ibm_db 4.0.0-x86-mingw32 → 5.0.2-x86-mingw32

data/test/cases/relations_test.rb

@@ -1,2026 +1,2026 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-require 'models/tag'
-require 'models/tagging'
-require 'models/post'
-require 'models/topic'
-require 'models/comment'
-require 'models/author'
-require 'models/entrant'
-require 'models/developer'
-require 'models/computer'
-require 'models/reply'
-require 'models/company'
-require 'models/bird'
-require 'models/car'
-require 'models/engine'
-require 'models/tyre'
-require 'models/minivan'
-require 'models/aircraft'
-require "models/possession"
-require "models/reader"
-require "models/categorization"
-require "models/edge"
-
-class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :authors, :topics, :entrants, :developers, :companies, :developers_projects, :accounts, :categories, :categorizations, :posts, :comments,
-    :tags, :taggings, :cars, :minivans
-
-  class TopicWithCallbacks < ActiveRecord::Base
-    self.table_name = :topics
-    before_update { |topic| topic.author_name = 'David' if topic.author_name.blank? }
-  end
-
-  def test_do_not_double_quote_string_id
-    van = Minivan.last
-    assert van
-    assert_equal van.id, Minivan.where(:minivan_id => van).to_a.first.minivan_id
-  end
-
-  def test_do_not_double_quote_string_id_with_array
-    van = Minivan.last
-    assert van
-    assert_equal van, Minivan.where(:minivan_id => [van]).to_a.first
-  end
-
-  def test_two_scopes_with_includes_should_not_drop_any_include
-    # heat habtm cache
-    car = Car.incl_engines.incl_tyres.first
-    car.tyres.length
-    car.engines.length
-
-    car = Car.incl_engines.incl_tyres.first
-    assert_no_queries { car.tyres.length }
-    assert_no_queries { car.engines.length }
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_finder
-    x = Post.where('author_id = ?', 1)
-    assert x.klass.respond_to?(:find_by_id), '@klass should handle dynamic finders'
-  end
-
-  def test_multivalue_where
-    posts = Post.where('author_id = ? AND id = ?', 1, 1)
-    assert_equal 1, posts.to_a.size
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped
-    topics = Topic.all
-    assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Relation, topics
-    assert_equal 5, topics.size
-  end
-
-  def test_to_json
-    assert_nothing_raised  { Bird.all.to_json }
-    assert_nothing_raised  { Bird.all.to_a.to_json }
-  end
-
-  def test_to_yaml
-    assert_nothing_raised  { Bird.all.to_yaml }
-    assert_nothing_raised  { Bird.all.to_a.to_yaml }
-  end
-
-  def test_to_xml
-    assert_nothing_raised  { Bird.all.to_xml }
-    assert_nothing_raised  { Bird.all.to_a.to_xml }
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_all
-    topics = Topic.all.to_a
-    assert_kind_of Array, topics
-    assert_no_queries { assert_equal 5, topics.size }
-  end
-
-  def test_loaded_all
-    topics = Topic.all
-
-    assert_queries(1) do
-      2.times { assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size }
-    end
-
-    assert topics.loaded?
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_first
-    topics = Topic.all.order('id ASC')
-
-    assert_queries(1) do
-      2.times { assert_equal "The First Topic", topics.first.title }
-    end
-
-    assert ! topics.loaded?
-  end
-
-  def test_loaded_first
-    topics = Topic.all.order('id ASC')
-    topics.to_a # force load
-
-    assert_no_queries do
-      assert_equal "The First Topic", topics.first.title
-    end
-
-    assert topics.loaded?
-  end
-
-  def test_loaded_first_with_limit
-    topics = Topic.all.order('id ASC')
-    topics.to_a # force load
-
-    assert_no_queries do
-      assert_equal ["The First Topic",
-                    "The Second Topic of the day"], topics.first(2).map(&:title)
-    end
-
-    assert topics.loaded?
