j1-template 2022.5.0.rc1 → 2022.5.0.rc4

data/lib/starter_web/pages/public/_jupyter/notebooks/j1-bokeh-tutorial/.ipynb_checkpoints/j1_bokeh_04_adding_annotations-checkpoint.ipynb

@@ -0,0 +1,1167 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "##  4. Adding Annotations\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Sometimes we want to add visual cues (boundary lines, shaded regions, labels and arrows, etc.) to our plots to call out some feature or other. Bokeh has several annotation types available for uses like this. Typically to add annotations we create the \"low level\" annotation object directly, and add it to our plot using `add_layout`. Let's take a look at some specific examples."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from bokeh.io import output_notebook, show\n",
+    "from bokeh.plotting import figure\n",
+    "\n",
+    "import numpy as np"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "<div class=\"bk-root\">\n",
+       "        <a href=\"https://bokeh.org\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"bk-logo bk-logo-small bk-logo-notebook\"></a>\n",
+       "        <span id=\"1002\">Loading BokehJS ...</span>\n",
+       "    </div>\n"
+      ]
+     },
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "application/javascript": [
+       "(function(root) {\n",
+       "  function now() {\n",
+       "    return new Date();\n",
+       "  }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "  const force = true;\n",
+       "\n",
+       "  if (typeof root._bokeh_onload_callbacks === \"undefined\" || force === true) {\n",
+       "    root._bokeh_onload_callbacks = [];\n",
+       "    root._bokeh_is_loading = undefined;\n",
+       "  }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "const JS_MIME_TYPE = 'application/javascript';\n",
+       "  const HTML_MIME_TYPE = 'text/html';\n",
+       "  const EXEC_MIME_TYPE = 'application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json';\n",
+       "  const CLASS_NAME = 'output_bokeh rendered_html';\n",
+       "\n",
+       "  /**\n",
+       "   * Render data to the DOM node\n",
+       "   */\n",
+       "  function render(props, node) {\n",
+       "    const script = document.createElement(\"script\");\n",
+       "    node.appendChild(script);\n",
+       "  }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "  /**\n",
+       "   * Handle when an output is cleared or removed\n",
+       "   */\n",
+       "  function handleClearOutput(event, handle) {\n",
+       "    const cell = handle.cell;\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    const id = cell.output_area._bokeh_element_id;\n",
+       "    const server_id = cell.output_area._bokeh_server_id;\n",
+       "    // Clean up Bokeh references\n",
+       "    if (id != null && id in Bokeh.index) {\n",
+       "      Bokeh.index[id].model.document.clear();\n",
+       "      delete Bokeh.index[id];\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    if (server_id !== undefined) {\n",
+       "      // Clean up Bokeh references\n",
+       "      const cmd_clean = \"from bokeh.io.state import curstate; print(curstate().uuid_to_server['\" + server_id + \"'].get_sessions()[0].document.roots[0]._id)\";\n",
+       "      cell.notebook.kernel.execute(cmd_clean, {\n",
+       "        iopub: {\n",
+       "          output: function(msg) {\n",
+       "            const id = msg.content.text.trim();\n",
+       "            if (id in Bokeh.index) {\n",
+       "              Bokeh.index[id].model.document.clear();\n",
+       "              delete Bokeh.index[id];\n",
+       "            }\n",
+       "          }\n",
+       "        }\n",
+       "      });\n",
+       "      // Destroy server and session\n",
+       "      const cmd_destroy = \"import bokeh.io.notebook as ion; ion.destroy_server('\" + server_id + \"')\";\n",
+       "      cell.notebook.kernel.execute(cmd_destroy);\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "  }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "  /**\n",
+       "   * Handle when a new output is added\n",
+       "   */\n",
+       "  function handleAddOutput(event, handle) {\n",
+       "    const output_area = handle.output_area;\n",
+       "    const output = handle.output;\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    // limit handleAddOutput to display_data with EXEC_MIME_TYPE content only\n",
+       "    if ((output.output_type != \"display_data\") || (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(output.data, EXEC_MIME_TYPE))) {\n",
+       "      return\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    const toinsert = output_area.element.find(\".\" + CLASS_NAME.split(' ')[0]);\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    if (output.metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE][\"id\"] !== undefined) {\n",
+       "      toinsert[toinsert.length - 1].firstChild.textContent = output.data[JS_MIME_TYPE];\n",
+       "      // store reference to embed id on output_area\n",
+       "      output_area._bokeh_element_id = output.metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE][\"id\"];\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "    if (output.metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE][\"server_id\"] !== undefined) {\n",
+       "      const bk_div = document.createElement(\"div\");\n",
+       "      bk_div.innerHTML = output.data[HTML_MIME_TYPE];\n",
+       "      const script_attrs = bk_div.children[0].attributes;\n",
+       "      for (let i = 0; i < script_attrs.length; i++) {\n",
+       "        toinsert[toinsert.length - 1].firstChild.setAttribute(script_attrs[i].name, script_attrs[i].value);\n",
+       "        toinsert[toinsert.length - 1].firstChild.textContent = bk_div.children[0].textContent\n",
+       "      }\n",
+       "      // store reference to server id on output_area\n",
+       "      output_area._bokeh_server_id = output.metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE][\"server_id\"];\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "  }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "  function register_renderer(events, OutputArea) {\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    function append_mime(data, metadata, element) {\n",
+       "      // create a DOM node to render to\n",
+       "      const toinsert = this.create_output_subarea(\n",
+       "        metadata,\n",
+       "        CLASS_NAME,\n",
+       "        EXEC_MIME_TYPE\n",
+       "      );\n",
+       "      this.keyboard_manager.register_events(toinsert);\n",
+       "      // Render to node\n",
+       "      const props = {data: data, metadata: metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE]};\n",
+       "      render(props, toinsert[toinsert.length - 1]);\n",
+       "      element.append(toinsert);\n",
+       "      return toinsert\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    /* Handle when an output is cleared or removed */\n",
+       "    events.on('clear_output.CodeCell', handleClearOutput);\n",
+       "    events.on('delete.Cell', handleClearOutput);\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    /* Handle when a new output is added */\n",
+       "    events.on('output_added.OutputArea', handleAddOutput);\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    /**\n",
+       "     * Register the mime type and append_mime function with output_area\n",
+       "     */\n",
+       "    OutputArea.prototype.register_mime_type(EXEC_MIME_TYPE, append_mime, {\n",
+       "      /* Is output safe? */\n",
+       "      safe: true,\n",
+       "      /* Index of renderer in `output_area.display_order` */\n",
+       "      index: 0\n",
+       "    });\n",
+       "  }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "  // register the mime type if in Jupyter Notebook environment and previously unregistered\n",
+       "  if (root.Jupyter !== undefined) {\n",
+       "    const events = require('base/js/events');\n",
+       "    const OutputArea = require('notebook/js/outputarea').OutputArea;\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    if (OutputArea.prototype.mime_types().indexOf(EXEC_MIME_TYPE) == -1) {\n",
+       "      register_renderer(events, OutputArea);\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "  }\n",
+       "  if (typeof (root._bokeh_timeout) === \"undefined\" || force === true) {\n",
+       "    root._bokeh_timeout = Date.now() + 5000;\n",
+       "    root._bokeh_failed_load = false;\n",
+       "  }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "  const NB_LOAD_WARNING = {'data': {'text/html':\n",
+       "     \"<div style='background-color: #fdd'>\\n\"+\n",
+       "     \"<p>\\n\"+\n",
+       "     \"BokehJS does not appear to have successfully loaded. If loading BokehJS from CDN, this \\n\"+\n",
+       "     \"may be due to a slow or bad network connection. Possible fixes:\\n\"+\n",
+       "     \"</p>\\n\"+\n",
+       "     \"<ul>\\n\"+\n",
+       "     \"<li>re-rerun `output_notebook()` to attempt to load from CDN again, or</li>\\n\"+\n",
+       "     \"<li>use INLINE resources instead, as so:</li>\\n\"+\n",
+       "     \"</ul>\\n\"+\n",
+       "     \"<code>\\n\"+\n",
+       "     \"from bokeh.resources import INLINE\\n\"+\n",
+       "     \"output_notebook(resources=INLINE)\\n\"+\n",
+       "     \"</code>\\n\"+\n",
+       "     \"</div>\"}};\n",
+       "\n",
+       "  function display_loaded() {\n",
+       "    const el = document.getElementById(\"1002\");\n",
