_sym == v) {
+                    mode = WabMode;
+                } else {
+                    rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+                             ":mode must be :object, :strict, :compat, :null, :custom, :rails, or "
+                             ":wab.");
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
     switch (mode) {
     case StrictMode:
-    case NullMode:
-	return oj_strict_parse(argc, argv, self);
+    case NullMode: return oj_strict_parse(argc, argv, self);
     case CompatMode:
-    case RailsMode:
-	return oj_compat_parse(argc, argv, self);
-    case CustomMode:
-	return oj_custom_parse(argc, argv, self);
-    case WabMode:
-	return oj_wab_parse(argc, argv, self);
+    case RailsMode: return oj_compat_parse(argc, argv, self);
+    case CustomMode: return oj_custom_parse(argc, argv, self);
+    case WabMode: return oj_wab_parse(argc, argv, self);
     case ObjectMode:
-    default:
-	break;
+    default: break;
     }
     return oj_object_parse(argc, argv, self);
 }
 
 /* Document-method: load_file
- * call-seq: load_file(path, options) { _|_obj, start, len_|_ }
+ * call-seq: load_file(path, options={}) { _|_obj, start, len_|_ }
  *
  * Parses a JSON document String into a Object, Hash, Array, String, Fixnum,
  * Float, true, false, or nil according to the default mode or the mode
@@ -889,74 +1104,75 @@ load(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
  *
  * - *path* [_String_] to a file containing a JSON document
  * - *options* [_Hash_] load options (same as default_options)
- *   - -
  * - *obj* [_Hash_|_Array_|_String_|_Fixnum_|_Float_|_Boolean_|_nil_] parsed object.
  * - *start* [_optional, _Integer_] start position of parsed JSON for obj.
  * - *len* [_optional, _Integer_] length of parsed JSON for obj.
  *
  * Returns [_Object_|_Hash_|_Array_|_String_|_Fixnum_|_Float_|_Boolean_|_nil_]
  */
-static VALUE
-load_file(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
-    char		*path;
-    int			fd;
-    Mode		mode = oj_default_options.mode;
-    struct _ParseInfo	pi;
+static VALUE load_file(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
+    char *            path;
+    int               fd;
+    Mode              mode = oj_default_options.mode;
+    struct _parseInfo pi;
 
     if (1 > argc) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Wrong number of arguments to load().");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Wrong number of arguments to load().");
     }
     Check_Type(*argv, T_STRING);
     parse_info_init(&pi);
-    pi.options = oj_default_options;
-    pi.handler = Qnil;
+    pi.options   = oj_default_options;
+    pi.handler   = Qnil;
     pi.err_class = Qnil;
     pi.max_depth = 0;
     if (2 <= argc) {
-	VALUE	ropts = argv[1];
-	VALUE	v;
-
-	Check_Type(ropts, T_HASH);
-	if (Qnil != (v = rb_hash_lookup(ropts, mode_sym))) {
-	    if (object_sym == v) {
-		mode = ObjectMode;
-	    } else if (strict_sym == v) {
-		mode = StrictMode;
-	    } else if (compat_sym == v || json_sym == v) {
-		mode = CompatMode;
-	    } else if (null_sym == v) {
-		mode = NullMode;
-	    } else if (custom_sym == v) {
-		mode = CustomMode;
-	    } else if (rails_sym == v) {
-		mode = RailsMode;
-	    } else if (wab_sym == v) {
-		mode = WabMode;
-	    } else {
-		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":mode must be :object, :strict, :compat, :null, :custom, :rails, or :wab.");
-	    }
-	}
+        VALUE ropts = argv[1];
+        VALUE v;
+
+        Check_Type(ropts, T_HASH);
+        if (Qnil != (v = rb_hash_lookup(ropts, mode_sym))) {
+            if (object_sym == v) {
+                mode = ObjectMode;
+            } else if (strict_sym == v) {
+                mode = StrictMode;
+            } else if (compat_sym == v || json_sym == v) {
+                mode = CompatMode;
+            } else if (null_sym == v) {
+                mode = NullMode;
+            } else if (custom_sym == v) {
+                mode = CustomMode;
+            } else if (rails_sym == v) {
+                mode = RailsMode;
+            } else if (wab_sym == v) {
+                mode = WabMode;
+            } else {
+                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":mode must be :object, :strict, :compat, :null, :custom, :rails, or :wab.");
+            }
+        }
     }
     path = StringValuePtr(*argv);
-    if (0 == (fd = open(path, O_RDONLY))) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "%s", strerror(errno));
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    {
+        WCHAR *wide_path;
+        wide_path = rb_w32_mbstr_to_wstr(CP_UTF8, path, -1, NULL);
+        fd = rb_w32_wopen(wide_path, O_RDONLY);
+        free(wide_path);
+    }
+#else
+    fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
+#endif
+    if (0 == fd) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "%s", strerror(errno));
     }
     switch (mode) {
     case StrictMode:
-	oj_set_strict_callbacks(&pi);
-	return oj_pi_sparse(argc, argv, &pi, fd);
-    case NullMode:
+    case NullMode: oj_set_strict_callbacks(&pi); return oj_pi_sparse(argc, argv, &pi, fd);
+    case CustomMode: oj_set_custom_callbacks(&pi); return oj_pi_sparse(argc, argv, &pi, fd);
     case CompatMode:
-    case CustomMode:
-    case RailsMode:
-	oj_set_compat_callbacks(&pi);
-	return oj_pi_sparse(argc, argv, &pi, fd);
-    case WabMode:
-	oj_set_wab_callbacks(&pi);
-	return oj_pi_sparse(argc, argv, &pi, fd);
+    case RailsMode: oj_set_compat_callbacks(&pi); return oj_pi_sparse(argc, argv, &pi, fd);
+    case WabMode: oj_set_wab_callbacks(&pi); return oj_pi_sparse(argc, argv, &pi, fd);
     case ObjectMode:
-    default:
-	break;
+    default: break;
     }
     oj_set_object_callbacks(&pi);
 
