intervals 0.3.56

data/ext/crlibm/log2-td.c

@@ -0,0 +1,935 @@
+/* 
+ * This function computes log2, correctly rounded, 
+ * using experimental techniques based on triple double arithmetics
+
+ THIS IS EXPERIMENTAL SOFTWARE
+ 
+ *
+ * Author :  Christoph Lauter
+ * christoph.lauter at ens-lyon.fr
+ *
+
+ To have it replace the crlibm log2, do:
+
+ gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I.  -fPIC  -O2 -c log2-td.c;   mv log2-td.o log2_accurate.o; make 
+
+ 
+*/
+
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "crlibm.h"
+#include "crlibm_private.h"
+#include "triple-double.h"
+#include "log2-td.h"
+
+#define AVOID_FMA 0
+
+
+void log2_td_accurate(double *logb2h, double *logb2m, double *logb2l, int E, double ed, int index, double zh, double zl, double logih, double logim) {
+  double highPoly, t1h, t1l, t2h, t2l, t3h, t3l, t4h, t4l, t5h, t5l, t6h, t6l, t7h, t7l, t8h, t8l, t9h, t9l, t10h, t10l, t11h, t11l;
+  double t12h, t12l, t13h, t13l, t14h, t14l, zSquareh, zSquarem, zSquarel, zCubeh, zCubem, zCubel, higherPolyMultZh, higherPolyMultZm;
+  double higherPolyMultZl, zSquareHalfh, zSquareHalfm, zSquareHalfl, polyWithSquareh, polyWithSquarem, polyWithSquarel;
+  double polyh, polym, polyl, logil, logyh, logym, logyl, loghover, logmover, loglover, log2edhover, log2edmover, log2edlover;
+  double log2edh, log2edm, log2edl, logb2hover, logb2mover, logb2lover;
+
+
+#if EVAL_PERF
+  crlibm_second_step_taken++;
+#endif
+
+
+  /* Accurate phase:
+
+     Argument reduction is already done. 
+     We must return logh, logm and logl representing the intermediate result in 118 bits precision.
+
+     We use a 14 degree polynomial, computing the first 3 (the first is 0) coefficients in triple double,
+     calculating the next 7 coefficients in double double arithmetics and the last in double.
+
+     We must account for zl starting with the monome of degree 4 (7^3 + 53 - 7 >> 118); so 
+     double double calculations won't account for it.
+
+  */
+
+  /* Start of the horner scheme */
+
+#if defined(PROCESSOR_HAS_FMA) && !defined(AVOID_FMA)
+  highPoly = FMA(FMA(FMA(FMA(accPolyC14,zh,accPolyC13),zh,accPolyC12),zh,accPolyC11),zh,accPolyC10);
+#else
+  highPoly = accPolyC10 + zh * (accPolyC11 + zh * (accPolyC12 + zh * (accPolyC13 + zh * accPolyC14)));
+#endif
+  
+  /* We want to write 
+
+     accPolyC3 + zh * (accPoly4 + zh * (accPoly5 + zh * (accPoly6 + zh * (accPoly7 + zh * (accPoly8 + zh * (accPoly9 + zh * highPoly))))));
+     (        t14  t13         t12  t11         t10   t9          t8   t7          t6   t5          t4   t3          t2   t1  )
+
+     with all additions and multiplications in double double arithmetics
+     but we will produce intermediate results labelled t1h/t1l thru t14h/t14l
+  */
+
+  Mul12(&t1h, &t1l, zh, highPoly);
+  Add22(&t2h, &t2l, accPolyC9h, accPolyC9l, t1h, t1l);
+  Mul22(&t3h, &t3l, zh, zl, t2h, t2l);
+  Add22(&t4h, &t4l, accPolyC8h, accPolyC8l, t3h, t3l);
+  Mul22(&t5h, &t5l, zh, zl, t4h, t4l);
+  Add22(&t6h, &t6l, accPolyC7h, accPolyC7l, t5h, t5l);
+  Mul22(&t7h, &t7l, zh, zl, t6h, t6l);
+  Add22(&t8h, &t8l, accPolyC6h, accPolyC6l, t7h, t7l);
+  Mul22(&t9h, &t9l, zh, zl, t8h, t8l);
+  Add22(&t10h, &t10l, accPolyC5h, accPolyC5l, t9h, t9l);
+  Mul22(&t11h, &t11l, zh, zl, t10h, t10l);
+  Add22(&t12h, &t12l, accPolyC4h, accPolyC4l, t11h, t11l);
+  Mul22(&t13h, &t13l, zh, zl, t12h, t12l);
+  Add22(&t14h, &t14l, accPolyC3h, accPolyC3l, t13h, t13l);
+
+  /* We must now prepare (zh + zl)^2 and (zh + zl)^3 as triple doubles */
+
+  Mul23(&zSquareh, &zSquarem, &zSquarel, zh, zl, zh, zl); 
+  Mul233(&zCubeh, &zCubem, &zCubel, zh, zl, zSquareh, zSquarem, zSquarel); 
+  
+  /* We can now multiplicate the middle and higher polynomial by z^3 */
+
+  Mul233(&higherPolyMultZh, &higherPolyMultZm, &higherPolyMultZl, t14h, t14l, zCubeh, zCubem, zCubel);
