latinverb 0.2.0 → 0.9.2

data/lib/linguistics/latin/verb/participles.rb

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+# encoding:  UTF-8
+
+require 'latinverb'
+require 'linguistics/latin/verb/phonographia'
+
+module Linguistics 
+  module Latin 
+    module Verb 
+      ##
+      # == NAME
+      #
+      # Participles
+      #
+      # == DESCRIPTION
+      #
+      # This module contains the methods that, when mixed into a LatinVerb,
+      # will provide it the ability to resolve its participles (verbal
+      # adjectives).
+      #
+      # == REFERENCE
+      #
+      #    Allen and Greenough Se. 155:
+      #
+      #    The following Noun and Adjective forms are also included in the
+      #    inflection of the Latin Verb:
+      #
+      #    a.  Four Participles, viz: --
+      #    <em>Active</em>:  the Present and Future Participles
+      #    <em>Passive</em>: the Perfect Participle and the Gerundive
+      #    b.  The Gerund:  this is in form a neuter noun of the second
+      #    declension used only in the oblique cases of hte singular.
+      #    c.  The Supine:  this is in form a verbal noun of the fourth
+      #    declension in the accusative (-um) and dative or ablative (-ū)
+      #    singular      
+      #    ...
+      #
+      ##
+      module Participles
+
+     ##########################################
+     # Participles
+     ##########################################
+
+     ##
+     #
+     # === GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION
+     #
+     # A&G,158,a.  The Present Participle (ending in -ns) has commly the
+     # meaning and use as the English participle in 'ing; as vocāns, calling.
+     # For inflection see egēns, sec. 118
+     #
+     # === ARGUMENTS
+     #
+     # None
+     #
+     # === RETURNS
+     #
+     # Array of participles
+     #
+     ###
+     def present_active_participle
+       raise "Participial stem was nil" if  @participial_stem.nil?
+       endings=%w(ns ntis)
+       return endings.collect{ |x| Linguistics::Latin::Phonographia.fix_macrons(@participial_stem+x.chomp)}.join(', ')
+     end
+
+     ##
+     #
+     # === GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION
+     #
+     # A&G,158,b.  The Future Participle (ending in -ūrus) is oftenest used to
+     # express what is likely or about to happen:  as, rēctūrus, about to
+     # rule...
+     #
+     # === ARGUMENTS
+     #
+     # None
+     #
+     # === RETURNS
+     #
+     # Array of participles
+     #
+     ###
+     def future_active_participle
+       # In case we have an irregular, or somehow already have a /ūrus$/ we shouldn't do this
+       mybase = (@pass_perf_part =~ /ūru.$/) ?
+         @pass_perf_part.gsub(/u[sm]$/,'')
+       :
+         @pass_perf_part.gsub(/u[sm]$/, "ūr")
+
+       singular_endings=%w(us a um)
+       return singular_endings.collect{|x| mybase+"#{x}".chomp}.join(', ')
+     end
+
+     ##
+     #
+     # === GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION
+     #
+     # 158,c.  The Perfect Participle (ending in -tus, -sus) has two uses:
+     #
+     # 1.  It is sometimes equivalent to the English perfect passive
+     # participle:
+     #
+     # as tеctus, sheltered; acceptus, accepted...; and often simply has an
+     # adjective meaning:  as, acceptus, acceptable.
+     #
+     # 2.  It is used with the verb to be (esse) to form certain tenses of the
+     # passive:  as, vocātus est, he was (has been) called.
+     #
+     # === ARGUMENTS
+     #
+     # None
+     #
+     # === RETURNS
+     #
+     # Array of participles
+     #
+     ###
+     def perfect_passive_participle
+       mybase=@pass_perf_part.sub(/u[sm]$/,'')
+       singular_endings=%w(us a um)
+       return singular_endings.collect{|x| mybase+"#{x}".chomp}.join(', ')
+     end
+
+     ##
+     #
+     # === GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION
+     #
+     # <em>See</em>:  Gerundive
+     #
+     # === ARGUMENTS
+     #
+     # None
+     #
+     # === RETURNS
+     #
+     # Array of participles
+     #
+     ###
+     def future_passive_participle
+       mybase = @participial_stem+"nd"
+       singular_endings=%w(us a um)
+       return singular_endings.collect{|x|Linguistics::Latin::Phonographia.fix_macrons( mybase+"#{x}".chomp)}.join(', ')
+     end
+
+     ##
+     #
+     # === GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION
+     #
+     # A&G, 158,d. 
+     #
+     # The Gerundive (ending in -ndus) has two uses:  
+     #
+     # 1.  ...an adjective implying obligation...  
+     #
+     # 2.  In the oblique cases the Gerundive commonly has the same meaning as
+     # the Gerund ... for examples see sec. 503
+     #
+     # === ARGUMENTS
+     #
+     # None
+     #
+     # === RETURNS
+     #
+     # Array of participles
+     #
+     ###
+     def gerundive
+       self.future_passive_participle
+     end
+
+     ##
+     #--
+     # The gerund is a verbal noun (loving dancing, running) formed like the
+     # gerundive, except that it only has four forms: the n. singular of the
+     # gen, dative, acc, and abl (the oblique cases).  They are identical to
+     # the corresponding cases of the gerundive but ae ative in meaning and
+     # correspond to the english "-ing"
+     #
+     # Gerundive:  verbal achective
+     # gerund:  verbal noun
+     # 
+     # gerund only has oblique
+     # gerundive is passive in meaning, gerund is active:
+     # 
+     # A FUNNY THING I ALWAYS FORGET:
+     #  studium legeni libros ==>  studium librorum legendorum
+     #  discimus legendo libros ==>  discimus libris legendis
+     #
+     #  -- Source, Wheelock
+     #++
+     ##
+     #alias_method :gerund, :gerundive 
+     def gerund
+       b = gerundive.sub /.*\s+(.*)um.*$/, "\\1"
+       b += "ī, ō, etc."
+       return b
+     end
+   end
+ end
+end
+end

