lateral_recommender 0.0.2 → 0.0.3
This diff represents the content of publicly available package versions that have been released to one of the supported registries. The information contained in this diff is provided for informational purposes only and reflects changes between package versions as they appear in their respective public registries.
- checksums.yaml +4 -4
- data/.editorconfig +27 -0
- data/.gitignore +2 -1
- data/.rubocop.yml +21 -0
- data/.travis.yml +1 -1
- data/README.md +33 -44
- data/lateral_recommender.gemspec +8 -10
- data/lib/lateral_recommender/version.rb +1 -1
- data/lib/lateral_recommender.rb +21 -113
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/add.yml +19 -15
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/invalid_key.yml +21 -19
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/recommend_by_id.yml +40 -0
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/recommend_by_id_arxiv.yml +201 -0
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/recommend_by_id_news.yml +379 -0
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/recommend_by_id_sec.yml +12392 -0
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/recommend_by_id_wikipedia.yml +125 -0
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/recommend_by_text.yml +40 -0
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/recommend_by_text_arxiv.yml +236 -0
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/recommend_by_text_news.yml +294 -0
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/recommend_by_text_pubmed.yml +251 -0
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/recommend_by_text_sec.yml +11469 -0
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/recommend_by_text_wikipedia.yml +118 -0
- data/spec/lateral_recommender_spec.rb +67 -101
- metadata +89 -78
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/add_user.yml +0 -56
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/add_user_document.yml +0 -879
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/near_id.yml +0 -47
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/near_id_arxiv.yml +0 -68
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/near_text.yml +0 -47
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/near_text_arxiv.yml +0 -91
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/near_text_movies.yml +0 -1262
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/near_text_news.yml +0 -400
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/near_text_pubmed.yml +0 -70
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/near_text_wikipedia.yml +0 -55
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/near_user.yml +0 -56
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/near_user_arxiv.yml +0 -152
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/near_user_movies.yml +0 -1262
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/near_user_news.yml +0 -400
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/near_user_pubmed.yml +0 -116
- data/spec/fixtures/tapes/near_user_wikipedia.yml +0 -88
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
|
|
1
|
+
---
|
2
|
+
http_interactions:
|
3
|
+
- request:
|
4
|
+
method: post
|
5
|
+
uri: https://arxiv-api.lateral.io/recommend-by-text/?subscription-key=<API_KEY>
|
6
|
+
body:
|
7
|
+
encoding: UTF-8
|
8
|
+
string: text=Space%20exploration%0AJump%20to%3A%20navigation%20%2C%20search%0ASaturn%20V%20rocket%2C%20used%20for%20the%20American%20manned%20lunar%20landing%20missions%0AThe%20Moon%20as%20seen%20in%20a%20digitally%20processed%20image%20from%20data%20collected%20during%20a%20spacecraft%20flyby%0ASpace%20exploration%20is%20the%20ongoing%20discovery%20and%20exploration%20of%20celestial%20structures%20in%20outer%20space%20by%20means%20of%20continuously%20evolving%20and%20growing%20space%20technology%20.%20While%20the%20study%20of%20space%20is%20carried%20out%20mainly%20by%20astronomers%20with%20telescopes%20%2C%20the%20physical%20exploration%20of%20space%20is%20conducted%20both%20by%20unmanned%20robotic%20probes%20and%20human%20spaceflight%20.%0AWhile%20the%20observation%20of%20objects%20in%20space%2C%20known%20as%20astronomy%20%2C%20predates%20reliable%20recorded%20history%20%2C%20it%20was%20the%20development%20of%20large%20and%20relatively%20efficient%20rockets%20during%20the%20early%2020th%20century%20that%20allowed%20physical%20space%20exploration%20to%20become%20a%20reality.%20Common%20rationales%20for%20exploring%20space%20include%20advancing%20scientific%20research%2C%20uniting%20different%20nations%2C%20ensuring%20the%20future%20survival%20of%20humanity%20and%20developing%20military%20and%20strategic%20advantages%20against%20other%20countries.%0ASpace%20exploration%20has%20often%20been%20used%20as%20a%20proxy%20competition%20for%20geopolitical%20rivalries%20such%20as%20the%20Cold%20War%20.%20The%20early%20era%20of%20space%20exploration%20was%20driven%20by%20a%20%22%20Space%20Race%20%22%20between%20the%20Soviet%20Union%20and%20the%20United%20States%20%2C%20the%20launch%20of%20the%20first%20manmade%20object%20to%20orbit%20the%20Earth%20%2C%20the%20USSR%27s%20Sputnik%201%20%2C%20on%204%20October%201957%2C%20and%20the%20first%20Moon%20landing%20by%20the%20American%20Apollo%2011%20craft%20on%2020%20July%201969%20are%20often%20taken%20as%20landmarks%20for%20this%20initial%20period.%20The%20Soviet%20space%20program%20achieved%20many%20of%20the%20first%20milestones%2C%20including%20the%20first%20living%20being%20in%20orbit%20in%201957%2C%20the%20first%20human%20spaceflight%20%28%20Yuri%20Gagarin%20aboard%20Vostok%201%20%29%20in%201961%2C%20the%20first%20spacewalk%20%28by%20Aleksei%20Leonov%20%29%20on%2018%20March%201965%2C%20the%20first%20automatic%20landing%20on%20another%20celestial%20body%20in%201966%2C%20and%20the%20launch%20of%20the%20first%20space%20station%20%28%20Salyut%201%20%29%20in%201971.%0AAfter%20the%20first%2020%20years%20of%20exploration%2C%20focus%20shifted%20from%20oneoff%20flights%20to%20renewable%20hardware%2C%20such%20as%20the%20Space%20Shuttle%20program%20%2C%20and%20from%20competition%20to%20cooperation%20as%20with%20the%20International%20Space%20Station%20%28ISS%29.%0AWith%20the%20substantial%20completion%20of%20the%20ISS%20%5B1%5D%20following%20STS133%20in%20March%202011%2C%20plans%20for%20space%20exploration%20by%20the%20USA%20remain%20in%20flux.%20Constellation%20%2C%20a%20Bush%20Administration%20program%20for%20a%20return%20to%20the%20Moon%20by%202020%20%5B2%5D%20was%20judged%20inadequately%20funded%20and%20unrealistic%20by%20an%20expert%20review%20panel%20reporting%20in%202009.%20%5B3%5D%20The%20Obama%20Administration%20proposed%20a%20revision%20of%20Constellation%20in%202010%20to%20focus%20on%20the%20development%20of%20the%20capability%20for%20crewed%20missions%20beyond%20low%20earth%20orbit%20%28LEO%29%2C%20envisioning%20extending%20the%20operation%20of%20the%20ISS%20beyond%202020%2C%20transferring%20the%20development%20of%20launch%20vehicles%20for%20human%20crews%20from%20NASA%20to%20the%20private%20sector%2C%20and%20developing%20technology%20to%20enable%20missions%20to%20beyond%20LEO%2C%20such%20as%20Earth%2FMoon%20L1%20%2C%20the%20Moon%2C%20Earth%2FSun%20L2%20%2C%20nearearth%20asteroids%2C%20and%20Phobos%20or%20Mars%20orbit.%20%5B4%5D%20As%20of%20March%202011%2C%20the%20US%20Senate%20and%20House%20of%20Representatives%20are%20still%20working%20towards%20a%20compromise%20NASA%20funding%20bill%2C%20which%20will%20probably%20terminate%20Constellation%20and%20fund%20development%20of%20a%20heavy%20lift%20launch%20vehicle%20%28HLLV%29.%20%5B5%5D%0AIn%20the%202000s%2C%20the%20People%27s%20Republic%20of%20China%20initiated%20a%20successful%20manned%20spaceflight%20program%20%2C%20while%20the%20European%20Union%20%2C%20Japan%2C%20and%20India%20have%20also%20planned%20future%20manned%20space%20missions.%20China%2C%20Russia%2C%20Japan%2C%20and%20India%20have%20advocated%20manned%20missions%20to%20the%20Moon%20during%20the%2021st%20century%2C%20while%20the%20European%20Union%20has%20advocated%20manned%20missions%20to%20both%20the%20Moon%20and%20Mars%20during%20the%2021st%20century.%0AFrom%20the%201990s%20onwards%2C%20private%20interests%20began%20promoting%20space%20tourism%20and%20then%20private%20space%20exploration%20of%20the%20Moon%20%28see%20Google%20Lunar%20X%20Prize%20%29.%0AContents%0ASee%20also%3A%20Timeline%20of%20space%20exploration%20%2C%20History%20of%20astronomy%20and%20Timeline%20of%20first%20orbital%20launches%20by%20country%0AMost%20orbital%20flight%20actually%20takes%20place%20in%20upper%20layers%20of%20the%20atmosphere%2C%20especially%20in%20the%20thermosphere%20%28not%20to%20scale%29%0AIn%20July%201950%20the%20first%20Bumper%20rocket%20is%20launched%20from%20Cape%20Canaveral%2C%20Florida.%20The%20Bumper%20was%20a%20twostage%20rocket%20consisting%20of%20a%20PostWar%20V2%20topped%20by%20a%20WAC%20Corporal%20rocket.%20It%20could%20reach%20thenrecord%20altitudes%20of%20almost%20400%20km.%20Launched%20by%20General%20Electric%20Company%2C%20this%20Bumper%20was%20used%20primarily%20for%20testing%20rocket%20systems%20and%20for%20research%20on%20the%20upper%20atmosphere.