+       "    if (el != null) {\n",
+       "      el.textContent = \"BokehJS is loading...\";\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "    if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
+       "      if (el != null) {\n",
+       "        el.textContent = \"BokehJS \" + root.Bokeh.version + \" successfully loaded.\";\n",
+       "      }\n",
+       "    } else if (Date.now() < root._bokeh_timeout) {\n",
+       "      setTimeout(display_loaded, 100)\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "  }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "  function run_callbacks() {\n",
+       "    try {\n",
+       "      root._bokeh_onload_callbacks.forEach(function(callback) {\n",
+       "        if (callback != null)\n",
+       "          callback();\n",
+       "      });\n",
+       "    } finally {\n",
+       "      delete root._bokeh_onload_callbacks\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "    console.debug(\"Bokeh: all callbacks have finished\");\n",
+       "  }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "  function load_libs(css_urls, js_urls, callback) {\n",
+       "    if (css_urls == null) css_urls = [];\n",
+       "    if (js_urls == null) js_urls = [];\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    root._bokeh_onload_callbacks.push(callback);\n",
+       "    if (root._bokeh_is_loading > 0) {\n",
+       "      console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS is being loaded, scheduling callback at\", now());\n",
+       "      return null;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "    if (js_urls == null || js_urls.length === 0) {\n",
+       "      run_callbacks();\n",
+       "      return null;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "    console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS not loaded, scheduling load and callback at\", now());\n",
+       "    root._bokeh_is_loading = css_urls.length + js_urls.length;\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    function on_load() {\n",
+       "      root._bokeh_is_loading--;\n",
+       "      if (root._bokeh_is_loading === 0) {\n",
+       "        console.debug(\"Bokeh: all BokehJS libraries/stylesheets loaded\");\n",
+       "        run_callbacks()\n",
+       "      }\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    function on_error(url) {\n",
+       "      console.error(\"failed to load \" + url);\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    for (let i = 0; i < css_urls.length; i++) {\n",
+       "      const url = css_urls[i];\n",
+       "      const element = document.createElement(\"link\");\n",
+       "      element.onload = on_load;\n",
+       "      element.onerror = on_error.bind(null, url);\n",
+       "      element.rel = \"stylesheet\";\n",
+       "      element.type = \"text/css\";\n",
+       "      element.href = url;\n",
+       "      console.debug(\"Bokeh: injecting link tag for BokehJS stylesheet: \", url);\n",
+       "      document.body.appendChild(element);\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    for (let i = 0; i < js_urls.length; i++) {\n",
+       "      const url = js_urls[i];\n",
+       "      const element = document.createElement('script');\n",
+       "      element.onload = on_load;\n",
+       "      element.onerror = on_error.bind(null, url);\n",
+       "      element.async = false;\n",
+       "      element.src = url;\n",
+       "      console.debug(\"Bokeh: injecting script tag for BokehJS library: \", url);\n",
+       "      document.head.appendChild(element);\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "  };\n",
+       "\n",
+       "  function inject_raw_css(css) {\n",
+       "    const element = document.createElement(\"style\");\n",
+       "    element.appendChild(document.createTextNode(css));\n",
+       "    document.body.appendChild(element);\n",
+       "  }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "  const js_urls = [\"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-2.4.3.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-gl-2.4.3.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-widgets-2.4.3.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-tables-2.4.3.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-mathjax-2.4.3.min.js\"];\n",
+       "  const css_urls = [];\n",
+       "\n",
+       "  const inline_js = [    function(Bokeh) {\n",
+       "      Bokeh.set_log_level(\"info\");\n",
+       "    },\n",
+       "function(Bokeh) {\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "  ];\n",
+       "\n",
+       "  function run_inline_js() {\n",
+       "    if (root.Bokeh !== undefined || force === true) {\n",
+       "          for (let i = 0; i < inline_js.length; i++) {\n",
+       "      inline_js[i].call(root, root.Bokeh);\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "if (force === true) {\n",
+       "        display_loaded();\n",
+       "      }} else if (Date.now() < root._bokeh_timeout) {\n",
+       "      setTimeout(run_inline_js, 100);\n",
+       "    } else if (!root._bokeh_failed_load) {\n",
+       "      console.log(\"Bokeh: BokehJS failed to load within specified timeout.\");\n",
+       "      root._bokeh_failed_load = true;\n",
+       "    } else if (force !== true) {\n",
+       "      const cell = $(document.getElementById(\"1002\")).parents('.cell').data().cell;\n",
+       "      cell.output_area.append_execute_result(NB_LOAD_WARNING)\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "  }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "  if (root._bokeh_is_loading === 0) {\n",
+       "    console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS loaded, going straight to plotting\");\n",
+       "    run_inline_js();\n",
+       "  } else {\n",
+       "    load_libs(css_urls, js_urls, function() {\n",
+       "      console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS plotting callback run at\", now());\n",
+       "      run_inline_js();\n",
+       "    });\n",
+       "  }\n",
+       "}(window));"
+      ],
+      "application/vnd.bokehjs_load.v0+json": "(function(root) {\n  function now() {\n    return new Date();\n  }\n\n  const force = true;\n\n  if (typeof root._bokeh_onload_callbacks === \"undefined\" || force === true) {\n    root._bokeh_onload_callbacks = [];\n    root._bokeh_is_loading = undefined;\n  }\n\n\n  if (typeof (root._bokeh_timeout) === \"undefined\" || force === true) {\n    root._bokeh_timeout = Date.now() + 5000;\n    root._bokeh_failed_load = false;\n  }\n\n  const NB_LOAD_WARNING = {'data': {'text/html':\n     \"<div style='background-color: #fdd'>\\n\"+\n     \"<p>\\n\"+\n     \"BokehJS does not appear to have successfully loaded. If loading BokehJS from CDN, this \\n\"+\n     \"may be due to a slow or bad network connection. Possible fixes:\\n\"+\n     \"</p>\\n\"+\n     \"<ul>\\n\"+\n     \"<li>re-rerun `output_notebook()` to attempt to load from CDN again, or</li>\\n\"+\n     \"<li>use INLINE resources instead, as so:</li>\\n\"+\n     \"</ul>\\n\"+\n     \"<code>\\n\"+\n     \"from bokeh.resources import INLINE\\n\"+\n     \"output_notebook(resources=INLINE)\\n\"+\n     \"</code>\\n\"+\n     \"</div>\"}};\n\n  function display_loaded() {\n    const el = document.getElementById(\"1002\");\n    if (el != null) {\n      el.textContent = \"BokehJS is loading...\";\n    }\n    if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n      if (el != null) {\n        el.textContent = \"BokehJS \" + root.Bokeh.version + \" successfully loaded.\";\n      }\n    } else if (Date.now() < root._bokeh_timeout) {\n      setTimeout(display_loaded, 100)\n    }\n  }\n\n  function run_callbacks() {\n    try {\n      root._bokeh_onload_callbacks.forEach(function(callback) {\n        if (callback != null)\n          callback();\n      });\n    } finally {\n      delete root._bokeh_onload_callbacks\n    }\n    console.debug(\"Bokeh: all callbacks have finished\");\n  }\n\n  function load_libs(css_urls, js_urls, callback) {\n    if (css_urls == null) css_urls = [];\n    if (js_urls == null) js_urls = [];\n\n    root._bokeh_onload_callbacks.push(callback);\n    if (root._bokeh_is_loading > 0) {\n      console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS is being loaded, scheduling callback at\", now());\n      return null;\n    }\n    if (js_urls == null || js_urls.length === 0) {\n      run_callbacks();\n      return null;\n    }\n    console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS not loaded, scheduling load and callback at\", now());\n    root._bokeh_is_loading = css_urls.length + js_urls.length;\n\n    function on_load() {\n      root._bokeh_is_loading--;\n      if (root._bokeh_is_loading === 0) {\n        console.debug(\"Bokeh: all BokehJS libraries/stylesheets loaded\");\n        run_callbacks()\n      }\n    }\n\n    function on_error(url) {\n      console.error(\"failed to load \" + url);\n    }\n\n    for (let i = 0; i < css_urls.length; i++) {\n      const url = css_urls[i];\n      const element = document.createElement(\"link\");\n      element.onload = on_load;\n      element.onerror = on_error.bind(null, url);\n      element.rel = \"stylesheet\";\n      element.type = \"text/css\";\n      element.href = url;\n      console.debug(\"Bokeh: injecting link tag for BokehJS stylesheet: \", url);\n      document.body.appendChild(element);\n    }\n\n    for (let i = 0; i < js_urls.length; i++) {\n      const url = js_urls[i];\n      const element = document.createElement('script');\n      element.onload = on_load;\n      element.onerror = on_error.bind(null, url);\n      element.async = false;\n      element.src = url;\n      console.debug(\"Bokeh: injecting script tag for BokehJS library: \", url);\n      document.head.appendChild(element);\n    }\n  };\n\n  function inject_raw_css(css) {\n    const element = document.createElement(\"style\");\n    element.appendChild(document.createTextNode(css));\n    document.body.appendChild(element);\n  }\n\n  const js_urls = [\"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-2.4.3.