@@ -974,18 +1190,17 @@ load_file(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
  *
  * Returns [_Hash_|_Array_|_String_|_Fixnum_|_Bignum_|_BigDecimal_|_nil_|_True_|_False_]
  */
-static VALUE
-safe_load(VALUE self, VALUE doc) {
-    struct _ParseInfo	pi;
-    VALUE		args[1];
+static VALUE safe_load(VALUE self, VALUE doc) {
+    struct _parseInfo pi;
+    VALUE             args[1];
 
     parse_info_init(&pi);
-    pi.err_class = Qnil;
-    pi.max_depth = 0;
-    pi.options = oj_default_options;
+    pi.err_class           = Qnil;
+    pi.max_depth           = 0;
+    pi.options             = oj_default_options;
     pi.options.auto_define = No;
-    pi.options.sym_key = No;
-    pi.options.mode = StrictMode;
+    pi.options.sym_key     = No;
+    pi.options.mode        = StrictMode;
     oj_set_strict_callbacks(&pi);
     *args = doc;
 
@@ -1018,44 +1233,70 @@ safe_load(VALUE self, VALUE doc) {
  * - *io* [_IO__|_String_] IO Object to read from
  */
 
+struct dump_arg {
+    struct _out *    out;
+    struct _options *copts;
+    int              argc;
+    VALUE *          argv;
+};
+
+static VALUE dump_body(VALUE a) {
+    volatile struct dump_arg *arg = (void *)a;
+    VALUE                     rstr;
+
+    oj_dump_obj_to_json_using_params(*arg->argv, arg->copts, arg->out, arg->argc - 1, arg->argv + 1);
+    if (0 == arg->out->buf) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eNoMemError, "Not enough memory.");
+    }
+    rstr = rb_str_new2(arg->out->buf);
+    rstr = oj_encode(rstr);
+
+    return rstr;
+}
+
+static VALUE dump_ensure(VALUE a) {
+    volatile struct dump_arg *arg = (void *)a;
+
+    oj_out_free(arg->out);
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
 /* Document-method: dump
- * call-seq: dump(obj, options)
+ * call-seq: dump(obj, options={})
  *
  * Dumps an Object (obj) to a string.
  * - *obj* [_Object_] Object to serialize as an JSON document String
  * - *options* [_Hash_] same as default_options
  */
-static VALUE
-dump(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
-    char		buf[4096];
-    struct _Out		out;
-    struct _Options	copts = oj_default_options;
-    VALUE		rstr;
+static VALUE dump(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
+    struct dump_arg arg;
+    struct _out     out;
+    struct _options copts = oj_default_options;
 
     if (1 > argc) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (0 for 1).");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (0 for 1).");
     }
     if (CompatMode == copts.mode) {
-	copts.dump_opts.nan_dump = WordNan;
+        copts.dump_opts.nan_dump = WordNan;
     }
     if (2 == argc) {
-	oj_parse_options(argv[1], &copts);
+        oj_parse_options(argv[1], &copts);
     }
-    out.buf = buf;
-    out.end = buf + sizeof(buf) - 10;
-    out.allocated = false;
-    out.omit_nil = copts.dump_opts.omit_nil;
-    out.caller = CALLER_DUMP;
-    oj_dump_obj_to_json_using_params(*argv, &copts, &out, argc - 1,argv + 1);
-    if (0 == out.buf) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eNoMemError, "Not enough memory.");
+    if (CompatMode == copts.mode && copts.escape_mode != ASCIIEsc) {
+        copts.escape_mode = JSONEsc;
     }
-    rstr = rb_str_new2(out.buf);
-    rstr = oj_encode(rstr);
-    if (out.allocated) {
-	xfree(out.buf);
-    }
-    return rstr;
+    arg.out   = &out;
+    arg.copts = &copts;
+    arg.argc  = argc;
+    arg.argv  = argv;
+
+    oj_out_init(arg.out);
+
+    arg.out->omit_nil  = copts.dump_opts.omit_nil;
+    arg.out->caller    = CALLER_DUMP;
+
+    return rb_ensure(dump_body, (VALUE)&arg, dump_ensure, (VALUE)&arg);
 }
 
 /* Document-method: to_json
@@ -1064,71 +1305,73 @@ dump(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
  * Dumps an Object (obj) to a string. If the object has a to_json method that
  * will be called. The mode is set to :compat.
  * - *obj* [_Object_] Object to serialize as an JSON document String
- * - *options* [_Hash_] 
- *   - *:max_nesting* [_boolean_] It true nesting is limited to 100. The option to detect circular references is available but is not compatible with the json gem., default is false
- *   - *:allow_nan* [_boolean_] If true non JSON compliant words such as Nan and Infinity will be used as appropriate, default is true.
- *   - *:quirks_mode* [_boolean_] Allow single JSON values instead of documents, default is true (allow).
- *   - *:indent* [_String_|_nil_] String to use for indentation, overriding the indent option if not nil.
+ * - *options* [_Hash_]
+ *   - *:max_nesting* [_boolean_] It true nesting is limited to 100. The option to detect circular
+ * references is available but is not compatible with the json gem., default is false
+ *   - *:allow_nan* [_boolean_] If true non JSON compliant words such as Nan and Infinity will be
+ * used as appropriate, default is true.
+ *   - *:quirks_mode* [_boolean_] Allow single JSON values instead of documents, default is true
+ * (allow).
+ *   - *:indent* [_String_|_nil_] String to use for indentation, overriding the indent option if not
+ * nil.
  *   - *:space* [_String_|_nil_] String to use for the space after the colon in JSON object fields.
- *   - *:space_before* [_String_|_nil_] String to use before the colon separator in JSON object fields.
+ *   - *:space_before* [_String_|_nil_] String to use before the colon separator in JSON object
+ * fields.
  *   - *:object_nl* [_String_|_nil_] String to use after a JSON object field value.
  *   - *:array_nl* [_String_|_nil_] String to use after a JSON array value.
  *   - *:trace* [_Boolean_] If true trace is turned on.
  *
  * Returns [_String_] the encoded JSON.
  */
-static VALUE
-to_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
-    char		buf[4096];
-    struct _Out		out;
-    struct _Options	copts = oj_default_options;
-    VALUE		rstr;
+static VALUE to_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
+    struct _out     out;
+    struct _options copts = oj_default_options;
+    VALUE           rstr;
 