+  
+  /* Multiply now z^2 by -1/2 (exact op) and add to middle and higher polynomial */
+  
+  zSquareHalfh = zSquareh * -0.5;
+  zSquareHalfm = zSquarem * -0.5;
+  zSquareHalfl = zSquarel * -0.5;
+
+  Add33(&polyWithSquareh, &polyWithSquarem, &polyWithSquarel, 
+	zSquareHalfh, zSquareHalfm, zSquareHalfl, 
+	higherPolyMultZh, higherPolyMultZm, higherPolyMultZl);
+
+  /* Add now zh and zl to obtain the polynomial evaluation result */
+
+  Add233(&polyh, &polym, &polyl, zh, zl, polyWithSquareh, polyWithSquarem, polyWithSquarel);
+
+  /* Reconstruct now log(y) = log(1 + z) - log(ri) by adding logih, logim, logil
+     logil has not been read to the time, do this first 
+  */
+
+  logil =  argredtable[index].logil;
+
+  Add33(&logyh, &logym, &logyl, logih, logim, logil, polyh, polym, polyl);
+
+  /* Multiply log2 with E, i.e. log2h, log2m, log2l by ed 
+     ed is always less than 2^(12) and log2h and log2m are stored with at least 12 trailing zeros 
+     So multiplying naively is correct (up to 134 bits at least)
+
+     The final result is thus obtained by adding log2 * E to log(y)
+  */
+
+  log2edhover = log2h * ed;
+  log2edmover = log2m * ed;
+  log2edlover = log2l * ed;
+
+  /* It may be necessary to renormalize the tabulated value (multiplied by ed) before adding
+     the to the log(y)-result 
+
+     If needed, uncomment the following Renormalize3-Statement and comment out the copies 
+     following it.
+  */
+
+  /* Renormalize3(&log2edh, &log2edm, &log2edl, log2edhover, log2edmover, log2edlover); */
+
+  log2edh = log2edhover;
+  log2edm = log2edmover;
+  log2edl = log2edlover;
+
+  Add33(&loghover, &logmover, &loglover, log2edh, log2edm, log2edl, logyh, logym, logyl);
+
+
+  /* Change logarithm base from natural base to base 2 by multiplying */
+
+  Mul233(&logb2hover, &logb2mover, &logb2lover, log2invh, log2invl, loghover, logmover, loglover);
+
+
+  /* Since we can not guarantee in each addition and multiplication procedure that 
+     the results are not overlapping, we must renormalize the result before handing
+     it over to the final rounding
+  */
+
+  Renormalize3(logb2h,logb2m,logb2l,logb2hover,logb2mover,logb2lover);
+
+}
+
+
+
+/*************************************************************
+ *************************************************************
+ *               ROUNDED  TO NEAREST			     *
+ *************************************************************
+ *************************************************************/
+ double log2_rn(double x){ 
+   db_number xdb;
+   double y, ed, ri, logih, logim, yrih, yril, th, zh, zl;
+   double polyHorner, zhSquareh, zhSquarel, polyUpper, zhSquareHalfh, zhSquareHalfl;
+   double t1h, t1l, t2h, t2l, ph, pl, log2edh, log2edl, logTabPolyh, logTabPolyl, logh, logm, roundcst;
+   double logb2h, logb2m, logb2l;
+   int E, index;
+
+   E=0;
+   xdb.d=x;
+
+   /* Filter cases */
+   if (xdb.i[HI] < 0x00100000){        /* x < 2^(-1022)    */
+     if (((xdb.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff)|xdb.i[LO])==0){
+       return -1.0/0.0;     
+     }                    		   /* log(+/-0) = -Inf */
+     if (xdb.i[HI] < 0){ 
+       return (x-x)/0;                      /* log(-x) = Nan    */
+     }
+     /* Subnormal number */
+     E = -52; 		
+     xdb.d *= ((db_number) ((double) two52)).d; 	  /* make x a normal number    */ 
+   }
+    
+   if (xdb.i[HI] >= 0x7ff00000){
+     return  x+x;				 /* Inf or Nan       */
+   }
+   
+   
+   /* Extract exponent and mantissa 
+      Do range reduction,
+      yielding to E holding the exponent and
+      y the mantissa between sqrt(2)/2 and sqrt(2)
+   */
+   E += (xdb.i[HI]>>20)-1023;             /* extract the exponent */
+   index = (xdb.i[HI] & 0x000fffff);
+   xdb.i[HI] =  index | 0x3ff00000;	/* do exponent = 0 */
+   index = (index + (1<<(20-L-1))) >> (20-L);