%20They%20carried%20small%20payloads%20that%20allowed%20them%20to%20measure%20attributes%20including%20air%20temperature%20and%20cosmic%20ray%20impacts.%0AThe%20first%20steps%20of%20putting%20a%20manmade%20object%20into%20space%20were%20taken%20by%20German%20scientists%20during%20World%20War%20II%20while%20testing%20the%20V2%20rocket%2C%20which%20became%20the%20first%20manmade%20object%20in%20space%20on%203%20October%201942%20with%20the%20launching%20of%20the%20A4%20.%20After%20the%20war%2C%20the%20U.S.%20used%20German%20scientists%20and%20their%20captured%20rockets%20in%20programs%20for%20both%20military%20and%20civilian%20research.%20The%20first%20scientific%20exploration%20from%20space%20was%20the%20cosmic%20radiation%20experiment%20launched%20by%20the%20U.S.%20on%20a%20V2%20rocket%20on%2010%20May%201946.%20%5B6%5D%20The%20first%20images%20of%20Earth%20taken%20from%20space%20followed%20the%20same%20year%20%5B7%5D%20%5B8%5D%20while%20the%20first%20animal%20experiment%20saw%20fruit%20flies%20lifted%20into%20space%20in%201947%2C%20both%20also%20on%20modified%20V2s%20launched%20by%20Americans.%20Starting%20in%201947%2C%20the%20Soviets%2C%20also%20with%20the%20help%20of%20German%20teams%2C%20launched%20suborbital%20V2%20rockets%20and%20their%20own%20variant%2C%20the%20R1%20%2C%20including%20radiation%20and%20animal%20experiments%20on%20some%20flights.%20These%20suborbital%20experiments%20only%20allowed%20a%20very%20short%20time%20in%20space%20which%20limited%20their%20usefulness.%0AFirst%20flights%5B%20edit%20%5D%0ASputnik%201%20%2C%20the%20first%20artificial%20satellite%20orbited%20earth%20at%20939%20to%20215%20km%20%28583%20to%20134%20mi%29%20in%201957%2C%20and%20was%20soon%20followed%20by%20Sputnik%202%20.%20See%20First%20satellite%20by%20country%20%28Replica%20Pictured%29%0AApollo%20CSM%20in%20lunar%20orbit%0AApollo%2017%20astronaut%20Harrison%20Schmitt%20standing%20next%20to%20a%20boulder%20at%20TaurusLittrow.%0AThe%20first%20successful%20orbital%20launch%20was%20of%20the%20Soviet%20unmanned%20Sputnik%201%20%28%22Satellite%201%22%29%20mission%20on%204%20October%201957.%20The%20satellite%20weighed%20about%2083%20kg%20%28183%20lb%29%2C%20and%20is%20believed%20to%20have%20orbited%20Earth%20at%20a%20height%20of%20about%20250%20km%20%28160%20mi%29.%20It%20had%20two%20radio%20transmitters%20%2820%20and%2040%20MHz%29%2C%20which%20emitted%20%22beeps%22%20that%20could%20be%20heard%20by%20radios%20around%20the%20globe.%20Analysis%20of%20the%20radio%20signals%20was%20used%20to%20gather%20information%20about%20the%20electron%20density%20of%20the%20ionosphere%2C%20while%20temperature%20and%20pressure%20data%20was%20encoded%20in%20the%20duration%20of%20radio%20beeps.%20The%20results%20indicated%20that%20the%20satellite%20was%20not%20punctured%20by%20a%20meteoroid%20.%20Sputnik%201%20was%20launched%20by%20an%20R7%20rocket.%20It%20burned%20up%20upon%20reentry%20on%203%20January%201958.%0AThis%20success%20led%20to%20an%20escalation%20of%20the%20American%20space%20program%20%2C%20which%20unsuccessfully%20attempted%20to%20launch%20a%20Vanguard%20satellite%20into%20orbit%20two%20months%20later.%20On%2031%20January%201958%2C%20the%20U.S.%20successfully%20orbited%20Explorer%201%20on%20a%20Juno%20rocket.%20In%20the%20meantime%2C%20the%20Soviet%20dog%20Laika%20became%20the%20first%20animal%20in%20orbit%20on%203%20November%201957.%0AFirst%20human%20flights%5B%20edit%20%5D%0AThe%20first%20successful%20human%20spaceflight%20was%20Vostok%201%20%28%22East%201%22%29%2C%20carrying%2027%20year%20old%20Russian%20cosmonaut%20Yuri%20Gagarin%20on%2012%20April%201961.%20The%20spacecraft%20completed%20one%20orbit%20around%20the%20globe%2C%20lasting%20about%201%20hour%20and%2048%20minutes.%20Gagarin%27s%20flight%20resonated%20around%20the%20world%3B%20it%20was%20a%20demonstration%20of%20the%20advanced%20Soviet%20space%20program%20and%20it%20opened%20an%20entirely%20new%20era%20in%20space%20exploration%3A%20human%20spaceflight%20.%0AThe%20U.S.%20first%20launched%20a%20person%20into%20space%20within%20a%20month%20of%20Vostok%201%20with%20Alan%20Shepard%20%27s%20suborbital%20flight%20in%20MercuryRedstone%203%20.%20Orbital%20flight%20was%20achieved%20by%20the%20United%20States%20when%20John%20Glenn%20%27s%20MercuryAtlas%206%20orbited%20the%20Earth%20on%2020%20February%201962.%0AValentina%20Tereshkova%20%2C%20the%20first%20woman%20in%20space%2C%20orbited%20the%20Earth%2048%20times%20aboard%20Vostok%206%20on%2016%20June%201963.%0AChina%20first%20launched%20a%20person%20into%20space%2042%20years%20after%20the%20launch%20of%20Vostok%201%2C%20on%2015%20October%202003%2C%20with%20the%20flight%20of%20Yang%20Liwei%20aboard%20the%20Shenzhou%205%20%28Spaceboat%205%29%20spacecraft.%0AFirst%20planetary%20explorations%5B%20edit%20%5D%0AThe%20first%20artificial%20object%20to%20reach%20another%20celestial%20body%20was%20Luna%202%20in%201959.%20%5B9%5D%20The%20first%20automatic%20landing%20on%20another%20celestial%20body%20was%20performed%20by%20Luna%209%20%5B10%5D%20in%201966.%20Luna%2010%20became%20the%20first%20artificial%20satellite%20of%20the%20Moon.%20%5B11%5D%0AThe%20first%20manned%20landing%20on%20another%20celestial%20body%20was%20performed%20by%20Apollo%2011%20in%20its%20lunar%20landing%20on%2020%20July%201969.%0AThe%20first%20successful%20interplanetary%20flyby%20was%20the%201962%20Mariner%202%20flyby%20of%20Venus%20%28closest%20approach%2034%2C773%20kilometers%29.%20Flybys%20for%20the%20other%20planets%20were%20first%20achieved%20in%201965%20for%20Mars%20by%20Mariner%204%20%2C%201973%20for%20Jupiter%20by%20Pioneer%2010%20%2C%201974%20for%20Mercury%20by%20Mariner%2010%20%2C%201979%20for%20Saturn%20by%20Pioneer%2011%20%2C%201986%20for%20Uranus%20by%20Voyager%202%20%2C%20and%201989%20for%20Neptune%20by%20Voyager%202.%0AThe%20first%20interplanetary%20surface%20mission%20to%20return%20at%20least%20limited%20surface%20data%20from%20another%20planet%20was%20the%201970%20landing%20of%20Venera%207%20on%20Venus%20which%20returned%20data%20to%20earth%20for%2023%20minutes.%20In%201971%20the%20Mars%203%20mission%20achieved%20the%20first%20soft%20landing%20on%20Mars%20returning%20data%20for%20almost%2020%20seconds.%20Later%20much%20longer%20duration%20surface%20missions%20were%20achieved%2C%20including%20over%206%20years%20of%20Mars%20surface%20operation%20by%20Viking%201%20from%201975%20to%201982%20and%20over%202%20hours%20of%20transmission%20from%20the%20surface%20of%20Venus%20by%20Venera%2013%20in%201982%2C%20the%20longest%20ever%20Soviet%20planetary%20surface%20mission.%0AKey%20people%20in%20early%20space%20exploration%5B%20edit%20%5D%0AThe%20dream%20of%20stepping%20into%20the%20outer%20reaches%20of%20the%20Earth%27s%20atmosphere%20was%20driven%20by%20the%20fiction%20of%20Jules%20Verne%20%5B12%5D%20%5B13%5D%20%5B14%5D%20and%20H.G.Wells%20%2C%20%5B15%5D%20and%20rocket%20technology%20was%20developed%20to%20try%20to%20realise%20this%20vision.%20The%20German%20V2%20was%20the%20first%20rocket%20to%20travel%20into%20space%2C%20overcoming%20the%20problems%20of%20thrust%20and%20material%20failure.%20During%20the%20final%20days%20of%20World%20War%20II%20this%20technology%20was%20obtained%20by%20both%20the%20Americans%20and%20Soviets%20as%20were%20its%20designers.%20The%20initial%20driving%20force%20for%20further%20development%20of%20the%20technology%20was%20a%20weapons%20race%20for%20intercontinental%20ballistic%20missiles%20%28%20ICBMs%20%29%20to%20be%20used%20as%20longrange%20carriers%20for%20fast%20nuclear%20weapon%20delivery%2C%20but%20in%201961%20when%20USSR%20launched%20the%20first%20man%20into%20space%2C%20the%20U.S.%20declared%20itself%20to%20be%20in%20a%20%22%20Space%20Race%20%22%20with%20the%20Soviets.%0AKonstantin%20Tsiolkovsky%20%2C%20Robert%20Goddard%20%2C%20Hermann%20Oberth%20%2C%20and%20Reinhold%20Tiling%20laid%20the%20groundwork%20of%20rocketry%20in%20the%20early%20years%20of%20the%2020th%20century.%0AWernher%20von%20Braun%20was%20the%20lead%20rocket%20engineer%20for%20Nazi%20Germany%27s%20World%20War%20II%20V2%20rocket%20project.%20In%20the%20last%20days%20of%20the%20war%20he%20led%20a%20caravan%20of%20workers%20in%20the%20German%20rocket%20program%20to%20the%20American%20lines%2C%20where%20they%20surrendered%20and%20were%20brought%20to%20the%20USA%20to%20work%20on%20U.S.%20rocket%20development%20%28%22%20Operation%20Paperclip%20%22%29.%20He%20acquired%20American%20citizenship%20and%20led%20the%20team%20that%20developed%20and%20launched%20Explorer%201%20%2C%20the%20first%20American%20satellite.%20Von%20Braun%20later%20led%20the%20team%20at%20NASA%20%27s%20Marshall%20Space%20Flight%20Center%20which%20developed%20the%20Saturn%20V%20moon%20rocket.%0AInitially%20the%20race%20for%20space%20was%20often%20led%20by%20Sergei%20Korolyov%20%2C%20whose%20legacy%20includes%20both%20the%20R7%20and%20Soyuz%20%E2%80%94which%20remain%20in%20service%20to%20this%20day.%20Korolev%20was%20the%20mastermind%20behind%20the%20first%20satellite%2C%20first%20man%20%28and%20first%20woman%29%20in%20orbit%20and%20first%20spacewalk.