     if (1 > argc) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (0 for 1).");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments (0 for 1).");
     }
-    copts.escape_mode = JXEsc;
+    copts.escape_mode        = JXEsc;
     copts.dump_opts.nan_dump = RaiseNan;
     if (2 == argc) {
-	oj_parse_mimic_dump_options(argv[1], &copts);
+        oj_parse_mimic_dump_options(argv[1], &copts);
     }
-    copts.mode = CompatMode;
+    copts.mode    = CompatMode;
     copts.to_json = Yes;
-    out.buf = buf;
-    out.end = buf + sizeof(buf) - 10;
-    out.allocated = false;
-    out.omit_nil = copts.dump_opts.omit_nil;
+
+    oj_out_init(&out);
+
+    out.omit_nil  = copts.dump_opts.omit_nil;
     // For obj.to_json or generate nan is not allowed but if called from dump
     // it is.
     oj_dump_obj_to_json_using_params(*argv, &copts, &out, argc - 1, argv + 1);
 
     if (0 == out.buf) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eNoMemError, "Not enough memory.");
+        rb_raise(rb_eNoMemError, "Not enough memory.");
     }
     rstr = rb_str_new2(out.buf);
     rstr = oj_encode(rstr);
-    if (out.allocated) {
-	xfree(out.buf);
-    }
+
+    oj_out_free(&out);
+
     return rstr;
 }
 
 /* Document-method: to_file
- * call-seq: to_file(file_path, obj, options)
+ * call-seq: to_file(file_path, obj, options={})
  *
  * Dumps an Object to the specified file.
  * - *file* [_String_] _path file path to write the JSON document to
  * - *obj* [_Object_] Object to serialize as an JSON document String
- * - *options* [_Hash_] formating options
+ * - *options* [_Hash_] formatting options
  *   - *:indent* [_Fixnum_] format expected
  *   - *:circular* [_Boolean_] allow circular references, default: false
  */
-static VALUE
-to_file(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
-    struct _Options	copts = oj_default_options;
-    
+static VALUE to_file(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
+    struct _options copts = oj_default_options;
+
     if (3 == argc) {
-	oj_parse_options(argv[2], &copts);
+        oj_parse_options(argv[2], &copts);
     }
     Check_Type(*argv, T_STRING);
     oj_write_obj_to_file(argv[1], StringValuePtr(*argv), &copts);
@@ -1137,21 +1380,20 @@ to_file(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
 }
 
 /* Document-method: to_stream
- * call-seq: to_stream(io, obj, options)
+ * call-seq: to_stream(io, obj, options={})
  *
  * Dumps an Object to the specified IO stream.
  * - *io* [_IO_] IO stream to write the JSON document to
  * - *obj* [_Object_] Object to serialize as an JSON document String
- * - *options* [_Hash_] formating options
+ * - *options* [_Hash_] formatting options
  *   - *:indent* [_Fixnum_] format expected
  *   - *:circular* [_Boolean_] allow circular references, default: false
  */
-static VALUE
-to_stream(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
-    struct _Options	copts = oj_default_options;
-    
+static VALUE to_stream(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
+    struct _options copts = oj_default_options;
+
     if (3 == argc) {
-	oj_parse_options(argv[2], &copts);
+        oj_parse_options(argv[2], &copts);
     }
     oj_write_obj_to_stream(argv[1], *argv, &copts);
 
@@ -1169,25 +1411,23 @@ to_stream(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
  *
  * - *clas* [_Class__|_Module_] Class or Module to be made special
  * - *create_object* [_Object_]  object to call the create method on
- * - *create_method* [_Symbol_] method on the clas that will create a new instance of the clas when given all the member values in the order specified.
- * - *members* [_Symbol__|_String_] methods used to get the member values from instances of the clas.
+ * - *create_method* [_Symbol_] method on the clas that will create a new instance of the clas when
+ * given all the member values in the order specified.
+ * - *members* [_Symbol__|_String_] methods used to get the member values from instances of the
+ * clas.
  */
-static VALUE
-register_odd(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
+static VALUE register_odd(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
     if (3 > argc) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "incorrect number of arguments.");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "incorrect number of arguments.");
     }
     switch (rb_type(*argv)) {
     case T_CLASS:
-    case T_MODULE:
-	break;
-    default:
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "expected a class or module.");
-	break;
+    case T_MODULE: break;
+    default: rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "expected a class or module."); break;
     }
     Check_Type(argv[2], T_SYMBOL);
     if (MAX_ODD_ARGS < argc - 2) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too many members.");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too many members.");
     }
     oj_reg_odd(argv[0], argv[1], argv[2], argc - 3, argv + 3, false);
 