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-gl-2.4.3.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-widgets-2.4.3.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-tables-2.4.3.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-mathjax-2.4.3.min.js\"];\n  const css_urls = [];\n\n  const inline_js = [    function(Bokeh) {\n      Bokeh.set_log_level(\"info\");\n    },\nfunction(Bokeh) {\n    }\n  ];\n\n  function run_inline_js() {\n    if (root.Bokeh !== undefined || force === true) {\n          for (let i = 0; i < inline_js.length; i++) {\n      inline_js[i].call(root, root.Bokeh);\n    }\nif (force === true) {\n        display_loaded();\n      }} else if (Date.now() < root._bokeh_timeout) {\n      setTimeout(run_inline_js, 100);\n    } else if (!root._bokeh_failed_load) {\n      console.log(\"Bokeh: BokehJS failed to load within specified timeout.\");\n      root._bokeh_failed_load = true;\n    } else if (force !== true) {\n      const cell = $(document.getElementById(\"1002\")).parents('.cell').data().cell;\n      cell.output_area.append_execute_result(NB_LOAD_WARNING)\n    }\n  }\n\n  if (root._bokeh_is_loading === 0) {\n    console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS loaded, going straight to plotting\");\n    run_inline_js();\n  } else {\n    load_libs(css_urls, js_urls, function() {\n      console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS plotting callback run at\", now());\n      run_inline_js();\n    });\n  }\n}(window));"
+     },
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#nbi:hide_out\n",
+    "# Make all outputs INLINE for default (why a hell this is needed !!!)\n",
+    "output_notebook()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Spans\n",
+    "\n",
+    "`Spans` are \"infinite\" vertical or horizonal lines. When creating them, you specify the `dimension` that should be spanned (i.e., `width` or `height`), any visual line properties for the appearance, and the location along the dimension where the line should be drawn. Let's look at an example that adds two horizontal spans to a simple plot:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "\n",
+       "  <div class=\"bk-root\" id=\"cfa9914d-0ccf-4782-8fdc-05b73f615887\" data-root-id=\"1003\"></div>\n"
+      ]
+     },
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "application/javascript": [
+       "(function(root) {\n",
+       "  function embed_document(root) {\n",
+       "  const docs_json = 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Application\",\"version\":\"2.4.3\"}};\n",
+       "  const render_items = [{\"docid\":\"15876a28-a03b-491b-9eab-a99454e61e2f\",\"root_ids\":[\"1003\"],\"roots\":{\"1003\":\"cfa9914d-0ccf-4782-8fdc-05b73f615887\"}}];\n",
+       "  root.Bokeh.embed.embed_items_notebook(docs_json, render_items);\n",
+       "  }\n",
+       "  if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
+       "    embed_document(root);\n",
+       "  } else {\n",
+       "    let attempts = 0;\n",
+       "    const timer = setInterval(function(root) {\n",
+       "      if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
+       "        clearInterval(timer);\n",
+       "        embed_document(root);\n",
+       "      } else {\n",
+       "        attempts++;\n",
+       "        if (attempts > 100) {\n",
+       "          clearInterval(timer);\n",
+       "          console.log(\"Bokeh: ERROR: Unable to run BokehJS code because BokehJS library is missing\");\n",
+       "        }\n",
+       "      }\n",
+       "    }, 10, root)\n",
+       "  }\n",
+       "})(window);"
+      ],
+      "application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json": ""
+     },
+     "metadata": {
+      "application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json": {
+       "id": "1003"
+      }
+     },
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from bokeh.models.annotations import Span\n",
+    "\n",
+    "x = np.linspace(0, 20, 200)\n",
+    "y = np.sin(x)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# create a new plot using figure\n",
+    "p = figure(\n",
+    "    plot_height=400,\n",
+    "    plot_width=800,\n",
+    "    y_range=(-2, 2)\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "p.line(x, y)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "upper = Span(\n",
+    "    location=1,\n",
+    "    dimension='width',\n",
+    "    line_color='olive',\n",
+    "    line_width=4\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "p.add_layout(upper)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "lower = Span(\n",
+    "    location=-1,\n",
+    "    dimension='width',\n",
+    "    line_color='firebrick',\n",
+    "    line_width=4\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "p.add_layout(lower)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# show the results\n",
+    "show(p)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Box Annotations\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Sometimes you might want to call out some region of the plot by drawing a shaded box. This can be done with the `BoxAnnotation`, which is configured with the coordinate properties:\n",
+    "\n",
+    "* `top`\n",
+    "* `left`\n",
+    "* `bottom`\n",
+    "* `right`\n",
+    "\n",
+    "as well as any visual line or fill properties to control the appearance. \n",
+    "\n",
+    "\"Infinite\" boxes can be made by leaving any of the coordinates unspecified. E.g., if `top` is not given, the box will always extend to the top of the plot area, regardless of any panning or zooming that happens.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Let's take a look at an example that adds a few shaded boxes to a plot:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "\n",
+       "  <div class=\"bk-root\" id=\"1fe17573-8d1e-4b84-85b1-4b944d34df35\" data-root-id=\"1108\"></div>\n"
+      ]
+     },
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "application/javascript": [
+       "(function(root) {\n",
+       "  function embed_document(root) {\n",
+       "  const docs_json = {\"da6dfc2d-de38-499b-acbd-0c77cd60d9ea\":{\"defs\":[],\"roots\":{\"references\":[{\"attributes\":{\"below\":[{\"id\":\"1117\"}],\"center\":[{\"id\":\"1120\"},{\"id\":\"1124\"},{\"id\":\"1145\"},{\"id\":\"1146\"},{\"id\":\"1147\"}],\"height\":400,\"left\":[{\"id\":\"1121\"}],\"renderers\":[{\"id\":\"1143\"}],\"title\":{\"id\":\"1159\"},\"toolbar\":{\"id\":\"1132\"},\"width\":800,\"x_range\":{\"id\":\"1109\"},\"x_scale\":{\"id\":\"1113\"},\"y_range\":{\"id\":\"1111\"},\"y_scale\":{\"id\":\"1115\"}},\"id\":\"1108\",\"subtype\":\"Figure\",\"type\":\"Plot\"},{\"attributes\":{\"line_color\":\"#1f77b4\",\"x\":{\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"field\":\"y\"}},\"id\":\"1140\",\"type\":\"Line\"},{\"attributes\":{\"tools\":[{\"id\":\"1125\"},{\"id\":\"1126\"},{\"id\":\"1127\"},{\"id\":\"1128\"},{\"id\":\"1129\"},{\"id\":\"1130\"}]},\"id\":\"1132\",\"type\":\"Toolbar\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1166\",\"type\":\"AllLabels\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1165\",\"type\":\"BasicTickFormatter\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"group\":null},\"id\":\"1159\",\"type\":\"Title\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"data_source\":{\"id\":\"1139\"},\"glyph\":{\"id\":\"1140\"},\"group\":null,\"hover_glyph\":null,\"muted_glyph\":{\"id\":\"1142\"},\"nonselection_glyph\":{\"id\":\"1141\"},\"view\":{\"id\":\"1144\"}},\"id\":\"1143\",\"type\":\"GlyphRenderer\"},{\"attributes\":{\"bottom\":1,\"coordinates\":null,\"fill_alpha\":0.1,\"fill_color\":\"olive\",\"group\":null},\"id\":\"1145\",\"type\":\"BoxAnnotation\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1167\",\"type\":\"UnionRenderers\"},{\"attributes\":{\"end\":2,\"start\":-2},\"id\":\"1111\",\"type\":\"Range1d\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1125\",\"type\":\"PanTool\"},{\"attributes\":{\"bottom_units\":\"screen\",\"coordinates\":null,\"fill_alpha\":0.5,\"fill_color\":\"lightgrey\",\"group\":null,\"left_units\":\"screen\",\"level\":\"overlay\",\"line_alpha\":1.0,\"line_color\":\"black\",\"line_dash\":[4,4],\"line_width\":2,\"right_units\":\"screen\",\"syncable\":false,\"top_units\":\"screen\"},\"id\":\"1131\",\"type\":\"BoxAnnotation\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1109\",\"type\":\"DataRange1d\"},{\"attributes\":{\"line_alpha\":0.2,\"line_color\":\"#1f77b4\",\"x\":{\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"field\":\"y\"}},\"id\":\"1142\",\"type\":\"Line\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1129\",\"type\":\"ResetTool\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1126\",\"type\":\"WheelZoomTool\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1168\",\"type\":\"Selection\"},{\"attributes\":{\"overlay\":{\"id\":\"1131\"}},\"id\":\"1127\",\"type\":\"BoxZoomTool\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1128\",\"type\":\"SaveTool\"},{\"attributes\":{\"source\":{\"id\":\"1139\"}},\"id\":\"1144\",\"