lpsolver 0.1.0 → 0.2.0

data/ext/lpsolver-highs/build/include/highs/pdqsort/pdqsort.h

@@ -0,0 +1,532 @@
+/*
+    pdqsort.h - Pattern-defeating quicksort.
+
+    Copyright (c) 2021 Orson Peters
+
+    This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied warranty. In no event will the
+    authors be held liable for any damages arising from the use of this software.
+
+    Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose, including commercial
+    applications, and to alter it and redistribute it freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+    1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not claim that you wrote the
+       original software. If you use this software in a product, an acknowledgment in the product
+       documentation would be appreciated but is not required.
+
+    2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be misrepresented as
+       being the original software.
+
+    3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
+*/
+
+
+#ifndef PDQSORT_H
+#define PDQSORT_H
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <functional>
+#include <utility>
+#include <iterator>
+
+#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
+    #include <cstdint>
+    #include <type_traits>
+    #define PDQSORT_PREFER_MOVE(x) std::move(x)
+#else
+    #define PDQSORT_PREFER_MOVE(x) (x)
+#endif
+
+
+namespace pdqsort_detail {
+    enum {
+        // Partitions below this size are sorted using insertion sort.
+        insertion_sort_threshold = 24,
+
+        // Partitions above this size use Tukey's ninther to select the pivot.
+        ninther_threshold = 128,
+
+        // When we detect an already sorted partition, attempt an insertion sort that allows this
+        // amount of element moves before giving up.
+        partial_insertion_sort_limit = 8,
+
+        // Must be multiple of 8 due to loop unrolling, and < 256 to fit in unsigned char.
+        block_size = 64,
+
+        // Cacheline size, assumes power of two.
+        cacheline_size = 64
+
+    };
+
+#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
+    template<class T> struct is_default_compare : std::false_type { };
+    template<class T> struct is_default_compare<std::less<T>> : std::true_type { };
+    template<class T> struct is_default_compare<std::greater<T>> : std::true_type { };
+#endif
+
+    // Returns floor(log2(n)), assumes n > 0.
+    template<class T>
+    inline int log2(T n) {
+        int log = 0;
+        while (n >>= 1) ++log;
+        return log;
+    }
+
+    // Sorts [begin, end) using insertion sort with the given comparison function.
+    template<class Iter, class Compare>
+    inline void insertion_sort(Iter begin, Iter end, Compare comp) {
+        typedef typename std::iterator_traits<Iter>::value_type T;
+        if (begin == end) return;
+
+        for (Iter cur = begin + 1; cur != end; ++cur) {
+            Iter sift = cur;
+            Iter sift_1 = cur - 1;
+
+            // Compare first so we can avoid 2 moves for an element already positioned correctly.
+            if (comp(*sift, *sift_1)) {
+                T tmp = PDQSORT_PREFER_MOVE(*sift);
+
+                do { *sift-- = PDQSORT_PREFER_MOVE(*sift_1); }
+                while (sift != begin && comp(tmp, *--sift_1));
+
+                *sift = PDQSORT_PREFER_MOVE(tmp);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Sorts [begin, end) using insertion sort with the given comparison function. Assumes
+    // *(begin - 1) is an element smaller than or equal to any element in [begin, end).
+    template<class Iter, class Compare>
+    inline void unguarded_insertion_sort(Iter begin, Iter end, Compare comp) {
+        typedef typename std::iterator_traits<Iter>::value_type T;
+        if (begin == end) return;
+
+        for (Iter cur = begin + 1; cur != end; ++cur) {
+            Iter sift = cur;
+            Iter sift_1 = cur - 1;
+
+            // Compare first so we can avoid 2 moves for an element already positioned correctly.
+            if (comp(*sift, *sift_1)) {
+                T tmp = PDQSORT_PREFER_MOVE(*sift);
+
+                do { *sift-- = PDQSORT_PREFER_MOVE(*sift_1); }
+                while (comp(tmp, *--sift_1));
+
+                *sift = PDQSORT_PREFER_MOVE(tmp);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Attempts to use insertion sort on [begin, end). Will return false if more than
+    // partial_insertion_sort_limit elements were moved, and abort sorting. Otherwise it will
+    // successfully sort and return true.