@@ -1207,25 +1447,23 @@ register_odd(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
  *
  * - *clas* [_Class_|_Module_] Class or Module to be made special
  * - *create_object* [_Object_] object to call the create method on
- * - *create_method* [_Symbol_] method on the clas that will create a new instance of the clas when given all the member values in the order specified.
- * - *dump_method* [_Symbol_|_String_] method to call on the object being serialized to generate the raw JSON.
+ * - *create_method* [_Symbol_] method on the clas that will create a new instance of the clas when
+ *given all the member values in the order specified.
+ * - *dump_method* [_Symbol_|_String_] method to call on the object being serialized to generate the
+ *raw JSON.
  */
-static VALUE
-register_odd_raw(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
+static VALUE register_odd_raw(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
     if (3 > argc) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "incorrect number of arguments.");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "incorrect number of arguments.");
     }
     switch (rb_type(*argv)) {
     case T_CLASS:
-    case T_MODULE:
-	break;
-    default:
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "expected a class or module.");
-	break;
+    case T_MODULE: break;
+    default: rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "expected a class or module."); break;
     }
     Check_Type(argv[2], T_SYMBOL);
     if (MAX_ODD_ARGS < argc - 2) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too many members.");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too many members.");
     }
     oj_reg_odd(argv[0], argv[1], argv[2], 1, argv + 3, true);
 
@@ -1265,14 +1503,13 @@ register_odd_raw(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
  *
  * - *json* [_String_|_IO_] JSON String or an Object that responds to read().
  * - *options* [_Hash_] load options (same as default_options).
- *   - -
  * - *obj* [_Hash_|_Array_|_String_|_Fixnum_|_Float_|_Boolean_|_nil_] parsed object.
  * - *start* [_optional, _Integer_] start position of parsed JSON for obj.
  * - *len* [_optional, _Integer_] length of parsed JSON for obj.
  *
  * Returns [_Hash_|_Array_|_String_|_Fixnum_|_Float_|_Boolean_|_nil_]
  */
-extern VALUE	oj_strict_parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
+extern VALUE oj_strict_parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
 
 /* Document-method: compat_load
  * call-seq: compat_load(json, options) { _|_obj, start, len_|_ }
@@ -1300,14 +1537,13 @@ extern VALUE	oj_strict_parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
  *
  * - *json* [_String_|_IO_] JSON String or an Object that responds to read().
  * - *options* [_Hash_] load options (same as default_options).
- *   - -
  * - *obj* [_Hash_|_Array_|_String_|_Fixnum_|_Float_|_Boolean_|_nil_] parsed object.
  * - *start* [_optional, _Integer_] start position of parsed JSON for obj.
  * - *len* [_optional, _Integer_] length of parsed JSON for obj.
  *
  * Returns [_Hash_|_Array_|_String_|_Fixnum_|_Float_|_Boolean_|_nil_]
  */
-extern VALUE	oj_compat_parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
+extern VALUE oj_compat_parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
 
 /* Document-method: object_load
  * call-seq: object_load(json, options) { _|_obj, start, len_|_ }
@@ -1322,22 +1558,6 @@ extern VALUE	oj_compat_parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
  * valid. If the input is not a valid JSON document (an empty string is not a
  * valid JSON document) an exception is raised.
  *
- * Note: Oj is not able to automatically deserialize all classes that are a
- * subclass of a Ruby Exception. Only exception that take one required string
- * argument in the initialize() method are supported. This is an example of how
- * to write an Exception subclass that supports both a single string intializer
- * and an Exception as an argument. Additional optional arguments can be added
- * as well.
- *
- * The reason for this restriction has to do with a design decision on the part
- * of the Ruby developers. Exceptions are special Objects. They do not follow the
- * rules of other Objects. Exceptions have 'mesg' and a 'bt' attribute. Note that
- * these are not '@mesg' and '@bt'. They can not be set using the normal C or
- * Ruby calls. The only way I have found to set the 'mesg' attribute is through
- * the initializer. Unfortunately that means any subclass that provides a
- * different initializer can not be automatically decoded. A way around this is
- * to use a create function but this example shows an alternative.
- *
  * A block can be provided with a single argument. That argument will be the
  * parsed JSON document. This is useful when parsing a string that includes
  * multiple JSON documents. The block can take up to 3 arguments, the parsed
@@ -1347,14 +1567,13 @@ extern VALUE	oj_compat_parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
  *
  * - *json* [_String_|_IO_] JSON String or an Object that responds to read().
  * - *options* [_Hash_] load options (same as default_options).
- *   - -
  * - *obj* [_Hash_|_Array_|_String_|_Fixnum_|_Float_|_Boolean_|_nil_] parsed object.
  * - *start* [_optional, _Integer_] start position of parsed JSON for obj.
  * - *len* [_optional, _Integer_] length of parsed JSON for obj.
  *
  * Returns [_Hash_|_Array_|_String_|_Fixnum_|_Float_|_Boolean_|_nil_]
  */
-extern VALUE	oj_object_parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
+extern VALUE oj_object_parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
 
 /* Document-method: wab_load
  * call-seq: wab_load(json, options) { _|_obj, start, len_|_ }
@@ -1383,14 +1602,13 @@ extern VALUE	oj_object_parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
  *
  * - *json* [_String_|_IO_] JSON String or an Object that responds to read().
  * - *options* [_Hash_] load options (same as default_options).
- *   - -
  * - *obj* [_Hash_|_Array_|_String_|_Fixnum_|_Float_|_Boolean_|_nil_] parsed object.
  * - *start* [_optional, _Integer_] start position of parsed JSON for obj.
  * - *len* [_optional, _Integer_] length of parsed JSON for obj.
  *
  * Returns [_Hash_|_Array_|_String_|_Fixnum_|_Float_|_Boolean_|_nil_]
  */
-extern VALUE	oj_wab_parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
+extern VALUE oj_wab_parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
 
 /* Document-method: add_to_json
  * call-seq: add_to_json(*args)
@@ -1407,7 +1625,7 @@ extern VALUE	oj_wab_parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
  *
  * - *args( [_Class_] zero or more classes to optimize.
  */
-extern VALUE	oj_add_to_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
+extern VALUE oj_add_to_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
 