-  end
-
-  def test_first_get_more_than_available
-    topics = Topic.all.order('id ASC')
-    unloaded_first = topics.first(10)
-    topics.to_a # force load
-
-    assert_no_queries do
-      loaded_first = topics.first(10)
-      assert_equal unloaded_first, loaded_first
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_reload
-    topics = Topic.all
-
-    assert_queries(1) do
-      2.times { topics.to_a }
-    end
-
-    assert topics.loaded?
-
-    original_size = topics.to_a.size
-    Topic.create! :title => 'fake'
-
-    assert_queries(1) { topics.reload }
-    assert_equal original_size + 1, topics.size
-    assert topics.loaded?
-  end
-
-  def test_finding_with_subquery
-    relation = Topic.where(:approved => true)
-    assert_equal relation.to_a, Topic.select('*').from(relation).to_a
-    assert_equal relation.to_a, Topic.select('subquery.*').from(relation).to_a
-    assert_equal relation.to_a, Topic.select('a.*').from(relation, :a).to_a
-  end
-
-  def test_finding_with_subquery_with_binds
-    relation = Post.first.comments
-    assert_equal relation.to_a, Comment.select('*').from(relation).to_a
-    assert_equal relation.to_a, Comment.select('subquery.*').from(relation).to_a
-    assert_equal relation.to_a, Comment.select('a.*').from(relation, :a).to_a
-  end
-
-  def test_finding_with_subquery_without_select_does_not_change_the_select
-    relation = Topic.where(approved: true)
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
-      Topic.from(relation).to_a
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_select_with_subquery_in_from_does_not_use_original_table_name
-    relation = Comment.group(:type).select('COUNT(post_id) AS post_count, type')
-    subquery = Comment.from(relation).select('type','post_count')
-    assert_equal(relation.map(&:post_count).sort,subquery.map(&:post_count).sort)
-  end
-
-  def test_group_with_subquery_in_from_does_not_use_original_table_name
-    relation = Comment.group(:type).select('COUNT(post_id) AS post_count,type')
-    subquery = Comment.from(relation).group('type').average("post_count")
-    assert_equal(relation.map(&:post_count).sort,subquery.values.sort)
-  end
-
-  def test_finding_with_conditions
-    assert_equal ["David"], Author.where(:name => 'David').map(&:name)
-    assert_equal ['Mary'],  Author.where(["name = ?", 'Mary']).map(&:name)
-    assert_equal ['Mary'],  Author.where("name = ?", 'Mary').map(&:name)
-  end
-
-  def test_finding_with_order
-    topics = Topic.order('id')
-    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
-    assert_equal topics(:first).title, topics.first.title
-  end
-
-  def test_finding_with_arel_order
-    topics = Topic.order(Topic.arel_table[:id].asc)
-    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
-    assert_equal topics(:first).title, topics.first.title
-  end
-
-  def test_finding_with_assoc_order
-    topics = Topic.order(:id => :desc)
-    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
-    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.first.title
-  end
-
-  def test_finding_with_reverted_assoc_order
-    topics = Topic.order(:id => :asc).reverse_order
-    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
-    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.first.title
-  end
-
-  def test_reverse_order_with_function
-    topics = Topic.order("length(title)").reverse_order
-    assert_equal topics(:second).title, topics.first.title
-  end
-
-  def test_reverse_order_with_function_other_predicates
-    topics = Topic.order("author_name, length(title), id").reverse_order
-    assert_equal topics(:second).title, topics.first.title
-    topics = Topic.order("length(author_name), id, length(title)").reverse_order
-    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.first.title
-  end
-
-  def test_reverse_order_with_multiargument_function
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
-      Topic.order("concat(author_name, title)").reverse_order
-    end
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
-      Topic.order("concat(lower(author_name), title)").reverse_order
-    end
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
-      Topic.order("concat(author_name, lower(title))").reverse_order
-    end