%20Until%20his%20death%20his%20identity%20was%20a%20closely%20guarded%20state%20secret%3B%20not%20even%20his%20mother%20knew%20that%20he%20was%20responsible%20for%20creating%20the%20Soviet%20space%20program.%0AKerim%20Kerimov%20was%20one%20of%20the%20founders%20of%20the%20Soviet%20space%20program%20and%20was%20one%20of%20the%20lead%20architects%20behind%20the%20first%20human%20spaceflight%20%28%20Vostok%201%20%29%20alongside%20Sergey%20Korolyov.%20After%20Korolyov%27s%20death%20in%201966%2C%20Kerimov%20became%20the%20lead%20scientist%20of%20the%20Soviet%20space%20program%20and%20was%20responsible%20for%20the%20launch%20of%20the%20first%20space%20stations%20from%201971%20to%201991%2C%20including%20the%20Salyut%20and%20Mir%20series%2C%20and%20their%20precursors%20in%201967%2C%20the%20Cosmos%20186%20and%20Cosmos%20188%20.%20%5B16%5D%20%5B17%5D%0AOther%20key%20people%5B%20edit%20%5D%0AValentin%20Glushko%20held%20the%20role%20of%20Chief%20Engine%20Designer%20for%20USSR.%20Glushko%20designed%20many%20of%20the%20engines%20used%20on%20the%20early%20Soviet%20rockets%2C%20but%20was%20constantly%20at%20odds%20with%20Korolyov.%0AVasily%20Mishin%20was%20Chief%20Designer%20working%20under%20Sergey%20Korolyov%20and%20one%20of%20first%20Soviets%20to%20inspect%20the%20captured%20German%20V2%20design.%20Following%20the%20death%20of%20Sergei%20Korolev%2C%20Mishin%20was%20held%20responsible%20for%20the%20Soviet%20failure%20to%20be%20first%20country%20to%20place%20a%20man%20on%20the%20moon.%0ARobert%20Gilruth%20was%20the%20NASA%20head%20of%20the%20Space%20Task%20Force%20and%20director%20of%2025%20manned%20space%20flights.%20Gilruth%20was%20the%20person%20who%20suggested%20to%20John%20F.%20Kennedy%20that%20the%20Americans%20take%20the%20bold%20step%20of%20reaching%20the%20Moon%20in%20an%20attempt%20to%20reclaim%20space%20superiority%20from%20the%20Soviets.%0AChristopher%20C.%20Kraft%2C%20Jr.%20was%20NASA%27s%20first%20flight%20director%20%2C%20who%20oversaw%20development%20of%20Mission%20Control%20and%20associated%20technologies%20and%20procedures.%0AMaxime%20Faget%20was%20the%20designer%20of%20the%20Mercury%20capsule%3B%20he%20played%20a%20key%20role%20in%20designing%20the%20Gemini%20and%20Apollo%20spacecraft%2C%20and%20contributed%20to%20the%20design%20of%20the%20Space%20Shuttle%20.%0ATargets%20of%20exploration%5B%20edit%20%5D%0AThe%20Sun%5B%20edit%20%5D%0AWhile%20the%20Sun%20will%20probably%20not%20be%20physically%20explored%20in%20the%20close%20future%2C%20one%20of%20the%20reasons%20for%20going%20into%20space%20is%20to%20know%20more%20about%20the%20Sun.%20Once%20above%20the%20atmosphere%20in%20particular%20and%20the%20Earth%27s%20magnetic%20field%2C%20this%20gives%20access%20to%20the%20Solar%20wind%20and%20infrared%20and%20ultraviolet%20radiations%20that%20cannot%20reach%20the%20surface%20of%20the%20Earth.%20The%20Sun%20generates%20most%20space%20weather%20%2C%20which%20can%20affect%20power%20generation%20and%20transmission%20systems%20on%20Earth%20and%20interfere%20with%2C%20and%20even%20damage%2C%20satellites%20and%20space%20probes.%0AMESSENGER%20image%20of%20Mercury%0AMain%20article%3A%20Exploration%20of%20Mercury%0AMercury%20remains%20the%20least%20explored%20of%20the%20inner%20planets%20.%20As%20of%20May%202013%2C%20the%20Mariner%2010%20and%20MESSENGER%20missions%20have%20been%20the%20only%20missions%20that%20have%20made%20close%20observations%20of%20Mercury.%20MESSENGER%20entered%20orbit%20around%20Mercury%20in%20March%202011%2C%20to%20further%20investigate%20the%20observations%20made%20by%20Mariner%2010%20in%201975%20%28Munsell%2C%202006b%29.%0AA%20MESSENGER%20image%20from%2018%2C000%20km%20showing%20a%20region%20about%20500%20km%20across%0AA%20third%20mission%20to%20Mercury%2C%20scheduled%20to%20arrive%20in%202020%2C%20BepiColombo%20is%20to%20include%20two%20probes%20.%20BepiColombo%20is%20a%20joint%20mission%20between%20Japan%20and%20the%20European%20Space%20Agency%20.%20MESSENGER%20and%20BepiColombo%20are%20intended%20to%20gather%20complementary%20data%20to%20help%20scientists%20understand%20many%20of%20the%20mysteries%20discovered%20by%20Mariner%2010%27s%20flybys%20.%0AFlights%20to%20other%20planets%20within%20the%20Solar%20System%20are%20accomplished%20at%20a%20cost%20in%20energy%2C%20which%20is%20described%20by%20the%20net%20change%20in%20velocity%20of%20the%20spacecraft%2C%20or%20deltav%20.%20Due%20to%20the%20relatively%20high%20deltav%20to%20reach%20Mercury%20and%20its%20proximity%20to%20the%20Sun%2C%20it%20is%20difficult%20to%20explore%20and%20orbits%20around%20it%20are%20rather%20unstable.%0AMain%20article%3A%20Observations%20and%20explorations%20of%20Venus%0AVenus%20was%20the%20first%20target%20of%20interplanetary%20flyby%20and%20lander%20missions%20and%2C%20despite%20one%20of%20the%20most%20hostile%20surface%20environments%20in%20the%20solar%20system%2C%20has%20had%20more%20landers%20sent%20to%20it%20%28nearly%20all%20from%20the%20Soviet%20Union%29%20than%20any%20other%20planet%20in%20the%20solar%20system.%20The%20first%20successful%20Venus%20flyby%20was%20the%20American%20Mariner%202%20spacecraft%2C%20which%20flew%20past%20Venus%20in%201962.%20Mariner%202%20has%20been%20followed%20by%20several%20other%20flybys%20by%20multiple%20space%20agencies%20often%20as%20part%20of%20missions%20using%20a%20Venus%20flyby%20to%20provide%20a%20gravitational%20assist%20en%20route%20to%20other%20celestial%20bodies.%20In%201967%20Venera%204%20became%20the%20first%20probe%20to%20enter%20and%20directly%20examine%20the%20atmosphere%20of%20Venus.%20In%201970%20Venera%207%20became%20the%20first%20successful%20lander%20to%20reach%20the%20surface%20of%20Venus%20and%20by%201985%20it%20had%20been%20followed%20by%20eight%20additional%20successful%20Soviet%20Venus%20landers%20which%20provided%20images%20and%20other%20direct%20surface%20data.%20Starting%20in%201975%20with%20the%20Soviet%20orbiter%20Venera%209%20some%20ten%20successful%20orbiter%20missions%20have%20been%20sent%20to%20Venus%2C%20including%20later%20missions%20which%20were%20able%20to%20map%20the%20surface%20of%20Venus%20using%20radar%20to%20pierce%20the%20obscuring%20atmosphere.%0AThe%20%22marble%22%20Earth%20picture%20taken%20by%20Apollo%2017%0AFirst%20television%20image%20of%20Earth%20from%20space%0AMain%20article%3A%20Earth%20observation%20satellite%0ASpace%20exploration%20has%20been%20used%20as%20a%20tool%20to%20understand%20the%20Earth%20as%20a%20celestial%20object%20in%20its%20own%20right.%20Orbital%20missions%20can%20provide%20data%20for%20the%20Earth%20that%20can%20be%20difficult%20or%20impossible%20to%20obtain%20from%20a%20purely%20groundbased%20point%20of%20reference.%0AFor%20example%2C%20the%20existence%20of%20the%20Van%20Allen%20belts%20was%20unknown%20until%20their%20discovery%20by%20the%20United%20States%27%20first%20artificial%20satellite%2C%20Explorer%201%20.%20These%20belts%20contain%20radiation%20trapped%20by%20the%20Earth%27s%20magnetic%20fields%2C%20which%20currently%20renders%20construction%20of%20habitable%20space%20stations%20above%201000%20km%20impractical.%20Following%20this%20early%20unexpected%20discovery%2C%20a%20large%20number%20of%20Earth%20observation%20satellites%20have%20been%20deployed%20specifically%20to%20explore%20the%20Earth%20from%20a%20space%20based%20perspective.%20These%20satellites%20have%20significantly%20contributed%20to%20the%20understanding%20of%20a%20variety%20of%20earth%20based%20phenomena.%20For%20instance%2C%20the%20hole%20in%20the%20ozone%20layer%20was%20found%20by%20an%20artificial%20satellite%20that%20was%20exploring%20Earth%27s%20atmosphere%2C%20and%20satellites%20have%20allowed%20for%20the%20discovery%20of%20archeological%20sites%20or%20geological%20formations%20that%20were%20difficult%20or%20impossible%20to%20otherwise%20identify.%0AThe%20Moon%20as%20seen%20from%20the%20Earth%0AMain%20article%3A%20Exploration%20of%20the%20Moon%0AEarth%27s%20Moon%20was%20the%20first%20celestial%20body%20to%20be%20the%20object%20of%20space%20exploration.%20It%20holds%20the%20distinctions%20of%20being%20the%20first%20remote%20celestial%20object%20to%20be%20flown%20by%2C%20orbited%2C%20and%20landed%20upon%20by%20spacecraft%2C%20and%20the%20only%20remote%20celestial%20object%20ever%20to%20be%20visited%20by%20humans.%0AIn%201959%20the%20Soviets%20obtained%20the%20first%20images%20of%20the%20far%20side%20of%20the%20Moon%20%2C%20never%20previously%20visible%20to%20humans.%20The%20U.S.%20exploration%20of%20the%20Moon%20began%20with%20the%20Ranger%204%20impactor%20in%201962.%20Starting%20in%201966%20the%20Soviets%20successfully%20deployed%20a%20number%20of%20landers%20to%20the%20Moon%20which%20were%20able%20to%20obtain%20data%20directly%20from%20the%20Moon%27s%20surface%3B%20just%20four%20months%20later%2C%20Surveyor%201%20marked%20the%20debut%20of%20a%20successful%20series%20of%20U.S.%20landers.%20The%20Soviet%20unmanned%20missions%20culminated%20in%20the%20Lunokhod%20program%20in%20the%20early%20%2770s%20which%20included%20the%20first%20unmanned%20rovers%20and%20also%20successfully%20returned%20lunar%20soil%20samples%20to%20the%20Earth%20for%20study.%20This%20marked%20the%20first%20%28and%20to%20date%20the%20only%29%20automated%20return%20of%20extraterrestrial%20soil%20samples%20to%20the%20Earth.