 /* @!method remove_to_json(*args)
  *
@@ -1423,7 +1641,7 @@ extern VALUE	oj_add_to_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
  *
  * - *args* [_Class_] zero or more classes to optimize.
  */
-extern VALUE	oj_remove_to_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
+extern VALUE oj_remove_to_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
 
 /* Document-method: mimic_JSON
  * call-seq: mimic_JSON()
@@ -1441,52 +1659,69 @@ extern VALUE	oj_remove_to_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
  *
  * Returns [_Module_] the JSON module.
  */
-extern VALUE	oj_define_mimic_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
+extern VALUE oj_define_mimic_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
 
 /* Document-method: generate
  * call-seq: generate(obj, opts=nil)
- * 
+ *
  * Encode obj as a JSON String. The obj argument must be a Hash, Array, or
  * respond to to_h or to_json. Options other than those listed such as
- * +:allow_nan+ or +:max_nesting+ are ignored.
- * 
+ * +:allow_nan+ or +:max_nesting+ are ignored. Calling this method will call
+ * Oj.mimic_JSON if it is not already called.
+ *
  * - *obj* [_Object__|_Hash_|_Array_] object to convert to a JSON String
  * - *opts* [_Hash_] options
- * - - *:indent* [_String_] String to use for indentation.
+ *   - *:indent* [_String_] String to use for indentation.
  *   - *:space* [_String_] String placed after a , or : delimiter
- *   - *:space * _before [_String_] String placed before a : delimiter
+ *   - *:space_before* [_String_] String placed before a : delimiter
  *   - *:object_nl* [_String_] String placed after a JSON object
  *   - *:array_nl* [_String_] String placed after a JSON array
- *   - *:ascii_only* [_Boolean_] if not nil or false then use only ascii characters in the output. Note JSON.generate does support this even if it is not documented.
+ *   - *:ascii_only* [_Boolean_] if not nil or false then use only ascii characters in the output.
+ * Note JSON.generate does support this even if it is not documented.
  *
  * Returns [_String_]generated JSON.
  */
-extern VALUE	oj_mimic_generate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
+extern VALUE oj_mimic_generate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
 
 /* Document-module: Oj.optimize_rails()
  *
  * Sets the Oj as the Rails encoder and decoder. Oj::Rails.optimize is also
  * called.
  */
-extern VALUE	oj_optimize_rails(VALUE self);
+extern VALUE oj_optimize_rails(VALUE self);
 
 /*
 extern void	oj_hash_test();
-
 static VALUE
 hash_test(VALUE self) {
     oj_hash_test();
     return Qnil;
 }
 */
-
+/*
+extern void oj_hash_sizes();
 static VALUE
-protect_require(VALUE x) {
+hash_test(VALUE self) {
+    oj_hash_sizes();
+    return Qnil;
+}
+*/
+
+static VALUE protect_require(VALUE x) {
     rb_require("time");
     rb_require("bigdecimal");
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+extern void print_all_odds(const char *label);
+
+static VALUE
+debug_odd(VALUE self, VALUE label) {
+    print_all_odds(RSTRING_PTR(label));
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+
 /* Document-module: Oj
  *
  * Optimized JSON (Oj), as the name implies was written to provide speed
@@ -1497,15 +1732,15 @@ protect_require(VALUE x) {
  * modes are:
  *
  * - *:strict* mode will only allow the 7 basic JSON types to be serialized. Any other Object
- *   will raise an Exception. 
- * 
+ *   will raise an Exception.
+ *
  * - *:null* mode is similar to the :strict mode except any Object that is not
  *   one of the JSON base types is replaced by a JSON null.
- * 
+ *
  * - *:object* mode will dump any Object as a JSON Object with keys that match
  *   the Ruby Object's variable names without the '@' character. This is the
  *   highest performance mode.
- * 
+ *
  * - *:compat* or *:json* mode is the compatible mode for the json gem. It mimics
  *   the json gem including the options, defaults, and restrictions.
  *
@@ -1515,13 +1750,19 @@ protect_require(VALUE x) {
  *
  * - *:wab* specifically for WAB data exchange.
  */
-void
-Init_oj() {
-    int	err = 0;
+void Init_oj(void) {
+    int err = 0;
 
+#if HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+    rb_ext_ractor_safe(true);
+#endif
     Oj = rb_define_module("Oj");
+    rb_gc_register_address(&Oj);
 
     oj_cstack_class = rb_define_class_under(Oj, "CStack", rb_cObject);
+    rb_gc_register_address(&oj_cstack_class);
+
+    rb_undef_alloc_func(oj_cstack_class);
 
     oj_string_writer_init();
     oj_stream_writer_init();
@@ -1530,9 +1771,11 @@ Init_oj() {
     // On Rubinius the require fails but can be done from a ruby file.
     rb_protect(protect_require, Qnil, &err);
     rb_require("stringio");
-    oj_utf8_encoding = rb_enc_find("UTF-8");
+    oj_utf8_encoding_index = rb_enc_find_index("UTF-8");
+    oj_utf8_encoding = rb_enc_from_index(oj_utf8_encoding_index);
 
-    //rb_define_module_function(Oj, "hash_test", hash_test, 0);
+    // rb_define_module_function(Oj, "hash_test", hash_test, 0);
+    rb_define_module_function(Oj, "debug_odd", debug_odd, 1);
 
     rb_define_module_function(Oj, "default_options", get_def_opts, 0);
     rb_define_module_function(Oj, "default_options=", set_def_opts, 1);
@@ -1566,49 +1809,48 @@ Init_oj() {
 
     rb_define_module_function(Oj, "optimize_rails", oj_optimize_rails, 0);
 
