oj 2.0.0 → 3.0.0

data/ext/oj/dump.c

@@ -1,31 +1,6 @@
 /* dump.c
- * Copyright (c) 2012, Peter Ohler
+ * Copyright (c) 2012, 2017, Peter Ohler
  * All rights reserved.
- * 
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
- * 
- *  - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
- *    list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- * 
- *  - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
- *    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
- *    and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
- * 
- *  - Neither the name of Peter Ohler nor the names of its contributors may be
- *    used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
- *    specific prior written permission.
- * 
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
- * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
- * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
- * DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
- * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
- * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
- * SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
- * CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
- * OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
- * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
  */
 
 #include <stdlib.h>
@@ -37,91 +12,43 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <math.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <errno.h>
 
 #include "oj.h"
 #include "cache8.h"
+#include "dump.h"
+#include "odd.h"
 
-#if !HAS_ENCODING_SUPPORT || defined(RUBINIUS_RUBY)
-#define rb_eEncodingError	rb_eException
-#endif
+// Workaround in case INFINITY is not defined in math.h or if the OS is CentOS
+#define OJ_INFINITY (1.0/0.0)
 
-//Workaround:
-#ifndef INFINITY
-#define INFINITY (1.0/0.0)
-#endif
-      
+#define MAX_DEPTH 1000
 
-typedef unsigned long	ulong;
+static const char	inf_val[] = INF_VAL;
+static const char	ninf_val[] = NINF_VAL;
+static const char	nan_val[] = NAN_VAL;
 
-typedef struct _Out {
-    char	*buf;
-    char	*end;
-    char	*cur;
-    Cache8	circ_cache;
-    slot_t	circ_cnt;
-    int		indent;
-    int		depth; // used by dump_hash
-    Options	opts;
-    uint32_t	hash_cnt;
-} *Out;
-
-static void	dump_obj_to_json(VALUE obj, Options copts, Out out);
-static void	raise_strict(VALUE obj);
-static void	dump_val(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out);
-static void	dump_nil(Out out);
-static void	dump_true(Out out);
-static void	dump_false(Out out);
-static void	dump_fixnum(VALUE obj, Out out);
-static void	dump_bignum(VALUE obj, Out out);
-static void	dump_float(VALUE obj, Out out);
-static void	dump_raw(const char *str, size_t cnt, Out out);
-static void	dump_cstr(const char *str, size_t cnt, int is_sym, int escape1, Out out);
-static void	dump_hex(uint8_t c, Out out);
-static void	dump_str_comp(VALUE obj, Out out);
-static void	dump_str_obj(VALUE obj, Out out);
-static void	dump_sym_comp(VALUE obj, Out out);
-static void	dump_sym_obj(VALUE obj, Out out);
-static void	dump_class_comp(VALUE obj, Out out);
-static void	dump_class_obj(VALUE obj, Out out);
-static void	dump_array(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out);
-static int	hash_cb_strict(VALUE key, VALUE value, Out out);
-static int	hash_cb_compat(VALUE key, VALUE value, Out out);
-static int	hash_cb_object(VALUE key, VALUE value, Out out);
-static void	dump_hash(VALUE obj, int depth, int mode, Out out);
-static void	dump_time(VALUE obj, Out out);
-static void	dump_ruby_time(VALUE obj, Out out);
-static void	dump_xml_time(VALUE obj, Out out);
-static void	dump_data_strict(VALUE obj, Out out);
-static void	dump_data_null(VALUE obj, Out out);
-static void	dump_data_comp(VALUE obj, Out out);
-static void	dump_data_obj(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out);
-static void	dump_obj_comp(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out);
-static void	dump_obj_obj(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out);
-#if HAS_RSTRUCT
-static void	dump_struct_comp(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out);
-static void	dump_struct_obj(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out);
-#endif
-#if HAS_IVAR_HELPERS
-static int	dump_attr_cb(ID key, VALUE value, Out out);
-#endif
-static void	dump_obj_attrs(VALUE obj, VALUE clas, slot_t id, int depth, Out out);
-static void	dump_odd(VALUE obj, Odd odd, VALUE clas, int depth, Out out);
+typedef unsigned long	ulong;
 
-static void	grow(Out out, size_t len);
 static size_t	hibit_friendly_size(const uint8_t *str, size_t len);
+static size_t	xss_friendly_size(const uint8_t *str, size_t len);
 static size_t	ascii_friendly_size(const uint8_t *str, size_t len);
 
-static void	dump_leaf_to_json(Leaf leaf, Options copts, Out out);
-static void	dump_leaf(Leaf leaf, int depth, Out out);
-static void	dump_leaf_str(Leaf leaf, Out out);
-static void	dump_leaf_fixnum(Leaf leaf, Out out);
-static void	dump_leaf_float(Leaf leaf, Out out);
-static void	dump_leaf_array(Leaf leaf, int depth, Out out);
-static void	dump_leaf_hash(Leaf leaf, int depth, Out out);
-
-
 static const char	hex_chars[17] = "0123456789abcdef";
 
+// JSON standard except newlines are no escaped
+static char	newline_friendly_chars[256] = "\
+66666666221622666666666666666666\
+11211111111111111111111111111111\
+11111111111111111111111111112111\
+11111111111111111111111111111111\
+11111111111111111111111111111111\
+11111111111111111111111111111111\
+11111111111111111111111111111111\
+11111111111111111111111111111111";
+
+// JSON standard
 static char	hibit_friendly_chars[256] = "\
 66666666222622666666666666666666\
 11211111111111111111111111111111\
@@ -136,7 +63,18 @@ static char	hibit_friendly_chars[256] = "\
 // bytes per character in the output. That makes this conservative.
 static char	ascii_friendly_chars[256] = "\
 66666666222622666666666666666666\
-11211111111111121111111111111111\
+11211111111111111111111111111111\
+11111111111111111111111111112111\
+11111111111111111111111111111116\
+33333333333333333333333333333333\
+33333333333333333333333333333333\
+33333333333333333333333333333333\
+33333333333333333333333333333333";
+
+// XSS safe mode
+static char	xss_friendly_chars[256] = "\
+66666666222622666666666666666666\
+11211161111111121111111111116161\
 11111111111111111111111111112111\
 11111111111111111111111111111116\
 33333333333333333333333333333333\
@@ -144,11 +82,50 @@ static char	ascii_friendly_chars[256] = "\
 33333333333333333333333333333333\
 33333333333333333333333333333333";
 
+// JSON XSS combo
+static char	hixss_friendly_chars[256] = "\
+66666666222622666666666666666666\
+11211161111111111111111111116161\
+11111111111111111111111111112111\
+11111111111111111111111111111111\
+11111111111111111111111111111111\
+11111111111111111111111111111111\
+11111111111111111111111111111111\
+11311111111111111111111111111111";
+
+// Rails HTML non-escape
+static char	rails_friendly_chars[256] = "\
+66666666222622666666666666666666\
+11211111111111111111111111111111\
+11111111111111111111111111112111\
+11111111111111111111111111111111\
+11111111111111111111111111111111\
+11111111111111111111111111111111\
+11111111111111111111111111111111\
+11311111111111111111111111111111";
+
+static void
+raise_strict(VALUE obj) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Failed to dump %s Object to JSON in strict mode.", rb_class2name(rb_obj_class(obj)));
+}
+
+inline static size_t
+newline_friendly_size(const uint8_t *str, size_t len) {
+    size_t	size = 0;
+    size_t	i = len;
+
+    for (; 0 < i; str++, i--) {
+	size += newline_friendly_chars[*str];
+    }
+    return size - len * (size_t)'0';
+}
+
 inline static size_t
 hibit_friendly_size(const uint8_t *str, size_t len) {
     size_t	size = 0;
+    size_t	i = len;
 
-    for (; 0 < len; str++, len--) {
+    for (; 0 < i; str++, i--) {
 	size += hibit_friendly_chars[*str];
     }
     return size - len * (size_t)'0';
@@ -157,74 +134,87 @@ hibit_friendly_size(const uint8_t *str, size_t len) {
 inline static size_t
 ascii_friendly_size(const uint8_t *str, size_t len) {
     size_t	size = 0;
+    size_t	i = len;
 
-    for (; 0 < len; str++, len--) {
+    for (; 0 < i; str++, i--) {
 	size += ascii_friendly_chars[*str];
     }
     return size - len * (size_t)'0';
 }
 
-inline static void
-fill_indent(Out out, int cnt) {
-    if (0 < cnt && 0 < out->indent) {
-	cnt *= out->indent;
-	*out->cur++ = '\n';
-	for (; 0 < cnt; cnt--) {
-	    *out->cur++ = ' ';
-	}
+inline static size_t
+xss_friendly_size(const uint8_t *str, size_t len) {
+    size_t	size = 0;
+    size_t	i = len;
+
+    for (; 0 < i; str++, i--) {
+	size += xss_friendly_chars[*str];
     }
+    return size - len * (size_t)'0';
 }
 
-inline static const char*
-ulong2str(uint32_t num, char *end) {
-    char	*b;
+inline static size_t
+hixss_friendly_size(const uint8_t *str, size_t len) {
+    size_t	size = 0;
+    size_t	i = len;
 
-    *end-- = '\0';
-    for (b = end; 0 < num || b == end; num /= 10, b--) {
-	*b = (num % 10) + '0';
+    for (; 0 < i; str++, i--) {
+	size += hixss_friendly_chars[*str];
     }
-    b++;
-
-    return b;
+    return size - len * (size_t)'0';
 }
 
-inline static void
-dump_ulong(unsigned long num, Out out) {
-    char	buf[32];
-    char	*b = buf + sizeof(buf) - 1;
+inline static size_t
+rails_friendly_size(const uint8_t *str, size_t len) {
+    size_t	size = 0;
+    size_t	i = len;
 
-    *b-- = '\0';
-    if (0 < num) {
-	for (; 0 < num; num /= 10, b--) {
-	    *b = (num % 10) + '0';
-	}
-	b++;
-    } else {
-	*b = '0';
+    for (; 0 < i; str++, i--) {
+	size += rails_friendly_chars[*str];
     }
-    for (; '\0' != *b; b++) {
-	*out->cur++ = *b;
-    }
-    *out->cur = '\0';
+    return size - len * (size_t)'0';
 }
 