type\":\"CDSView\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1118\",\"type\":\"BasicTicker\"},{\"attributes\":{\"bottom\":-0.3,\"coordinates\":null,\"fill_alpha\":0.1,\"fill_color\":\"navy\",\"group\":null,\"left\":7,\"right\":12,\"top\":0.6},\"id\":\"1147\",\"type\":\"BoxAnnotation\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1113\",\"type\":\"LinearScale\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1130\",\"type\":\"HelpTool\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1115\",\"type\":\"LinearScale\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1162\",\"type\":\"BasicTickFormatter\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"formatter\":{\"id\":\"1165\"},\"group\":null,\"major_label_policy\":{\"id\":\"1166\"},\"ticker\":{\"id\":\"1118\"}},\"id\":\"1117\",\"type\":\"LinearAxis\"},{\"attributes\":{\"axis\":{\"id\":\"1117\"},\"coordinates\":null,\"group\":null,\"ticker\":null},\"id\":\"1120\",\"type\":\"Grid\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"fill_alpha\":0.1,\"fill_color\":\"firebrick\",\"group\":null,\"top\":-1},\"id\":\"1146\",\"type\":\"BoxAnnotation\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1122\",\"type\":\"BasicTicker\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1163\",\"type\":\"AllLabels\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"formatter\":{\"id\":\"1162\"},\"group\":null,\"major_label_policy\":{\"id\":\"1163\"},\"ticker\":{\"id\":\"1122\"}},\"id\":\"1121\",\"type\":\"LinearAxis\"},{\"attributes\":{\"line_alpha\":0.1,\"line_color\":\"#1f77b4\",\"x\":{\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"field\":\"y\"}},\"id\":\"1141\",\"type\":\"Line\"},{\"attributes\":{\"axis\":{\"id\":\"1121\"},\"coordinates\":null,\"dimension\":1,\"group\":null,\"ticker\":null},\"id\":\"1124\",\"type\":\"Grid\"},{\"attributes\":{\"data\":{\"x\":{\"__ndarray__\":\"AAAAAAAAAACBhJ9ciLq5P4GEn1yIusk/YaN3ReZL0z+BhJ9ciLrZP9Gy4zmVFOA/YaN3ReZL4z/xkwtRN4PmP4GEn1yIuuk/EXUzaNnx7D/RsuM5lRTwPxmrrb89sPE/YaN3ReZL8z+pm0HLjuf0P/GTC1E3g/Y/OYzV1t8e+D+BhJ9ciLr5P8l8aeIwVvs/EXUzaNnx/D9Zbf3tgY3+P9Gy4zmVFABA9a7IfGniAEAZq62/PbABQD2nkgISfgJAYaN3ReZLA0CFn1yIuhkEQKmbQcuO5wRAzZcmDmO1BUDxkwtRN4MGQBWQ8JMLUQdAOYzV1t8eCEBdiLoZtOwIQIGEn1yIuglApYCEn1yICkDJfGniMFYLQO14TiUFJAxAEXUzaNnxDEA1cRirrb8NQFlt/e2BjQ5AfWniMFZbD0DRsuM5lRQQQOMwVlt/exBA9a7IfGniEEAHLTueU0kRQBmrrb89sBFAKykg4ScXEkA9p5ICEn4SQE8lBST85BJAYaN3ReZLE0BzIepm0LITQIWfXIi6GRRAlx3PqaSAFECpm0HLjucUQLsZtOx4ThVAzZcmDmO1FUDfFZkvTRwWQPGTC1E3gxZAAxJ+ciHqFkAVkPCTC1EXQCcO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Application\",\"version\":\"2.4.3\"}};\n",
+       "  const render_items = [{\"docid\":\"da6dfc2d-de38-499b-acbd-0c77cd60d9ea\",\"root_ids\":[\"1108\"],\"roots\":{\"1108\":\"1fe17573-8d1e-4b84-85b1-4b944d34df35\"}}];\n",
+       "  root.Bokeh.embed.embed_items_notebook(docs_json, render_items);\n",
+       "  }\n",
+       "  if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
+       "    embed_document(root);\n",
+       "  } else {\n",
+       "    let attempts = 0;\n",
+       "    const timer = setInterval(function(root) {\n",
+       "      if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
+       "        clearInterval(timer);\n",
+       "        embed_document(root);\n",
+       "      } else {\n",
+       "        attempts++;\n",
+       "        if (attempts > 100) {\n",
+       "          clearInterval(timer);\n",
+       "          console.log(\"Bokeh: ERROR: Unable to run BokehJS code because BokehJS library is missing\");\n",
+       "        }\n",
+       "      }\n",
+       "    }, 10, root)\n",
+       "  }\n",
+       "})(window);"
+      ],
+      "application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json": ""
+     },
+     "metadata": {
+      "application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json": {
+       "id": "1108"
+      }
+     },
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "import numpy as np\n",
+    "from bokeh.models.annotations import BoxAnnotation\n",
+    "\n",
+    "x = np.linspace(0, 20, 200)\n",
+    "y = np.sin(x)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# create a new plot using figure\n",
+    "p = figure(\n",
+    "    plot_height=400,\n",
+    "    plot_width=800,\n",
+    "    y_range=(-2, 2)\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "p.line(x, y)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# region that always fills the top of the plot\n",
+    "upper = BoxAnnotation(\n",
+    "    bottom=1,\n",
+    "    fill_alpha=0.1,\n",
+    "    fill_color='olive'\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "p.add_layout(upper)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# region that always fills the bottom of the plot\n",
+    "lower = BoxAnnotation(\n",
+    "    top=-1,\n",
+    "    fill_alpha=0.1,\n",
+    "    fill_color='firebrick'\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "p.add_layout(lower)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# a finite region\n",
+    "center = BoxAnnotation(\n",
+    "    top=0.6,\n",
+    "    bottom=-0.3,\n",
+    "    left=7,\n",
+    "    right=12,\n",
+    "    fill_alpha=0.1,\n",
+    "    fill_color='navy'\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "p.add_layout(center)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# show the results\n",
+    "show(p)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Labels\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The `Label` annotation allows you to easily attach single text labels to plots. The position and text to display are configured as `x`, `y`, and `text`:\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```python\n",
+    "Label(x=10, y=5, text=\"Some Label\")\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "By default the units are in \"data space\" but `x_units` and `y_units` maybe set to `\"screen\"` to position the label relative to the canvas. Labels can also accept `x_offset` and `y_offset` to offset the final position from `x` and `y` by a given screen space distance. \n",
+    "\n",
+    "`Label` objects also have standard text, line (`border_line`) and fill (`background_fill`) properties. The line and fill properties apply to a bounding box around the text:\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```python\n",
+    "Label(x=10, y=5, text=\"Some Label\", text_font_size=\"12pt\", \n",
+    "      border_line_color=\"red\", background_fill_color=\"blue\")\n",
+    "```"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "\n",
+       "  <div class=\"bk-root\" id=\"c69551b1-e904-4fac-9ca1-11c55b6af96c\" data-root-id=\"1225\"></div>\n"
+      ]
+     },
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "application/javascript": [
+       "(function(root) {\n",
+       "  function embed_document(root) {\n",
+       "  const docs_json = {\"7c31ba43-25a6-48eb-8e2c-c7a49e2d1230\":{\"defs\":[],\"roots\":{\"references\":[{\"attributes\":{\"below\":[{\"id\":\"1234\"}],\"center\":[{\"id\":\"1237\"},{\"id\":\"1241\"},{\"id\":\"1262\"}],\"height\":400,\"left\":[{\"id\":\"1238\"}],\"renderers\":[{\"id\":\"1260\"}],\"title\":{\"id\":\"1285\"},\"toolbar\":{\"id\":\"1249\"},\"width\":800,\"x_range\":{\"id\":\"1226\"},\"x_scale\":{\"id\":\"1230\"},\"y_range\":{\"id\":\"1228\"},\"y_scale\":{\"id\":\"1232\"}},\"id\":\"1225\",\"subtype\":\"Figure\",\"type\":\"Plot\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1289\",\"type\":\"AllLabels\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1239\",\"type\":\"BasicTicker\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"formatter\":{\"id\":\"1288\"},\"group\":null,\"major_label_policy\":{\"id\":\"1289\"},\"ticker\":{\"id\":\"1239\"}},\"id\":\"1238\",\"type\":\"LinearAxis\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"group\":null,\"text\":\"Second Point\",\"text_baseline\":\"middle\",\"x\":5,\"x_offset\":12,\"y\":7},\"id\":\"1262\",\"type\":\"Label\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1294\",\"type\":\"Selection\"},{\"attributes\":{\"fill_alpha\":{\"value\":0.1},\"fill_color\":{\"value\":\"olive\"},\"hatch_alpha\":{\"value\":0.1},\"hatch_color\":{\"value\":\"olive\"},\"line_alpha\":{\"value\":0.1},\"line_color\":{\"value\":\"olive\"},\"size\":{\"value\":10},\"x\":{\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"field\":\"y\"}},\"id\":\"1258\",\"type\":\"Circle\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1235\",\"type\":\"BasicTicker\"},{\"attributes\":{\"axis\":{\"id\":\"1234\"},\"coordinates\":null,\"group\":null,\"ticker\":null},\"id\":\"1237\",\"type\":\"Grid\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1242\",\"type\":\"PanTool\"},{\"attributes\":{\"fill_color\":{\"value\":\"olive\"},\"hatch_color\":{\"value\":\"olive\"},\"line_color\":{\"value\":\"olive\"},\"size\":{\"value\":10},\"x\":{\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"field\":\"y\"}},\"id\":\"1257\",\"type\":\"Circle\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1243\",\"type\":\"WheelZoomTool\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1288\",\"type\":\"BasicTickFormatter\"},{\"attributes\":{\"bottom_units\":\"screen\",\"coordinates\":null,\"fill_alpha\":0.5,\"fill_color\":\"lightgrey\",\"group\":null,\"left_units\":\"screen\",\"level\":\"overlay\",\"line_alpha\":1.0,\"line_color\":\"black\",\"line_dash\":[4,4],\"line_width\":2,\"right_units\":\"screen\",\"syncable\":false,\"top_units\":\"screen\"},\"id\":\"1248\",\"type\":\"BoxAnnotation\"},{\"attributes\":{\"tools\":[{\"id\":\"1242\"},{\"id\":\"1243\"},{\"id\":\"1244\"},{\"id\":\"1245\"},{\"id