+ 
+   /* reduce  such that sqrt(2)/2 < xdb.d < sqrt(2) */
+   if (index >= MAXINDEX){ /* corresponds to xdb>sqrt(2)*/
+     xdb.i[HI] -= 0x00100000; 
+     E++;
+   }
+   y = xdb.d;
+   index = index & INDEXMASK;
+   /* Cast integer E into double ed for multiplication later */
+   ed = (double) E;
+
+   /* 
+      Read tables:
+      Read one float for ri
+      Read the first two doubles for -log(r_i) (out of three)
+
+      Organization of the table:
+
+      one struct entry per index, the struct entry containing 
+      r, logih, logim and logil in this order
+   */
+   
+
+   ri = argredtable[index].ri;
+   /* 
+      Actually we don't need the logarithm entries now
+      Move the following two lines to the eventual reconstruction
+      As long as we don't have any if in the following code, we can overlap 
+      memory access with calculations 
+   */
+   logih = argredtable[index].logih;
+   logim = argredtable[index].logim;
+
+   /* Do range reduction:
+
+      zh + zl = y * ri - 1.0 correctly
+
+      Correctness is assured by use of Mul12 and Add12
+      even if we don't force ri to have its' LSBs set to zero
+
+      Discard zl for higher monome degrees
+   */
+
+   Mul12(&yrih, &yril, y, ri);
+   th = yrih - 1.0; 
+   Add12Cond(zh, zl, th, yril); 
+
+   /* 
+      Polynomial evaluation
+
+      Use a 7 degree polynomial
+      Evaluate the higher 5 terms in double precision (-7 * 3 = -21) using Horner's scheme
+      Evaluate the lower 3 terms (the last is 0) in double double precision accounting also for zl
+      using an ad hoc method
+
+   */
+
+
+
+#if defined(PROCESSOR_HAS_FMA) && !defined(AVOID_FMA)
+   polyHorner = FMA(FMA(FMA(FMA(c7,zh,c6),zh,c5),zh,c4),zh,c3);
+#else
+   polyHorner = c3 + zh * (c4 + zh * (c5 + zh * (c6 + zh * c7)));
+#endif
+
+   Mul12(&zhSquareh, &zhSquarel, zh, zh);
+   polyUpper = polyHorner * (zh * zhSquareh);
+   zhSquareHalfh = zhSquareh * -0.5;
+   zhSquareHalfl = zhSquarel * -0.5;
+   Add12(t1h, t1l, polyUpper, -1 * (zh * zl));
+   Add22(&t2h, &t2l, zh, zl, zhSquareHalfh, zhSquareHalfl);
+   Add22(&ph, &pl, t2h, t2l, t1h, t1l);
+
+   /* Reconstruction 
+
+      Read logih and logim in the tables (already done)
+      
+      Compute log(x) = E * log(2) + log(1+z) - log(ri)
+      i.e. log(x) = ed * (log2h + log2m) + (ph + pl) + (logih + logim) + delta
+
+      Carry out everything in double double precision
+
+   */
+   
+   /* 
+      We store log2 as log2h + log2m + log2l where log2h and log2m have 12 trailing zeros
+      Multiplication of ed (double E) and log2h is thus correct
+      The overall accuracy of log2h + log2m + log2l is 53 * 3 - 24 = 135 which
+      is enough for the accurate phase
+      The accuracy suffices also for the quick phase: 53 * 2 - 24 = 82
+      Nevertheless the storage with trailing zeros implies an overlap of the tabulated
+      triple double values. We have to take it into account for the accurate phase 
+      basic procedures for addition and multiplication
+      The condition on the next Add12 is verified as log2m is smaller than log2h 
+      and both are scaled by ed
+   */
+
+   Add12(log2edh, log2edl, log2h * ed, log2m * ed);
+
+   /* Add logih and logim to ph and pl 
+
+      We must use conditioned Add22 as logih can move over ph
+   */
+
+   Add22Cond(&logTabPolyh, &logTabPolyl, logih, logim, ph, pl);
+
+   /* Add log2edh + log2edl to logTabPolyh + logTabPolyl */
+
+   Add22Cond(&logh, &logm, log2edh, log2edl, logTabPolyh, logTabPolyl);
+
+
+
+   /* Change logarithm base from natural base to base 2 by multiplying */
+
+   Mul22(&logb2h, &logb2m, log2invh, log2invl, logh, logm);
+
+
+   /* Rounding test and eventual return or call to the accurate function */
+
+   if(E==0)
+      roundcst = ROUNDCST1;
+   else
+      roundcst = ROUNDCST2;
+
+
+   if(logb2h == (logb2h + (logb2m * roundcst)))