-static void
-grow(Out out, size_t len) {
-    size_t  size = out->end - out->buf;
-    long    pos = out->cur - out->buf;
-    char    *buf;
-	
-    size *= 2;
-    if (size <= len * 2 + pos) {
-	size += len;
+const char*
+oj_nan_str(VALUE obj, int opt, int mode, bool plus, int *lenp) {
+    const char	*str = NULL;
+    
+    if (AutoNan == opt) {
+	switch (mode) {
+	case CompatMode:	opt = WordNan;	break;
+	case StrictMode:	opt = RaiseNan;	break;
+	default:				break;
+	}
     }
-    buf = REALLOC_N(out->buf, char, (size + 10));
-    if (0 == buf) { // 1 extra for terminator character plus extra (paranoid)
-	rb_raise(rb_eNoMemError, "Failed to create string. [%d:%s]\n", ENOSPC, strerror(ENOSPC));
+    switch (opt) {
+    case RaiseNan:
+	raise_strict(obj);
+	break;
+    case WordNan:
+	if (plus) {
+	    str = "Infinity";
+	    *lenp = 8;
+	} else {
+	    str = "-Infinity";
+	    *lenp = 9;
+	}
+	break;
+    case NullNan:
+	str = "null";
+	*lenp = 4;
+	break;
+    case HugeNan:
+    default:
+	if (plus) {
+	    str = inf_val;
+	    *lenp = sizeof(inf_val) - 1;
+	} else {
+	    str = ninf_val;
+	    *lenp = sizeof(ninf_val) - 1;
+	}
+	break;
     }
-    out->buf = buf;
-    out->end = buf + size;
-    out->cur = out->buf + pos;
+    return str;
 }
 
 inline static void
@@ -236,17 +226,7 @@ dump_hex(uint8_t c, Out out) {
     *out->cur++ = hex_chars[d];
 }
 
-static void
-dump_raw(const char *str, size_t cnt, Out out) {
-    if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)cnt + 10) {
-	grow(out, cnt + 10);
-    }
-    memcpy(out->cur, str, cnt);
-    out->cur += cnt;
-    *out->cur = '\0';
-}
-
-const char*
+static const char*
 dump_unicode(const char *str, const char *end, Out out) {
     uint32_t	code = 0;
     uint8_t	b = *(uint8_t*)str;
@@ -268,13 +248,14 @@ dump_unicode(const char *str, const char *end, Out out) {
 	cnt = 5;
 	code = b & 0x00000001;
     } else {
-	rb_raise(rb_eEncodingError, "Invalid Unicode\n");
+	cnt = 0;
+	rb_raise(oj_json_generator_error_class, "Invalid Unicode");
     }
     str++;
     for (; 0 < cnt; cnt--, str++) {
 	b = *(uint8_t*)str;
 	if (end <= str || 0x80 != (0xC0 & b)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eEncodingError, "Invalid Unicode\n");
+	    rb_raise(oj_json_generator_error_class, "Invalid Unicode");
 	}
 	code = (code << 6) | (b & 0x0000003F);
     }
@@ -298,174 +279,412 @@ dump_unicode(const char *str, const char *end, Out out) {
     return str - 1;
 }
 
-// returns 0 if not using circular references, -1 if not further writing is
-// needed (duplicate), and a positive value if the object was added to the cache.
-static long
-check_circular(VALUE obj, Out out) {
+// Returns 0 if not using circular references, -1 if no further writing is
+// needed (duplicate), and a positive value if the object was added to the
+// cache.
+long
+oj_check_circular(VALUE obj, Out out) {
     slot_t	id = 0;
     slot_t	*slot;
 
-    if (ObjectMode == out->opts->mode && Yes == out->opts->circular) {
+    if (Yes == out->opts->circular) {
 	if (0 == (id = oj_cache8_get(out->circ_cache, obj, &slot))) {
 	    out->circ_cnt++;
 	    id = out->circ_cnt;
 	    *slot = id;
 	} else {
-	    if (out->end - out->cur <= 18) {
-		grow(out, 18);
+	    if (ObjectMode == out->opts->mode) {
+		assure_size(out, 18);
+		*out->cur++ = '"';
+		*out->cur++ = '^';
+		*out->cur++ = 'r';
+		dump_ulong(id, out);
+		*out->cur++ = '"';
 	    }
-	    *out->cur++ = '"';
-	    *out->cur++ = '^';
-	    *out->cur++ = 'r';
-	    dump_ulong(id, out);
-	    *out->cur++ = '"';
-
 	    return -1;
 	}
     }
     return (long)id;
 }
 
-static void
-dump_nil(Out out) {
-    size_t	size = 4;
+void
+oj_dump_time(VALUE obj, Out out, int withZone) {
+    char		buf[64];
+    char		*b = buf + sizeof(buf) - 1;
+    long		size;
+    char		*dot;
+    int			neg = 0;
+    long		one = 1000000000;
+#if HAS_RB_TIME_TIMESPEC
+    struct timespec	ts = rb_time_timespec(obj);
+    time_t		sec = ts.tv_sec;
+    long		nsec = ts.tv_nsec;
+#else
+    time_t		sec = NUM2LONG(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_tv_sec_id, 0, 0));
+#if HAS_NANO_TIME
+    long long		nsec = rb_num2ll(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_tv_nsec_id, 0, 0));
+#else
+    long long		nsec = rb_num2ll(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_tv_usec_id, 0, 0)) * 1000;
+#endif
+#endif
+    
+    *b-- = '\0';
+    if (withZone) {
+	long	tzsecs = NUM2LONG(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_utc_offset_id, 0, 0));
+	int	zneg = (0 > tzsecs);
 
-    if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size) {
-	grow(out, size);
+	if (0 == tzsecs && rb_funcall2(obj, oj_utcq_id, 0, 0)) {
+	    tzsecs = 86400;
+	}
+	if (zneg) {
+	    tzsecs = -tzsecs;
+	}
+	if (0 == tzsecs) {
+	    *b-- = '0';
+	} else {
+	    for (; 0 < tzsecs; b--, tzsecs /= 10) {
+		*b = '0' + (tzsecs % 10);
+	    }
+	    if (zneg) {
+		*b-- = '-';
+	    }
+	}
+	*b-- = 'e';
     }
-    *out->cur++ = 'n';
-    *out->cur++ = 'u';
-    *out->cur++ = 'l';
-    *out->cur++ = 'l';
-    *out->cur = '\0';
-}
-
-static void
-dump_true(Out out) {
-    size_t	size = 4;
+    if (0 > sec) {
+	neg = 1;
+	sec = -sec;
+	if (0 < nsec) {
+	    nsec = 1000000000 - nsec;
+	    sec--;
+	}
+    }
+    dot = b - 9;
+    if (0 < out->opts->sec_prec) {
+	if (9 > out->opts->sec_prec) {
+	    int	i;
 
-    if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size) {
-	grow(out, size);
+	    for (i = 9 - out->opts->sec_prec; 0 < i; i--) {
+		dot++;
+		nsec = (nsec + 5) / 10;
+		one /= 10;
+	    }
+	}
+	if (one <= nsec) {
+	    nsec -= one;
+	    sec++;
+	}
+	for (; dot < b; b--, nsec /= 10) {
+	    *b = '0' + (nsec % 10);
+	}
+	*b-- = '.';
     }
-    *out->cur++ = 't';
-    *out->cur++ = 'r';
-    *out->cur++ = 'u';
-    *out->cur++ = 'e';
+    if (0 == sec) {
+	*b-- = '0';
+    } else {
+	for (; 0 < sec; b--, sec /= 10) {
+	    *b = '0' + (sec % 10);
+	}
+    }
+    if (neg) {
+	*b-- = '-';
+    }
+    b++;
+    size = sizeof(buf) - (b - buf) - 1;
+    assure_size(out, size);
+    memcpy(out->cur, b, size);
+    out->cur += size;
     *out->cur = '\0';
 }
 
-static void
-dump_false(Out out) {
-    size_t	size = 5;
+void
+oj_dump_ruby_time(VALUE obj, Out out) {
+    volatile VALUE	rstr = rb_funcall(obj, oj_to_s_id, 0);
 
-    if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size) {
-	grow(out, size);
-    }
-    *out->cur++ = 'f';
-    *out->cur++ = 'a';
-    *out->cur++ = 'l';
-    *out->cur++ = 's';
-    *out->cur++ = 'e';
-    *out->cur = '\0';
+    oj_dump_cstr(rb_string_value_ptr((VALUE*)&rstr), RSTRING_LEN(rstr), 0, 0, out);
 }
 
-static void
-dump_fixnum(VALUE obj, Out out) {
-    char	buf[32];
-    char	*b = buf + sizeof(buf) - 1;
-    long	num = NUM2LONG(obj);
-    int		neg = 0;
+void
+oj_dump_xml_time(VALUE obj, Out out) {
+    char		buf[64];
+    struct tm		*tm;
+    long		one = 1000000000;
+#if HAS_RB_TIME_TIMESPEC
+    struct timespec	ts = rb_time_timespec(obj);
+    time_t		sec = ts.tv_sec;
+    long		nsec = ts.tv_nsec;
+#else
+    time_t		sec = NUM2LONG(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_tv_sec_id, 0, 0));
+#if HAS_NANO_TIME
+    long long		nsec = rb_num2ll(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_tv_nsec_id, 0, 0));
+#else
+    long long		nsec = rb_num2ll(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_tv_usec_id, 0, 0)) * 1000;
+#endif
+#endif
+    long		tzsecs = NUM2LONG(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_utc_offset_id, 0, 0));
+    int			tzhour, tzmin;
+    char		tzsign = '+';
 