-    oj_add_value_id = rb_intern("add_value");
-    oj_array_append_id = rb_intern("array_append");
-    oj_array_end_id = rb_intern("array_end");
-    oj_array_start_id = rb_intern("array_start");
-    oj_as_json_id = rb_intern("as_json");
-    oj_begin_id = rb_intern("begin");
-    oj_bigdecimal_id = rb_intern("BigDecimal");
-    oj_end_id = rb_intern("end");
-    oj_error_id = rb_intern("error");
-    oj_exclude_end_id = rb_intern("exclude_end?");
-    oj_file_id = rb_intern("file?");
-    oj_fileno_id = rb_intern("fileno");
-    oj_ftype_id = rb_intern("ftype");
-    oj_has_key_id = rb_intern("has_key?");
-    oj_hash_end_id = rb_intern("hash_end");
-    oj_hash_key_id = rb_intern("hash_key");
-    oj_hash_set_id = rb_intern("hash_set");
-    oj_hash_start_id = rb_intern("hash_start");
-    oj_iconv_id = rb_intern("iconv");
-    oj_instance_variables_id = rb_intern("instance_variables");
-    oj_json_create_id = rb_intern("json_create");
-    oj_length_id = rb_intern("length");
-    oj_new_id = rb_intern("new");
-    oj_parse_id = rb_intern("parse");
-    oj_pos_id = rb_intern("pos");
-    oj_read_id = rb_intern("read");
-    oj_readpartial_id = rb_intern("readpartial");
-    oj_replace_id = rb_intern("replace");
-    oj_stat_id = rb_intern("stat");
-    oj_string_id = rb_intern("string");
-    oj_to_h_id = rb_intern("to_h");
-    oj_to_hash_id = rb_intern("to_hash");
-    oj_to_json_id = rb_intern("to_json");
-    oj_to_s_id = rb_intern("to_s");
-    oj_to_sym_id = rb_intern("to_sym");
-    oj_to_time_id = rb_intern("to_time");
-    oj_tv_nsec_id = rb_intern("tv_nsec");
-    oj_tv_sec_id = rb_intern("tv_sec");
-    oj_tv_usec_id = rb_intern("tv_usec");
-    oj_utc_id = rb_intern("utc");
-    oj_utc_offset_id = rb_intern("utc_offset");
-    oj_utcq_id = rb_intern("utc?");
-    oj_write_id = rb_intern("write");
+    oj_add_value_id          = rb_intern("add_value");
+    oj_array_append_id       = rb_intern("array_append");
+    oj_array_end_id          = rb_intern("array_end");
+    oj_array_start_id        = rb_intern("array_start");
+    oj_as_json_id            = rb_intern("as_json");
+    oj_begin_id              = rb_intern("begin");
+    oj_bigdecimal_id         = rb_intern("BigDecimal");
+    oj_end_id                = rb_intern("end");
+    oj_error_id              = rb_intern("error");
+    oj_exclude_end_id        = rb_intern("exclude_end?");
+    oj_file_id               = rb_intern("file?");
+    oj_fileno_id             = rb_intern("fileno");
+    oj_ftype_id              = rb_intern("ftype");
+    oj_hash_end_id           = rb_intern("hash_end");
+    oj_hash_key_id           = rb_intern("hash_key");
+    oj_hash_set_id           = rb_intern("hash_set");
+    oj_hash_start_id         = rb_intern("hash_start");
+    oj_iconv_id              = rb_intern("iconv");
+    oj_json_create_id        = rb_intern("json_create");
+    oj_length_id             = rb_intern("length");
+    oj_new_id                = rb_intern("new");
+    oj_parse_id              = rb_intern("parse");
+    oj_pos_id                = rb_intern("pos");
+    oj_raw_json_id           = rb_intern("raw_json");
+    oj_read_id               = rb_intern("read");
+    oj_readpartial_id        = rb_intern("readpartial");
+    oj_replace_id            = rb_intern("replace");
+    oj_stat_id               = rb_intern("stat");
+    oj_string_id             = rb_intern("string");
+    oj_to_h_id               = rb_intern("to_h");
+    oj_to_hash_id            = rb_intern("to_hash");
+    oj_to_json_id            = rb_intern("to_json");
+    oj_to_s_id               = rb_intern("to_s");
+    oj_to_sym_id             = rb_intern("to_sym");
+    oj_to_time_id            = rb_intern("to_time");
+    oj_tv_nsec_id            = rb_intern("tv_nsec");
+    oj_tv_sec_id             = rb_intern("tv_sec");
+    oj_tv_usec_id            = rb_intern("tv_usec");
+    oj_utc_id                = rb_intern("utc");
+    oj_utc_offset_id         = rb_intern("utc_offset");
+    oj_utcq_id               = rb_intern("utc?");
+    oj_write_id              = rb_intern("write");
 
     rb_require("oj/bag");
     rb_require("oj/error");
@@ -1617,79 +1859,171 @@ Init_oj() {
     rb_require("oj/schandler");
 