%20Unmanned%20exploration%20of%20the%20Moon%20continues%20with%20various%20nations%20periodically%20deploying%20lunar%20orbiters%2C%20and%20in%202008%20the%20Indian%20Moon%20Impact%20Probe%20.%0AManned%20exploration%20of%20the%20Moon%20began%20in%201968%20with%20the%20Apollo%208%20mission%20that%20successfully%20orbited%20the%20Moon%2C%20the%20first%20time%20any%20extraterrestrial%20object%20was%20orbited%20by%20humans.%20In%201969%20the%20Apollo%2011%20mission%20marked%20the%20first%20time%20humans%20set%20foot%20upon%20another%20world.%20Manned%20exploration%20of%20the%20Moon%20did%20not%20continue%20for%20long%2C%20however.%20The%20Apollo%2017%20mission%20in%201972%20marked%20the%20most%20recent%20human%20visit%20there%2C%20and%20the%20next%2C%20Exploration%20Mission%202%20%2C%20is%20due%20to%20orbit%20the%20Moon%20in%202019.%20Robotic%20missions%20are%20still%20pursued%20vigorously.%0AMars%20as%20seen%20by%20the%20HST%0ASurface%20of%20mars%20by%20the%20Spirit%20rover%20in%202004%0AMain%20article%3A%20Exploration%20of%20Mars%0AThe%20exploration%20of%20Mars%20has%20been%20an%20important%20part%20of%20the%20space%20exploration%20programs%20of%20the%20Soviet%20Union%20%28later%20Russia%29%2C%20the%20United%20States%2C%20Europe%2C%20and%20Japan.%20Dozens%20of%20robotic%20spacecraft%20%2C%20including%20orbiters%20%2C%20landers%20%2C%20and%20rovers%20%2C%20have%20been%20launched%20toward%20Mars%20since%20the%201960s.%20These%20missions%20were%20aimed%20at%20gathering%20data%20about%20current%20conditions%20and%20answering%20questions%20about%20the%20history%20of%20Mars.%20The%20questions%20raised%20by%20the%20scientific%20community%20are%20expected%20to%20not%20only%20give%20a%20better%20appreciation%20of%20the%20red%20planet%20but%20also%20yield%20further%20insight%20into%20the%20past%2C%20and%20possible%20future%2C%20of%20Earth.%0AThe%20exploration%20of%20Mars%20has%20come%20at%20a%20considerable%20financial%20cost%20with%20roughly%20twothirds%20of%20all%20spacecraft%20destined%20for%20Mars%20failing%20before%20completing%20their%20missions%2C%20with%20some%20failing%20before%20they%20even%20began.%20Such%20a%20high%20failure%20rate%20can%20be%20attributed%20to%20the%20complexity%20and%20large%20number%20of%20variables%20involved%20in%20an%20interplanetary%20journey%2C%20and%20has%20led%20researchers%20to%20jokingly%20speak%20of%20The%20Great%20Galactic%20Ghoul%20%5B18%5D%20which%20subsists%20on%20a%20diet%20of%20Mars%20probes.%20This%20phenomenon%20is%20also%20informally%20known%20as%20the%20Mars%20Curse%20.%20%5B19%5D%0AMain%20article%3A%20Exploration%20of%20Phobos%0AThe%20Russian%20space%20mission%20FobosGrunt%20%2C%20which%20launched%20on%209%20November%202011%20experienced%20a%20failure%20leaving%20it%20stranded%20in%20low%20Earth%20orbit%20.%20%5B20%5D%20It%20was%20to%20begin%20exploration%20of%20the%20Phobos%20and%20Martian%20circumterrestrial%20orbit%2C%20and%20study%20whether%20the%20moons%20of%20Mars%2C%20or%20at%20least%20Phobos%2C%20could%20be%20a%20%22transshipment%20point%22%20for%20spaceships%20travelling%20to%20Mars.%20%5B21%5D%0AImage%20of%20Io%20taken%20by%20the%20Galileo%20spacecraft%0AThe%20exploration%20of%20Jupiter%20has%20consisted%20solely%20of%20a%20number%20of%20automated%20NASA%20spacecraft%20visiting%20the%20planet%20since%201973.%20A%20large%20majority%20of%20the%20missions%20have%20been%20%22flybys%22%2C%20in%20which%20detailed%20observations%20are%20taken%20without%20the%20probe%20landing%20or%20entering%20orbit%3B%20the%20Galileo%20spacecraft%20is%20the%20only%20one%20to%20have%20orbited%20the%20planet.%20As%20Jupiter%20is%20believed%20to%20have%20only%20a%20relatively%20small%20rocky%20core%20and%20no%20real%20solid%20surface%2C%20a%20landing%20mission%20is%20nearly%20impossible.%0AReaching%20Jupiter%20from%20Earth%20requires%20a%20deltav%20of%209.2%20km%2Fs%2C%20%5B22%5D%20which%20is%20comparable%20to%20the%209.7%20km%2Fs%20deltav%20needed%20to%20reach%20low%20Earth%20orbit.%20%5B23%5D%20Fortunately%2C%20gravity%20assists%20through%20planetary%20flybys%20can%20be%20used%20to%20reduce%20the%20energy%20required%20at%20launch%20to%20reach%20Jupiter%2C%20albeit%20at%20the%20cost%20of%20a%20significantly%20longer%20flight%20duration.%20%5B22%5D%0AJupiter%20has%20over%2060%20known%20moons%20%2C%20many%20of%20which%20have%20relatively%20little%20known%20information%20about%20them.%0AA%20picture%20of%20Saturn%20taken%20by%20Voyager%202%20.%0AHuygens%20image%20from%20the%20surface%20of%20Titan%0AMain%20article%3A%20Exploration%20of%20Saturn%0ASaturn%20has%20been%20explored%20only%20through%20unmanned%20spacecraft%20launched%20by%20NASA%2C%20including%20one%20mission%20%28%20Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens%20%29%20planned%20and%20executed%20in%20cooperation%20with%20other%20space%20agencies.%20These%20missions%20consist%20of%20flybys%20in%201979%20by%20Pioneer%2011%20%2C%20in%201980%20by%20Voyager%201%20%2C%20in%201982%20by%20Voyager%202%20and%20an%20orbital%20mission%20by%20the%20Cassini%20spacecraft%20which%20entered%20orbit%20in%202004%20and%20is%20expected%20to%20continue%20its%20mission%20well%20into%202012.%0ASaturn%20has%20at%20least%2062%20known%20moons%20%2C%20although%20the%20exact%20number%20is%20debatable%20since%20Saturn%27s%20rings%20are%20made%20up%20of%20vast%20numbers%20of%20independently%20orbiting%20objects%20of%20varying%20sizes.%20The%20largest%20of%20the%20moons%20is%20Titan%20.%20Titan%20holds%20the%20distinction%20of%20being%20the%20only%20moon%20in%20the%20solar%20system%20with%20an%20atmosphere%20denser%20and%20thicker%20than%20that%20of%20the%20Earth.%20As%20a%20result%20of%20the%20deployment%20from%20the%20Cassini%20spacecraft%20of%20the%20Huygens%20probe%20and%20its%20successful%20landing%20on%20Titan%2C%20Titan%20also%20holds%20the%20distinction%20of%20being%20the%20only%20moon%20%28apart%20from%20Earth%27s%20own%20Moon%29%20to%20be%20successfully%20explored%20with%20a%20lander.%0AUranus%20from%20Voyager%202%0AMain%20article%3A%20Exploration%20of%20Uranus%0AThe%20exploration%20of%20Uranus%20has%20been%20entirely%20through%20the%20Voyager%202%20spacecraft%2C%20with%20no%20other%20visits%20currently%20planned.%20Given%20its%20axial%20tilt%20of%2097.77%C2%B0%2C%20with%20its%20polar%20regions%20exposed%20to%20sunlight%20or%20darkness%20for%20long%20periods%2C%20scientists%20were%20not%20sure%20what%20to%20expect%20at%20Uranus.%20The%20closest%20approach%20to%20Uranus%20occurred%20on%2024%20January%201986.%20Voyager%202%20studied%20the%20planet%27s%20unique%20atmosphere%20and%20magnetosphere%20.%20Voyager%202%20also%20examined%20its%20ring%20system%20and%20the%20moons%20of%20Uranus%20including%20all%20five%20of%20the%20previously%20known%20moons%2C%20while%20discovering%20an%20additional%20ten%20previously%20unknown%20moons.%0AImages%20of%20Uranus%20proved%20to%20have%20a%20very%20uniform%20appearance%2C%20with%20no%20evidence%20of%20the%20dramatic%20storms%20or%20atmospheric%20banding%20evident%20on%20Jupiter%20and%20Saturn.%20Great%20effort%20was%20required%20to%20even%20identify%20a%20few%20clouds%20in%20the%20images%20of%20the%20planet.%20The%20magnetosphere%20of%20Uranus%2C%20however%2C%20proved%20to%20be%20completely%20unique%20and%20proved%20to%20be%20profoundly%20affected%20by%20the%20planet%27s%20unusual%20axial%20tilt.%20In%20contrast%20to%20the%20bland%20appearance%20of%20Uranus%20itself%2C%20striking%20images%20were%20obtained%20of%20the%20moons%20of%20Uranus%2C%20including%20evidence%20that%20Miranda%20had%20been%20unusually%20geologically%20active.%0APicture%20of%20Neptune%20taken%20by%20Voyager%202%0ATriton%20as%20imaged%20by%20Voyager%202%0AMain%20article%3A%20Exploration%20of%20Neptune%0AThe%20exploration%20of%20Neptune%20began%20with%20the%2025%20August%201989%20Voyager%202%20flyby%2C%20the%20sole%20visit%20to%20the%20system%20as%20of%202014.%20The%20possibility%20of%20a%20Neptune%20Orbiter%20has%20been%20discussed%2C%20but%20no%20other%20missions%20have%20been%20given%20serious%20thought.%0AAlthough%20the%20extremely%20uniform%20appearance%20of%20Uranus%20during%20Voyager%202%27s%20visit%20in%201986%20had%20led%20to%20expectations%20that%20Neptune%20would%20also%20have%20few%20visible%20atmospheric%20phenomena%2C%20Voyager%202%20found%20that%20Neptune%20had%20obvious%20banding%2C%20visible%20clouds%2C%20auroras%20%2C%20and%20even%20a%20conspicuous%20anticyclone%20storm%20system%20rivaled%20in%20size%20only%20by%20Jupiter%27s%20small%20Spot.%20Neptune%20also%20proved%20to%20have%20the%20fastest%20winds%20of%20any%20planet%20in%20the%20solar%20system%2C%20measured%20as%20high%20as%202%2C100%20km%2Fh.%20%5B24%5D%20Voyager%202%20also%20examined%20Neptune%27s%20ring%20and%20moon%20system.%20It%20discovered%20900%20complete%20rings%20and%20additional%20partial%20ring%20%22arcs%22%20around%20Neptune.%20In%20addition%20to%20examining%20Neptune%27s%20three%20previously%20known%20moons%2C%20Voyager%202%20also%20discovered%20five%20previously%20unknown%20moons%2C%20one%20of%20which%2C%20Proteus%20%2C%20proved%20to%20be%20the%20last%20largest%20moon%20in%20the%20system.