-    if (0 > num) {
-	neg = 1;
-	num = -num;
-    }
-    *b-- = '\0';
-    if (0 < num) {
-	for (; 0 < num; num /= 10, b--) {
-	    *b = (num % 10) + '0';
-	}
-	if (neg) {
-	    *b = '-';
+    assure_size(out, 36);
+    if (9 > out->opts->sec_prec) {
+	int	i;
+
+	// This is pretty lame but to be compatible with rails and active
+	// support rounding is not done but instead a floor is done when
+	// second precision is 3 just to be like rails. sigh.
+	if (3 == out->opts->sec_prec) {
+	    nsec /= 1000000;
+	    one = 1000;
 	} else {
-	    b++;
+	    for (i = 9 - out->opts->sec_prec; 0 < i; i--) {
+		nsec = (nsec + 5) / 10;
+		one /= 10;
+	    }
+	    if (one <= nsec) {
+		nsec -= one;
+		sec++;
+	    }
 	}
-    } else {
-	*b = '0';
     }
-    if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)(sizeof(buf) - (b - buf))) {
-	grow(out, sizeof(buf) - (b - buf));
+    // 2012-01-05T23:58:07.123456000+09:00
+    //tm = localtime(&sec);
+    sec += tzsecs;
+    tm = gmtime(&sec);
+#if 1
+    if (0 > tzsecs) {
+        tzsign = '-';
+        tzhour = (int)(tzsecs / -3600);
+        tzmin = (int)(tzsecs / -60) - (tzhour * 60);
+    } else {
+        tzhour = (int)(tzsecs / 3600);
+        tzmin = (int)(tzsecs / 60) - (tzhour * 60);
     }
-    for (; '\0' != *b; b++) {
-	*out->cur++ = *b;
+#else
+    if (0 > tm->tm_gmtoff) {
+        tzsign = '-';
+        tzhour = (int)(tm->tm_gmtoff / -3600);
+        tzmin = (int)(tm->tm_gmtoff / -60) - (tzhour * 60);
+    } else {
+        tzhour = (int)(tm->tm_gmtoff / 3600);
+        tzmin = (int)(tm->tm_gmtoff / 60) - (tzhour * 60);
     }
-    *out->cur = '\0';
-}
+#endif
+    if (0 == nsec || 0 == out->opts->sec_prec) {
+	if (0 == tzsecs && rb_funcall2(obj, oj_utcq_id, 0, 0)) {
+	    sprintf(buf, "%04d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02dZ",
+		    tm->tm_year + 1900, tm->tm_mon + 1, tm->tm_mday,
+		    tm->tm_hour, tm->tm_min, tm->tm_sec);
+	    oj_dump_cstr(buf, 20, 0, 0, out);
+	} else {
+	    sprintf(buf, "%04d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02d%c%02d:%02d",
+		    tm->tm_year + 1900, tm->tm_mon + 1, tm->tm_mday,
+		    tm->tm_hour, tm->tm_min, tm->tm_sec,
+		    tzsign, tzhour, tzmin);
+	    oj_dump_cstr(buf, 25, 0, 0, out);
+	}
+    } else if (0 == tzsecs && rb_funcall2(obj, oj_utcq_id, 0, 0)) {
+	char	format[64] = "%04d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02d.%09ldZ";
+	int	len = 30;
 
-static void
-dump_bignum(VALUE obj, Out out) {
-    VALUE	rs = rb_big2str(obj, 10);
-    int		cnt = (int)RSTRING_LEN(rs);
+	if (9 > out->opts->sec_prec) {
+	    format[32] = '0' + out->opts->sec_prec;
+	    len -= 9 - out->opts->sec_prec;
+	}
+	sprintf(buf, format,
+		tm->tm_year + 1900, tm->tm_mon + 1, tm->tm_mday,
+		tm->tm_hour, tm->tm_min, tm->tm_sec, nsec);
+	oj_dump_cstr(buf, len, 0, 0, out);
+    } else {
+	char	format[64] = "%04d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02d.%09ld%c%02d:%02d";
+	int	len = 35;
 
-    if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)cnt) {
-	grow(out, cnt);
+	if (9 > out->opts->sec_prec) {
+	    format[32] = '0' + out->opts->sec_prec;
+	    len -= 9 - out->opts->sec_prec;
+	}
+	sprintf(buf, format,
+		tm->tm_year + 1900, tm->tm_mon + 1, tm->tm_mday,
+		tm->tm_hour, tm->tm_min, tm->tm_sec, nsec,
+		tzsign, tzhour, tzmin);
+	oj_dump_cstr(buf, len, 0, 0, out);
     }
-    memcpy(out->cur, StringValuePtr(rs), cnt);
-    out->cur += cnt;
-    *out->cur = '\0';
 }
 
-// Removed dependencies on math due to problems with CentOS 5.4.
-static void
-dump_float(VALUE obj, Out out) {
-    char	buf[64];
-    char	*b;
-    double	d = rb_num2dbl(obj);
-    int		cnt;
+void
+oj_dump_obj_to_json(VALUE obj, Options copts, Out out) {
+    oj_dump_obj_to_json_using_params(obj, copts, out, 0, 0);
+}
 
-    if (0.0 == d) {
-	b = buf;
-	*b++ = '0';
-	*b++ = '.';
-	*b++ = '0';
-	*b++ = '\0';
-	cnt = 3;
-    } else if (INFINITY == d) {
-	strcpy(buf, "Infinity");
-	cnt = 8;
-    } else if (-INFINITY == d) {
-	strcpy(buf, "-Infinity");
-	cnt = 9;
-    } else if (d == (double)(long long int)d) {
-	cnt = sprintf(buf, "%.1f", d); // used sprintf due to bug in snprintf
-    } else {
-	cnt = sprintf(buf, "%0.16g", d); // used sprintf due to bug in snprintf
+void
+oj_dump_obj_to_json_using_params(VALUE obj, Options copts, Out out, int argc, VALUE *argv) {
+    if (0 == out->buf) {
+	out->buf = ALLOC_N(char, 4096);
+	out->end = out->buf + 4095 - BUFFER_EXTRA; // 1 less than end plus extra for possible errors
+	out->allocated = 1;
     }
-    if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)cnt) {
-	grow(out, cnt);
+    out->cur = out->buf;
+    out->circ_cnt = 0;
+    out->opts = copts;
+    out->hash_cnt = 0;
+    out->indent = copts->indent;
+    out->argc = argc;
+    out->argv = argv;
+    if (Yes == copts->circular) {
+	oj_cache8_new(&out->circ_cache);
     }
-    for (b = buf; '\0' != *b; b++) {
-	*out->cur++ = *b;
+    switch (copts->mode) {
+    case StrictMode:	oj_dump_strict_val(obj, 0, out);			break;
+    case NullMode:	oj_dump_null_val(obj, 0, out);				break;
+    case ObjectMode:	oj_dump_obj_val(obj, 0, out);				break;
+    case CompatMode:	oj_dump_compat_val(obj, 0, out, Yes == copts->to_json);	break;
+    case RailsMode:	oj_dump_rails_val(obj, 0, out, true);			break;
+    case CustomMode:	oj_dump_custom_val(obj, 0, out, true);			break;
+    default:		oj_dump_custom_val(obj, 0, out, true);			break;
+    }
+    if (0 < out->indent) {
+	switch (*(out->cur - 1)) {
+	case ']':
+	case '}':
+	    assure_size(out, 1);
+	    *out->cur++ = '\n';
+	default:
+	    break;
+	}
     }
     *out->cur = '\0';
+    if (Yes == copts->circular) {
+	oj_cache8_delete(out->circ_cache);
+    }
 }
 
-static void
-dump_cstr(const char *str, size_t cnt, int is_sym, int escape1, Out out) {
+void
+oj_write_obj_to_file(VALUE obj, const char *path, Options copts) {
+    char	buf[4096];
+    struct _Out out;
+    size_t	size;
+    FILE	*f;
+    int		ok;
+
+    out.buf = buf;
+    out.end = buf + sizeof(buf) - BUFFER_EXTRA;
+    out.allocated = 0;
+    out.omit_nil = copts->dump_opts.omit_nil;
+    oj_dump_obj_to_json(obj, copts, &out);
+    size = out.cur - out.buf;
+    if (0 == (f = fopen(path, "w"))) {
+	if (out.allocated) {
+	    xfree(out.buf);
+	}
+	rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "%s", strerror(errno));
+    }
+    ok = (size == fwrite(out.buf, 1, size, f));
+    if (out.allocated) {
+	xfree(out.buf);
+    }
+    fclose(f);
+    if (!ok) {
+	int	err = ferror(f);
+
+	rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "Write failed. [%d:%s]", err, strerror(err));
+    }
+}
+
+void
+oj_write_obj_to_stream(VALUE obj, VALUE stream, Options copts) {
+    char	buf[4096];
+    struct _Out out;
+    ssize_t	size;
+    VALUE	clas = rb_obj_class(stream);
+#if !IS_WINDOWS
+    int		fd;
+    VALUE	s;
+#endif
+
+    out.buf = buf;
+    out.end = buf + sizeof(buf) - BUFFER_EXTRA;
+    out.allocated = 0;
+    out.omit_nil = copts->dump_opts.omit_nil;
+    oj_dump_obj_to_json(obj, copts, &out);
+    size = out.cur - out.buf;
+    if (oj_stringio_class == clas) {
+	rb_funcall(stream, oj_write_id, 1, rb_str_new(out.buf, size));
+#if !IS_WINDOWS
+    } else if (rb_respond_to(stream, oj_fileno_id) &&
+	       Qnil != (s = rb_funcall(stream, oj_fileno_id, 0)) &&
+	       0 != (fd = FIX2INT(s))) {
+	if (size != write(fd, out.buf, size)) {
+	    if (out.allocated) {
+		xfree(out.buf);
+	    }
+	    rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "Write failed. [%d:%s]", errno, strerror(errno));
+	}
+#endif
+    } else if (rb_respond_to(stream, oj_write_id)) {
+	rb_funcall(stream, oj_write_id, 1, rb_str_new(out.buf, size));
+    } else {
+	if (out.allocated) {
+	    xfree(out.buf);
+	}
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "to_stream() expected an IO Object.");
+    }
+    if (out.allocated) {
+	xfree(out.buf);
+    }
+}
+
+void
+oj_dump_str(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+#if HAS_ENCODING_SUPPORT
+    rb_encoding	*enc = rb_to_encoding(rb_obj_encoding(obj));
+
+    if (rb_utf8_encoding() != enc) {
+	obj = rb_str_conv_enc(obj, enc, rb_utf8_encoding());
+    }
+#endif
+    oj_dump_cstr(rb_string_value_ptr((VALUE*)&obj), RSTRING_LEN(obj), 0, 0, out);
+}
+
+void
+oj_dump_sym(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    const char	*sym = rb_id2name(SYM2ID(obj));
+    
+    oj_dump_cstr(sym, strlen(sym), 0, 0, out);
+}
+
+void
+oj_dump_cstr(const char *str, size_t cnt, bool is_sym, bool escape1, Out out) {
     size_t	size;
     char	*cmap;
 