     oj_bag_class = rb_const_get_at(Oj, rb_intern("Bag"));
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(oj_bag_class);
     oj_bigdecimal_class = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, rb_intern("BigDecimal"));
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(oj_bigdecimal_class);
     oj_date_class = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, rb_intern("Date"));
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(oj_date_class);
     oj_datetime_class = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, rb_intern("DateTime"));
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(oj_datetime_class);
     oj_enumerable_class = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, rb_intern("Enumerable"));
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(oj_enumerable_class);
     oj_parse_error_class = rb_const_get_at(Oj, rb_intern("ParseError"));
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(oj_parse_error_class);
     oj_stringio_class = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, rb_intern("StringIO"));
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(oj_stringio_class);
     oj_struct_class = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, rb_intern("Struct"));
-    oj_json_parser_error_class = rb_eEncodingError;    // replaced if mimic is called
-    oj_json_generator_error_class = rb_eEncodingError; // replaced if mimic is called
-
-    allow_blank_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("allow_blank"));		rb_gc_register_address(&allow_blank_sym);
-    allow_gc_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("allow_gc"));		rb_gc_register_address(&allow_gc_sym);
-    allow_invalid_unicode_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("allow_invalid_unicode"));rb_gc_register_address(&allow_invalid_unicode_sym);
-    ascii_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("ascii"));			rb_gc_register_address(&ascii_sym);
-    auto_define_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("auto_define"));		rb_gc_register_address(&auto_define_sym);
-    auto_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("auto"));			rb_gc_register_address(&auto_sym);
-    bigdecimal_as_decimal_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("bigdecimal_as_decimal"));rb_gc_register_address(&bigdecimal_as_decimal_sym);
-    bigdecimal_load_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("bigdecimal_load"));	rb_gc_register_address(&bigdecimal_load_sym);
-    bigdecimal_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("bigdecimal"));		rb_gc_register_address(&bigdecimal_sym);
-    circular_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("circular"));		rb_gc_register_address(&circular_sym);
-    class_cache_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("class_cache"));		rb_gc_register_address(&class_cache_sym);
-    compat_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("compat"));			rb_gc_register_address(&compat_sym);
-    create_id_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("create_id"));		rb_gc_register_address(&create_id_sym);
-    custom_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("custom"));			rb_gc_register_address(&custom_sym);
-    empty_string_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("empty_string"));	rb_gc_register_address(&empty_string_sym);
-    escape_mode_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("escape_mode"));		rb_gc_register_address(&escape_mode_sym);
-    integer_range_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("integer_range"));	rb_gc_register_address(&integer_range_sym);
-    float_prec_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("float_precision"));	rb_gc_register_address(&float_prec_sym);
-    float_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("float"));			rb_gc_register_address(&float_sym);
-    huge_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("huge"));			rb_gc_register_address(&huge_sym);
-    ignore_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("ignore"));			rb_gc_register_address(&ignore_sym);
-    json_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("json"));			rb_gc_register_address(&json_sym);
-    match_string_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("match_string"));	rb_gc_register_address(&match_string_sym);
-    mode_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("mode"));			rb_gc_register_address(&mode_sym);
-    nan_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("nan"));				rb_gc_register_address(&nan_sym);
-    newline_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("newline"));			rb_gc_register_address(&newline_sym);
-    nilnil_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("nilnil"));			rb_gc_register_address(&nilnil_sym);
-    null_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("null"));			rb_gc_register_address(&null_sym);
-    object_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("object"));			rb_gc_register_address(&object_sym);
-    oj_allow_nan_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("allow_nan"));		rb_gc_register_address(&oj_allow_nan_sym);
-    oj_array_class_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("array_class"));	rb_gc_register_address(&oj_array_class_sym);
-    oj_array_nl_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("array_nl"));		rb_gc_register_address(&oj_array_nl_sym);
-    oj_ascii_only_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("ascii_only"));	rb_gc_register_address(&oj_ascii_only_sym);
-    oj_create_additions_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("create_additions"));rb_gc_register_address(&oj_create_additions_sym);
-    oj_hash_class_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("hash_class"));	rb_gc_register_address(&oj_hash_class_sym);
-    oj_indent_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("indent"));		rb_gc_register_address(&oj_indent_sym);
-    oj_max_nesting_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("max_nesting"));	rb_gc_register_address(&oj_max_nesting_sym);
-    oj_object_class_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("object_class"));	rb_gc_register_address(&oj_object_class_sym);
-    oj_object_nl_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("object_nl"));		rb_gc_register_address(&oj_object_nl_sym);
-    oj_quirks_mode_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("quirks_mode"));	rb_gc_register_address(&oj_quirks_mode_sym);
-    oj_space_before_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("space_before"));	rb_gc_register_address(&oj_space_before_sym);
-    oj_space_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("space"));			rb_gc_register_address(&oj_space_sym);
-    oj_trace_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("trace"));			rb_gc_register_address(&oj_trace_sym);
-    omit_nil_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("omit_nil"));		rb_gc_register_address(&omit_nil_sym);
-    rails_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("rails"));			rb_gc_register_address(&rails_sym);
-    raise_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("raise"));			rb_gc_register_address(&raise_sym);
-    ruby_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("ruby"));			rb_gc_register_address(&ruby_sym);
-    sec_prec_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("second_precision"));	rb_gc_register_address(&sec_prec_sym);
-    strict_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("strict"));			rb_gc_register_address(&strict_sym);
-    symbol_keys_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("symbol_keys"));		rb_gc_register_address(&symbol_keys_sym);
-    time_format_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("time_format"));		rb_gc_register_address(&time_format_sym);
-    unicode_xss_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("unicode_xss"));		rb_gc_register_address(&unicode_xss_sym);
-    unix_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("unix"));			rb_gc_register_address(&unix_sym);
-    unix_zone_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("unix_zone"));		rb_gc_register_address(&unix_zone_sym);
-    use_as_json_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("use_as_json"));		rb_gc_register_address(&use_as_json_sym);
-    use_to_hash_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("use_to_hash"));		rb_gc_register_address(&use_to_hash_sym);
-    use_to_json_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("use_to_json"));		rb_gc_register_address(&use_to_json_sym);
-    wab_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("wab"));				rb_gc_register_address(&wab_sym);
-    word_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("word"));			rb_gc_register_address(&word_sym);
-    xmlschema_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("xmlschema"));		rb_gc_register_address(&xmlschema_sym);
-    xss_safe_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("xss_safe"));		rb_gc_register_address(&xss_safe_sym);
-
-    oj_slash_string = rb_str_new2("/");				rb_gc_register_address(&oj_slash_string);
+    rb_gc_register_mark_object(oj_struct_class);
+    oj_json_parser_error_class    = rb_eEncodingError;  // replaced if mimic is called
+    oj_json_generator_error_class = rb_eEncodingError;  // replaced if mimic is called
+
+    allow_blank_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("allow_blank"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&allow_blank_sym);
+    allow_gc_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("allow_gc"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&allow_gc_sym);
+    allow_invalid_unicode_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("allow_invalid_unicode"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&allow_invalid_unicode_sym);
+    ascii_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("ascii"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&ascii_sym);
+    auto_define_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("auto_define"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&auto_define_sym);
+    auto_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("auto"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&auto_sym);
+    bigdecimal_as_decimal_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("bigdecimal_as_decimal"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&bigdecimal_as_decimal_sym);