\":\"1246\"},{\"id\":\"1247\"}]},\"id\":\"1249\",\"type\":\"Toolbar\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"group\":null},\"id\":\"1285\",\"type\":\"Title\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1232\",\"type\":\"LinearScale\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1230\",\"type\":\"LinearScale\"},{\"attributes\":{\"fill_alpha\":{\"value\":0.2},\"fill_color\":{\"value\":\"olive\"},\"hatch_alpha\":{\"value\":0.2},\"hatch_color\":{\"value\":\"olive\"},\"line_alpha\":{\"value\":0.2},\"line_color\":{\"value\":\"olive\"},\"size\":{\"value\":10},\"x\":{\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"field\":\"y\"}},\"id\":\"1259\",\"type\":\"Circle\"},{\"attributes\":{\"overlay\":{\"id\":\"1248\"}},\"id\":\"1244\",\"type\":\"BoxZoomTool\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1292\",\"type\":\"AllLabels\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"formatter\":{\"id\":\"1291\"},\"group\":null,\"major_label_policy\":{\"id\":\"1292\"},\"ticker\":{\"id\":\"1235\"}},\"id\":\"1234\",\"type\":\"LinearAxis\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1247\",\"type\":\"HelpTool\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1246\",\"type\":\"ResetTool\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1293\",\"type\":\"UnionRenderers\"},{\"attributes\":{\"end\":10},\"id\":\"1228\",\"type\":\"Range1d\"},{\"attributes\":{\"data\":{\"x\":[2,5,8],\"y\":[4,7,6]},\"selected\":{\"id\":\"1294\"},\"selection_policy\":{\"id\":\"1293\"}},\"id\":\"1256\",\"type\":\"ColumnDataSource\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1245\",\"type\":\"SaveTool\"},{\"attributes\":{\"source\":{\"id\":\"1256\"}},\"id\":\"1261\",\"type\":\"CDSView\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1291\",\"type\":\"BasicTickFormatter\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"data_source\":{\"id\":\"1256\"},\"glyph\":{\"id\":\"1257\"},\"group\":null,\"hover_glyph\":null,\"muted_glyph\":{\"id\":\"1259\"},\"nonselection_glyph\":{\"id\":\"1258\"},\"view\":{\"id\":\"1261\"}},\"id\":\"1260\",\"type\":\"GlyphRenderer\"},{\"attributes\":{\"end\":10},\"id\":\"1226\",\"type\":\"Range1d\"},{\"attributes\":{\"axis\":{\"id\":\"1238\"},\"coordinates\":null,\"dimension\":1,\"group\":null,\"ticker\":null},\"id\":\"1241\",\"type\":\"Grid\"}],\"root_ids\":[\"1225\"]},\"title\":\"Bokeh Application\",\"version\":\"2.4.3\"}};\n",
+       "  const render_items = [{\"docid\":\"7c31ba43-25a6-48eb-8e2c-c7a49e2d1230\",\"root_ids\":[\"1225\"],\"roots\":{\"1225\":\"c69551b1-e904-4fac-9ca1-11c55b6af96c\"}}];\n",
+       "  root.Bokeh.embed.embed_items_notebook(docs_json, render_items);\n",
+       "  }\n",
+       "  if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
+       "    embed_document(root);\n",
+       "  } else {\n",
+       "    let attempts = 0;\n",
+       "    const timer = setInterval(function(root) {\n",
+       "      if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
+       "        clearInterval(timer);\n",
+       "        embed_document(root);\n",
+       "      } else {\n",
+       "        attempts++;\n",
+       "        if (attempts > 100) {\n",
+       "          clearInterval(timer);\n",
+       "          console.log(\"Bokeh: ERROR: Unable to run BokehJS code because BokehJS library is missing\");\n",
+       "        }\n",
+       "      }\n",
+       "    }, 10, root)\n",
+       "  }\n",
+       "})(window);"
+      ],
+      "application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json": ""
+     },
+     "metadata": {
+      "application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json": {
+       "id": "1225"
+      }
+     },
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from bokeh.models.annotations import Label\n",
+    "from bokeh.plotting import figure\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# create a new plot using figure\n",
+    "p = figure(\n",
+    "    plot_height=400,\n",
+    "    plot_width=800,\n",
+    "    x_range=(0,10),\n",
+    "    y_range=(0,10)\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "p.circle(\n",
+    "    [2, 5, 8],\n",
+    "    [4, 7, 6],\n",
+    "    color=\"olive\",\n",
+    "    size=10\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "label = Label(\n",
+    "    x=5,\n",
+    "    y=7,\n",
+    "    x_offset=12,\n",
+    "    text=\"Second Point\",\n",
+    "    text_baseline=\"middle\"\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "p.add_layout(label)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# show the results\n",
+    "show(p)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### LabelSet\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The `LabelSet` annotation allows you to create many labels at once, for instance if you want to label an entire set of scatter markers. They are similar to `Label`, but they can also \n",
+    "accept a `ColumnDataSource` as the `source` property, and then `x` and `y` may refer to columns in the data source, e.g. `x=\"col2\"` (but may also still be fixed values, e.g. `x=10`)."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "\n",
+       "  <div class=\"bk-root\" id=\"313ece72-1567-4c01-b144-d9601d400206\" data-root-id=\"1383\"></div>\n"
+      ]
+     },
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "application/javascript": [
+       "(function(root) {\n",
+       "  function embed_document(root) {\n",
+       "  const docs_json = {\"44f1f574-e583-4782-8b98-ed7f06e63921\":{\"defs\":[],\"roots\":{\"references\":[{\"attributes\":{\"below\":[{\"id\":\"1392\"}],\"center\":[{\"id\":\"1395\"},{\"id\":\"1399\"},{\"id\":\"1420\"}],\"height\":400,\"left\":[{\"id\":\"1396\"}],\"renderers\":[{\"id\":\"1418\"}],\"title\":{\"id\":\"1455\"},\"toolbar\":{\"id\":\"1407\"},\"width\":800,\"x_range\":{\"id\":\"1384\"},\"x_scale\":{\"id\":\"1388\"},\"y_range\":{\"id\":\"1386\"},\"y_scale\":{\"id\":\"1390\"}},\"id\":\"1383\",\"subtype\":\"Figure\",\"type\":\"Plot\"},{\"attributes\":{\"axis\":{\"id\":\"1396\"},\"coordinates\":null,\"dimension\":1,\"group\":null,\"ticker\":null},\"id\":\"1399\",\"type\":\"Grid\"},{\"attributes\":{\"source\":{\"id\":\"1351\"}},\"id\":\"1419\",\"type\":\"CDSView\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"data_source\":{\"id\":\"1351\"},\"glyph\":{\"id\":\"1415\"},\"group\":null,\"hover_glyph\":null,\"muted_glyph\":{\"id\":\"1417\"},\"nonselection_glyph\":{\"id\":\"1416\"},\"view\":{\"id\":\"1419\"}},\"id\":\"1418\",\"type\":\"GlyphRenderer\"},{\"attributes\":{\"tools\":[{\"id\":\"1400\"},{\"id\":\"1401\"},{\"id\":\"1402\"},{\"id\":\"1403\"},{\"id\":\"1404\"},{\"id\":\"1405\"}]},\"id\":\"1407\",\"type\":\"Toolbar\"},{\"attributes\":{\"fill_alpha\":{\"value\":0.1},\"fill_color\":{\"value\":\"#1f77b4\"},\"hatch_alpha\":{\"value\":0.1},\"line_alpha\":{\"value\":0.1},\"line_color\":{\"value\":\"#1f77b4\"},\"size\":{\"value\":8},\"x\":{\"field\":\"temp\"},\"y\":{\"field\":\"pressure\"}},\"id\":\"1416\",\"type\":\"Scatter\"},{\"attributes\":{\"data\":{\"names\":[\"A\",\"B\",\"C\",\"D\",\"E\",\"F\"],\"pressure\":[165,189,220,141,260,174],\"temp\":[166,171,172,168,174,162]},\"selected\":{\"id\":\"1464\"},\"selection_policy\":{\"id\":\"1463\"}},\"id\":\"1351\",\"type\":\"ColumnDataSource\"},{\"attributes\":{\"fill_color\":{\"value\":\"#1f77b4\"},\"line_color\":{\"value\":\"#1f77b4\"},\"size\":{\"value\":8},\"x\":{\"field\":\"temp\"},\"y\":{\"field\":\"pressure\"}},\"id\":\"1415\",\"type\":\"Scatter\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1400\",\"type\":\"PanTool\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"group\":null,\"level\":\"glyph\",\"source\":{\"id\":\"1351\"},\"text\":{\"field\":\"names\"},\"x\":{\"field\":\"temp\"},\"x_offset\":{\"value\":5},\"y\":{\"field\":\"pressure\"},\"y_offset\":{\"value\":5}},\"id\":\"1420\",\"type\":\"LabelSet\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1404\",\"type\":\"ResetTool\"},{\"attributes\":{\"end\":175,\"start\":160},\"id\":\"1384\",\"type\":\"Range1d\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1401\",\"type\":\"WheelZoomTool\"},{\"attributes\":{\"overlay\":{\"id\":\"1406\"}},\"id\":\"1402\",\"type\":\"BoxZoomTool\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1403\",\"type\":\"SaveTool\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1388\",\"type\":\"LinearScale\"},{\"attributes\":{\"fill_alpha\":{\"value\":0.2},\"fill_color\":{\"value\":\"#1f77b4\"},\"hatch_alpha\":{\"value\":0.2},\"line_alpha\":{\"value\":0.2},\"line_color\":{\"value\":\"#1f77b4\"},\"size\":{\"value\":8},\"x\":{\"field\":\"temp\"},\"y\":{\"field\":\"pressure\"}},\"id\":\"1417\",\"type\":\"Scatter\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1461\",\"type\":\"BasicTickFormatter\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"group\":null},\"id\":\"1455\",\"type\":\"Title\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1393\",\"type\":\"BasicTicker\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1405\",\"type\":\"HelpTool\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1459\",\"type\":\"AllLabels\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1390\",\"type\":\"LinearScale\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1462\",\"type\":\"AllLabels\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1386\",\"type\":\"DataRange1d\"},{\"attributes\":{\"axis_label\":\"Temperature (C)\",\"coordinates\":null,\"formatter\":{\"id\":\"1461\"},\"group\":null,\"major_label_policy\":{\"id\":\"1462\"},\"ticker\":{\"id\":\"1393\"}},\"id\":\"1392\",\"type\":\"LinearAxis\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1458\",\"type\":\"BasicTickFormatter\"},{\"attributes\":{\"axis\":{\"id\":\"1392\"},\"coordinates\":null,\"group\":null,\"ticker\":null},\"id\":\"1395\",\"type\":\"Grid\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1397\",\"type\":\"BasicTicker\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1464\",\"type\":\"Selection\"},{\"attributes\":{\"axis_label\":\"Pressure (lbs)\",\"coordinates\":null,\"formatter\":{\"id\":\"1458\"},\"group\":null,\"major_label_policy\":{\"id\":\"1459\"},\"ticker\":{\"id\":\"1397\"}},\"id\":\"1396\",\"type\":\"LinearAxis\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1463\",\"type\":\"UnionRenderers\"},{\"attributes\":{\"bottom_units\":\"screen\",\"coordinates\":null,\"fill_alpha\":0.5,\"fill_color\":\"lightgrey\",\"group\":null,\"left_units\":\"screen\",\"level\":\"overlay\",\"line_alpha\":1.0,\"line_color\":\"black\",\"line_dash\":[4,4],\"line_width\":2,\"right_units\":\"screen\",\"syncable\":false,\"top_units\":\"screen\"},\"id\":\"1406\",\"type\":\"BoxAnnotation\"}],\"root_ids\":[\"1383\"]},\"title\":\"Bokeh Application\",\"version\":\"2.4.3\"}};\n",