-    if (Yes == out->opts->ascii_only) {
+    switch (out->opts->escape_mode) {
+    case NLEsc:
+	cmap = newline_friendly_chars;
+	size = newline_friendly_size((uint8_t*)str, cnt);
+	break;
+    case ASCIIEsc:
 	cmap = ascii_friendly_chars;
 	size = ascii_friendly_size((uint8_t*)str, cnt);
-    } else {
+	break;
+    case XSSEsc:
+	cmap = xss_friendly_chars;
+	size = xss_friendly_size((uint8_t*)str, cnt);
+	break;
+    case JXEsc:
+	cmap = hixss_friendly_chars;
+	size = hixss_friendly_size((uint8_t*)str, cnt);
+	break;
+    case RailsEsc:
+	cmap = rails_friendly_chars;
+	size = rails_friendly_size((uint8_t*)str, cnt);
+	break;
+    case JSONEsc:
+    default:
 	cmap = hibit_friendly_chars;
 	size = hibit_friendly_size((uint8_t*)str, cnt);
     }
-    if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size + 10) { // extra 10 for escaped first char, quotes, and sym
-	grow(out, size + 10);
-    }
+    assure_size(out, size + BUFFER_EXTRA);
     *out->cur++ = '"';
+
     if (escape1) {
 	*out->cur++ = '\\';
 	*out->cur++ = 'u';
@@ -499,6 +718,7 @@ dump_cstr(const char *str, size_t cnt, int is_sym, int escape1, Out out) {
 	    case '2':
 		*out->cur++ = '\\';
 		switch (*str) {
+		case '\\':	*out->cur++ = '\\';	break;
 		case '\b':	*out->cur++ = 'b';	break;
 		case '\t':	*out->cur++ = 't';	break;
 		case '\n':	*out->cur++ = 'n';	break;
@@ -508,6 +728,14 @@ dump_cstr(const char *str, size_t cnt, int is_sym, int escape1, Out out) {
 		}
 		break;
 	    case '3': // Unicode
+		if (0xe2 == (uint8_t)*str && JXEsc == out->opts->escape_mode && 2 <= end - str) {
+		    if (0x80 == (uint8_t)str[1] && (0xa8 == (uint8_t)str[2] || 0xa9 == (uint8_t)str[2])) {
+			str = dump_unicode(str, end, out);
+		    } else {
+			*out->cur++ = *str;
+		    }
+		    break;
+		}
 		str = dump_unicode(str, end, out);
 		break;
 	    case '6': // control characters
@@ -521,1301 +749,305 @@ dump_cstr(const char *str, size_t cnt, int is_sym, int escape1, Out out) {
 		break; // ignore, should never happen if the table is correct
 	    }
 	}
-	*out->cur++ = '"';
+	*out->cur++ = '"'; 
+    }
+    if (JXEsc == out->opts->escape_mode && 0 != (0x80 & *(str - 1))) {
+	uint8_t	c = (uint8_t)*(str - 1);
+	int	i;
+	
+	// Last utf-8 characters must be 0x10xxxxxx. The start must be
+	// 0x110xxxxx for 2 characters, 0x1110xxxx for 3, and 0x11110xxx for
+	// 4.
+	if (0 != (0x40 & c)) {
+	    rb_raise(oj_json_generator_error_class, "Partial character in string. 1");
+	}
+	for (i = 1; i < (int)cnt && i < 4; i++) {
+	    c = str[-1 - i];
+	    if (0x80 != (0xC0 & c)) {
+		switch (i) {
+		case 1:
+		    if (0xC0 != (0xE0 & c)) {
+			rb_raise(oj_json_generator_error_class, "Partial character in string.");
+		    }
+		    break;
+		case 2:
+		    if (0xE0 != (0xF0 & c)) {
+			rb_raise(oj_json_generator_error_class, "Partial character in string. 2");
+		    }
+		    break;
+		case 3:
+		    if (0xF0 != (0xF8 & c)) {
+			rb_raise(oj_json_generator_error_class, "Partial character in string.");
+		    }
+		    break;
+		default: // can't get here
+		    break;
+		}
+		break;
+	    }
+	}
+	if (i == (int)cnt || 4 <= i) {
+	    rb_raise(oj_json_generator_error_class, "Partial character in string.");
+	}
     }
     *out->cur = '\0';
 }
 
-static void
-dump_str_comp(VALUE obj, Out out) {
-    dump_cstr(StringValuePtr(obj), RSTRING_LEN(obj), 0, 0, out);
+void
+oj_dump_class(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    const char	*s = rb_class2name(obj);
+
+    oj_dump_cstr(s, strlen(s), 0, 0, out);
 }
 
-static void
-dump_str_obj(VALUE obj, Out out) {
-    const char	*s = StringValuePtr(obj);
-    size_t	len = RSTRING_LEN(obj);
-    char	s1 = s[1];
+void
+oj_dump_obj_to_s(VALUE obj, Out out) {
+    volatile VALUE	rstr = rb_funcall(obj, oj_to_s_id, 0);
 
-    dump_cstr(s, len, 0, (':' == *s || ('^' == *s && ('r' == s1 || 'i' == s1))), out);
+    oj_dump_cstr(rb_string_value_ptr((VALUE*)&rstr), RSTRING_LEN(rstr), 0, 0, out);
 }
 
-static void
-dump_sym_comp(VALUE obj, Out out) {
-    const char	*sym = rb_id2name(SYM2ID(obj));
-    
-    dump_cstr(sym, strlen(sym), 0, 0, out);
+void
+oj_dump_raw(const char *str, size_t cnt, Out out) {
+    assure_size(out, cnt + 10);
+    memcpy(out->cur, str, cnt);
+    out->cur += cnt;
+    *out->cur = '\0';
 }
 
-static void
-dump_sym_obj(VALUE obj, Out out) {
-    const char	*sym = rb_id2name(SYM2ID(obj));
-    size_t	len = strlen(sym);
-    
-    dump_cstr(sym, len, 1, 0, out);
+void
+oj_grow_out(Out out, size_t len) {
+    size_t  size = out->end - out->buf;
+    long    pos = out->cur - out->buf;
+    char    *buf;
+	
+    size *= 2;
+    if (size <= len * 2 + pos) {
+	size += len;
+    }
+    if (out->allocated) {
+	buf = REALLOC_N(out->buf, char, (size + BUFFER_EXTRA));
+    } else {
+	buf = ALLOC_N(char, (size + BUFFER_EXTRA));
+	out->allocated = 1;
+	memcpy(buf, out->buf, out->end - out->buf + BUFFER_EXTRA);
+    }
+    if (0 == buf) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eNoMemError, "Failed to create string. [%d:%s]", ENOSPC, strerror(ENOSPC));
+    }
+    out->buf = buf;
+    out->end = buf + size;
+    out->cur = out->buf + pos;
 }
 
-static void
-dump_class_comp(VALUE obj, Out out) {
-    const char	*s = rb_class2name(obj);
-
-    dump_cstr(s, strlen(s), 0, 0, out);
+void
+oj_dump_nil(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    assure_size(out, 4);
+    *out->cur++ = 'n';
+    *out->cur++ = 'u';
+    *out->cur++ = 'l';
+    *out->cur++ = 'l';
+    *out->cur = '\0';
 }
 
-static void
-dump_class_obj(VALUE obj, Out out) {
-    const char	*s = rb_class2name(obj);
-    size_t	len = strlen(s);
+void
+oj_dump_true(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    assure_size(out, 4);
+    *out->cur++ = 't';
+    *out->cur++ = 'r';
+    *out->cur++ = 'u';
+    *out->cur++ = 'e';
+    *out->cur = '\0';
+}
 
-    if (out->end - out->cur <= 6) {
-	grow(out, 6);
-    }
-    *out->cur++ = '{';
-    *out->cur++ = '"';
-    *out->cur++ = '^';
-    *out->cur++ = 'c';
-    *out->cur++ = '"';
-    *out->cur++ = ':';
-    dump_cstr(s, len, 0, 0, out);
-    *out->cur++ = '}';
+void
+oj_dump_false(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    assure_size(out, 5);
+    *out->cur++ = 'f';
+    *out->cur++ = 'a';
+    *out->cur++ = 'l';
+    *out->cur++ = 's';
+    *out->cur++ = 'e';
     *out->cur = '\0';
 }
 
-static void
-dump_array(VALUE a, int depth, Out out) {
-    VALUE	*np;
-    size_t	size;
-    int		cnt;
-    int		d2 = depth + 1;
-    long	id = check_circular(a, out);
+void
+oj_dump_fixnum(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    char	buf[32];
+    char	*b = buf + sizeof(buf) - 1;
+    long long	num = rb_num2ll(obj);
+    int		neg = 0;
 