%20Data%20from%20Voyager%20further%20reinforced%20the%20view%20that%20Neptune%27s%20largest%20moon%2C%20Triton%20%2C%20is%20a%20captured%20Kuiper%20belt%20object.%20%5B25%5D%0AOther%20objects%20in%20the%20Solar%20system%5B%20edit%20%5D%0AMain%20article%3A%20Exploration%20of%20Pluto%0APluto%20and%20Charon%20%281994%29%0AThe%20dwarf%20planet%20Pluto%20%28considered%20a%20planet%20until%20the%20IAU%20redefined%20%22planet%22%20in%20October%202006%20%5B26%5D%20%29%20presents%20significant%20challenges%20for%20spacecraft%20because%20of%20its%20great%20distance%20from%20Earth%20%28requiring%20high%20velocity%20for%20reasonable%20trip%20times%29%20and%20small%20mass%20%28making%20capture%20into%20orbit%20very%20difficult%20at%20present%29.%20Voyager%201%20could%20have%20visited%20Pluto%2C%20but%20controllers%20opted%20instead%20for%20a%20close%20flyby%20of%20Saturn%27s%20moon%20Titan%2C%20resulting%20in%20a%20trajectory%20incompatible%20with%20a%20Pluto%20flyby.%20Voyager%202%20never%20had%20a%20plausible%20trajectory%20for%20reaching%20Pluto.%20%5B27%5D%0APluto%20continues%20to%20be%20of%20great%20interest%2C%20despite%20its%20reclassification%20as%20the%20lead%20and%20nearest%20member%20of%20a%20new%20and%20growing%20class%20of%20distant%20icy%20bodies%20of%20intermediate%20size%2C%20in%20mass%20between%20the%20remaining%20eight%20planets%20and%20the%20small%20rocky%20objects%20historically%20termed%20asteroids%20%28and%20also%20the%20first%20member%20of%20the%20important%20subclass%2C%20defined%20by%20orbit%20and%20known%20as%20%22%20Plutinos%20%22%29.%20After%20an%20intense%20political%20battle%2C%20a%20mission%20to%20Pluto%20dubbed%20New%20Horizons%20was%20granted%20funding%20from%20the%20US%20government%20in%202003.%20%5B28%5D%20New%20Horizons%20was%20launched%20successfully%20on%2019%20January%202006.%20In%20early%202007%20the%20craft%20made%20use%20of%20a%20gravity%20assist%20from%20Jupiter%20.%20Its%20closest%20approach%20to%20Pluto%20will%20be%20on%2014%20July%202015%3B%20scientific%20observations%20of%20Pluto%20will%20begin%20five%20months%20prior%20to%20closest%20approach%20and%20will%20continue%20for%20at%20least%20a%20month%20after%20the%20encounter.%0AAsteroids%20and%20comets%5B%20edit%20%5D%0AComet%20103P%2FHartley%0AAsteroid%204%20Vesta%2C%20imaged%20by%20the%20Dawn%20spacecraft%0AUntil%20the%20advent%20of%20space%20travel%20%2C%20objects%20in%20the%20asteroid%20belt%20were%20merely%20pinpricks%20of%20light%20in%20even%20the%20largest%20telescopes%2C%20their%20shapes%20and%20terrain%20remaining%20a%20mystery.%20Several%20asteroids%20have%20now%20been%20visited%20by%20probes%2C%20the%20first%20of%20which%20was%20Galileo%20%2C%20which%20flew%20past%20two%3A%20951%20Gaspra%20in%201991%2C%20followed%20by%20243%20Ida%20in%201993.%20Both%20of%20these%20lay%20near%20enough%20to%20Galileo%27s%20planned%20trajectory%20to%20Jupiter%20that%20they%20could%20be%20visited%20at%20acceptable%20cost.%20The%20first%20landing%20on%20an%20asteroid%20was%20performed%20by%20the%20NEAR%20Shoemaker%20probe%20in%202000%2C%20following%20an%20orbital%20survey%20of%20the%20object.%20The%20dwarf%20planet%20Ceres%20and%20the%20asteroid%204%20Vesta%20%2C%20two%20of%20the%20three%20largest%20asteroids%2C%20are%20targets%20of%20NASA%27s%20Dawn%20mission%20%2C%20launched%20in%202007.%0AWhile%20many%20comets%20have%20been%20closely%20studied%20from%20Earth%20sometimes%20with%20centuriesworth%20of%20observations%2C%20only%20a%20few%20comets%20have%20been%20closely%20visited.%20In%201985%2C%20the%20International%20Cometary%20Explorer%20conducted%20the%20first%20comet%20flyby%20%28%2021P%2FGiacobiniZinner%20%29%20before%20joining%20the%20Halley%20Armada%20studying%20the%20famous%20comet.%20The%20Deep%20Impact%20probe%20smashed%20into%209P%2FTempel%20to%20learn%20more%20about%20its%20structure%20and%20composition%20while%20the%20Stardust%20mission%20returned%20samples%20of%20another%20comet%27s%20tail.%20The%20Philae%20lander%20successfully%20landed%20on%20comet%2067P%2FChuryumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko%20in%202014%20as%20part%20of%20the%20broader%20Rosetta%20mission.%0AHayabusa%20was%20an%20unmanned%20spacecraft%20developed%20by%20the%20Japan%20Aerospace%20Exploration%20Agency%20to%20return%20a%20sample%20of%20material%20from%20a%20small%20nearEarth%20asteroid%20named%2025143%20Itokawa%20to%20Earth%20for%20further%20analysis.%20Hayabusa%20was%20launched%20on%209%20May%202003%20and%20rendezvoused%20with%20Itokawa%20in%20midSeptember%202005.%20After%20arriving%20at%20Itokawa%2C%20Hayabusa%20studied%20the%20asteroid%27s%20shape%2C%20spin%2C%20topography%2C%20colour%2C%20composition%2C%20density%2C%20and%20history.%20In%20November%202005%2C%20it%20landed%20on%20the%20asteroid%20to%20collect%20samples.%20The%20spacecraft%20returned%20to%20Earth%20on%2013%20June%202010.%0ADeep%20space%20exploration%5B%20edit%20%5D%0AFuture%20of%20space%20exploration%5B%20edit%20%5D%0AConcept%20art%20for%20a%20NASA%20Vision%20mission%0AThe%20examples%20and%20perspective%20in%20this%20section%20may%20not%20represent%20a%20worldwide%20view%20of%20the%20subject.%20Please%20improve%20this%20article%20and%20discuss%20the%20issue%20on%20the%20talk%20page%20.%0A%28September%202013%29%0AIn%20the%202000s%2C%20several%20plans%20for%20space%20exploration%20were%20announced%3B%20both%20government%20entities%20and%20the%20private%20sector%20have%20space%20exploration%20objectives.%20China%20has%20announced%20plans%20to%20have%20a%2060ton%20multimodule%20space%20station%20in%20orbit%20by%202020.%0AThe%20NASA%20Authorization%20Act%20of%202010%20provides%20objectives%20for%20American%20space%20exploration.%20NASA%20proposes%20to%20move%20forward%20with%20the%20development%20of%20the%20Space%20Launch%20System%20%28SLS%29%2C%20which%20will%20be%20designed%20to%20carry%20the%20Orion%20MultiPurpose%20Crew%20Vehicle%2C%20as%20well%20as%20important%20cargo%2C%20equipment%2C%20and%20science%20experiments%20to%20Earth%27s%20orbit%20and%20destinations%20beyond.%20Additionally%2C%20the%20SLS%20will%20serve%20as%20a%20back%20up%20for%20commercial%20and%20international%20partner%20transportation%20services%20to%20the%20International%20Space%20Station.%20The%20SLS%20rocket%20will%20incorporate%20technological%20investments%20from%20the%20Space%20Shuttle%20program%20and%20the%20Constellation%20program%20in%20order%20to%20take%20advantage%20of%20proven%20hardware%20and%20reduce%20development%20and%20operations%20costs.%20The%20first%20developmental%20flight%20is%20targeted%20for%20the%20end%20of%202017.%20%5B29%5D%0AAI%20in%20Space%20Exploration%5B%20edit%20%5D%0AThe%20idea%20of%20using%20high%20level%20automated%20systems%20for%20space%20missions%20has%20become%20a%20desirable%20goal%20to%20space%20agencies%20all%20around%20the%20world.%20Such%20systems%20are%20believed%20to%20yield%20benefits%20such%20as%20lower%20cost%2C%20less%20human%20oversight%2C%20and%20ability%20to%20explore%20deeper%20in%20space%20which%20is%20usually%20restricted%20by%20long%20communications%20with%20human%20controllers.%20%5B30%5D%0AAutonomous%20System%5B%20edit%20%5D%0AAutonomy%20is%20defined%20by%203%20requirements%3A%20%5B30%5D%0ABeing%20able%20to%20sense%20the%20world%20and%20their%20state%2C%20make%20decisions%2C%20and%20carry%20them%20out%20on%20their%20own%0ACan%20interpret%20the%20given%20goal%20as%20a%20list%20of%20actions%20to%20take%0AFail%20flexibly%0ABenefits%5B%20edit%20%5D%0AAutonomed%20technologies%20would%20be%20able%20to%20perform%20beyond%20predetermined%20actions.%20It%20would%20analyze%20all%20possible%20states%20and%20events%20happening%20around%20them%20and%20come%20up%20with%20a%20safe%20response.%20In%20addition%2C%20such%20technologies%20can%20reduce%20launch%20cost%20and%20ground%20involvement.%20Performance%20would%20increase%20as%20well.%20Autonomy%20would%20be%20able%20to%20quickly%20respond%20upon%20encountering%20an%20unforeseen%20event%2C%20especially%20in%20deep%20space%20exploration%20where%20communication%20back%20to%20Earth%20would%20take%20too%20long.%20%5B30%5D%0ANASA%E2%80%99s%20Autonomous%20Science%20Experiment%5B%20edit%20%5D%0ANASA%20began%20its%20autonomous%20science%20experiment%20%28ASE%29%20on%20the%20Earth%20Observing%201%20%28EO1%29%20which%20is%20NASA%E2%80%99s%20first%20satellite%20in%20the%20new%20millennium%20program%20Earth%20observing%20series%20launched%20on%2021%20November%202000.%20The%20autonomy%20of%20ASE%20is%20capable%20of%20onboard%20science%20analysis%2C%20replanning%2C%20robust%20execution%2C%20and%20later%20the%20addition%20of%20modelbased%20diagnostic.%20Images%20obtained%20by%20the%20EO1%20are%20analyzed%20onboard%20and%20downlinked%20when%20a%20change%20or%20an%20interesting%20event%20occur.%20The%20ASE%20software%20has%20successfully%20provided%20over%2010%2C000%20science%20images.%20%5B30%5D%0AMain%20article%3A%20Space%20advocacy%0AAstronaut%20Buzz%20Aldrin%20%2C%20had%20a%20personal%20Communion%20service%20when%20he%20first%20arrived%20on%20the%20surface%20of%20the%20Moon%20.