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
-      Topic.order("concat(lower(author_name), title, length(title)").reverse_order
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_reverse_order_with_nulls_first_or_last
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
-      Topic.order("title NULLS FIRST").reverse_order
-    end
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
-      Topic.order("title nulls last").reverse_order
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_default_reverse_order_on_table_without_primary_key
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
-      Edge.all.reverse_order
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_order_with_hash_and_symbol_generates_the_same_sql
-    assert_equal Topic.order(:id).to_sql, Topic.order(:id => :asc).to_sql
-  end
-
-  def test_finding_with_desc_order_with_string
-    topics = Topic.order(id: "desc")
-    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
-    assert_equal [topics(:fifth), topics(:fourth), topics(:third), topics(:second), topics(:first)], topics.to_a
-  end
-
-  def test_finding_with_asc_order_with_string
-    topics = Topic.order(id: 'asc')
-    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
-    assert_equal [topics(:first), topics(:second), topics(:third), topics(:fourth), topics(:fifth)], topics.to_a
-  end
-
-  def test_support_upper_and_lower_case_directions
-    assert_includes Topic.order(id: "ASC").to_sql, "ASC"
-    assert_includes Topic.order(id: "asc").to_sql, "ASC"
-    assert_includes Topic.order(id: :ASC).to_sql, "ASC"
-    assert_includes Topic.order(id: :asc).to_sql, "ASC"
-
-    assert_includes Topic.order(id: "DESC").to_sql, "DESC"
-    assert_includes Topic.order(id: "desc").to_sql, "DESC"
-    assert_includes Topic.order(id: :DESC).to_sql, "DESC"
-    assert_includes Topic.order(id: :desc).to_sql,"DESC"
-  end
-
-  def test_raising_exception_on_invalid_hash_params
-    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.order(:name, "id DESC", id: :asfsdf) }
-    assert_equal 'Direction "asfsdf" is invalid. Valid directions are: [:asc, :desc, :ASC, :DESC, "asc", "desc", "ASC", "DESC"]', e.message
-  end
-
-  def test_finding_last_with_arel_order
-    topics = Topic.order(Topic.arel_table[:id].asc)
-    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.last.title
-  end
-
-  def test_finding_with_order_concatenated
-    topics = Topic.order('author_name').order('title')
-    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
-    assert_equal topics(:fourth).title, topics.first.title
-  end
-
-  def test_finding_with_order_by_aliased_attributes
-    topics = Topic.order(:heading)
-    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
-    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.first.title
-  end
-
-  def test_finding_with_assoc_order_by_aliased_attributes
-    topics = Topic.order(heading: :desc)
-    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
-    assert_equal topics(:third).title, topics.first.title
-  end
-
-  def test_finding_with_reorder
-    topics = Topic.order('author_name').order('title').reorder('id').to_a
-    topics_titles = topics.map(&:title)
-    assert_equal ['The First Topic', 'The Second Topic of the day', 'The Third Topic of the day', 'The Fourth Topic of the day', 'The Fifth Topic of the day'], topics_titles
-  end
-
-  def test_finding_with_reorder_by_aliased_attributes
-    topics = Topic.order('author_name').reorder(:heading)
-    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
-    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.first.title
-  end
-
-  def test_finding_with_assoc_reorder_by_aliased_attributes
-    topics = Topic.order('author_name').reorder(heading: :desc)
-    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
-    assert_equal topics(:third).title, topics.first.title
-  end
-
-  def test_finding_with_order_and_take
-    entrants = Entrant.order("id ASC").limit(2).to_a
-
-    assert_equal 2, entrants.size
-    assert_equal entrants(:first).name, entrants.first.name
-  end
-
-  def test_finding_with_cross_table_order_and_limit
-    tags = Tag.includes(:taggings).
-              order("tags.name asc", "taggings.taggable_id asc", "REPLACE('abc', taggings.taggable_type, taggings.taggable_type)").