+    template<class Iter, class Compare>
+    inline bool partial_insertion_sort(Iter begin, Iter end, Compare comp) {
+        typedef typename std::iterator_traits<Iter>::value_type T;
+        if (begin == end) return true;
+        
+        std::size_t limit = 0;
+        for (Iter cur = begin + 1; cur != end; ++cur) {
+            Iter sift = cur;
+            Iter sift_1 = cur - 1;
+
+            // Compare first so we can avoid 2 moves for an element already positioned correctly.
+            if (comp(*sift, *sift_1)) {
+                T tmp = PDQSORT_PREFER_MOVE(*sift);
+
+                do { *sift-- = PDQSORT_PREFER_MOVE(*sift_1); }
+                while (sift != begin && comp(tmp, *--sift_1));
+
+                *sift = PDQSORT_PREFER_MOVE(tmp);
+                limit += cur - sift;
+            }
+            
+            if (limit > partial_insertion_sort_limit) return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    template<class Iter, class Compare>
+    inline void sort2(Iter a, Iter b, Compare comp) {
+        if (comp(*b, *a)) std::iter_swap(a, b);
+    }
+
+    // Sorts the elements *a, *b and *c using comparison function comp.
+    template<class Iter, class Compare>
+    inline void sort3(Iter a, Iter b, Iter c, Compare comp) {
+        sort2(a, b, comp);
+        sort2(b, c, comp);
+        sort2(a, b, comp);
+    }
+
+    template<class T>
+    inline T* align_cacheline(T* p) {
+#if defined(UINTPTR_MAX) && __cplusplus >= 201103L
+        std::uintptr_t ip = reinterpret_cast<std::uintptr_t>(p);
+#else
+        std::size_t ip = reinterpret_cast<std::size_t>(p);
+#endif
+        ip = (ip + cacheline_size - 1) & -cacheline_size;
+        return reinterpret_cast<T*>(ip);
+    }
+
+    template<class Iter>
+    inline void swap_offsets(Iter first, Iter last,
+                             unsigned char* offsets_l, unsigned char* offsets_r,
+                             size_t num, bool use_swaps) {
+        typedef typename std::iterator_traits<Iter>::value_type T;
+        if (use_swaps) {
+            // This case is needed for the descending distribution, where we need
+            // to have proper swapping for pdqsort to remain O(n).
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < num; ++i) {
+                std::iter_swap(first + offsets_l[i], last - offsets_r[i]);
+            }
+        } else if (num > 0) {
+            Iter l = first + offsets_l[0]; Iter r = last - offsets_r[0];
+            T tmp(PDQSORT_PREFER_MOVE(*l)); *l = PDQSORT_PREFER_MOVE(*r);
+            for (size_t i = 1; i < num; ++i) {
+                l = first + offsets_l[i]; *r = PDQSORT_PREFER_MOVE(*l);
+                r = last - offsets_r[i]; *l = PDQSORT_PREFER_MOVE(*r);
+            }
+            *r = PDQSORT_PREFER_MOVE(tmp);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Partitions [begin, end) around pivot *begin using comparison function comp. Elements equal
+    // to the pivot are put in the right-hand partition. Returns the position of the pivot after
+    // partitioning and whether the passed sequence already was correctly partitioned. Assumes the
+    // pivot is a median of at least 3 elements and that [begin, end) is at least
+    // insertion_sort_threshold long. Uses branchless partitioning.
+    template<class Iter, class Compare>
+    inline std::pair<Iter, bool> partition_right_branchless(Iter begin, Iter end, Compare comp) {
+        typedef typename std::iterator_traits<Iter>::value_type T;
+
+        // Move pivot into local for speed.
+        T pivot(PDQSORT_PREFER_MOVE(*begin));
+        Iter first = begin;
+        Iter last = end;
+
+        // Find the first element greater than or equal than the pivot (the median of 3 guarantees
+        // this exists).
+        while (comp(*++first, pivot));
+
+        // Find the first element strictly smaller than the pivot. We have to guard this search if
+        // there was no element before *first.
+        if (first - 1 == begin) while (first < last && !comp(*--last, pivot));
+        else                    while (                !comp(*--last, pivot));
+
+        // If the first pair of elements that should be swapped to partition are the same element,
+        // the passed in sequence already was correctly partitioned.
+        bool already_partitioned = first >= last;
+        if (!already_partitioned) {
+            std::iter_swap(first, last);
+            ++first;
+
+            // The following branchless partitioning is derived from "BlockQuicksort: How Branch
+            // Mispredictions don’t affect Quicksort" by Stefan Edelkamp and Armin Weiss, but
+            // heavily micro-optimized.