+       "  const render_items = [{\"docid\":\"44f1f574-e583-4782-8b98-ed7f06e63921\",\"root_ids\":[\"1383\"],\"roots\":{\"1383\":\"313ece72-1567-4c01-b144-d9601d400206\"}}];\n",
+       "  root.Bokeh.embed.embed_items_notebook(docs_json, render_items);\n",
+       "  }\n",
+       "  if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
+       "    embed_document(root);\n",
+       "  } else {\n",
+       "    let attempts = 0;\n",
+       "    const timer = setInterval(function(root) {\n",
+       "      if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
+       "        clearInterval(timer);\n",
+       "        embed_document(root);\n",
+       "      } else {\n",
+       "        attempts++;\n",
+       "        if (attempts > 100) {\n",
+       "          clearInterval(timer);\n",
+       "          console.log(\"Bokeh: ERROR: Unable to run BokehJS code because BokehJS library is missing\");\n",
+       "        }\n",
+       "      }\n",
+       "    }, 10, root)\n",
+       "  }\n",
+       "})(window);"
+      ],
+      "application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json": ""
+     },
+     "metadata": {
+      "application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json": {
+       "id": "1383"
+      }
+     },
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from bokeh.models import ColumnDataSource, LabelSet\n",
+    "\n",
+    "source = ColumnDataSource(\n",
+    "    data=dict(\n",
+    "        temp=[166, 171, 172, 168, 174, 162],\n",
+    "        pressure=[165, 189, 220, 141, 260, 174],\n",
+    "        names=['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F']\n",
+    "    )\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "p = figure(x_range=(160, 175))\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# create a new plot using figure\n",
+    "p = figure(\n",
+    "    plot_height=400,\n",
+    "    plot_width=800,\n",
+    "    x_range=(160, 175)\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "p.scatter(\n",
+    "    x='temp',\n",
+    "    y='pressure',\n",
+    "    size=8,\n",
+    "    source=source\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "p.xaxis.axis_label = 'Temperature (C)'\n",
+    "p.yaxis.axis_label = 'Pressure (lbs)'\n",
+    "\n",
+    "labels = LabelSet(\n",
+    "    x='temp',\n",
+    "    y='pressure',\n",
+    "    text='names',\n",
+    "    level='glyph',\n",
+    "    render_mode='canvas',\n",
+    "    x_offset=5,\n",
+    "    y_offset=5,\n",
+    "    source=source\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "p.add_layout(labels)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# show the results\n",
+    "show(p)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Arrows\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The `Arrow` annotation allows you to \"point\" at different things on your plot, and can be especially useful in conjuction with labels. \n",
+    "\n",
+    "For example, to create an arrow that points from `(0,0)` to `(1,1)`:\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```python\n",
+    "p.add_layout(Arrow(x_start=0, y_start=0, x_end=1, y_end=0))\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "This arrow will have the default [`OpenHead`](https://bokeh.pydata.org/en/latest/docs/reference/models/arrow_heads.html#bokeh.models.arrow_heads.OpenHead) arrow head at the end of the arrow. Other kinds of arrow heads include [`NormalHead`](https://bokeh.pydata.org/en/latest/docs/reference/models/arrow_heads.html#bokeh.models.arrow_heads.NormalHead) and [`VeeHead`](https://bokeh.pydata.org/en/latest/docs/reference/models/arrow_heads.html#bokeh.models.arrow_heads.VeeHead). The arrow head type can be controlled by setting the `start` and `end` properties of `Arrow` objects:\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```python\n",
+    "p.add_layout(Arrow(start=OpenHead(), end=VeeHead(), \n",
+    "             x_start=0, y_start=0, x_end=1, y_end=0))\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "This will create a double-ended arrow with an \"open\" head at the start, and a \"vee\" head at the end. Arrowheads have the standard set of line and fill properties to control their appearance. As an example\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```python\n",
+    "OpenHead(line_color=\"firebrick\", line_width=4)\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The code and plot below shows several of these configurations together."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "\n",
+       "  <div class=\"bk-root\" id=\"881dc2b4-e06b-403f-8832-ccd1a3d3344e\" data-root-id=\"1521\"></div>\n"
+      ]
+     },
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "application/javascript": [
+       "(function(root) {\n",
+       "  function embed_document(root) {\n",
+       "  const docs_json = {\"77841e97-1532-4da8-ae07-e5c5298f49d8\":{\"defs\":[],\"roots\":{\"references\":[{\"attributes\":{\"below\":[{\"id\":\"1530\"}],\"center\":[{\"id\":\"1533\"},{\"id\":\"1537\"},{\"id\":\"1559\"},{\"id\":\"1562\"},{\"id\":\"1565\"}],\"height\":400,\"left\":[{\"id\":\"1534\"}],\"renderers\":[{\"id\":\"1556\"}],\"title\":{\"id\":\"1611\"},\"toolbar\":{\"id\":\"1545\"},\"width\":800,\"x_range\":{\"id\":\"1522\"},\"x_scale\":{\"id\":\"1526\"},\"y_range\":{\"id\":\"1524\"},\"y_scale\":{\"id\":\"1528\"}},\"id\":\"1521\",\"subtype\":\"Figure\",\"type\":\"Plot\"},{\"attributes\":{\"size\":{\"value\":35}},\"id\":\"1564\",\"type\":\"VeeHead\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1626\",\"type\":\"Selection\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1524\",\"type\":\"DataRange1d\"},{\"attributes\":{\"tools\":[{\"id\":\"1538\"},{\"id\":\"1539\"},{\"id\":\"1540\"},{\"id\":\"1541\"},{\"id\":\"1542\"},{\"id\":\"1543\"}]},\"id\":\"1545\",\"type\":\"Toolbar\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"data_source\":{\"id\":\"1552\"},\"glyph\":{\"id\":\"1553\"},\"group\":null,\"hover_glyph\":null,\"muted_glyph\":{\"id\":\"1555\"},\"nonselection_glyph\":{\"id\":\"1554\"},\"view\":{\"id\":\"1557\"}},\"id\":\"1556\",\"type\":\"GlyphRenderer\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1627\",\"type\":\"UnionRenderers\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1522\",\"type\":\"DataRange1d\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"group\":null},\"id\":\"1611\",\"type\":\"Title\"},{\"attributes\":{\"bottom_units\":\"screen\",\"coordinates\":null,\"fill_alpha\":0.5,\"fill_color\":\"lightgrey\",\"group\":null,\"left_units\":\"screen\",\"level\":\"overlay\",\"line_alpha\":1.0,\"line_color\":\"black\",\"line_dash\":[4,4],\"line_width\":2,\"right_units\":\"screen\",\"syncable\":false,\"top_units\":\"screen\"},\"id\":\"1544\",\"type\":\"BoxAnnotation\"},{\"attributes\":{\"source\":{\"id\":\"1552\"}},\"id\":\"1557\",\"type\":\"CDSView\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1538\",\"type\":\"PanTool\"},{\"attributes\":{\"fill_alpha\":{\"value\":0.1},\"fill_color\":{\"field\":\"fill_color\"},\"hatch_alpha\":{\"value\":0.1},\"hatch_color\":{\"field\":\"hatch_color\"},\"line_alpha\":{\"value\":0.1},\"line_color\":{\"field\":\"line_color\"},\"radius\":{\"value\":0.1},\"x\":{\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"field\":\"y\"}},\"id\":\"1554\",\"type\":\"Circle\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1542\",\"type\":\"ResetTool\"},{\"attributes\":{\"fill_alpha\":{\"value\":0.1},\"fill_color\":{\"field\":\"fill_color\"},\"hatch_color\":{\"field\":\"hatch_color\"},\"line_color\":{\"field\":\"line_color\"},\"radius\":{\"value\":0.1},\"x\":{\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"field\":\"y\"}},\"id\":\"1553\",\"type\":\"Circle\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1539\",\"type\":\"WheelZoomTool\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1629\",\"type\":\"UnionRenderers\"},{\"attributes\":{\"overlay\":{\"id\":\"1544\"}},\"id\":\"1540\",\"type\":\"BoxZoomTool\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1541\",\"type\":\"SaveTool\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1614\",\"type\":\"BasicTickFormatter\"},{\"attributes\":{\"fill_color\":{\"value\":\"orange\"}},\"id\":\"1561\",\"type\":\"NormalHead\"},{\"attributes\":{\"fill_alpha\":{\"value\":0.2},\"fill_color\":{\"field\":\"fill_color\"},\"hatch_alpha\":{\"value\":0.2},\"hatch_color\":{\"field\":\"hatch_color\"},\"line_alpha\":{\"value\":0.2},\"line_color\":{\"field\":\"