-              limit(1).to_a
-    assert_equal 1, tags.length
-  end
-
-  def test_finding_with_complex_order_and_limit
-    tags = Tag.includes(:taggings).references(:taggings).order("REPLACE('abc', taggings.taggable_type, taggings.taggable_type)").limit(1).to_a
-    assert_equal 1, tags.length
-  end
-
-  def test_finding_with_complex_order
-    tags = Tag.includes(:taggings).references(:taggings).order("REPLACE('abc', taggings.taggable_type, taggings.taggable_type)").to_a
-    assert_equal 3, tags.length
-  end
-
-  def test_finding_with_sanitized_order
-    query = Tag.order(["field(id, ?)", [1,3,2]]).to_sql
-    assert_match(/field\(id, 1,3,2\)/, query)
-
-    query = Tag.order(["field(id, ?)", []]).to_sql
-    assert_match(/field\(id, NULL\)/, query)
-
-    query = Tag.order(["field(id, ?)", nil]).to_sql
-    assert_match(/field\(id, NULL\)/, query)
-  end
-
-  def test_finding_with_order_limit_and_offset
-    entrants = Entrant.order("id ASC").limit(2).offset(1)
-
-    assert_equal 2, entrants.to_a.size
-    assert_equal entrants(:second).name, entrants.first.name
-
-    entrants = Entrant.order("id ASC").limit(2).offset(2)
-    assert_equal 1, entrants.to_a.size
-    assert_equal entrants(:third).name, entrants.first.name
-  end
-
-  def test_finding_with_group
-    developers = Developer.group("salary").select("salary").to_a
-    assert_equal 4, developers.size
-    assert_equal 4, developers.map(&:salary).uniq.size
-  end
-
-  def test_select_with_block
-    even_ids = Developer.all.select {|d| d.id % 2 == 0 }.map(&:id)
-    assert_equal [2, 4, 6, 8, 10], even_ids.sort
-  end
-
-  def test_none
-    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
-      assert_equal [], Developer.none
-      assert_equal [], Developer.all.none
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_none_chainable
-    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
-      assert_equal [], Developer.none.where(:name => 'David')
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_none_chainable_to_existing_scope_extension_method
-    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
-      assert_equal 1, Topic.anonymous_extension.none.one
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_none_chained_to_methods_firing_queries_straight_to_db
-    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
-      assert_equal [],    Developer.none.pluck(:id, :name)
-      assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.delete_all
-      assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.update_all(:name => 'David')
-      assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.delete(1)
-      assert_equal false, Developer.none.exists?(1)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_null_relation_content_size_methods
-    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
-      assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.size
-      assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.count
-      assert_equal true,  Developer.none.empty?
-      assert_equal true, Developer.none.none?
-      assert_equal false, Developer.none.any?
-      assert_equal false, Developer.none.one?
-      assert_equal false, Developer.none.many?
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_null_relation_calculations_methods
-    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
-      assert_equal 0, Developer.none.count
-      assert_equal 0, Developer.none.calculate(:count, nil)
-      assert_equal nil, Developer.none.calculate(:average, 'salary')
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_null_relation_metadata_methods
-    assert_equal "", Developer.none.to_sql
-    assert_equal({}, Developer.none.where_values_hash)
-  end
-
-  def test_null_relation_where_values_hash
-    assert_equal({ 'salary' => 100_000 }, Developer.none.where(salary: 100_000).where_values_hash)
-  end
-
-  def test_null_relation_sum
-    ac = Aircraft.new
-    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).sum(:id)
-    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.count
-    ac.save
-    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).sum(:id)
-    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.count
-  end
-
-  def test_null_relation_count
-    ac = Aircraft.new
-    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).count
-    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.count
-    ac.save
-    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).count
-    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.count
-  end
-
-  def test_null_relation_size
-    ac = Aircraft.new
-    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).size
-    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.size
-    ac.save
-    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).size
-    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.size
-  end
-
-  def test_null_relation_average
-    ac = Aircraft.new
-    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).average(:id)
-    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.average(:id)
-    ac.save
-    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).average(:id)
-    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.average(:id)
-  end
-
-  def test_null_relation_minimum
-    ac = Aircraft.new
-    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).minimum(:id)
-    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.minimum(:id)
-    ac.save
-    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).minimum(:id)
-    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.minimum(:id)
-  end
-
-  def test_null_relation_maximum
-    ac = Aircraft.new
-    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).maximum(:id)
-    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.maximum(:id)
-    ac.save
-    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).maximum(:id)
-    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.maximum(:id)
-  end
-
-  def test_null_relation_in_where_condition
-    assert_operator Comment.count, :>, 0 # precondition, make sure there are comments.