%0AThe%20research%20that%20is%20conducted%20by%20national%20space%20exploration%20agencies%2C%20such%20as%20NASA%20and%20Roscosmos%20%2C%20is%20one%20of%20the%20reasons%20supporters%20cite%20to%20justify%20government%20expenses.%20Economic%20analyses%20of%20the%20NASA%20programs%20often%20showed%20ongoing%20economic%20benefits%20%28such%20as%20NASA%20spinoffs%20%29%2C%20generating%20many%20times%20the%20revenue%20of%20the%20cost%20of%20the%20program.%20%5B31%5D%20It%20is%20also%20argued%20that%20space%20exploration%20would%20lead%20to%20the%20extraction%20of%20resources%20on%20other%20planets%20and%20especially%20asteroids%2C%20which%20contain%20billions%20of%20dollars%20worth%20of%20minerals%20and%20metals.%20The%20revenue%20generated%20from%20such%20expeditions%20could%20generate%20a%20lot%20of%20revenue.%20%5B32%5D%20As%20well%2C%20it%20has%20been%20argued%20that%20space%20exploration%20programs%20help%20inspire%20youth%20to%20study%20in%20science%20and%20engineering.%20%5B33%5D%0AAnother%20claim%20is%20that%20space%20exploration%20is%20a%20necessity%20to%20mankind%20and%20that%20staying%20on%20Earth%20will%20lead%20to%20extinction%20.%20Some%20of%20the%20reasons%20are%20lack%20of%20natural%20resources%2C%20comets%2C%20nuclear%20war%2C%20and%20worldwide%20epidemic.%20Stephen%20Hawking%20%2C%20renowned%20British%20theoretical%20physicist%2C%20said%20that%20%22I%20don%27t%20think%20the%20human%20race%20will%20survive%20the%20next%20thousand%20years%2C%20unless%20we%20spread%20into%20space.%20There%20are%20too%20many%20accidents%20that%20can%20befall%20life%20on%20a%20single%20planet.%20But%20I%27m%20an%20optimist.%20We%20will%20reach%20out%20to%20the%20stars.%22%20%5B34%5D%0ANASA%20has%20produced%20a%20series%20of%20public%20service%20announcement%20videos%20supporting%20the%20concept%20of%20space%20exploration.%20%5B35%5D%0AOverall%2C%20the%20public%20remains%20largely%20supportive%20of%20both%20manned%20and%20unmanned%20space%20exploration.%20According%20to%20an%20Associated%20Press%20Poll%20conducted%20in%20July%202003%2C%2071%25%20of%20U.S.%20citizens%20agreed%20with%20the%20statement%20that%20the%20space%20program%20is%20%22a%20good%20investment%22%2C%20compared%20to%2021%25%20who%20did%20not.%20%5B36%5D%0AArthur%20C.%20Clarke%20%281950%29%20presented%20a%20summary%20of%20motivations%20for%20the%20human%20exploration%20of%20space%20in%20his%20nonfiction%20semitechnical%20monograph%20Interplanetary%20Flight.%20%5B37%5D%20He%20argued%20that%20humanity%27s%20choice%20is%20essentially%20between%20expansion%20off%20the%20Earth%20into%20space%2C%20versus%20cultural%20%28and%20eventually%20biological%29%20stagnation%20and%20death.%0AMain%20article%3A%20Spaceflight%0ASpaceflight%20is%20the%20use%20of%20space%20technology%20to%20achieve%20the%20flight%20of%20spacecraft%20into%20and%20through%20outer%20space.%0ASpaceflight%20is%20used%20in%20space%20exploration%2C%20and%20also%20in%20commercial%20activities%20like%20space%20tourism%20and%20satellite%20telecommunications%20.%20Additional%20noncommercial%20uses%20of%20spaceflight%20include%20space%20observatories%20%2C%20reconnaissance%20satellites%20and%20other%20earth%20observation%20satellites%20.%0AA%20spaceflight%20typically%20begins%20with%20a%20rocket%20launch%20%2C%20which%20provides%20the%20initial%20thrust%20to%20overcome%20the%20force%20of%20gravity%20and%20propels%20the%20spacecraft%20from%20the%20surface%20of%20the%20Earth.%20Once%20in%20space%2C%20the%20motion%20of%20a%20spacecraft%E2%80%94both%20when%20unpropelled%20and%20when%20under%20propulsion%E2%80%94is%20covered%20by%20the%20area%20of%20study%20called%20astrodynamics%20.%20Some%20spacecraft%20remain%20in%20space%20indefinitely%2C%20some%20disintegrate%20during%20atmospheric%20reentry%20%2C%20and%20others%20reach%20a%20planetary%20or%20lunar%20surface%20for%20landing%20or%20impact.%0AMain%20article%3A%20Satellite%0ASatellites%20are%20used%20for%20a%20large%20number%20of%20purposes.%20Common%20types%20include%20military%20%28spy%29%20and%20civilian%20Earth%20observation%20satellites%2C%20communication%20satellites%2C%20navigation%20satellites%2C%20weather%20satellites%2C%20and%20research%20satellites.%20Space%20stations%20and%20human%20spacecraft%20in%20orbit%20are%20also%20satellites.%0ACommercialization%20of%20space%5B%20edit%20%5D%0AMain%20articles%3A%20Astrobiology%20and%20Extraterrestrial%20life%0AAstrobiology%20is%20the%20interdisciplinary%20study%20of%20life%20in%20the%20universe%2C%20combining%20aspects%20of%20astronomy%20%2C%20biology%20and%20geology.%20%5B38%5D%20It%20is%20focused%20primarily%20on%20the%20study%20of%20the%20origin%20%2C%20distribution%20and%20evolution%20of%20life.%20It%20is%20also%20known%20as%20exobiology%20%28from%20Greek%3A%20%CE%AD%CE%BE%CF%89%2C%20exo%2C%20%22outside%22%29.%20%5B39%5D%20%5B40%5D%20%5B41%5D%20The%20term%20%22Xenobiology%22%20has%20been%20used%20as%20well%2C%20but%20this%20is%20technically%20incorrect%20because%20its%20terminology%20means%20%22biology%20of%20the%20foreigners%22.%20%5B42%5D%20Astrobiologists%20must%20also%20consider%20the%20possibility%20of%20life%20that%20is%20chemically%20entirely%20distinct%20from%20any%20life%20found%20on%20earth.%20%5B43%5D%20In%20the%20Solar%20System%20some%20of%20the%20prime%20locations%20for%20current%20or%20past%20astrobiology%20are%20on%20Enceladus%2C%20Europa%2C%20Mars%2C%20and%20Titan.%20%5B44%5D%0ALiving%20in%20space%5B%20edit%20%5D%0AThe%20European%20Space%20Agency%20%27s%20Columbus%20Module%20at%20the%20International%20Space%20Station%20%2C%20launched%20into%20space%20on%20the%20U.S.%20Space%20Shuttle%20mission%20STS122%20in%202008%0ASpace%20colonization%2C%20also%20called%20space%20settlement%20and%20space%20humanization%2C%20would%20be%20the%20permanent%20autonomous%20%28selfsufficient%29%20human%20habitation%20of%20locations%20outside%20Earth%2C%20especially%20of%20natural%20satellites%20or%20planets%20such%20as%20the%20Moon%20or%20Mars%20%2C%20using%20significant%20amounts%20of%20insitu%20resource%20utilization%20.%0ATo%20date%2C%20the%20longest%20human%20occupation%20of%20space%20is%20the%20International%20Space%20Station%20which%20has%20been%20in%20continuous%20use%20for%20700114000000000000014%20years%2C%20700136000000000000036%20days.%20Valeri%20Polyakov%20%27s%20record%20single%20spaceflight%20of%20almost%20438%20days%20aboard%20the%20Mir%20space%20station%20has%20not%20been%20surpassed.%20Longterm%20stays%20in%20space%20reveal%20issues%20with%20bone%20and%20muscle%20loss%20in%20low%20gravity%2C%20immune%20system%20suppression%2C%20and%20radiation%20exposure.%0AMany%20past%20and%20current%20concepts%20for%20the%20continued%20exploration%20and%20colonization%20of%20space%20focus%20on%20a%20return%20to%20the%20Moon%20as%20a%20%22stepping%20stone%22%20to%20the%20other%20planets%2C%20especially%20Mars.%20At%20the%20end%20of%202006%20NASA%20announced%20they%20were%20planning%20to%20build%20a%20permanent%20Moon%20base%20with%20continual%20presence%20by%202024.%20%5B45%5D%0ABeyond%20the%20technical%20factors%20that%20could%20make%20living%20in%20space%20more%20widespread%2C%20it%20has%20been%20suggested%20that%20the%20lack%20of%20private%20property%20%2C%20the%20inability%20or%20difficulty%20in%20establishing%20property%20rights%20in%20space%2C%20has%20been%20an%20impediment%20to%20the%20development%20of%20space%20for%20human%20habitation.%20Since%20the%20advent%20of%20space%20technology%20in%20the%20latter%20half%20of%20the%20twentieth%20century%2C%20the%20ownership%20of%20property%20in%20space%20has%20been%20murky%2C%20with%20strong%20arguments%20both%20for%20and%20against.%20In%20particular%2C%20the%20making%20of%20national%20territorial%20claims%20in%20outer%20space%20and%20on%20celestial%20bodies%20has%20been%20specifically%20proscribed%20by%20the%20Outer%20Space%20Treaty%20%2C%20which%20had%20been%2C%20as%20of%202012%20%5Bupdate%5D%20%2C%20ratified%20by%20all%20spacefaring%20nations%20.%20%5B46%5D%0A
|
9
|
+
headers:
|
10
|
+
Accept-Encoding:
|
11
|
+
- gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3
|
12
|
+
Accept:
|
13
|
+
- '*/*'
|
14
|
+
User-Agent:
|
15
|
+
- Ruby
|
16
|
+
response:
|
17
|
+
status:
|
18
|
+
code: 200
|
19
|
+
message: OK
|
20
|
+
headers:
|
21
|
+
Date:
|
22
|
+
- Thu, 14 May 2015 09:37:15 GMT
|
23
|
+
Content-Type:
|
24
|
+
- application/json; charset=utf-8
|
25
|
+
Content-Length:
|
26
|
+
- '15570'
|
27
|
+
Connection:
|
28
|
+
- keep-alive
|
29
|
+
Access-Control-Allow-Origin:
|
30
|
+
- '*'
|
31
|
+
Server:
|
32
|
+
- TornadoServer/4.0.2
|
33
|
+
Via:
|
34
|
+
- kong/0.2.0-2
|
35
|
+
body:
|
36
|
+
encoding: UTF-8
|
37
|
+
string: '[{"distance": 0.240465, "title": "A Lunar L2-Farside Exploration and
|
38
|
+
Science Mission Concept with the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle and a
|
39
|
+
Teleoperated Lander/Rover", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1211.3462", "text":
|
40
|
+
" A novel concept is presented in this paper for a human mission to the lunar
|
41
|
+
L2 (Lagrange) point that would be a proving ground for future exploration
|
42
|
+
missions to deep space while also overseeing scientifically important investigations.