+     return logb2h;
+   else 
+     {
+       
+#if DEBUG
+       printf("Going for Accurate Phase for x=%1.50e\n",x);
+#endif
+
+       log2_td_accurate(&logb2h, &logb2m, &logb2l, E, ed, index, zh, zl, logih, logim); 
+       
+       ReturnRoundToNearest3(logb2h, logb2m, logb2l);
+
+     } /* Accurate phase launched */
+ }
+
+
+/*************************************************************
+ *************************************************************
+ *               ROUNDED  UPWARDS			     *
+ *************************************************************
+ *************************************************************/
+ double log2_ru(double x) { 
+   db_number xdb;
+   double y, ed, ri, logih, logim, yrih, yril, th, zh, zl;
+   double polyHorner, zhSquareh, zhSquarel, polyUpper, zhSquareHalfh, zhSquareHalfl;
+   double t1h, t1l, t2h, t2l, ph, pl, log2edh, log2edl, logTabPolyh, logTabPolyl, logh, logm, roundcst;
+   double logb2h, logb2m, logb2l;
+   int E, index;
+
+  
+   E=0;
+   xdb.d=x;
+
+   /* Filter cases */
+   if (xdb.i[HI] < 0x00100000){        /* x < 2^(-1022)    */
+     if (((xdb.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff)|xdb.i[LO])==0){
+       return -1.0/0.0;     
+     }                    		   /* log(+/-0) = -Inf */
+     if (xdb.i[HI] < 0){ 
+       return (x-x)/0;                      /* log(-x) = Nan    */
+     }
+     /* Subnormal number */
+     E = -52; 		
+     xdb.d *= ((db_number) ((double) two52)).d; 	  /* make x a normal number    */ 
+   }
+    
+   if (xdb.i[HI] >= 0x7ff00000){
+     return  x+x;				 /* Inf or Nan       */
+   }
+   
+   
+   /* Extract exponent and mantissa 
+      Do range reduction,
+      yielding to E holding the exponent and
+      y the mantissa between sqrt(2)/2 and sqrt(2)
+   */
+   E += (xdb.i[HI]>>20)-1023;             /* extract the exponent */
+   index = (xdb.i[HI] & 0x000fffff);
+
+
+   /* Test now if the argument is an exact power of 2
+      i.e. if the mantissa is exactly 1 (0x0..0 with the implicit bit) 
+      This test is necessary for filtering out the cases where the final 
+      rounding test cannot distinguish between an exact algebraic 
+      number and a hard case to round 
+   */
+
+   if ((index | xdb.i[LO]) == 0) {
+     /* Handle the "trivial" case for log2: 
+	The argument is an exact power of 2, return thus
+	just the exponant of the number 
+     */
+
+     return (double) E;
+
+   }
+
+   xdb.i[HI] =  index | 0x3ff00000;	/* do exponent = 0 */
+   index = (index + (1<<(20-L-1))) >> (20-L);
+ 
+   /* reduce  such that sqrt(2)/2 < xdb.d < sqrt(2) */
+   if (index >= MAXINDEX){ /* corresponds to xdb>sqrt(2)*/
+     xdb.i[HI] -= 0x00100000; 
+     E++;
+   }
+   y = xdb.d;
+   index = index & INDEXMASK;
+   /* Cast integer E into double ed for multiplication later */
+   ed = (double) E;
+
+   /* 
+      Read tables:
+      Read one float for ri
+      Read the first two doubles for -log(r_i) (out of three)
+
+      Organization of the table:
+
+      one struct entry per index, the struct entry containing 
+      r, logih, logim and logil in this order
+   */
+   
+
+   ri = argredtable[index].ri;
+   /* 
+      Actually we don't need the logarithm entries now
+      Move the following two lines to the eventual reconstruction
+      As long as we don't have any if in the following code, we can overlap 
+      memory access with calculations 
+   */
+   logih = argredtable[index].logih;
+   logim = argredtable[index].logim;
+
+   /* Do range reduction:
+
+      zh + zl = y * ri - 1.0 correctly
+
+      Correctness is assured by use of Mul12 and Add12
+      even if we don't force ri to have its' LSBs set to zero
+
+      Discard zl for higher monome degrees
+   */
+
+   Mul12(&yrih, &yril, y, ri);
+   th = yrih - 1.0; 
+   Add12Cond(zh, zl, th, yril); 