+    bigdecimal_load_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("bigdecimal_load"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&bigdecimal_load_sym);
+    bigdecimal_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("bigdecimal"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&bigdecimal_sym);
+    cache_keys_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("cache_keys"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&cache_keys_sym);
+    cache_str_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("cache_str"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&cache_str_sym);
+    cache_string_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("cache_string"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&cache_string_sym);
+    circular_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("circular"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&circular_sym);
+    class_cache_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("class_cache"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&class_cache_sym);
+    compat_bigdecimal_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("compat_bigdecimal"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&compat_bigdecimal_sym);
+    compat_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("compat"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&compat_sym);
+    create_id_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("create_id"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&create_id_sym);
+    custom_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("custom"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&custom_sym);
+    empty_string_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("empty_string"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&empty_string_sym);
+    escape_mode_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("escape_mode"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&escape_mode_sym);
+    integer_range_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("integer_range"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&integer_range_sym);
+    fast_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("fast"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&fast_sym);
+    float_prec_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("float_precision"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&float_prec_sym);
+    float_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("float"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&float_sym);
+    huge_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("huge"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&huge_sym);
+    ignore_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("ignore"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&ignore_sym);
+    ignore_under_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("ignore_under"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&ignore_under_sym);
+    json_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("json"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&json_sym);
+    match_string_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("match_string"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&match_string_sym);
+    mode_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("mode"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&mode_sym);
+    nan_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("nan"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&nan_sym);
+    newline_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("newline"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&newline_sym);
+    nilnil_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("nilnil"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&nilnil_sym);
+    null_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("null"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&null_sym);
+    object_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("object"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&object_sym);
+    oj_allow_nan_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("allow_nan"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&oj_allow_nan_sym);
+    oj_array_class_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("array_class"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&oj_array_class_sym);
+    oj_array_nl_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("array_nl"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&oj_array_nl_sym);
+    oj_ascii_only_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("ascii_only"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&oj_ascii_only_sym);
+    oj_create_additions_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("create_additions"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&oj_create_additions_sym);
+    oj_decimal_class_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("decimal_class"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&oj_decimal_class_sym);
+    oj_hash_class_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("hash_class"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&oj_hash_class_sym);
+    oj_indent_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("indent"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&oj_indent_sym);
+    oj_max_nesting_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("max_nesting"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&oj_max_nesting_sym);
+    oj_object_class_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("object_class"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&oj_object_class_sym);
+    oj_object_nl_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("object_nl"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&oj_object_nl_sym);
+    oj_quirks_mode_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("quirks_mode"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&oj_quirks_mode_sym);
+    oj_safe_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("safe"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&oj_safe_sym);
+    oj_space_before_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("space_before"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&oj_space_before_sym);
+    oj_space_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("space"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&oj_space_sym);
+    oj_trace_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("trace"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&oj_trace_sym);
+    omit_nil_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("omit_nil"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&omit_nil_sym);
+    rails_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("rails"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&rails_sym);
+    raise_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("raise"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&raise_sym);
+    ruby_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("ruby"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&ruby_sym);
+    sec_prec_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("second_precision"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&sec_prec_sym);
+    slash_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("slash"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&slash_sym);
+    strict_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("strict"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&strict_sym);
+    symbol_keys_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("symbol_keys"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&symbol_keys_sym);
+    oj_symbolize_names_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("symbolize_names"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&oj_symbolize_names_sym);
+    time_format_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("time_format"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&time_format_sym);
+    unicode_xss_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("unicode_xss"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&unicode_xss_sym);
+    unix_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("unix"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&unix_sym);
+    unix_zone_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("unix_zone"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&unix_zone_sym);
+    use_as_json_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("use_as_json"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&use_as_json_sym);
+    use_raw_json_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("use_raw_json"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&use_raw_json_sym);
+    use_to_hash_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("use_to_hash"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&use_to_hash_sym);
+    use_to_json_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("use_to_json"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&use_to_json_sym);
+    wab_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("wab"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&wab_sym);
+    word_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("word"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&word_sym);
+    xmlschema_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("xmlschema"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&xmlschema_sym);
+    xss_safe_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("xss_safe"));
+    rb_gc_register_address(&xss_safe_sym);
+
+    oj_slash_string = rb_str_new2("/");
+    rb_gc_register_address(&oj_slash_string);
     OBJ_FREEZE(oj_slash_string);
 
     oj_default_options.mode = ObjectMode;
@@ -1698,11 +2032,16 @@ Init_oj() {
     oj_odd_init();
     oj_mimic_rails_init();
 
-#if HAVE_LIBPTHREAD
-    pthread_mutex_init(&oj_cache_mutex, 0);
+#ifdef HAVE_PTHREAD_MUTEX_INIT
+    if (0 != (err = pthread_mutex_init(&oj_cache_mutex, 0))) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eException, "failed to initialize a mutex. %s", strerror(err));
+    }
 #else
     oj_cache_mutex = rb_mutex_new();
     rb_gc_register_address(&oj_cache_mutex);
 #endif
     oj_init_doc();
+
+    oj_parser_init();
+    oj_scanner_init();
 }