-    if (id < 0) {
-	return;
+    if (0 > num) {
+	neg = 1;
+	num = -num;
     }
-    np = RARRAY_PTR(a);
-    cnt = (int)RARRAY_LEN(a);
-    *out->cur++ = '[';
-    if (0 < id) {
-	size = d2 * out->indent + 16;
-	if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size) {
-	    grow(out, size);
+    *b-- = '\0';
+    if (0 < num) {
+	for (; 0 < num; num /= 10, b--) {
+	    *b = (num % 10) + '0';
 	}
-	fill_indent(out, d2);
-	*out->cur++ = '"';
-	*out->cur++ = '^';
-	*out->cur++ = 'i';
-	dump_ulong(id, out);
-	*out->cur++ = '"';
+	if (neg) {
+	    *b = '-';
+	} else {
+	    b++;
+	}
+    } else {
+	*b = '0';
     }
-    size = 2;
-    if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size) {
-	grow(out, size);
+    assure_size(out, (sizeof(buf) - (b - buf)));
+    for (; '\0' != *b; b++) {
+	*out->cur++ = *b;
     }
-    if (0 == cnt) {
-	*out->cur++ = ']';
-    } else {
-	if (0 < id) {
-	    *out->cur++ = ',';
-	}
-	if (0 == out->opts->dump_opts) {
-	    size = d2 * out->indent + 2;
+    *out->cur = '\0';
+}
+
+void
+oj_dump_bignum(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    volatile VALUE	rs = rb_big2str(obj, 10);
+    int			cnt = (int)RSTRING_LEN(rs);
+
+    assure_size(out, cnt);
+    memcpy(out->cur, rb_string_value_ptr((VALUE*)&rs), cnt);
+    out->cur += cnt;
+    *out->cur = '\0';
+}
+
+// Removed dependencies on math due to problems with CentOS 5.4.
+void
+oj_dump_float(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out, bool as_ok) {
+    char	buf[64];
+    char	*b;
+    double	d = rb_num2dbl(obj);
+    int		cnt = 0;
+
+    if (0.0 == d) {
+	b = buf;
+	*b++ = '0';
+	*b++ = '.';
+	*b++ = '0';
+	*b++ = '\0';
+	cnt = 3;
+    } else if (OJ_INFINITY == d) {
+	if (ObjectMode == out->opts->mode) {
+	    strcpy(buf, inf_val);
+	    cnt = sizeof(inf_val) - 1;
 	} else {
-	    size = d2 * out->opts->dump_opts->indent_size + out->opts->dump_opts->array_size + 1;
-	}
-	for (; 0 < cnt; cnt--, np++) {
-	    if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size) {
-		grow(out, size);
-	    }
-	    if (0 == out->opts->dump_opts) {
-		fill_indent(out, d2);
-	    } else {
-		if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts->array_size) {
-		    strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts->array_nl);
-		    out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts->array_size;
-		}
-		if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts->indent_size) {
-		    int	i;
-		    for (i = d2; 0 < i; i--) {
-			strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts->indent);
-			out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts->indent_size;
-		    }
+	    NanDump	nd = out->opts->dump_opts.nan_dump;
+	    
+	    if (AutoNan == nd) {
+		switch (out->opts->mode) {
+		case CompatMode:	nd = WordNan;	break;
+		case StrictMode:	nd = RaiseNan;	break;
+		case NullMode:		nd = NullNan;	break;
+		case CustomMode:	nd = NullNan;	break;
+		default:				break;
 		}
 	    }
-	    dump_val(*np, d2, out);
-	    if (1 < cnt) {
-		*out->cur++ = ',';
+	    switch (nd) {
+	    case RaiseNan:
+		raise_strict(obj);
+		break;
+	    case WordNan:
+		strcpy(buf, "Infinity");
+		cnt = 8;
+		break;
+	    case NullNan:
+		strcpy(buf, "null");
+		cnt = 4;
+		break;
+	    case HugeNan:
+	    default:
+		strcpy(buf, inf_val);
+		cnt = sizeof(inf_val) - 1;
+		break;
 	    }
 	}
-	size = depth * out->indent + 1;
-	if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size) {
-	    grow(out, size);
-	}
-	if (0 == out->opts->dump_opts) {
-	    fill_indent(out, depth);
+    } else if (-OJ_INFINITY == d) {
+	if (ObjectMode == out->opts->mode) {
+	    strcpy(buf, ninf_val);
+	    cnt = sizeof(ninf_val) - 1;
 	} else {
-	    //printf("*** d2: %u  indent: %u '%s'\n", d2, out->opts->dump_opts->indent_size, out->opts->dump_opts->indent);
-	    if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts->array_size) {
-		strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts->array_nl);
-		out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts->array_size;
-	    }
-	    if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts->indent_size) {
-		int	i;
-
-		for (i = depth; 0 < i; i--) {
-		    strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts->indent);
-		    out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts->indent_size;
+	    NanDump	nd = out->opts->dump_opts.nan_dump;
+	    
+	    if (AutoNan == nd) {
+		switch (out->opts->mode) {
+		case CompatMode:	nd = WordNan;	break;
+		case StrictMode:	nd = RaiseNan;	break;
+		case NullMode:		nd = NullNan;	break;
+		default:				break;
 		}
 	    }
-	}
-	*out->cur++ = ']';
-    }
-    *out->cur = '\0';
-}
-
-static int
-hash_cb_strict(VALUE key, VALUE value, Out out) {
-    int		depth = out->depth;
-    long	size;
-
-    if (rb_type(key) != T_STRING) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "In :strict mode all Hash keys must be Strings, not %s.\n", rb_class2name(rb_obj_class(key)));
-    }
-    if (0 == out->opts->dump_opts) {
-	size = depth * out->indent + 1;
-	if (out->end - out->cur <= size) {
-	    grow(out, size);
-	}
-	fill_indent(out, depth);
-	dump_str_comp(key, out);
-	*out->cur++ = ':';
-    } else {
-	size = depth * out->opts->dump_opts->indent_size + out->opts->dump_opts->hash_size + 1;
-	if (out->end - out->cur <= size) {
-	    grow(out, size);
-	}
-	if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts->hash_size) {
-	    strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts->hash_nl);
-	    out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts->hash_size;
-	}
-	if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts->indent_size) {
-	    int	i;
-	    for (i = depth; 0 < i; i--) {
-		strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts->indent);
-		out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts->indent_size;
+	    switch (nd) {
+	    case RaiseNan:
+		raise_strict(obj);
+		break;
+	    case WordNan:
+		strcpy(buf, "-Infinity");
+		cnt = 9;
+		break;
+	    case NullNan:
+		strcpy(buf, "null");
+		cnt = 4;
+		break;
+	    case HugeNan:
+	    default:
+		strcpy(buf, ninf_val);
+		cnt = sizeof(ninf_val) - 1;
+		break;
 	    }
 	}
-	dump_str_comp(key, out);
-	size = out->opts->dump_opts->before_size + out->opts->dump_opts->after_size + 2;
-	if (out->end - out->cur <= size) {
-	    grow(out, size);
-	}
-	if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts->before_size) {
-	    strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts->before_sep);
-	    out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts->before_size;
-	}
-	*out->cur++ = ':';
-	if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts->after_size) {
-	    strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts->after_sep);
-	    out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts->after_size;
+    } else if (isnan(d)) {
+	if (ObjectMode == out->opts->mode) {
+	    strcpy(buf, nan_val);
+	    cnt = sizeof(ninf_val) - 1;
+	} else {
+	    NanDump	nd = out->opts->dump_opts.nan_dump;
+	    
+	    if (AutoNan == nd) {
+		switch (out->opts->mode) {
+		case ObjectMode:	nd = HugeNan;	break;
+		case StrictMode:	nd = RaiseNan;	break;
+		case NullMode:		nd = NullNan;	break;
+		default:				break;
+		}
+	    }
+	    switch (nd) {
+	    case RaiseNan:
+		raise_strict(obj);
+		break;
+	    case WordNan:
+		strcpy(buf, "NaN");
+		cnt = 3;
+		break;
+	    case NullNan:
+		strcpy(buf, "null");
+		cnt = 4;
+		break;
+	    case HugeNan:
+	    default:
+		strcpy(buf, nan_val);
+		cnt = sizeof(nan_val) - 1;
+		break;
+	    }
 	}
-    }
-    dump_val(value, depth, out);
-    out->depth = depth;
-    *out->cur++ = ',';
-
-    return ST_CONTINUE;
-}
-
-static int
-hash_cb_compat(VALUE key, VALUE value, Out out) {
-    int		depth = out->depth;
-    long	size;
+    } else if (d == (double)(long long int)d) {
+	cnt = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%.1f", d);
+    } else if (0 == out->opts->float_prec) {
+	volatile VALUE	rstr = rb_funcall(obj, oj_to_s_id, 0);
 