+
+   /* 
+      Polynomial evaluation
+
+      Use a 7 degree polynomial
+      Evaluate the higher 5 terms in double precision (-7 * 3 = -21) using Horner's scheme
+      Evaluate the lower 3 terms (the last is 0) in double double precision accounting also for zl
+      using an ad hoc method
+
+   */
+
+
+
+#if defined(PROCESSOR_HAS_FMA) && !defined(AVOID_FMA)
+   polyHorner = FMA(FMA(FMA(FMA(c7,zh,c6),zh,c5),zh,c4),zh,c3);
+#else
+   polyHorner = c3 + zh * (c4 + zh * (c5 + zh * (c6 + zh * c7)));
+#endif
+
+   Mul12(&zhSquareh, &zhSquarel, zh, zh);
+   polyUpper = polyHorner * (zh * zhSquareh);
+   zhSquareHalfh = zhSquareh * -0.5;
+   zhSquareHalfl = zhSquarel * -0.5;
+   Add12(t1h, t1l, polyUpper, -1 * (zh * zl));
+   Add22(&t2h, &t2l, zh, zl, zhSquareHalfh, zhSquareHalfl);
+   Add22(&ph, &pl, t2h, t2l, t1h, t1l);
+
+   /* Reconstruction 
+
+      Read logih and logim in the tables (already done)
+      
+      Compute log(x) = E * log(2) + log(1+z) - log(ri)
+      i.e. log(x) = ed * (log2h + log2m) + (ph + pl) + (logih + logim) + delta
+
+      Carry out everything in double double precision
+
+   */
+   
+   /* 
+      We store log2 as log2h + log2m + log2l where log2h and log2m have 12 trailing zeros
+      Multiplication of ed (double E) and log2h is thus correct
+      The overall accuracy of log2h + log2m + log2l is 53 * 3 - 24 = 135 which
+      is enough for the accurate phase
+      The accuracy suffices also for the quick phase: 53 * 2 - 24 = 82
+      Nevertheless the storage with trailing zeros implies an overlap of the tabulated
+      triple double values. We have to take it into account for the accurate phase 
+      basic procedures for addition and multiplication
+      The condition on the next Add12 is verified as log2m is smaller than log2h 
+      and both are scaled by ed
+   */
+
+   Add12(log2edh, log2edl, log2h * ed, log2m * ed);
+
+   /* Add logih and logim to ph and pl 
+
+      We must use conditioned Add22 as logih can move over ph
+   */
+
+   Add22Cond(&logTabPolyh, &logTabPolyl, logih, logim, ph, pl);
+
+   /* Add log2edh + log2edl to logTabPolyh + logTabPolyl */
+
+   Add22Cond(&logh, &logm, log2edh, log2edl, logTabPolyh, logTabPolyl);
+
+   /* Change logarithm base from natural base to base 2 by multiplying */
+
+   Mul22(&logb2h, &logb2m, log2invh, log2invl, logh, logm);
+
+   /* Rounding test and eventual return or call to the accurate function */
+
+   if(E==0)
+      roundcst = RDROUNDCST1;
+   else
+      roundcst = RDROUNDCST2;
+
+   TEST_AND_RETURN_RU(logb2h, logb2m, roundcst);
+
+#if DEBUG
+  printf("Going for Accurate Phase for x=%1.50e\n",x);
+#endif
+
+    log2_td_accurate(&logb2h, &logb2m, &logb2l, E, ed, index, zh, zl, logih, logim); 
+
+    ReturnRoundUpwards3(logb2h, logb2m, logb2l);
+
+ } 
+
+
+/*************************************************************
+ *************************************************************
+ *               ROUNDED  DOWNWARDS			     *
+ *************************************************************
+ *************************************************************/
+ double log2_rd(double x) { 
+   db_number xdb;
+   double y, ed, ri, logih, logim, yrih, yril, th, zh, zl;
+   double polyHorner, zhSquareh, zhSquarel, polyUpper, zhSquareHalfh, zhSquareHalfl;
+   double t1h, t1l, t2h, t2l, ph, pl, log2edh, log2edl, logTabPolyh, logTabPolyl, logh, logm, roundcst;
+   double logb2h, logb2m, logb2l;
+   int E, index;
+
+  
+   E=0;
+   xdb.d=x;
+
+   /* Filter cases */
+   if (xdb.i[HI] < 0x00100000){        /* x < 2^(-1022)    */
+     if (((xdb.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff)|xdb.i[LO])==0){
+       return -1.0/0.0;     
+     }                    		   /* log(+/-0) = -Inf */
+     if (xdb.i[HI] < 0){ 
+       return (x-x)/0;                      /* log(-x) = Nan    */
+     }