-    assert_equal 0, Comment.where(post_id: Post.none).to_a.size
-  end
-
-  def test_joins_with_nil_argument
-    assert_nothing_raised { DependentFirm.joins(nil).first }
-  end
-
-  def test_finding_with_hash_conditions_on_joined_table
-    firms = DependentFirm.joins(:account).where({:name => 'RailsCore', :accounts => { :credit_limit => 55..60 }}).to_a
-    assert_equal 1, firms.size
-    assert_equal companies(:rails_core), firms.first
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_with_join
-    developers_on_project_one = Developer.joins('LEFT JOIN developers_projects ON developers.id = developers_projects.developer_id').
-      where('project_id=1').to_a
-
-    assert_equal 3, developers_on_project_one.length
-    developer_names = developers_on_project_one.map(&:name)
-    assert developer_names.include?('David')
-    assert developer_names.include?('Jamis')
-  end
-
-  def test_find_on_hash_conditions
-    assert_equal Topic.all.merge!(:where => {:approved => false}).to_a, Topic.where({ :approved => false }).to_a
-  end
-
-  def test_joins_with_string_array
-    person_with_reader_and_post = Post.joins([
-        "INNER JOIN categorizations ON categorizations.post_id = posts.id",
-        "INNER JOIN categories ON categories.id = categorizations.category_id AND categories.type = 'SpecialCategory'"
-      ]
-    ).to_a
-    assert_equal 1, person_with_reader_and_post.size
-  end
-
-  def test_no_arguments_to_query_methods_raise_errors
-    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Topic.references() }
-    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Topic.includes() }
-    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Topic.preload() }
-    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Topic.group() }
-    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Topic.reorder() }
-  end
-
-  def test_blank_like_arguments_to_query_methods_dont_raise_errors
-    assert_nothing_raised { Topic.references([]) }
-    assert_nothing_raised { Topic.includes([]) }
-    assert_nothing_raised { Topic.preload([]) }
-    assert_nothing_raised { Topic.group([]) }
-    assert_nothing_raised { Topic.reorder([]) }
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_responds_to_delegated_methods
-    relation = Topic.all
-
-    ["map", "uniq", "sort", "insert", "delete", "update"].each do |method|
-      assert_respond_to relation, method, "Topic.all should respond to #{method.inspect}"
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_respond_to_delegates_to_relation
-    relation = Topic.all
-    fake_arel = Struct.new(:responds) {
-      def respond_to? method, access = false
-        responds << [method, access]
-      end
-    }.new []
-
-    relation.extend(Module.new { attr_accessor :arel })
-    relation.arel = fake_arel
-
-    relation.respond_to?(:matching_attributes)
-    assert_equal [:matching_attributes, false], fake_arel.responds.first
-
-    fake_arel.responds = []
-    relation.respond_to?(:matching_attributes, true)
-    assert_equal [:matching_attributes, true], fake_arel.responds.first
-  end
-
-  def test_respond_to_dynamic_finders
-    relation = Topic.all
-
-    ["find_by_title", "find_by_title_and_author_name"].each do |method|
-      assert_respond_to relation, method, "Topic.all should respond to #{method.inspect}"
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_respond_to_class_methods_and_scopes
-    assert Topic.all.respond_to?(:by_lifo)
-  end
-
-  def test_find_with_readonly_option
-    Developer.all.each { |d| assert !d.readonly? }
-    Developer.all.readonly.each { |d| assert d.readonly? }
-  end
-
-  def test_eager_association_loading_of_stis_with_multiple_references
-    authors = Author.eager_load(:posts => { :special_comments => { :post => [ :special_comments, :very_special_comment ] } }).