-    if (0 == out->opts->dump_opts) {
-	size = depth * out->indent + 1;
-	if (out->end - out->cur <= size) {
-	    grow(out, size);
+	cnt = RSTRING_LEN(rstr);
+	if ((int)sizeof(buf) <= cnt) {
+	    cnt = sizeof(buf) - 1;
 	}
-	fill_indent(out, depth);
+	strncpy(buf, rb_string_value_ptr((VALUE*)&rstr), cnt);
+	buf[cnt] = '\0';
     } else {
-	size = depth * out->opts->dump_opts->indent_size + out->opts->dump_opts->hash_size + 1;
-	if (out->end - out->cur <= size) {
-	    grow(out, size);
-	}
-	if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts->hash_size) {
-	    strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts->hash_nl);
-	    out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts->hash_size;
-	}
-	if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts->indent_size) {
-	    int	i;
-	    for (i = depth; 0 < i; i--) {
-		strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts->indent);
-		out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts->indent_size;
-	    }
-	}
-    }
-    switch (rb_type(key)) {
-    case T_STRING:
-	dump_str_comp(key, out);
-	break;
-    case T_SYMBOL:
-	dump_sym_comp(key, out);
-	break;
-    default:
-	/*rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "In :compat mode all Hash keys must be Strings or Symbols, not %s.\n", rb_class2name(rb_obj_class(key)));*/
-	dump_str_comp(rb_funcall(key, oj_to_s_id, 0), out);
-	break;
+	cnt = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), out->opts->float_fmt, d);
     }
-    if (0 == out->opts->dump_opts) {
-	*out->cur++ = ':';
-    } else {
-	size = out->opts->dump_opts->before_size + out->opts->dump_opts->after_size + 2;
-	if (out->end - out->cur <= size) {
-	    grow(out, size);
-	}
-	if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts->before_size) {
-	    strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts->before_sep);
-	    out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts->before_size;
-	}
-	*out->cur++ = ':';
-	if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts->after_size) {
-	    strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts->after_sep);
-	    out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts->after_size;
-	}
-    }
-    dump_val(value, depth, out);
-    out->depth = depth;
-    *out->cur++ = ',';
-
-    return ST_CONTINUE;
-}
-
-static int
-hash_cb_object(VALUE key, VALUE value, Out out) {
-    int		depth = out->depth;
-    long	size = depth * out->indent + 1;
-
-    if (out->end - out->cur <= size) {
-	grow(out, size);
-    }
-    fill_indent(out, depth);
-    if (rb_type(key) == T_STRING) {
-	dump_str_obj(key, out);
-	*out->cur++ = ':';
-	dump_val(value, depth, out);
-    } else if (rb_type(key) == T_SYMBOL) {
-	dump_sym_obj(key, out);
-	*out->cur++ = ':';
-	dump_val(value, depth, out);
-    } else {
-	int	d2 = depth + 1;
-	long	s2 = size + out->indent + 1;
-	int	i;
-	int	started = 0;
-	uint8_t	b;
-
-	if (out->end - out->cur <= s2 + 15) {
-	    grow(out, s2 + 15);
-	}
-	*out->cur++ = '"';
-	*out->cur++ = '^';
-	*out->cur++ = '#';
-	out->hash_cnt++;
-	for (i = 28; 0 <= i; i -= 4) {
-	    b = (uint8_t)((out->hash_cnt >> i) & 0x0000000F);
-	    if ('\0' != b) {
-		started = 1;
-	    }
-	    if (started) {
-		*out->cur++ = hex_chars[b];
-	    }
-	}
-	*out->cur++ = '"';
-	*out->cur++ = ':';
-	*out->cur++ = '[';
-	fill_indent(out, d2);
-	dump_val(key, d2, out);
-	if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)s2) {
-	    grow(out, s2);
-	}
-	*out->cur++ = ',';
-	fill_indent(out, d2);
-	dump_val(value, d2, out);
-	if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size) {
-	    grow(out, size);
-	}
-	fill_indent(out, depth);
-	*out->cur++ = ']';
-    }
-    out->depth = depth;
-    *out->cur++ = ',';
-    
-    return ST_CONTINUE;
-}
-
-static void
-dump_hash(VALUE obj, int depth, int mode, Out out) {
-    int		cnt = (int)RHASH_SIZE(obj);
-    size_t	size = depth * out->indent + 2;
-
-    if (out->end - out->cur <= 2) {
-	grow(out, 2);
-    }
-    if (0 == cnt) {
-	*out->cur++ = '{';
-	*out->cur++ = '}';
-    } else {
-	long	id = check_circular(obj, out);
-
-	if (0 > id) {
-	    return;
-	}
-	*out->cur++ = '{';
-	if (0 < id) {
-	    if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size + 16) {
-		grow(out, size + 16);
-	    }
-	    fill_indent(out, depth + 1);
-	    *out->cur++ = '"';
-	    *out->cur++ = '^';
-	    *out->cur++ = 'i';
-	    *out->cur++ = '"';
-	    *out->cur++ = ':';
-	    dump_ulong(id, out);
-	    *out->cur++ = ',';
-	}
-	out->depth = depth + 1;
-	if (ObjectMode == mode) {
-	    rb_hash_foreach(obj, hash_cb_object, (VALUE)out);
-	} else if (CompatMode == mode) {
-	    rb_hash_foreach(obj, hash_cb_compat, (VALUE)out);
-	} else {
-	    rb_hash_foreach(obj, hash_cb_strict, (VALUE)out);
-	}
-	if (',' == *(out->cur - 1)) {
-	    out->cur--; // backup to overwrite last comma
-	}
-	if (0 == out->opts->dump_opts) {
-	    if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size) {
-		grow(out, size);
-	    }
-	    fill_indent(out, depth);
-	} else {
-	    size = depth * out->opts->dump_opts->indent_size + out->opts->dump_opts->hash_size + 1;
-	    if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size) {
-		grow(out, size);
-	    }
-	    if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts->hash_size) {
-		strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts->hash_nl);
-		out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts->hash_size;
-	    }
-	    if (0 < out->opts->dump_opts->indent_size) {
-		int	i;
-		for (i = depth; 0 < i; i--) {
-		    strcpy(out->cur, out->opts->dump_opts->indent);
-		    out->cur += out->opts->dump_opts->indent_size;
-		}
-	    }
-	}
-	*out->cur++ = '}';
-    }
-    *out->cur = '\0';
-}
-
-static void
-dump_time(VALUE obj, Out out) {
-    char		buf[64];
-    char		*b = buf + sizeof(buf) - 1;
-    long		size;
-    char		*dot = b - 10;
-#if HAS_RB_TIME_TIMESPEC
-    struct timespec	ts = rb_time_timespec(obj);
-    time_t		sec = ts.tv_sec;
-    long		nsec = ts.tv_nsec;
-#else
-    time_t		sec = NUM2LONG(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_tv_sec_id, 0, 0));
-#if HAS_NANO_TIME
-    long		nsec = NUM2LONG(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_tv_nsec_id, 0, 0));
-#else
-    long		nsec = NUM2LONG(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_tv_usec_id, 0, 0)) * 1000;
-#endif
-#endif
-
-    *b-- = '\0';
-    for (; dot < b; b--, nsec /= 10) {
-	*b = '0' + (nsec % 10);
-    }
-    *b-- = '.';
-    for (; 0 < sec; b--, sec /= 10) {
-	*b = '0' + (sec % 10);
-    }
-    b++;
-    size = sizeof(buf) - (b - buf) - 1;
-    if (out->end - out->cur <= size) {
-	grow(out, size);
-    }
-    memcpy(out->cur, b, size);
-    out->cur += size;
-    *out->cur = '\0';
-}
-
-static void
-dump_ruby_time(VALUE obj, Out out) {
-    VALUE	rstr = rb_funcall(obj, oj_to_s_id, 0);
-
-    dump_cstr(StringValuePtr(rstr), RSTRING_LEN(rstr), 0, 0, out);
-}
-
-static void
-dump_xml_time(VALUE obj, Out out) {
-    char		buf[64];
-    struct tm		*tm;
-#if HAS_RB_TIME_TIMESPEC
-    struct timespec	ts = rb_time_timespec(obj);
-    time_t		sec = ts.tv_sec;
-    long		nsec = ts.tv_nsec;
-#else
-    time_t		sec = NUM2LONG(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_tv_sec_id, 0, 0));
-#if HAS_NANO_TIME
-    long		nsec = NUM2LONG(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_tv_nsec_id, 0, 0));
-#else
-    long		nsec = NUM2LONG(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_tv_usec_id, 0, 0)) * 1000;
-#endif
-#endif
-    long		tz_secs = NUM2LONG(rb_funcall2(obj, oj_utc_offset_id, 0, 0));
-    int			tzhour, tzmin;
-    char		tzsign = '+';
-
-    if (out->end - out->cur <= 36) {
-	grow(out, 36);
-    }
-    // 2012-01-05T23:58:07.123456000+09:00
-    //tm = localtime(&sec);
-    sec += tz_secs;
-    tm = gmtime(&sec);
-#if 1
-    if (0 > tz_secs) {
-        tzsign = '-';
-        tzhour = (int)(tz_secs / -3600);
-        tzmin = (int)(tz_secs / -60) - (tzhour * 60);
-    } else {
-        tzhour = (int)(tz_secs / 3600);
-        tzmin = (int)(tz_secs / 60) - (tzhour * 60);
-    }
-#else
-    if (0 > tm->tm_gmtoff) {
-        tzsign = '-';
-        tzhour = (int)(tm->tm_gmtoff / -3600);
-        tzmin = (int)(tm->tm_gmtoff / -60) - (tzhour * 60);
-    } else {
-        tzhour = (int)(tm->tm_gmtoff / 3600);
-        tzmin = (int)(tm->tm_gmtoff / 60) - (tzhour * 60);
-    }
-#endif
-    if (0 == nsec) {
-	if (0 == tzhour && 0 == tzmin) {
-	    sprintf(buf, "%04d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02dZ",
-		    tm->tm_year + 1900, tm->tm_mon + 1, tm->tm_mday,
-		    tm->tm_hour, tm->tm_min, tm->tm_sec);
-	    dump_cstr(buf, 20, 0, 0, out);
-	} else {
-	    sprintf(buf, "%04d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02d%c%02d:%02d",
-		    tm->tm_year + 1900, tm->tm_mon + 1, tm->tm_mday,
-		    tm->tm_hour, tm->tm_min, tm->tm_sec,
-		    tzsign, tzhour, tzmin);
-	    dump_cstr(buf, 25, 0, 0, out);
-	}
-    } else {
-	sprintf(buf, "%04d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02d.%09ld%c%02d:%02d",
-		tm->tm_year + 1900, tm->tm_mon + 1, tm->tm_mday,
-		tm->tm_hour, tm->tm_min, tm->tm_sec, nsec,
-		tzsign, tzhour, tzmin);
-	dump_cstr(buf, 35, 0, 0, out);
-    }
-}
-
-static void
-dump_data_strict(VALUE obj, Out out) {
-    VALUE	clas = rb_obj_class(obj);
-
-    if (oj_bigdecimal_class == clas) {
-	VALUE	rstr = rb_funcall(obj, oj_to_s_id, 0);
-
-	dump_raw(StringValuePtr(rstr), RSTRING_LEN(rstr), out);
-    } else {
-	raise_strict(obj);
-    }
-}
-
-static void
-dump_data_null(VALUE obj, Out out) {
-    VALUE	clas = rb_obj_class(obj);
-
-    if (oj_bigdecimal_class == clas) {
-	VALUE	rstr = rb_funcall(obj, oj_to_s_id, 0);
-
-	dump_raw(StringValuePtr(rstr), RSTRING_LEN(rstr), out);
-    } else {
-	dump_nil(out);