+     /* Subnormal number */
+     E = -52; 		
+     xdb.d *= ((db_number) ((double) two52)).d; 	  /* make x a normal number    */ 
+   }
+    
+   if (xdb.i[HI] >= 0x7ff00000){
+     return  x+x;				 /* Inf or Nan       */
+   }
+   
+   
+   /* Extract exponent and mantissa 
+      Do range reduction,
+      yielding to E holding the exponent and
+      y the mantissa between sqrt(2)/2 and sqrt(2)
+   */
+   E += (xdb.i[HI]>>20)-1023;             /* extract the exponent */
+   index = (xdb.i[HI] & 0x000fffff);
+
+
+   /* Test now if the argument is an exact power of 2
+      i.e. if the mantissa is exactly 1 (0x0..0 with the implicit bit) 
+      This test is necessary for filtering out the cases where the final 
+      rounding test cannot distinguish between an exact algebraic 
+      number and a hard case to round 
+   */
+
+   if ((index | xdb.i[LO]) == 0) {
+     /* Handle the "trivial" case for log2: 
+	The argument is an exact power of 2, return thus
+	just the exponant of the number 
+     */
+
+     return (double) E;
+
+   }
+
+   xdb.i[HI] =  index | 0x3ff00000;	/* do exponent = 0 */
+   index = (index + (1<<(20-L-1))) >> (20-L);
+ 
+   /* reduce  such that sqrt(2)/2 < xdb.d < sqrt(2) */
+   if (index >= MAXINDEX){ /* corresponds to xdb>sqrt(2)*/
+     xdb.i[HI] -= 0x00100000; 
+     E++;
+   }
+   y = xdb.d;
+   index = index & INDEXMASK;
+   /* Cast integer E into double ed for multiplication later */
+   ed = (double) E;
+
+   /* 
+      Read tables:
+      Read one float for ri
+      Read the first two doubles for -log(r_i) (out of three)
+
+      Organization of the table:
+
+      one struct entry per index, the struct entry containing 
+      r, logih, logim and logil in this order
+   */
+   
+
+   ri = argredtable[index].ri;
+   /* 
+      Actually we don't need the logarithm entries now
+      Move the following two lines to the eventual reconstruction
+      As long as we don't have any if in the following code, we can overlap 
+      memory access with calculations 
+   */
+   logih = argredtable[index].logih;
+   logim = argredtable[index].logim;
+
+   /* Do range reduction:
+
+      zh + zl = y * ri - 1.0 correctly
+
+      Correctness is assured by use of Mul12 and Add12
+      even if we don't force ri to have its' LSBs set to zero
+
+      Discard zl for higher monome degrees
+   */
+
+   Mul12(&yrih, &yril, y, ri);
+   th = yrih - 1.0; 
+   Add12Cond(zh, zl, th, yril); 
+
+   /* 
+      Polynomial evaluation
+
+      Use a 7 degree polynomial
+      Evaluate the higher 5 terms in double precision (-7 * 3 = -21) using Horner's scheme
+      Evaluate the lower 3 terms (the last is 0) in double double precision accounting also for zl
+      using an ad hoc method
+
+   */
+
+
+
+#if defined(PROCESSOR_HAS_FMA) && !defined(AVOID_FMA)
+   polyHorner = FMA(FMA(FMA(FMA(c7,zh,c6),zh,c5),zh,c4),zh,c3);
+#else
+   polyHorner = c3 + zh * (c4 + zh * (c5 + zh * (c6 + zh * c7)));
+#endif
+
+   Mul12(&zhSquareh, &zhSquarel, zh, zh);
+   polyUpper = polyHorner * (zh * zhSquareh);
+   zhSquareHalfh = zhSquareh * -0.5;
+   zhSquareHalfl = zhSquarel * -0.5;
+   Add12(t1h, t1l, polyUpper, -1 * (zh * zl));
+   Add22(&t2h, &t2l, zh, zl, zhSquareHalfh, zhSquareHalfl);
+   Add22(&ph, &pl, t2h, t2l, t1h, t1l);
+
+   /* Reconstruction 
+
+      Read logih and logim in the tables (already done)
+      
+      Compute log(x) = E * log(2) + log(1+z) - log(ri)
+      i.e. log(x) = ed * (log2h + log2m) + (ph + pl) + (logih + logim) + delta
+
+      Carry out everything in double double precision
+
+   */
+   
+   /* 
+      We store log2 as log2h + log2m + log2l where log2h and log2m have 12 trailing zeros
+      Multiplication of ed (double E) and log2h is thus correct
+      The overall accuracy of log2h + log2m + log2l is 53 * 3 - 24 = 135 which
+      is enough for the accurate phase