|
43
|
+
In an L2 halo orbit above the lunar farside, the astronauts aboard the Orion
|
44
|
+
Crew Vehicle would travel 15% farther from Earth than did the Apollo astronauts
|
45
|
+
and spend almost three times longer in deep space. Such a mission would serve
|
46
|
+
as a first step beyond low Earth orbit and prove out operational spaceflight
|
47
|
+
capabilities such as life support, communication, high speed re-entry, and
|
48
|
+
radiation protection prior to more difficult human exploration missions. On
|
49
|
+
this proposed mission, the crew would teleoperate landers and rovers on the
|
50
|
+
unexplored lunar farside, which would obtain samples from the geologically
|
51
|
+
interesting farside and deploy a low radio frequency telescope. Sampling the
|
52
|
+
South Pole-Aitken basin, one of the oldest impact basins in the solar system,
|
53
|
+
is a key science objective of the 2011 Planetary Science Decadal Survey. Observations
|
54
|
+
at low radio frequencies to track the effects of the Universe''s first stars/galaxies
|
55
|
+
on the intergalactic medium are a priority of the 2010 Astronomy and Astrophysics
|
56
|
+
Decadal Survey. Such telerobotic oversight would also demonstrate capability
|
57
|
+
for human and robotic cooperation on future, more complex deep space missions
|
58
|
+
such as exploring Mars. ", "permalink_id": "653a5bc142f405cf13272cca93377cc0",
|
59
|
+
"authors": ["Kasper, Justin", "Burns, Jack O.", "Kring, David A.", "Norris,
|
60
|
+
Scott", "Hopkins, Joshua B.", "Lazio, T. Joseph W."], "date": "2012-11-14",
|
61
|
+
"document_id": "arxiv-http://arxiv.org/abs/1211.3462"}, {"distance": 0.255222,
|
62
|
+
"title": "OSS (Outer Solar System): A fundamental and planetary physics mission
|
63
|
+
to Neptune, Triton and the Kuiper Belt", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1106.0132",
|
64
|
+
"text": " The present OSS mission continues a long and bright tradition by
|
65
|
+
associating the communities of fundamental physics and planetary sciences
|
66
|
+
in a single mission with ambitious goals in both domains. OSS is an M-class
|
67
|
+
mission to explore the Neptune system almost half a century after flyby of
|
68
|
+
the Voyager 2 spacecraft. Several discoveries were made by Voyager 2, including
|
69
|
+
the Great Dark Spot (which has now disappeared) and Triton''s geysers. Voyager
|
70
|
+
2 revealed the dynamics of Neptune''s atmosphere and found four rings and
|
71
|
+
evidence of ring arcs above Neptune. Benefiting from a greatly improved instrumentation,
|
72
|
+
it will result in a striking advance in the study of the farthest planet of
|
73
|
+
the Solar System. Furthermore, OSS will provide a unique opportunity to visit
|
74
|
+
a selected Kuiper Belt object subsequent to the passage of the Neptunian system.
|
75
|
+
It will consolidate the hypothesis of the origin of Triton as a KBO captured
|
76
|
+
by Neptune, and improve our knowledge on the formation of the Solar system.
|
77
|
+
The probe will embark instruments allowing precise tracking of the probe during
|
78
|
+
cruise. It allows to perform the best controlled experiment for testing, in
|
79
|
+
deep space, the General Relativity, on which is based all the models of Solar
|
80
|
+
system formation. OSS is proposed as an international cooperation between
|
81
|
+
ESA and NASA, giving the capability for ESA to launch an M-class mission towards
|
82
|
+
the farthest planet of the Solar system, and to a Kuiper Belt object. The
|
83
|
+
proposed mission profile would allow to deliver a 500 kg class spacecraft.
|
84
|
+
The design of the probe is mainly constrained by the deep space gravity test
|
85
|
+
in order to minimise the perturbation of the accelerometer measurement. ",
|
86
|
+
"permalink_id": "ce53c23e1b926df3bb3661a48336dd31", "authors": ["Aurnou, Jonathan",
|
87
|
+
"Cecconi, Baptiste", "Fletcher, Leigh N.", "Francisco, Frederico", "Gil, Paulo
|
88
|
+
J. S.", "Helbert, J\u00f6rn", "Hussmann, Hauke", "P\u00e1ramos, Jorge", "Postberg,
|
89
|
+
Frank", "Reh, Kim R.", "Sayanagi, Kunio M.", "Sohl, Frank", "Stephan, Katrin",
|
90
|
+
"Christophe, Bruno", "Asmar, Sami W.", "Bertolami, Orfeu", "Bingham, Robert",
|
91
|
+
"Brown, Patrick", "Lamine, Brahim", "Orton, Glenn", "Progrebenko, Sergei V.",
|
92
|
+
"Robert, Cl\u00e9lia", "Spilker, Thomas R.", "Srama, Ralf", "Touboul, Pierre",
|
93
|
+
"Spilker, Linda J.", "Andr\u00e9, Nicolas", "Barucci, Antonella", "Courty,
|
94
|
+
Jean-Michel", "Dittus, Hansj\u00f6rg", "Foulon, Bernard", "Hansen, Candice",
|
95
|
+
"Helled, Ravit", "L\u00e4mmerzahl, Claus", "Levy, Agn\u00e8s", "Poncy, Jo\u00ebl",
|
96
|
+
"Reynaud, Serge", "Samain, Etienne", "Saur, Joachim", "Schmitz, Nicole", "Selig,
|
97
|
+
Hanns", "Wolf, Peter", "Anderson, John D.", "Banfield, Don", "Glassmeier,
|
98
|
+
Karl-Heinz", "Grundy, Will", "Lamy, Laurent", "Lehoucq, Rolland", "Lenoir,
|
99
|
+
Benjamin"], "date": "2011-06-01", "document_id": "arxiv-http://arxiv.org/abs/1106.0132"},
|
100
|
+
{"distance": 0.305348, "title": "Moon Search Algorithms for NASA''s Dawn Mission
|
101
|
+
to Asteroid Vesta", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1301.1907", "text": " A
|
102
|
+
moon or natural satellite is a celestial body that orbits a planetary body
|
103
|
+
such as a planet, dwarf planet, or an asteroid. Scientists seek understanding
|
104
|
+
the origin and evolution of our solar system by studying moons of these bodies.