data/lib/linguistics/latin/verb/phonographia.rb

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+# encoding: UTF-8
+
+module Linguistics 
+  module Latin 
+    ##
+    #
+    # The Phonographia module handles the phonography of written Latin:  how
+    # the sound of Latin is written.  In particular, the sounds that need
+    # special notation are the vowels which may bear a long ("ā") or short
+    # ("a") quantity.
+    #
+    # When forming Latin words from heuristic ( as LatinVerb does ), certain
+    # phonographical structures arise that one does not see in the language as
+    # practiced by humans.  For example, given "amāre," the stem is "amā."
+    # When the heuristic  postpends "t" to get the present, indicative, third
+    # person singular, the result is "amāt," which, by rules of Latin
+    # phonology, must be made to bear a short sound in the ultimate vowel.
+    # This state is _phonographically_ notes as "amat."  This module
+    # implements the appropriate rules for proper phonetic compliance.
+    # 
+    ##
+    module Phonographia
+      class << self
+       # === DESCRIPTION
+       #
+       # Latin has several rules pertaining to how long sounds must behave
+       # based on their neighboring characters.  The rules that +fix_macrons+
+       # tests are the following
+       #
+       # === RULES
+       #
+       # <b>Rule 1: </b>:: m/r/t at end of line shortens preceding vowel
+       # <b>Rule 2: </b>:: macron-bearing vowel  before vowel, regardless of
+       #                   its quantity
+       # <b>Rule 3: </b>:: macron-bearing vowel before  /n[td]/ anywhere in the string
+       #
+       # === ARGUMENTS
+       #
+       # +s+ :: a string which needs to be processed for Latin phonographic
+       #             compliance
+       #
+       # === RETURNS
+       #
+       # String with consonants properly converted
+       #
+       # === EXAMPLE
+       #
+       # fix_macrons(fabām) #=> fabam ( Rule 1 )
+       # fix_macrons(cāīō)  #=> caiō  ( Rule 1, Rule 2 )
+       #
+       ##
+       def fix_macrons(s)
+         raise if s.nil?
+         return "" if s.empty?
+         macron_table = {"\xc4\x81" => 'a', 
+                         "\xc4\x93" => 'e',
+                         "\xc4\xab" => 'i',
+                         "\xc5\x8d" => 'o',
+                         "\xc5\xab" => 'u',
+                         "\xc4\x80" => 'A',
+                         "\xc4\x92" => 'E',
+                         "\xc4\xaa" => 'I',
+                         "\xc5\x8c" => 'O',
+                         "\xc5\xaa" => 'U',
+                                "ā" => 'a',
+                                "ē" => 'e',
+                                "ī" => 'i',
+                                "ō" => 'o',
+                                "ū" => 'u',
+                                "Ā" => 'A',
+                                "Ē" => 'E',
+                                "Ī" => 'I',
+                                "Ō" => 'O',
+                                "Ū" => 'U',
+                        }
+
+
+       # m/r/t at end of line shortens preceding vowel
+       if s =~ /^(.*)([āēīōūĀĒĪŌŪ])([mrt])$/i
+         s = $1 + macron_table[$2] + $3
+       end
+
+       # macron before vowel
+       if s =~ /(.*)([āēīōūĀĒĪŌŪ])([āēīōūĀĒĪŌŪaeiouAEIOU])(.*)/i
+        s = self.fix_macrons $1 + macron_table[$2] + $3 + $4
+       end
+
+       if s=~ /n[td]/
+         # n[td]
+         mutaturum = s.split //
+         mutatum = []
+         mutaturum.each_with_index do |e, i|
+           if ( e == "n" and 
+               mutaturum[i+1] =~ /[td]/ and 
+               not macron_table[mutaturum[i-1]].nil? )
+              mutatum[i-1]=macron_table[mutaturum[i-1]]
+           end
+            mutatum << e
+         end
+
+         return mutatum.join ''
+       end
+
+       return s
+      end
+    end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/linguistics/latin/verb/supine.rb

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+# encoding: UTF-8
+#
+module Linguistics 
+  module Latin 
+    module Verb 
+      class LatinVerb
+        ##
+        #
+        # === GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION
+        #
+        # The supine is:
+        #
+        #   * 4th declension verbal noun
+        #   * Formed on the same stem as the perfect passive participle
+        #   * Only two forms in common use:  accusative and ablative singular 
+        #
+        # Ablative is used with the neuter of certain adjectives to indicate
+        # what respect a particular quality is applicable: <em>mirabile
+        # dictu</em>, <em>facile factu</em>.  The accusative is used with
+        # verbs of motion to indicate purpose.
+        #
+        # -- Source <em>Wheelock</em>
+        #
+        # === ARGUMENTS
+        #
+        # None
+        #
+        # === RETURNS
+        #
+        # Hash with keys based on [:accusative] or [:ablative]
+        #
+        ###
+        def supine
+          acc = @pass_perf_part
+          abl = acc.sub /^(.*)um$/, "\\1"
+          abl += "ū"
+          {:ablative => abl, :accusative => acc}
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end