+      The accuracy suffices also for the quick phase: 53 * 2 - 24 = 82
+      Nevertheless the storage with trailing zeros implies an overlap of the tabulated
+      triple double values. We have to take it into account for the accurate phase 
+      basic procedures for addition and multiplication
+      The condition on the next Add12 is verified as log2m is smaller than log2h 
+      and both are scaled by ed
+   */
+
+   Add12(log2edh, log2edl, log2h * ed, log2m * ed);
+
+   /* Add logih and logim to ph and pl 
+
+      We must use conditioned Add22 as logih can move over ph
+   */
+
+   Add22Cond(&logTabPolyh, &logTabPolyl, logih, logim, ph, pl);
+
+   /* Add log2edh + log2edl to logTabPolyh + logTabPolyl */
+
+   Add22Cond(&logh, &logm, log2edh, log2edl, logTabPolyh, logTabPolyl);
+
+   /* Change logarithm base from natural base to base 2 by multiplying */
+
+   Mul22(&logb2h, &logb2m, log2invh, log2invl, logh, logm);
+
+   /* Rounding test and eventual return or call to the accurate function */
+
+   if(E==0)
+      roundcst = RDROUNDCST1;
+   else
+      roundcst = RDROUNDCST2;
+
+   TEST_AND_RETURN_RD(logb2h, logb2m, roundcst);
+
+#if DEBUG
+  printf("Going for Accurate Phase for x=%1.50e\n",x);
+#endif
+
+    log2_td_accurate(&logb2h, &logb2m, &logb2l, E, ed, index, zh, zl, logih, logim); 
+
+    ReturnRoundDownwards3(logb2h, logb2m, logb2l);
+ } 
+
+/*************************************************************
+ *************************************************************
+ *               ROUNDED  TOWARDS ZERO			     *
+ *************************************************************
+ *************************************************************/
+ double log2_rz(double x) { 
+   db_number xdb;
+   double y, ed, ri, logih, logim, yrih, yril, th, zh, zl;
+   double polyHorner, zhSquareh, zhSquarel, polyUpper, zhSquareHalfh, zhSquareHalfl;
+   double t1h, t1l, t2h, t2l, ph, pl, log2edh, log2edl, logTabPolyh, logTabPolyl, logh, logm, roundcst;
+   double logb2h, logb2m, logb2l;
+   int E, index;
+
+  
+   E=0;
+   xdb.d=x;
+
+   /* Filter cases */
+   if (xdb.i[HI] < 0x00100000){        /* x < 2^(-1022)    */
+     if (((xdb.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff)|xdb.i[LO])==0){
+       return -1.0/0.0;     
+     }                    		   /* log(+/-0) = -Inf */
+     if (xdb.i[HI] < 0){ 
+       return (x-x)/0;                      /* log(-x) = Nan    */
+     }
+     /* Subnormal number */
+     E = -52; 		
+     xdb.d *= ((db_number) ((double) two52)).d; 	  /* make x a normal number    */ 
+   }
+    
+   if (xdb.i[HI] >= 0x7ff00000){
+     return  x+x;				 /* Inf or Nan       */
+   }
+   
+   
+   /* Extract exponent and mantissa 
+      Do range reduction,
+      yielding to E holding the exponent and
+      y the mantissa between sqrt(2)/2 and sqrt(2)
+   */
+   E += (xdb.i[HI]>>20)-1023;             /* extract the exponent */
+   index = (xdb.i[HI] & 0x000fffff);
+
+
+   /* Test now if the argument is an exact power of 2
+      i.e. if the mantissa is exactly 1 (0x0..0 with the implicit bit) 
+      This test is necessary for filtering out the cases where the final 
+      rounding test cannot distinguish between an exact algebraic 
+      number and a hard case to round 
+   */
+
+   if ((index | xdb.i[LO]) == 0) {
+     /* Handle the "trivial" case for log2: 
+	The argument is an exact power of 2, return thus
+	just the exponant of the number 
+     */
+
+     return (double) E;
+
+   }
+
+   xdb.i[HI] =  index | 0x3ff00000;	/* do exponent = 0 */
+   index = (index + (1<<(20-L-1))) >> (20-L);
+ 
+   /* reduce  such that sqrt(2)/2 < xdb.d < sqrt(2) */
+   if (index >= MAXINDEX){ /* corresponds to xdb>sqrt(2)*/
+     xdb.i[HI] -= 0x00100000; 
+     E++;
+   }
+   y = xdb.d;
+   index = index & INDEXMASK;