+            unsigned char offsets_l_storage[block_size + cacheline_size];
+            unsigned char offsets_r_storage[block_size + cacheline_size];
+            unsigned char* offsets_l = align_cacheline(offsets_l_storage);
+            unsigned char* offsets_r = align_cacheline(offsets_r_storage);
+
+            Iter offsets_l_base = first;
+            Iter offsets_r_base = last;
+            size_t num_l, num_r, start_l, start_r;
+            num_l = num_r = start_l = start_r = 0;
+            
+            while (first < last) {
+                // Fill up offset blocks with elements that are on the wrong side.
+                // First we determine how much elements are considered for each offset block.
+                size_t num_unknown = last - first;
+                size_t left_split = num_l == 0 ? (num_r == 0 ? num_unknown / 2 : num_unknown) : 0;
+                size_t right_split = num_r == 0 ? (num_unknown - left_split) : 0;
+
+                // Fill the offset blocks.
+                if (left_split >= block_size) {
+                    for (size_t i = 0; i < block_size;) {
+                        offsets_l[num_l] = i++; num_l += !comp(*first, pivot); ++first;
+                        offsets_l[num_l] = i++; num_l += !comp(*first, pivot); ++first;
+                        offsets_l[num_l] = i++; num_l += !comp(*first, pivot); ++first;
+                        offsets_l[num_l] = i++; num_l += !comp(*first, pivot); ++first;
+                        offsets_l[num_l] = i++; num_l += !comp(*first, pivot); ++first;
+                        offsets_l[num_l] = i++; num_l += !comp(*first, pivot); ++first;
+                        offsets_l[num_l] = i++; num_l += !comp(*first, pivot); ++first;
+                        offsets_l[num_l] = i++; num_l += !comp(*first, pivot); ++first;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    for (size_t i = 0; i < left_split;) {
+                        offsets_l[num_l] = i++; num_l += !comp(*first, pivot); ++first;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (right_split >= block_size) {
+                    for (size_t i = 0; i < block_size;) {
+                        offsets_r[num_r] = ++i; num_r += comp(*--last, pivot);
+                        offsets_r[num_r] = ++i; num_r += comp(*--last, pivot);
+                        offsets_r[num_r] = ++i; num_r += comp(*--last, pivot);
+                        offsets_r[num_r] = ++i; num_r += comp(*--last, pivot);
+                        offsets_r[num_r] = ++i; num_r += comp(*--last, pivot);
+                        offsets_r[num_r] = ++i; num_r += comp(*--last, pivot);
+                        offsets_r[num_r] = ++i; num_r += comp(*--last, pivot);
+                        offsets_r[num_r] = ++i; num_r += comp(*--last, pivot);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    for (size_t i = 0; i < right_split;) {
+                        offsets_r[num_r] = ++i; num_r += comp(*--last, pivot);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Swap elements and update block sizes and first/last boundaries.
+                size_t num = std::min(num_l, num_r);
+                swap_offsets(offsets_l_base, offsets_r_base,
+                             offsets_l + start_l, offsets_r + start_r,
+                             num, num_l == num_r);
+                num_l -= num; num_r -= num;
+                start_l += num; start_r += num;
+
+                if (num_l == 0) {
+                    start_l = 0;
+                    offsets_l_base = first;
+                }
+                
+                if (num_r == 0) {
+                    start_r = 0;
+                    offsets_r_base = last;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // We have now fully identified [first, last)'s proper position. Swap the last elements.
+            if (num_l) {
+                offsets_l += start_l;
+                while (num_l--) std::iter_swap(offsets_l_base + offsets_l[num_l], --last);
+                first = last;
+            }
+            if (num_r) {
+                offsets_r += start_r;
+                while (num_r--) std::iter_swap(offsets_r_base - offsets_r[num_r], first), ++first;
+                last = first;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Put the pivot in the right place.
+        Iter pivot_pos = first - 1;
+        *begin = PDQSORT_PREFER_MOVE(*pivot_pos);
+        *pivot_pos = PDQSORT_PREFER_MOVE(pivot);
+
+        return std::make_pair(pivot_pos, already_partitioned);
+    }
+
+
+
+    // Partitions [begin, end) around pivot *begin using comparison function comp. Elements equal
+    // to the pivot are put in the right-hand partition. Returns the position of the pivot after
+    // partitioning and whether the passed sequence already was correctly partitioned. Assumes the
+    // pivot is a median of at least 3 elements and that [begin, end) is at least
+    // insertion_sort_threshold long.