|
105
|
+
Additionally, searches for satellites of planetary bodies can be important
|
106
|
+
to protect the safety of a spacecraft as it approaches or orbits a planetary
|
107
|
+
body. If a satellite of a celestial body is found, the mass of that body can
|
108
|
+
also be calculated once its orbit is determined. Ensuring the Dawn spacecraft''s
|
109
|
+
safety on its mission to the asteroid (4) Vesta primarily motivated the work
|
110
|
+
of Dawn''s Satellite Working Group (SWG) in summer of 2011. Dawn mission scientists
|
111
|
+
and engineers utilized various computational tools and techniques for Vesta''s
|
112
|
+
satellite search. The objectives of this paper are to 1) introduce the natural
|
113
|
+
satellite search problem, 2) present the computational challenges, approaches,
|
114
|
+
and tools used when addressing this problem, and 3) describe applications
|
115
|
+
of various image processing and computational algorithms for performing satellite
|
116
|
+
searches to the electronic imaging and computer science community. Furthermore,
|
117
|
+
we hope that this communication would enable Dawn mission scientists to improve
|
118
|
+
their satellite search algorithms and tools and be better prepared for performing
|
119
|
+
the same investigation in 2015, when the spacecraft is scheduled to approach
|
120
|
+
and orbit the dwarf planet (1) Ceres. ", "permalink_id": "4ca3110ea7cedac500fe18b39229f8cc",
|
121
|
+
"authors": ["Memarsadeghi, Nargess", "Skillman, David", "McFadden, Lucy A.",
|
122
|
+
"McLean, Brian", "Carsenty, Uri", "Mutchler, Max", "Palmer, Eric E.", "Group,
|
123
|
+
the Dawn Mission''s Satellite Working"], "date": "2013-01-09", "document_id":
|
124
|
+
"arxiv-http://arxiv.org/abs/1301.1907"}, {"distance": 0.308486, "title": "The
|
125
|
+
New Horizons Pluto Kuiper belt Mission: An Overview with Historical Context",
|
126
|
+
"url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/0709.4417", "text": " NASA''s New Horizons (NH)
|
127
|
+
Pluto-Kuiper belt (PKB) mission was launched on 19 January 2006 on a Jupiter
|
128
|
+
Gravity Assist (JGA) trajectory toward the Pluto system for a 14 July 2015
|
129
|
+
closest approach; Jupiter closest approach occurred on 28 February 2007. It
|
130
|
+
was competitively selected by NASA for development on 29 November 2001. New
|
131
|
+
Horizons is the first mission to the Pluto system and the Kuiper belt; and
|
132
|
+
will complete the reconnaissance of the classical planets. The ~400 kg spacecraft
|
133
|
+
carries seven scientific instruments, including imagers, spectrometers, radio
|
134
|
+
science, a plasma and particles suite, and a dust counter built by university
|
135
|
+
students. NH will study the Pluto system over a 5-month period beginning in
|
136
|
+
early 2015. Following Pluto, NH will go on to reconnoiter one or two 30-50
|
137
|
+
kilometer diameter Kuiper belt Objects (KBOs), if NASA approves an extended
|
138
|
+
mission. If successful, NH will represent a watershed development in the scientific
|
139
|
+
exploration of a new class of bodies in the solar system - dwarf planets,
|
140
|
+
of worlds with exotic volatiles on their surfaces, of rapidly (possibly hydrodynamically)
|
141
|
+
escaping atmospheres, and of giant impact derived satellite systems. It will
|
142
|
+
also provide the first dust density measurements beyond 18 AU, cratering records
|
143
|
+
that shed light on both the ancient and present-day KB impactor population
|
144
|
+
down to tens of meters, and a key comparator to the puzzlingly active, former
|
145
|
+
dwarf planet (now satellite of Neptune) called Triton, which is as large as
|
146
|
+
Eris and Pluto. ", "permalink_id": "3d6c0671afcf11909bcffd2b31a999e5", "authors":
|
147
|
+
["Stern, S. Alan"], "date": "2007-09-27", "document_id": "arxiv-http://arxiv.org/abs/0709.4417"},
|
148
|
+
{"distance": 0.341215, "title": "Trajectory Design From GTO To Lunar Equatorial
|
149
|
+
Orbit For The Dark Ages Radio Explorer (DARE) Spacecraft", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1504.00410",
|
150
|
+
"text": " The trajectory design for the Dark Ages Radio Explorer (DARE) mission
|
151
|
+
con-cept involves launching the DARE spacecraft into a geosynchronous transfer
|
152
|
+
orbit (GTO) as a secondary payload. From GTO, the spacecraft then transfers
|
153
|
+
to a lunar orbit that is stable (i.e., no station-keeping maneuvers are required
|
154
|
+
with minimum perilune altitude always above 40 km) and allows for more than
|
155
|
+
1,000 cumulative hours for science measurements in the radio-quiet region
|
156
|
+
located on the lunar farside. Comment: 15 pages, 17 Figures, To appear in
|
157
|
+
the Proceedings of AAS/AIAA Space Flight Mechanics Meeting, Williamsburg,
|
158
|
+
VA, Jan 11-15, 2015", "permalink_id": "269fbf9d4039af83d70068ae400d4d71",
|
159
|
+
"authors": ["Genova, Anthony L.", "Yang, Fan Yang", "Perez, Andres Dono",
|
160
|
+
"Galal, Ken F.", "Faber, Nicolas T.", "Mitchell, Scott", "Landin, Brett",
|
161
|
+
"Datta, Abhirup", "Burns, Jack O."], "date": "2015-04-01", "document_id":
|
162
|
+
"arxiv-http://arxiv.org/abs/1504.00410"}, {"distance": 0.345035, "title":
|
163
|
+
"Mariner 2 and its Legacy: 50 Years on", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1302.3675",
|
164
|
+
"text": " Fifty years ago, NASA''s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) built
|
165
|
+
and flew the first successful spacecraft to another planet: Mariner 2 to Venus.
|
166
|
+
This paper discusses the context of this mission at a crucial phase in the
|
167
|
+
space race between the USA and USSR and its results and legacy. As its first
|
168
|
+
major success, Mariner 2 helped to cement JPL''s position as a centre for
|
169
|
+
robotic planetary exploration. Mariner 2 successfully solved the scientific
|
170
|
+
problem of the high temperature observed for Venus by ground-based radio telescopes.
|
171
|
+
It also pioneered new techniques for observing the atmosphere of a planet
|
172
|
+
from space, which were subsequently developed into the microwave sounding
|
173
|
+
and infrared sounding techniques for observing the Earth atmosphere. Today
|
174
|
+
these techniques provide some of the most important data for constraining
|
175
|
+
weather forecasting models, as well as a key series of data on the Earth''s
|
176
|
+
changing climate. ", "permalink_id": "95b6c58736818d52dc0b1e1556759636", "authors":
|
177
|
+
["Bailey, Jeremy"], "date": "2013-02-14", "document_id": "arxiv-http://arxiv.org/abs/1302.3675"},
|
178
|
+
{"distance": 0.346835, "title": "Saturn satellites as seen by Cassini Mission",
|
179
|
+
"url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/0906.4064", "text": " In this paper we will
|
180
|
+
summarize some of the most important results of the Cassini mission concerning
|
181
|
+
the satellites of Saturn. Given the long duration of the mission, the complexity
|
182
|
+
of the payload onboard the Cassini Orbiter and the amount of data gathered
|
183
|
+
on the satellites of Saturn, it would be impossible to describe all the new
|
184
|
+
discoveries made, therefore we will describe only some selected, paramount
|
185
|
+
examples showing how Cassini''s data confirmed and extended ground-based observations.
|
186
|
+
In particular we will describe the achievements obtained for the satellites
|
187
|
+
Phoebe, Enceladus and Titan. We will also put these examples in the perspective
|
188
|
+
of the overall evolution of the system, stressing out why the selected satellites
|
189
|
+
are representative of the overall evolution of the Saturn system. ", "permalink_id":
|
190
|
+
"51a58c2b8b4c25b81955d6b16a4aed27", "authors": ["Coradini, A.", "Magni, G.",
|
191
|
+
"Orosei, R.", "Tosi, F.", "Turrini, D.", "Capaccioni, F.", "Cerroni, P.",
|
192
|
+
"Filacchione, G."], "date": "2009-06-22", "document_id": "arxiv-http://arxiv.org/abs/0906.4064"},
|
193
|
+
{"distance": 0.350632, "title": "Intelligent Unmanned Explorer for Deep Space
|
194
|
+
Exploration", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/0804.4717", "text": " asteroids
|
195
|
+
or comets have received remarkable attention in the world. In small body explorations,
|
196
|
+
especially, detailed in-situ surface exploration by tiny rover is one of effective
|
197
|
+
and fruitful means and is expected to make strong contributions towards scientific
|
198
|
+
studies. JAXA ISAS is promoting MUSES C mission, which is the worlds first
|
199
|
+
sample and return attempt to or from the near earth asteroid. Hayabusa spacecraft
|
200
|
+
in MUSES C mission took the tiny rover, which was expected to perform the
|
201
|
+
in-situ surface exploration by hopping. This paper describes the system design,
|
202
|
+
mobility and intelligence of the developed unmanned explorer. This paper also
|
203
|
+
presents the ground experimental results and the flight results. ", "permalink_id":
|
204
|
+
"9668d55e32108be6421e67ab5962c8ad", "authors": ["Kubota, T.", "Yoshimitsu,
|
205
|
+
T."], "date": "2008-04-29", "document_id": "arxiv-http://arxiv.org/abs/0804.4717"},
|
206
|
+
{"distance": 0.361118, "title": "Detection of inner Solar System Trojan Asteroids
|
207
|
+
by Gaia", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1212.0268", "text": " The Gaia satellite,
|
208
|
+
planned for launch by the European Space Agency (ESA) in 2013, is the next
|
209
|
+
generation astrometry mission following Hipparcos. While mapping the whole
|
210
|
+
sky, the Gaia space mission is expected to discover thousands of Solar System
|
211
|
+
Objects. These will include Near-Earth Asteroids and objects at Solar elongations
|
212
|
+
as low as 45 degrees, which are difficult to observe with ground-based telescopes.
|
213
|
+
We present the results of simulations for the detection of Trojan asteroids
|
214
|
+
in the orbits of Earth and Mars by Gaia. ", "permalink_id": "520b1bd7f913738bf3676ef9d66add26",
|
215
|
+
"authors": ["Tanga, P.", "Zadnik, M. G.", "Coward, D. M.", "Todd, M."], "date":
|
216
|
+
"2012-12-02", "document_id": "arxiv-http://arxiv.org/abs/1212.0268"}, {"distance":
|
217
|
+
0.362705, "title": "Electric solar wind sail applications overview", "url":
|
218
|
+
"http://arxiv.org/abs/1404.5815", "text": " We analyse the potential of the
|
219
|
+
electric solar wind sail for solar system space missions. Applications studied
|
220
|
+
include fly-by missions to terrestrial planets (Venus, Mars and Phobos, Mercury)
|
221
|
+
and asteroids, missions based on non-Keplerian orbits (orbits that can be
|
222
|
+
maintained only by applying continuous propulsive force), one-way boosting
|
223
|
+
to outer solar system, off-Lagrange point space weather forecasting and low-cost
|
224
|
+
impactor probes for added science value to other missions. We also discuss
|
225
|
+
the generic idea of data clippers (returning large volumes of high resolution
|
226
|
+
scientific data from distant targets packed in memory chips) and possible
|
227
|
+
exploitation of asteroid resources. Possible orbits were estimated by orbit
|
228
|
+
calculations assuming circular and coplanar orbits for planets. Some particular
|
229
|
+
challenge areas requiring further research work and related to some more ambitious
|
230
|
+
mission scenarios are also identified and discussed. ", "permalink_id": "abc700b7bcdba114c1780ce26a579cec",
|
231
|
+
"authors": ["Janhunen, Pekka", "Toivanen, Petri", "Envall, Jouni", "Montesanti,
|
232
|
+
Giuditta", "Kvell, Urmas", "L\u00e4tt, Silver", "Merikallio, Sini", "del Amo,
|
233
|
+
Jose Gonzalez", "Noorma, Mart"], "date": "2014-04-23", "document_id": "arxiv-http://arxiv.org/abs/1404.5815"}]'
|
234
|
+
http_version:
|
235
|
+
recorded_at: Thu, 14 May 2015 09:37:16 GMT
|
236
|
+
recorded_with: VCR 2.9.3
|