line_color\"},\"radius\":{\"value\":0.1},\"x\":{\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"field\":\"y\"}},\"id\":\"1555\",\"type\":\"Circle\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1615\",\"type\":\"AllLabels\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1531\",\"type\":\"BasicTicker\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1528\",\"type\":\"LinearScale\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1543\",\"type\":\"HelpTool\"},{\"attributes\":{\"data\":{},\"selected\":{\"id\":\"1626\"},\"selection_policy\":{\"id\":\"1625\"}},\"id\":\"1619\",\"type\":\"ColumnDataSource\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1526\",\"type\":\"LinearScale\"},{\"attributes\":{\"data\":{},\"selected\":{\"id\":\"1628\"},\"selection_policy\":{\"id\":\"1627\"}},\"id\":\"1620\",\"type\":\"ColumnDataSource\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"formatter\":{\"id\":\"1617\"},\"group\":null,\"major_label_policy\":{\"id\":\"1618\"},\"ticker\":{\"id\":\"1531\"}},\"id\":\"1530\",\"type\":\"LinearAxis\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1617\",\"type\":\"BasicTickFormatter\"},{\"attributes\":{\"axis\":{\"id\":\"1530\"},\"coordinates\":null,\"group\":null,\"ticker\":null},\"id\":\"1533\",\"type\":\"Grid\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"end\":{\"id\":\"1564\"},\"group\":null,\"line_color\":{\"value\":\"red\"},\"source\":{\"id\":\"1621\"},\"start\":null,\"x_end\":{\"value\":0},\"x_start\":{\"value\":0.5},\"y_end\":{\"value\":0},\"y_start\":{\"value\":0.7}},\"id\":\"1565\",\"type\":\"Arrow\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"end\":{\"id\":\"1561\"},\"group\":null,\"source\":{\"id\":\"1620\"},\"start\":null,\"x_end\":{\"value\":0.5},\"x_start\":{\"value\":1},\"y_end\":{\"value\":0.7},\"y_start\":{\"value\":0}},\"id\":\"1562\",\"type\":\"Arrow\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1535\",\"type\":\"BasicTicker\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1623\",\"type\":\"Selection\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"formatter\":{\"id\":\"1614\"},\"group\":null,\"major_label_policy\":{\"id\":\"1615\"},\"ticker\":{\"id\":\"1535\"}},\"id\":\"1534\",\"type\":\"LinearAxis\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1618\",\"type\":\"AllLabels\"},{\"attributes\":{\"data\":{},\"selected\":{\"id\":\"1630\"},\"selection_policy\":{\"id\":\"1629\"}},\"id\":\"1621\",\"type\":\"ColumnDataSource\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1628\",\"type\":\"Selection\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"end\":{\"id\":\"1558\"},\"group\":null,\"source\":{\"id\":\"1619\"},\"start\":null,\"x_end\":{\"value\":1},\"x_start\":{\"value\":0},\"y_end\":{\"value\":0},\"y_start\":{\"value\":0}},\"id\":\"1559\",\"type\":\"Arrow\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1622\",\"type\":\"UnionRenderers\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1630\",\"type\":\"Selection\"},{\"attributes\":{\"line_color\":{\"value\":\"firebrick\"},\"line_width\":{\"value\":4}},\"id\":\"1558\",\"type\":\"OpenHead\"},{\"attributes\":{\"axis\":{\"id\":\"1534\"},\"coordinates\":null,\"dimension\":1,\"group\":null,\"ticker\":null},\"id\":\"1537\",\"type\":\"Grid\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1625\",\"type\":\"UnionRenderers\"},{\"attributes\":{\"data\":{\"fill_color\":[\"navy\",\"yellow\",\"red\"],\"hatch_color\":[\"navy\",\"yellow\",\"red\"],\"line_color\":[\"navy\",\"yellow\",\"red\"],\"x\":[0,1,0.5],\"y\":[0,0,0.7]},\"selected\":{\"id\":\"1623\"},\"selection_policy\":{\"id\":\"1622\"}},\"id\":\"1552\",\"type\":\"ColumnDataSource\"}],\"root_ids\":[\"1521\"]},\"title\":\"Bokeh Application\",\"version\":\"2.4.3\"}};\n",
+       "  const render_items = [{\"docid\":\"77841e97-1532-4da8-ae07-e5c5298f49d8\",\"root_ids\":[\"1521\"],\"roots\":{\"1521\":\"881dc2b4-e06b-403f-8832-ccd1a3d3344e\"}}];\n",
+       "  root.Bokeh.embed.embed_items_notebook(docs_json, render_items);\n",
+       "  }\n",
+       "  if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
+       "    embed_document(root);\n",
+       "  } else {\n",
+       "    let attempts = 0;\n",
+       "    const timer = setInterval(function(root) {\n",
+       "      if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
+       "        clearInterval(timer);\n",
+       "        embed_document(root);\n",
+       "      } else {\n",
+       "        attempts++;\n",
+       "        if (attempts > 100) {\n",
+       "          clearInterval(timer);\n",
+       "          console.log(\"Bokeh: ERROR: Unable to run BokehJS code because BokehJS library is missing\");\n",
+       "        }\n",
+       "      }\n",
+       "    }, 10, root)\n",
+       "  }\n",
+       "})(window);"
+      ],
+      "application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json": ""
+     },
+     "metadata": {
+      "application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json": {
+       "id": "1521"
+      }
+     },
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from bokeh.models.annotations import Arrow\n",
+    "from bokeh.models.arrow_heads import OpenHead, NormalHead, VeeHead\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# create a new plot using figure\n",
+    "p = figure(\n",
+    "    plot_height=400,\n",
+    "    plot_width=800\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "p.circle(\n",
+    "    x=[0, 1, 0.5],\n",
+    "    y=[0, 0, 0.7],\n",
+    "    radius=0.1,\n",
+    "    color=[\"navy\", \"yellow\", \"red\"],\n",
+    "    fill_alpha=0.1\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "p.add_layout(\n",
+    "    Arrow(\n",
+    "        end=OpenHead(\n",
+    "            line_color=\"firebrick\",\n",
+    "            line_width=4\n",
+    "        ),\n",
+    "        x_start=0,\n",
+    "        y_start=0,\n",
+    "        x_end=1,\n",
+    "        y_end=0\n",
+    "    )\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "p.add_layout(\n",
+    "    Arrow(\n",
+    "        end=NormalHead(\n",
+    "            fill_color=\"orange\"\n",
+    "        ),\n",
+    "        x_start=1,\n",
+    "        y_start=0,\n",
+    "        x_end=0.5,\n",
+    "        y_end=0.7\n",
+    "    )\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "p.add_layout(\n",
+    "    Arrow(\n",
+    "        end=VeeHead(size=35), \n",
+    "        line_color=\"red\",\n",
+    "        x_start=0.5,\n",
+    "        y_start=0.7,\n",
+    "        x_end=0,\n",
+    "        y_end=0\n",
+    "    )\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# show the results\n",
+    "show(p)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Legends\n",
+    "\n",
+    "When plots have multiple glyphs, it is desirable to include a legend to help users interpret what they see. Bokeh can generate legends easily based on the glyphs that are added. "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "#### Simple Legends\n",
+    "\n",
+    "In the simplest case, you can simply pass a string as the `legend_label` argument to a glyph function:\n",
+    "```python\n",
+    "p.circle(x, y, legend_label=\"sin(x)\")\n",
+    "``` \n",
+    "In this case Bokeh will automatically create a legend that shows a representation of that glyph, labeled by the test you provided. A full example is below."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 8,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "\n",
+       "  <div class=\"bk-root\" id=\"caf13e32-7b8f-4454-b278-a8e7316d7d6c\" data-root-id=\"1731\"></div>\n"
+      ]
+     },
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "application/javascript": [
+       "(function(root) {\n",
+       "  function embed_document(root) {\n",
+       "  const docs_json = 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Renderer\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1751\",\"type\":\"SaveTool\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1797\",\"type\":\"UnionRenderers\"},{\"attributes\":{\"axis\":{\"id\":\"1740\"},\"coordinates\":null,\"group\":null,\"ticker\":null},\"id\":\"1743\",\"type\":\"Grid\"},{\"attributes\":{\"axis\":{\"id\":\"1744\"},\"coordinates\":null,\"dimension\":1,\"group\":null,\"ticker\":null},\"id\":\"1747\",\"type\":\"Grid\"}],\"root_ids\":[\"1731\"]},\"title\":\"Bokeh Application\",\"version\":\"2.4.3\"}};\n",
+       "  const render_items = [{\"docid\":\"757471ea-811f-41a0-bc59-b2fc312813dd\",\"root_ids\":[\"1731\"],\"roots\":{\"1731\":\"caf13e32-7b8f-4454-b278-a8e7316d7d6c\"}}];\n",
+       "  root.Bokeh.embed.embed_items_notebook(docs_json, render_items);\n",
+       "  }\n",
+       "  if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
+       "    embed_document(root);\n",
+       "  } else {\n",
+       "    let attempts = 0;\n",
+       "    const timer = setInterval(function(root) {\n",
+       "      if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
+       "        clearInterval(timer);\n",
+       "        embed_document(root);\n",
+       "      } else {\n",
+       "        attempts++;\n",
+       "        if (attempts > 100) {\n",
+       "          clearInterval(timer);\n",
+       "          console.log(\"Bokeh: ERROR: Unable to run BokehJS code because BokehJS library is missing\");\n",
+       "        }\n",
+       "      }\n",
+       "    }, 10, root)\n",
+       "  }\n",
+       "})(window);"
+      ],
+      "application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json": ""
+     },
+     "metadata": {
+      "application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json": {