+   /* Cast integer E into double ed for multiplication later */
+   ed = (double) E;
+
+   /* 
+      Read tables:
+      Read one float for ri
+      Read the first two doubles for -log(r_i) (out of three)
+
+      Organization of the table:
+
+      one struct entry per index, the struct entry containing 
+      r, logih, logim and logil in this order
+   */
+   
+
+   ri = argredtable[index].ri;
+   /* 
+      Actually we don't need the logarithm entries now
+      Move the following two lines to the eventual reconstruction
+      As long as we don't have any if in the following code, we can overlap 
+      memory access with calculations 
+   */
+   logih = argredtable[index].logih;
+   logim = argredtable[index].logim;
+
+   /* Do range reduction:
+
+      zh + zl = y * ri - 1.0 correctly
+
+      Correctness is assured by use of Mul12 and Add12
+      even if we don't force ri to have its' LSBs set to zero
+
+      Discard zl for higher monome degrees
+   */
+
+   Mul12(&yrih, &yril, y, ri);
+   th = yrih - 1.0; 
+   Add12Cond(zh, zl, th, yril); 
+
+   /* 
+      Polynomial evaluation
+
+      Use a 7 degree polynomial
+      Evaluate the higher 5 terms in double precision (-7 * 3 = -21) using Horner's scheme
+      Evaluate the lower 3 terms (the last is 0) in double double precision accounting also for zl
+      using an ad hoc method
+
+   */
+
+
+
+#if defined(PROCESSOR_HAS_FMA) && !defined(AVOID_FMA)
+   polyHorner = FMA(FMA(FMA(FMA(c7,zh,c6),zh,c5),zh,c4),zh,c3);
+#else
+   polyHorner = c3 + zh * (c4 + zh * (c5 + zh * (c6 + zh * c7)));
+#endif
+
+   Mul12(&zhSquareh, &zhSquarel, zh, zh);
+   polyUpper = polyHorner * (zh * zhSquareh);
+   zhSquareHalfh = zhSquareh * -0.5;
+   zhSquareHalfl = zhSquarel * -0.5;
+   Add12(t1h, t1l, polyUpper, -1 * (zh * zl));
+   Add22(&t2h, &t2l, zh, zl, zhSquareHalfh, zhSquareHalfl);
+   Add22(&ph, &pl, t2h, t2l, t1h, t1l);
+
+   /* Reconstruction 
+
+      Read logih and logim in the tables (already done)
+      
+      Compute log(x) = E * log(2) + log(1+z) - log(ri)
+      i.e. log(x) = ed * (log2h + log2m) + (ph + pl) + (logih + logim) + delta
+
+      Carry out everything in double double precision
+
+   */
+   
+   /* 
+      We store log2 as log2h + log2m + log2l where log2h and log2m have 12 trailing zeros
+      Multiplication of ed (double E) and log2h is thus correct
+      The overall accuracy of log2h + log2m + log2l is 53 * 3 - 24 = 135 which
+      is enough for the accurate phase
+      The accuracy suffices also for the quick phase: 53 * 2 - 24 = 82
+      Nevertheless the storage with trailing zeros implies an overlap of the tabulated
+      triple double values. We have to take it into account for the accurate phase 
+      basic procedures for addition and multiplication
+      The condition on the next Add12 is verified as log2m is smaller than log2h 
+      and both are scaled by ed
+   */
+
+   Add12(log2edh, log2edl, log2h * ed, log2m * ed);
+
+   /* Add logih and logim to ph and pl 
+
+      We must use conditioned Add22 as logih can move over ph
+   */
+
+   Add22Cond(&logTabPolyh, &logTabPolyl, logih, logim, ph, pl);
+
+   /* Add log2edh + log2edl to logTabPolyh + logTabPolyl */
+
+   Add22Cond(&logh, &logm, log2edh, log2edl, logTabPolyh, logTabPolyl);
+
+   /* Change logarithm base from natural base to base 2 by multiplying */
+
+   Mul22(&logb2h, &logb2m, log2invh, log2invl, logh, logm);
+
+   /* Rounding test and eventual return or call to the accurate function */
+
+   if(E==0)
+      roundcst = RDROUNDCST1;
+   else
+      roundcst = RDROUNDCST2;
+
+   TEST_AND_RETURN_RZ(logb2h, logb2m, roundcst);
+
+#if DEBUG
+  printf("Going for Accurate Phase for x=%1.50e\n",x);
+#endif
+
+    log2_td_accurate(&logb2h, &logb2m, &logb2l, E, ed, index, zh, zl, logih, logim); 
+
+    ReturnRoundTowardsZero3(logb2h, logb2m, logb2l);
+ } 
+
+
+