+    template<class Iter, class Compare>
+    inline std::pair<Iter, bool> partition_right(Iter begin, Iter end, Compare comp) {
+        typedef typename std::iterator_traits<Iter>::value_type T;
+        
+        // Move pivot into local for speed.
+        T pivot(PDQSORT_PREFER_MOVE(*begin));
+
+        Iter first = begin;
+        Iter last = end;
+
+        // Find the first element greater than or equal than the pivot (the median of 3 guarantees
+        // this exists).
+        while (comp(*++first, pivot));
+
+        // Find the first element strictly smaller than the pivot. We have to guard this search if
+        // there was no element before *first.
+        if (first - 1 == begin) while (first < last && !comp(*--last, pivot));
+        else                    while (                !comp(*--last, pivot));
+
+        // If the first pair of elements that should be swapped to partition are the same element,
+        // the passed in sequence already was correctly partitioned.
+        bool already_partitioned = first >= last;
+        
+        // Keep swapping pairs of elements that are on the wrong side of the pivot. Previously
+        // swapped pairs guard the searches, which is why the first iteration is special-cased
+        // above.
+        while (first < last) {
+            std::iter_swap(first, last);
+            while (comp(*++first, pivot));
+            while (!comp(*--last, pivot));
+        }
+
+        // Put the pivot in the right place.
+        Iter pivot_pos = first - 1;
+        *begin = PDQSORT_PREFER_MOVE(*pivot_pos);
+        *pivot_pos = PDQSORT_PREFER_MOVE(pivot);
+
+        return std::make_pair(pivot_pos, already_partitioned);
+    }
+
+    // Similar function to the one above, except elements equal to the pivot are put to the left of
+    // the pivot and it doesn't check or return if the passed sequence already was partitioned.
+    // Since this is rarely used (the many equal case), and in that case pdqsort already has O(n)
+    // performance, no block quicksort is applied here for simplicity.
+    template<class Iter, class Compare>
+    inline Iter partition_left(Iter begin, Iter end, Compare comp) {
+        typedef typename std::iterator_traits<Iter>::value_type T;
+
+        T pivot(PDQSORT_PREFER_MOVE(*begin));
+        Iter first = begin;
+        Iter last = end;
+        
+        while (comp(pivot, *--last));
+
+        if (last + 1 == end) while (first < last && !comp(pivot, *++first));
+        else                 while (                !comp(pivot, *++first));
+
+        while (first < last) {
+            std::iter_swap(first, last);
+            while (comp(pivot, *--last));
+            while (!comp(pivot, *++first));
+        }
+
+        Iter pivot_pos = last;
+        *begin = PDQSORT_PREFER_MOVE(*pivot_pos);
+        *pivot_pos = PDQSORT_PREFER_MOVE(pivot);
+
+        return pivot_pos;
+    }
+
+
+    template<class Iter, class Compare, bool Branchless>
+    inline void pdqsort_loop(Iter begin, Iter end, Compare comp, int bad_allowed, bool leftmost = true) {
+        typedef typename std::iterator_traits<Iter>::difference_type diff_t;
+
+        // Use a while loop for tail recursion elimination.
+        while (true) {
+            diff_t size = end - begin;
+
+            // Insertion sort is faster for small arrays.
+            if (size < insertion_sort_threshold) {
+                if (leftmost) insertion_sort(begin, end, comp);
+                else unguarded_insertion_sort(begin, end, comp);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Choose pivot as median of 3 or pseudomedian of 9.
+            diff_t s2 = size / 2;
+            if (size > ninther_threshold) {
+                sort3(begin, begin + s2, end - 1, comp);
+                sort3(begin + 1, begin + (s2 - 1), end - 2, comp);
+                sort3(begin + 2, begin + (s2 + 1), end - 3, comp);
+                sort3(begin + (s2 - 1), begin + s2, begin + (s2 + 1), comp);
+                std::iter_swap(begin, begin + s2);
+            } else sort3(begin + s2, begin, end - 1, comp);
+
+            // If *(begin - 1) is the end of the right partition of a previous partition operation
+            // there is no element in [begin, end) that is smaller than *(begin - 1). Then if our
+            // pivot compares equal to *(begin - 1) we change strategy, putting equal elements in
+            // the left partition, greater elements in the right partition. We do not have to
+            // recurse on the left partition, since it's sorted (all equal).