+       "id": "1731"
+      }
+     },
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "import numpy as np\n",
+    "\n",
+    "x = np.linspace(0, 4*np.pi, 100)\n",
+    "y = np.sin(x)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# create a new plot using figure\n",
+    "p = figure(\n",
+    "    plot_height=400,\n",
+    "    plot_width=800\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "p.circle(\n",
+    "    x,\n",
+    "    y,\n",
+    "    legend_label=\"sin(x)\"\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "p.line(\n",
+    "    x,\n",
+    "    2*y,\n",
+    "    legend_label=\"2*sin(x)\",\n",
+    "    line_dash=[4, 4],\n",
+    "    line_color=\"orange\",\n",
+    "    line_width=2\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# show the results\n",
+    "show(p)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "#### Compound legends\n",
+    "\n",
+    "In the example above, we provided a different legend label to each glyph method. Sometimes, two (or more) different glyphs are used with a single data source. In this case, you can make compound legends by specifying the same legend argument to multiple glyph methods when creating a plot, for example, if you plot a `sin` curve with both a line and a marker, you may give them the same label to cause them to show up together in the legend:\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```python\n",
+    "p.circle(x, y, legend_label=\"sin(x)\")\n",
+    "p.line(x, y, legend_label=\"sin(x)\", line_dash=[4, 4], line_color=\"orange\", line_width=2)\n",
+    "```\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Color bars\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Color bars are especially useful if we vary the color of a glyph according to some color mapping. Bokeh color bars are configured with a color mapper and added to plots with the `add_layout` method:\n",
+    "```python\n",
+    "color_mapper = LinearColorMapper(palette=\"Viridis256\", low=data_low, high=data_high)\n",
+    "color_bar = ColorBar(color_mapper=color_mapper, location=(0,0))\n",
+    "p.add_layout(color_bar, 'right')\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "The example below shows a complete example that also uses the color mapper to transform the glyph color."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 9,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "\n",
+       "  <div class=\"bk-root\" id=\"7165e697-8ca7-40b3-848f-8760ef697c15\" data-root-id=\"1963\"></div>\n"
+      ]
+     },
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "application/javascript": [
+       "(function(root) {\n",
+       "  function embed_document(root) {\n",
+       "  const docs_json = 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:\"1985\",\"type\":\"Circle\"},{\"attributes\":{\"high\":5140,\"low\":1613,\"palette\":[\"#440154\",\"#440255\",\"#440357\",\"#450558\",\"#45065A\",\"#45085B\",\"#46095C\",\"#460B5E\",\"#460C5F\",\"#460E61\",\"#470F62\",\"#471163\",\"#471265\",\"#471466\",\"#471567\",\"#471669\",\"#47186A\",\"#48196B\",\"#481A6C\",\"#481C6E\",\"#481D6F\",\"#481E70\",\"#482071\",\"#482172\",\"#482273\",\"#482374\",\"#472575\",\"#472676\",\"#472777\",\"#472878\",\"#472A79\",\"#472B7A\",\"#472C7B\",\"#462D7C\",\"#462F7C\",\"#46307D\",\"#46317E\",\"#45327F\",\"#45347F\",\"#453580\",\"#453681\",\"#443781\",\"#443982\",\"#433A83\",\"#433B83\",\"#433C84\",\"#423D84\",\"#423E85\",\"#424085\",\"#414186\",\"#414286\",\"#404387\",\"#404487\",\"#3F4587\",\"#3F4788\",\"#3E4888\",\"#3E4989\",\"#3D4A89\",\"#3D4B89\",\"#3D4C89\",\"#3C4D8A\",\"#3C4E8A\",\"#3B508A\",\"#3B518A\",\"#3A528B\",\"#3A538B\",\"#39548B\",\"#39558B\",\"#38568B\",\"#38578C\",\"#37588C\",\"#37598C\",\"#365A8C\",\"#365B8C\",\"#355C8C\",\"#355D8C\",\"#345E8D\",\"#345F8D\",\"#33608D\",\"#33618D\",\"#32628D\",\"#32638D\",\"#31648D\",\"#31658D\",\"#31668D\",\"#30678D\",\"#30688D\",\"#2F698D\",\"#2F6A8D\",\"#2E6B8E\",\"#2E6C8E\",\"#2E6D8E\",\"#2D6E8E\",\"#2D6F8E\",\"#2C708E\",\"#2C718E\",\"#2C728E\",\"#2B738E\",\"#2B748E\",\"#2A758E\",\"#2A768E\",\"#2A778E\",\"#29788E\",\"#29798E\",\"#287A8E\",\"#287A8E\",\"#287B8E\",\"#277C8E\",\"#277D8E\",\"#277E8E\",\"#267F8E\",\"#26808E\",\"#26818E\",\"#25828E\",\"#25838D\",\"#24848D\",\"#24858D\",\"#24868D\",\"#23878D\",\"#23888D\",\"#23898D\",\"#22898D\",\"#228A8D\",\"#228B8D\",\"#218C8D\",\"#218D8C\",\"#218E8C\",\"#208F8C\",\"#20908C\",\"#20918C\",\"#1F928C\",\"#1F938B\",\"#1F948B\",\"#1F958B\",\"#1F968B\",\"#1E978A\",\"#1E988A\",\"#1E998A\",\"#1E998A\",\"#1E9A89\",\"#1E9B89\",\"#1E9C89\",\"#1E9D88\",\"#1E9E88\",\"#1E9F88\",\"#1EA087\",\"#1FA187\",\"#1FA286\",\"#1FA386\",\"#20A485\",\"#20A585\",\"#21A685\",\"#21A784\",\"#22A784\",\"#23A883\",\"#23A982\",\"#24AA82\",\"#25AB81\",\"#26AC81\",\"#27AD80\",\"#28AE7F\",\"#29AF7F\",\"#2AB07E\",\"#2BB17D\",\"#2CB17D\",\"#2EB27C\",\"#2FB37B\",\"#30B47A\",\"#32B57A\",\"#33B679\",\"#35B778\",\"#36B877\",\"#38B976\",\"#39B976\",\"#3BBA75\",\"#3DBB74\",\"#3EBC73\",\"#40BD72\",\"#42BE71\",\"#44BE70\",\"#45BF6F\",\"#47C06E\",\"#49C16D\",\"#4BC26C\",\"#4DC26B\",\"#4FC369\",\"#51C468\",\"#53C567\",\"#55C666\",\"#57C665\",\"#59C764\",\"#5BC862\",\"#5EC961\",\"#60C960\",\"#62CA5F\",\"#64CB5D\",\"#67CC5C\",\"#69CC5B\",\"#6BCD59\",\"#6DCE58\",\"#70CE56\",\"#72CF55\",\"#74D054\",\"#77D052\",\"#79D151\",\"#7CD24F\",\"#7ED24E\",\"#81D34C\",\"#83D34B\",\"#86D449\",\"#88D547\",\"#8BD546\",\"#8DD644\",\"#90D643\",\"#92D741\",\"#95D73F\",\"#97D83E\",\"#9AD83C\",\"#9DD93A\",\"#9FD938\",\"#A2DA37\",\"#A5DA35\",\"#A7DB33\",\"#AADB32\",\"#ADDC30\",\"#AFDC2E\",\"#B2DD2C\",\"#B5DD2B\",\"#B7DD29\",\"#BADE27\",\"#BDDE26\",\"#BFDF24\",\"#C2DF22\",\"#C5DF21\",\"#C7E01F\",\"#CAE01E\",\"#CDE01D\",\"#CFE11C\",\"#D2E11B\",\"#D4E11A\",\"#D7E219\",\"#DAE218\",\"#DCE218\",\"#DFE318\",\"#E1E318\",\"#E4E318\",\"#E7E419\",\"#E9E419\",\"#ECE41A\",\"#EEE51B\",\"#F1E51C\",\"#F3E51E\",\"#F6E61F\",\"#F8E621\",\"#FAE622\",\"#FDE724\"]},\"id\":\"1944\",\"type\":\"LinearColorMapper\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1966\",\"type\":\"DataRange1d\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1964\",\"type\":\"DataRange1d\"},{\"attributes\":{\"source\":{\"id\":\"1981\"}},\"id\":\"1987\",\"type\":\"CDSView\"},{\"attributes\":{\"axis\":{\"id\":\"1976\"},\"coordinates\":null,\"dimension\":1,\"group\":null,\"ticker\":null},\"id\":\"1979\",\"type\":\"Grid\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"group\":null},\"id\":\"2066\",\"type\":\"Title\"}],\"root_ids\":[\"1963\"]},\"title\":\"Bokeh Application\",\"version\":\"2.4.3\"}};\n",
+       "  const render_items = [{\"docid\":\"9acf83f9-9557-42d6-8239-020b657bb0b7\",\"root_ids\":[\"1963\"],\"roots\":{\"1963\":\"7165e697-8ca7-40b3-848f-8760ef697c15\"}}];\n",
+       "  root.Bokeh.embed.embed_items_notebook(docs_json, render_items);\n",
+       "  }\n",
+       "  if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
+       "    embed_document(root);\n",
+       "  } else {\n",
+       "    let attempts = 0;\n",
+       "    const timer = setInterval(function(root) {\n",
+       "      if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
+       "        clearInterval(timer);\n",
+       "        embed_document(root);\n",
+       "      } else {\n",
+       "        attempts++;\n",
+       "        if (attempts > 100) {\n",
+       "          clearInterval(timer);\n",
+       "          console.log(\"Bokeh: ERROR: Unable to run BokehJS code because BokehJS library is missing\");\n",
+       "        }\n",
+       "      }\n",
+       "    }, 10, root)\n",
+       "  }\n",
+       "})(window);"
+      ],
+      "application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json": ""
+     },
+     "metadata": {
+      "application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json": {
+       "id": "1963"
+      }
+     },
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from bokeh.sampledata.autompg import autompg\n",
+    "\n",
+    "from bokeh.models import LinearColorMapper, ColorBar\n",
+    "from bokeh.transform import transform\n",
+    "\n",
+    "source = ColumnDataSource(autompg)\n",
+    "color_mapper = LinearColorMapper(\n",
+    "    palette=\"Viridis256\",\n",
+    "    low=autompg.weight.min(),\n",
+    "    high=autompg.weight.max()\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "p = figure(x_axis_label='Horsepower', y_axis_label='MPG', tools='', toolbar_location=None)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# create a new plot using figure\n",
+    "p = figure(\n",
+    "    plot_height=400,\n",
+    "    plot_width=800,\n",
+    "    x_axis_label='Horsepower',\n",
+    "    y_axis_label='MPG',\n",
+    "    tools='',\n",
+    "    toolbar_location=None\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "p.circle(\n",
+    "    x='hp',\n",
+    "    y='mpg',\n",
+    "    color=transform(\n",
+    "        'weight',\n",
+    "        color_mapper\n",
+    "    ),\n",
+    "    size=20,\n",
+    "    alpha=0.6,\n",
+    "    source=autompg\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "color_bar = ColorBar(\n",
+    "    color_mapper=color_mapper,\n",
+    "    label_standoff=12,\n",
+    "    location=(0,0),\n",
+    "    title='Weight'\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "p.add_layout(color_bar, 'right')\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# show the results\n",
+    "show(p)"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "anaconda-cloud": {},
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.7.9"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 4
+}