-    }
-}
-
-static void
-dump_data_comp(VALUE obj, Out out) {
-    VALUE	clas = rb_obj_class(obj);
-
-    if (rb_cTime == clas) {
-	switch (out->opts->time_format) {
-	case RubyTime:	dump_ruby_time(obj, out);	break;
-	case XmlTime:	dump_xml_time(obj, out);	break;
-	case UnixTime:
-	default:	dump_time(obj, out);		break;
-	}
-    } else {
-	VALUE	rstr;
-
-	if (oj_bigdecimal_class == clas) {
-	    //rstr = rb_funcall(obj, oj_to_s_id, 1, rb_intern("E"));
-	    rstr = rb_funcall(obj, oj_to_s_id, 0);
-	    dump_raw(StringValuePtr(rstr), RSTRING_LEN(rstr), out);
-	} else {
-	    rstr = rb_funcall(obj, oj_to_s_id, 0);
-	    dump_cstr(StringValuePtr(rstr), RSTRING_LEN(rstr), 0, 0, out);
-	}
-    }
-}
-
-static void
-dump_data_obj(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
-    VALUE	clas = rb_obj_class(obj);
-
-    if (rb_cTime == clas) {
-	if (out->end - out->cur <= 6) {
-	    grow(out, 6);
-	}
-	*out->cur++ = '{';
-	*out->cur++ = '"';
-	*out->cur++ = '^';
-	*out->cur++ = 't';
-	*out->cur++ = '"';
-	*out->cur++ = ':';
-	dump_time(obj, out);
-	*out->cur++ = '}';
-	*out->cur = '\0';
-    } else {
-	Odd	odd = oj_get_odd(clas);
-
-	if (0 == odd) {
-	    if (oj_bigdecimal_class == clas) {
-		VALUE	rstr = rb_funcall(obj, oj_to_s_id, 0);
-
-		dump_raw(StringValuePtr(rstr), RSTRING_LEN(rstr), out);
-	    } else {
-		dump_nil(out);
-	    }
-	} else {
-	    dump_odd(obj, odd, clas, depth + 1, out);
-	}
-    }
-}
-
-static void
-dump_obj_comp(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
-    if (rb_respond_to(obj, oj_to_hash_id)) {
-	VALUE	h = rb_funcall(obj, oj_to_hash_id, 0);
- 
-	if (T_HASH != rb_type(h)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%s.to_hash() did not return a Hash.\n", rb_class2name(rb_obj_class(obj)));
-	}
-	dump_hash(h, depth, out->opts->mode, out);
-    } else if (rb_respond_to(obj, oj_as_json_id)) {
-	dump_val(rb_funcall(obj, oj_as_json_id, 0), depth, out);
-    } else if (rb_respond_to(obj, oj_to_json_id)) {
-	VALUE		rs = rb_funcall(obj, oj_to_json_id, 0);
-	const char	*s = StringValuePtr(rs);
-	int		len = (int)RSTRING_LEN(rs);
-
-	if (out->end - out->cur <= len) {
-	    grow(out, len);
-	}
-	memcpy(out->cur, s, len);
-	out->cur += len;
-    } else {
-	VALUE	clas = rb_obj_class(obj);
-
-	if (oj_bigdecimal_class == clas) {
-	    VALUE	rstr = rb_funcall(obj, oj_to_s_id, 0);
-
-	    dump_raw(StringValuePtr(rstr), RSTRING_LEN(rstr), out);
-	} else {
-	    Odd	odd = oj_get_odd(clas);
-
-	    if (0 == odd) {
-		dump_obj_attrs(obj, 0, 0, depth, out);
-	    } else {
-		dump_odd(obj, odd, 0, depth + 1, out);
-	    }
-	}
-    }
-    *out->cur = '\0';
-}
-
-inline static void
-dump_obj_obj(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
-    long	id = check_circular(obj, out);
-
-    if (0 <= id) {
-	VALUE	clas = rb_obj_class(obj);
-	Odd	odd = oj_get_odd(clas);
-
-	if (0 == odd) {
-	    if (oj_bigdecimal_class == clas) {
-		VALUE	rstr = rb_funcall(obj, oj_to_s_id, 0);
-
-		dump_raw(StringValuePtr(rstr), RSTRING_LEN(rstr), out);
-	    } else {
-		dump_obj_attrs(obj, clas, id, depth, out);
-	    }
-	} else {
-	    dump_odd(obj, odd, clas, depth + 1, out);
-	}
-    }
-}
-
-#if HAS_IVAR_HELPERS
-static int
-dump_attr_cb(ID key, VALUE value, Out out) {
-    int		depth = out->depth;
-    size_t	size = depth * out->indent + 1;
-    const char	*attr = rb_id2name(key);
-
-    if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size) {
-	grow(out, size);
-    }
-    fill_indent(out, depth);
-    if ('@' == *attr) {
-	attr++;
-	dump_cstr(attr, strlen(attr), 0, 0, out);
-    } else {
-	char	buf[32];
-
-	*buf = '~';
-	strncpy(buf + 1, attr, sizeof(buf) - 2);
-	buf[sizeof(buf) - 1] = '\0';
-	dump_cstr(buf, strlen(buf), 0, 0, out);
-    }
-    *out->cur++ = ':';
-    dump_val(value, depth, out);
-    out->depth = depth;
-    *out->cur++ = ',';
-    
-    return ST_CONTINUE;
-}
-#endif
-
-static void
-dump_obj_attrs(VALUE obj, VALUE clas, slot_t id, int depth, Out out) {
-    size_t	size;
-    int		d2 = depth + 1;
-
-    if (out->end - out->cur <= 2) {
-	grow(out, 2);
-    }
-    *out->cur++ = '{';
-    if (0 != clas) {
-	const char	*class_name = rb_class2name(clas);
-	int		clen = (int)strlen(class_name);
-
-	size = d2 * out->indent + clen + 10;
-	if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size) {
-	    grow(out, size);
-	}
-	fill_indent(out, d2);
-	*out->cur++ = '"';
-	*out->cur++ = '^';
-	*out->cur++ = 'o';
-	*out->cur++ = '"';
-	*out->cur++ = ':';
-	dump_cstr(class_name, clen, 0, 0, out);
-    }
-    if (0 < id) {
-	size = d2 * out->indent + 16;
-	if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size) {
-	    grow(out, size);
-	}
-	*out->cur++ = ',';
-	fill_indent(out, d2);
-	*out->cur++ = '"';
-	*out->cur++ = '^';
-	*out->cur++ = 'i';
-	*out->cur++ = '"';
-	*out->cur++ = ':';
-	dump_ulong(id, out);
-    }
-    {
-	int	cnt;
-// use encoding as the indicator for Ruby 1.8.7 or 1.9.x
-#if HAS_IVAR_HELPERS
-	cnt = (int)rb_ivar_count(obj);
-#else
-	VALUE		vars = rb_funcall2(obj, oj_instance_variables_id, 0, 0);
-	VALUE		*np = RARRAY_PTR(vars);
-	ID		vid;
-	const char	*attr;
-	int		i;
-
-	cnt = (int)RARRAY_LEN(vars);
-#endif
-	if (0 != clas && 0 < cnt) {
-	    *out->cur++ = ',';
-	}
-	out->depth = depth + 1;
-#if HAS_IVAR_HELPERS
-	rb_ivar_foreach(obj, dump_attr_cb, (VALUE)out);
-	if (',' == *(out->cur - 1)) {
-	    out->cur--; // backup to overwrite last comma
-	}
-#else
-	size = d2 * out->indent + 1;
-#if HAS_EXCEPTION_MAGIC
-	if (Qtrue == rb_obj_is_kind_of(obj, rb_eException)) {
-	    if (',' != *(out->cur - 1)) {
-		*out->cur++ = ',';
-	    }
-	    // message
-	    if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size) {
-		grow(out, size);
-	    }
-	    fill_indent(out, d2);
-	    dump_cstr("~mesg", 5, 0, 0, out);
-	    *out->cur++ = ':';
-	    dump_val(rb_funcall2(obj, rb_intern("message"), 0, 0), d2, out);
-	    if (out->end - out->cur <= 2) {
-		grow(out, 2);
-	    }
-	    *out->cur++ = ',';
-	    // backtrace
-	    if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size) {
-		grow(out, size);
-	    }
-	    fill_indent(out, d2);
-	    dump_cstr("~bt", 3, 0, 0, out);
-	    *out->cur++ = ':';
-	    dump_val(rb_funcall2(obj, rb_intern("backtrace"), 0, 0), d2, out);
-	    if (out->end - out->cur <= 2) {
-		grow(out, 2);
-	    }
-	    if (0 < cnt) {
-		*out->cur++ = ',';
-	    }
-	}
-#endif
-	for (i = cnt; 0 < i; i--, np++) {
-	    if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size) {
-		grow(out, size);
-	    }
-	    vid = rb_to_id(*np);
-	    fill_indent(out, d2);
-	    attr = rb_id2name(vid);
-	    if ('@' == *attr) {
-		attr++;
-		dump_cstr(attr, strlen(attr), 0, 0, out);
-	    } else {
-		char	buf[32];
-
-		*buf = '~';
-		strncpy(buf + 1, attr, sizeof(buf) - 2);
-		buf[sizeof(buf) - 1] = '\0';
-		dump_cstr(buf, strlen(attr) + 1, 0, 0, out);
-	    }
-	    *out->cur++ = ':';
-	    dump_val(rb_ivar_get(obj, vid), d2, out);
-	    if (out->end - out->cur <= 2) {
-		grow(out, 2);
-	    }
-	    if (1 < i) {
-	      *out->cur++ = ',';
-	    }
-	}
-#endif
-	out->depth = depth;
-    }
-    *out->cur++ = '}';
-    *out->cur = '\0';
-}
-
-#if HAS_RSTRUCT
-static void
-dump_struct_comp(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
-    if (rb_respond_to(obj, oj_to_hash_id)) {
-	VALUE	h = rb_funcall(obj, oj_to_hash_id, 0);
- 
-	if (T_HASH != rb_type(h)) {
-	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%s.to_hash() did not return a Hash.\n", rb_class2name(rb_obj_class(obj)));
-	}
-	dump_hash(h, depth, out->opts->mode, out);
-    } else if (rb_respond_to(obj, oj_to_json_id)) {
-	VALUE		rs = rb_funcall(obj, oj_to_json_id, 0);
-	const char	*s = StringValuePtr(rs);
-	int		len = (int)RSTRING_LEN(rs);
-
-	if (out->end - out->cur <= len) {
-	    grow(out, len);
-	}
-	memcpy(out->cur, s, len);
-	out->cur += len;
-    } else {
-	dump_struct_obj(obj, depth, out);
-    }
-}
-
-static void
-dump_struct_obj(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
-    VALUE	clas = rb_obj_class(obj);
-    const char	*class_name = rb_class2name(clas);
-    VALUE	*vp;
-    int		i;
-    int		d2 = depth + 1;
-    int		d3 = d2 + 1;
-    size_t	len = strlen(class_name);
-    size_t	size = d2 * out->indent + d3 * out->indent + 10 + len;
-	    
-    if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size) {
-	grow(out, size);
-    }
-    *out->cur++ = '{';
-    fill_indent(out, d2);
-    *out->cur++ = '"';
-    *out->cur++ = '^';
-    *out->cur++ = 'u';
-    *out->cur++ = '"';
-    *out->cur++ = ':';
-    *out->cur++ = '[';
-    fill_indent(out, d3);
-    *out->cur++ = '"';
-    memcpy(out->cur, class_name, len);
-    out->cur += len;
-    *out->cur++ = '"';
-    *out->cur++ = ',';
-    size = d3 * out->indent + 2;
-    for (i = (int)RSTRUCT_LEN(obj), vp = RSTRUCT_PTR(obj); 0 < i; i--, vp++) {
-	if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size) {
-	    grow(out, size);
-	}
-	fill_indent(out, d3);
-	dump_val(*vp, d3, out);
-	*out->cur++ = ',';
-    }
-    out->cur--;
-    *out->cur++ = ']';
-    *out->cur++ = '}';
-    *out->cur = '\0';
-}
-#endif
-
-static void
-dump_odd(VALUE obj, Odd odd, VALUE clas, int depth, Out out) {
-    ID		*idp;
-    VALUE	v;
-    const char	*name;
-    size_t	size;
-    int		d2 = depth + 1;
-
-    if (out->end - out->cur <= 2) {
-	grow(out, 2);
-    }
-    *out->cur++ = '{';
-    if (0 != clas) {
-	const char	*class_name = rb_class2name(clas);
-	int		clen = (int)strlen(class_name);
-
-	size = d2 * out->indent + clen + 10;
-	if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size) {
-	    grow(out, size);
-	}
-	fill_indent(out, d2);
-	*out->cur++ = '"';
-	*out->cur++ = '^';
-	*out->cur++ = 'O';
-	*out->cur++ = '"';
-	*out->cur++ = ':';
-	dump_cstr(class_name, clen, 0, 0, out);
-	*out->cur++ = ',';
-    }