+            if (!leftmost && !comp(*(begin - 1), *begin)) {
+                begin = partition_left(begin, end, comp) + 1;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Partition and get results.
+            std::pair<Iter, bool> part_result =
+                Branchless ? partition_right_branchless(begin, end, comp)
+                           : partition_right(begin, end, comp);
+            Iter pivot_pos = part_result.first;
+            bool already_partitioned = part_result.second;
+
+            // Check for a highly unbalanced partition.
+            diff_t l_size = pivot_pos - begin;
+            diff_t r_size = end - (pivot_pos + 1);
+            bool highly_unbalanced = l_size < size / 8 || r_size < size / 8;
+
+            // If we got a highly unbalanced partition we shuffle elements to break many patterns.
+            if (highly_unbalanced) {
+                // If we had too many bad partitions, switch to heapsort to guarantee O(n log n).
+                if (--bad_allowed == 0) {
+                    std::make_heap(begin, end, comp);
+                    std::sort_heap(begin, end, comp);
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                if (l_size >= insertion_sort_threshold) {
+                    std::iter_swap(begin,             begin + l_size / 4);
+                    std::iter_swap(pivot_pos - 1, pivot_pos - l_size / 4);
+
+                    if (l_size > ninther_threshold) {
+                        std::iter_swap(begin + 1,         begin + (l_size / 4 + 1));
+                        std::iter_swap(begin + 2,         begin + (l_size / 4 + 2));
+                        std::iter_swap(pivot_pos - 2, pivot_pos - (l_size / 4 + 1));
+                        std::iter_swap(pivot_pos - 3, pivot_pos - (l_size / 4 + 2));
+                    }
+                }
+                
+                if (r_size >= insertion_sort_threshold) {
+                    std::iter_swap(pivot_pos + 1, pivot_pos + (1 + r_size / 4));
+                    std::iter_swap(end - 1,                   end - r_size / 4);
+                    
+                    if (r_size > ninther_threshold) {
+                        std::iter_swap(pivot_pos + 2, pivot_pos + (2 + r_size / 4));
+                        std::iter_swap(pivot_pos + 3, pivot_pos + (3 + r_size / 4));
+                        std::iter_swap(end - 2,             end - (1 + r_size / 4));
+                        std::iter_swap(end - 3,             end - (2 + r_size / 4));
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                // If we were decently balanced and we tried to sort an already partitioned
+                // sequence try to use insertion sort.
+                if (already_partitioned && partial_insertion_sort(begin, pivot_pos, comp)
+                                        && partial_insertion_sort(pivot_pos + 1, end, comp)) return;
+            }
+                
+            // Sort the left partition first using recursion and do tail recursion elimination for
+            // the right-hand partition.
+            pdqsort_loop<Iter, Compare, Branchless>(begin, pivot_pos, comp, bad_allowed, leftmost);
+            begin = pivot_pos + 1;
+            leftmost = false;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+template<class Iter, class Compare>
+inline void pdqsort(Iter begin, Iter end, Compare comp) {
+    if (begin == end) return;
+
+#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
+    pdqsort_detail::pdqsort_loop<Iter, Compare,
+        pdqsort_detail::is_default_compare<typename std::decay<Compare>::type>::value &&
+        std::is_arithmetic<typename std::iterator_traits<Iter>::value_type>::value>(
+        begin, end, comp, pdqsort_detail::log2(end - begin));
+#else
+    pdqsort_detail::pdqsort_loop<Iter, Compare, false>(
+        begin, end, comp, pdqsort_detail::log2(end - begin));
+#endif
+}
+
+template<class Iter>
+inline void pdqsort(Iter begin, Iter end) {
+    typedef typename std::iterator_traits<Iter>::value_type T;
+    pdqsort(begin, end, std::less<T>());
+}
+
+template<class Iter, class Compare>
+inline void pdqsort_branchless(Iter begin, Iter end, Compare comp) {
+    if (begin == end) return;
+    pdqsort_detail::pdqsort_loop<Iter, Compare, true>(
+        begin, end, comp, pdqsort_detail::log2(end - begin));
+}
+
+template<class Iter>
+inline void pdqsort_branchless(Iter begin, Iter end) {
+    typedef typename std::iterator_traits<Iter>::value_type T;
+    pdqsort_branchless(begin, end, std::less<T>());
+}
+
+
+#undef PDQSORT_PREFER_MOVE
+
+#endif