-    size = d2 * out->indent + 1;
-    for (idp = odd->attrs; 0 != *idp; idp++) {
-	if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size) {
-	    grow(out, size);
-	}
-	name = rb_id2name(*idp);
-	v = rb_funcall(obj, *idp, 0);
-	fill_indent(out, d2);
-	dump_cstr(name, strlen(name), 0, 0, out);
-	*out->cur++ = ':';
-	dump_val(v, d2, out);
-	if (out->end - out->cur <= 2) {
-	    grow(out, 2);
-	}
-	*out->cur++ = ',';
-    }
-    out->cur--;
-    *out->cur++ = '}';
-    *out->cur = '\0';
-}
-
-static void
-raise_strict(VALUE obj) {
-    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Failed to dump %s Object to JSON in strict mode.\n", rb_class2name(rb_obj_class(obj)));
-}
-
-static void
-dump_val(VALUE obj, int depth, Out out) {
-    switch (rb_type(obj)) {
-    case T_NIL:		dump_nil(out);			break;
-    case T_TRUE:	dump_true(out);			break;
-    case T_FALSE:	dump_false(out);		break;
-    case T_FIXNUM:	dump_fixnum(obj, out);		break;
-    case T_FLOAT:	dump_float(obj, out);		break;
-    case T_BIGNUM:	dump_bignum(obj, out);		break;
-    case T_STRING:
-	switch (out->opts->mode) {
-	case StrictMode:
-	case NullMode:
-	case CompatMode:	dump_str_comp(obj, out);	break;
-	case ObjectMode:
-	default:		dump_str_obj(obj, out);		break;
-	}
-	break;
-    case T_SYMBOL:
-	switch (out->opts->mode) {
-	case StrictMode:	raise_strict(obj);		break;
-	case NullMode:		dump_nil(out);			break;
-	case CompatMode:	dump_sym_comp(obj, out);	break;
-	case ObjectMode:
-	default:		dump_sym_obj(obj, out);		break;
-	}
-	break;
-    case T_ARRAY:	dump_array(obj, depth, out);		break;
-    case T_HASH:	dump_hash(obj, depth, out->opts->mode, out);	break;
-    case T_CLASS:
-	switch (out->opts->mode) {
-	case StrictMode:	raise_strict(obj);		break;
-	case NullMode:		dump_nil(out);			break;
-	case CompatMode:	dump_class_comp(obj, out);	break;
-	case ObjectMode:
-	default:		dump_class_obj(obj, out);	break;
-	}
-	break;
-#if (defined T_RATIONAL && defined RRATIONAL)
-    case T_RATIONAL:
-#endif
-    case T_OBJECT:
-	switch (out->opts->mode) {
-	case StrictMode:	dump_data_strict(obj, out);	break;
-	case NullMode:		dump_data_null(obj, out);	break;
-	case CompatMode:	dump_obj_comp(obj, depth, out);	break;
-	case ObjectMode:
-	default:		dump_obj_obj(obj, depth, out);	break;
-	}
-	break;
-    case T_DATA:
-	switch (out->opts->mode) {
-	case StrictMode:	dump_data_strict(obj, out);	break;
-	case NullMode:		dump_data_null(obj, out);	break;
-	case CompatMode:	dump_data_comp(obj, out);	break;
-	case ObjectMode:
-	default:		dump_data_obj(obj, depth, out);	break;
-	}
-	break;
-#if HAS_RSTRUCT
-    case T_STRUCT: // for Range
-	switch (out->opts->mode) {
-	case StrictMode:	raise_strict(obj);		break;
-	case NullMode:		dump_nil(out);			break;
-	case CompatMode:	dump_struct_comp(obj, depth, out);	break;
-	case ObjectMode:
-	default:		dump_struct_obj(obj, depth, out);	break;
-	}
-	break;
-#endif
-#if (defined T_COMPLEX && defined RCOMPLEX)
-    case T_COMPLEX:
-#endif
-    case T_REGEXP:
-	switch (out->opts->mode) {
-	case StrictMode:	raise_strict(obj);		break;
-	case NullMode:		dump_nil(out);			break;
-	case CompatMode:
-	case ObjectMode:
-	default:		dump_obj_comp(obj, depth, out);	break;
-	}
-	break;
-    default:
-	rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError, "Failed to dump '%s' Object (%02x)\n",
-		 rb_class2name(rb_obj_class(obj)), rb_type(obj));
-	break;
-    }
-}
-
-static void
-dump_obj_to_json(VALUE obj, Options copts, Out out) {
-    out->buf = ALLOC_N(char, 65336);
-    out->end = out->buf + 65325; // 1 less than end plus extra for possible errors
-    out->cur = out->buf;
-    out->circ_cnt = 0;
-    out->opts = copts;
-    out->hash_cnt = 0;
-    if (Yes == copts->circular) {
-	oj_cache8_new(&out->circ_cache);
-    }
-    out->indent = copts->indent;
-    dump_val(obj, 0, out);
-    if (Yes == copts->circular) {
-	oj_cache8_delete(out->circ_cache);
-    }
-}
-
-char*
-oj_write_obj_to_str(VALUE obj, Options copts) {
-    struct _Out out;
-
-    dump_obj_to_json(obj, copts, &out);
-
-    return out.buf;
-}
-
-void
-oj_write_obj_to_file(VALUE obj, const char *path, Options copts) {
-    struct _Out out;
-    size_t	size;
-    FILE	*f;
-
-    dump_obj_to_json(obj, copts, &out);
-    size = out.cur - out.buf;
-    if (0 == (f = fopen(path, "w"))) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "%s\n", strerror(errno));
-    }
-    if (size != fwrite(out.buf, 1, size, f)) {
-	int	err = ferror(f);
-
-	rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "Write failed. [%d:%s]\n", err, strerror(err));
-    }
-    xfree(out.buf);
-    fclose(f);
-}
-
-// dump leaf functions
-
-inline static void
-dump_chars(const char *s, size_t size, Out out) {
-    if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size) {
-	grow(out, size);
-    }
-    memcpy(out->cur, s, size);
-    out->cur += size;
-    *out->cur = '\0';
-}
-
-static void
-dump_leaf_str(Leaf leaf, Out out) {
-    switch (leaf->value_type) {
-    case STR_VAL:
-	dump_cstr(leaf->str, strlen(leaf->str), 0, 0, out);
-	break;
-    case RUBY_VAL:
-	dump_cstr(StringValuePtr(leaf->value), RSTRING_LEN(leaf->value), 0, 0, out);
-	break;
-    case COL_VAL:
-    default:
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Unexpected value type %02x.\n", leaf->value_type);
-	break;
-    }
-}
-
-static void
-dump_leaf_fixnum(Leaf leaf, Out out) {
-    switch (leaf->value_type) {
-    case STR_VAL:
-	dump_chars(leaf->str, strlen(leaf->str), out);
-	break;
-    case RUBY_VAL:
-	if (T_BIGNUM == rb_type(leaf->value)) {
-	    dump_bignum(leaf->value, out);
-	} else {
-	    dump_fixnum(leaf->value, out);
-	}
-	break;
-    case COL_VAL:
-    default:
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Unexpected value type %02x.\n", leaf->value_type);
-	break;
-    }
-}
-
-static void
-dump_leaf_float(Leaf leaf, Out out) {
-    switch (leaf->value_type) {
-    case STR_VAL:
-	dump_chars(leaf->str, strlen(leaf->str), out);
-	break;
-    case RUBY_VAL:
-	dump_float(leaf->value, out);
-	break;
-    case COL_VAL:
-    default:
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Unexpected value type %02x.\n", leaf->value_type);
-	break;
-    }
-}
-
-static void
-dump_leaf_array(Leaf leaf, int depth, Out out) {
-    size_t	size;
-    int		d2 = depth + 1;
-
-    size = 2;
-    if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size) {
-	grow(out, size);
-    }
-    *out->cur++ = '[';
-    if (0 == leaf->elements) {
-	*out->cur++ = ']';
-    } else {
-	Leaf	first = leaf->elements->next;
-	Leaf	e = first;
-
-	size = d2 * out->indent + 2;
-	do {
-	    if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size) {
-		grow(out, size);
-	    }
-	    fill_indent(out, d2);
-	    dump_leaf(e, d2, out);
-	    if (e->next != first) {
-		*out->cur++ = ',';
-	    }
-	    e = e->next;
-	} while (e != first);
-	size = depth * out->indent + 1;
-	if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size) {
-	    grow(out, size);
-	}
-	fill_indent(out, depth);
-	*out->cur++ = ']';
-    }
-    *out->cur = '\0';
-}
-
-static void
-dump_leaf_hash(Leaf leaf, int depth, Out out) {
-    size_t	size;
-    int		d2 = depth + 1;
-
-    size = 2;
-    if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size) {
-	grow(out, size);
-    }
-    *out->cur++ = '{';
-    if (0 == leaf->elements) {
-	*out->cur++ = '}';
-    } else {
-	Leaf	first = leaf->elements->next;
-	Leaf	e = first;
-
-	size = d2 * out->indent + 2;
-	do {
-	    if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size) {
-		grow(out, size);
-	    }
-	    fill_indent(out, d2);
-	    dump_cstr(e->key, strlen(e->key), 0, 0, out);
-	    *out->cur++ = ':';
-	    dump_leaf(e, d2, out);
-	    if (e->next != first) {
-		*out->cur++ = ',';
-	    }
-	    e = e->next;
-	} while (e != first);
-	size = depth * out->indent + 1;
-	if (out->end - out->cur <= (long)size) {
-	    grow(out, size);
-	}
-	fill_indent(out, depth);
-	*out->cur++ = '}';
+    assure_size(out, cnt);
+    for (b = buf; '\0' != *b; b++) {
+	*out->cur++ = *b;
     }
     *out->cur = '\0';
 }
-
-static void
-dump_leaf(Leaf leaf, int depth, Out out) {
-    switch (leaf->type) {
-    case T_NIL:
-	dump_nil(out);
-	break;
-    case T_TRUE:
-	dump_true(out);
-	break;
-    case T_FALSE:
-	dump_false(out);
-	break;
-    case T_STRING:
-	dump_leaf_str(leaf, out);
-	break;
-    case T_FIXNUM:
-	dump_leaf_fixnum(leaf, out);
-	break;
-    case T_FLOAT:
-	dump_leaf_float(leaf, out);
-	break;
-    case T_ARRAY:
-	dump_leaf_array(leaf, depth, out);
-	break;
-    case T_HASH:
-	dump_leaf_hash(leaf, depth, out);
-	break;
-    default:
-	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Unexpected type %02x.\n", leaf->type);
-	break;
-    }
-}
-
-static void
-dump_leaf_to_json(Leaf leaf, Options copts, Out out) {
-    out->buf = ALLOC_N(char, 65336);
-    out->end = out->buf + 65325; // 10 less than end plus extra for possible errors
-    out->cur = out->buf;
-    out->circ_cnt = 0;
-    out->opts = copts;
-    out->hash_cnt = 0;
-    out->indent = copts->indent;
-    dump_leaf(leaf, 0, out);
-}
-
-char*
-oj_write_leaf_to_str(Leaf leaf, Options copts) {
-    struct _Out out;
-
-    dump_leaf_to_json(leaf, copts, &out);
-
-    return out.buf;
-}
-
-void
-oj_write_leaf_to_file(Leaf leaf, const char *path, Options copts) {
-    struct _Out out;
-    size_t	size;
-    FILE	*f;
-
-    dump_leaf_to_json(leaf, copts, &out);
-    size = out.cur - out.buf;
-    if (0 == (f = fopen(path, "w"))) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "%s\n", strerror(errno));
-    }
-    if (size != fwrite(out.buf, 1, size, f)) {
-	int	err = ferror(f);
-
-	rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "Write failed. [%d:%s]\n", err, strerror(err));
-    }
-    xfree(out.buf);
-    fclose(f);
-}