-      order('comments.body, very_special_comments_posts.body').where('posts.id = 4').to_a
-
-    assert_equal [authors(:david)], authors
-    assert_no_queries do
-      authors.first.posts.first.special_comments.first.post.special_comments
-      authors.first.posts.first.special_comments.first.post.very_special_comment
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_find_with_preloaded_associations
-    assert_queries(2) do
-      posts = Post.preload(:comments).order('posts.id')
-      assert posts.first.comments.first
-    end
-
-    assert_queries(2) do
-      posts = Post.preload(:comments).order('posts.id')
-      assert posts.first.comments.first
-    end
-
-    assert_queries(2) do
-      posts = Post.preload(:author).order('posts.id')
-      assert posts.first.author
-    end
-
-    assert_queries(2) do
-      posts = Post.preload(:author).order('posts.id')
-      assert posts.first.author
-    end
-
-    assert_queries(3) do
-      posts = Post.preload(:author, :comments).order('posts.id')
-      assert posts.first.author
-      assert posts.first.comments.first
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_preload_applies_to_all_chained_preloaded_scopes
-    assert_queries(3) do
-      post = Post.with_comments.with_tags.first
-      assert post
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_find_with_included_associations
-    assert_queries(2) do
-      posts = Post.includes(:comments).order('posts.id')
-      assert posts.first.comments.first
-    end
-
-    assert_queries(2) do
-      posts = Post.all.includes(:comments).order('posts.id')
-      assert posts.first.comments.first
-    end
-
-    assert_queries(2) do
-      posts = Post.includes(:author).order('posts.id')
-      assert posts.first.author
-    end
-
-    assert_queries(3) do
-      posts = Post.includes(:author, :comments).order('posts.id')
-      assert posts.first.author
-      assert posts.first.comments.first
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_default_scope_with_conditions_string
-    assert_equal Developer.where(name: 'David').map(&:id).sort, DeveloperCalledDavid.all.map(&:id).sort
-    assert_nil DeveloperCalledDavid.create!.name
-  end
-
-  def test_default_scope_with_conditions_hash
-    assert_equal Developer.where(name: 'Jamis').map(&:id).sort, DeveloperCalledJamis.all.map(&:id).sort
-    assert_equal 'Jamis', DeveloperCalledJamis.create!.name
-  end
-
-  def test_default_scoping_finder_methods
-    developers = DeveloperCalledDavid.order('id').map(&:id).sort
-    assert_equal Developer.where(name: 'David').map(&:id).sort, developers
-  end
-
-  def test_includes_with_select
-    query = Post.select('comments_count AS ranking').order('ranking').includes(:comments)
-      .where(comments: { id: 1 })
-
-    assert_equal ['comments_count AS ranking'], query.select_values
-    assert_equal 1, query.to_a.size
-  end
-
-  def test_preloading_with_associations_and_merges
-    post = Post.create! title: 'Uhuu', body: 'body'
-    reader = Reader.create! post_id: post.id, person_id: 1
-    comment = Comment.create! post_id: post.id, body: 'body'
-
-    assert !comment.respond_to?(:readers)
-
-    post_rel = Post.preload(:readers).joins(:readers).where(title: 'Uhuu')
-    result_comment = Comment.joins(:post).merge(post_rel).to_a.first
-    assert_equal comment, result_comment
-
-    assert_no_queries do
-      assert_equal post, result_comment.post
-      assert_equal [reader], result_comment.post.readers.to_a
-    end
-
-    post_rel = Post.includes(:readers).where(title: 'Uhuu')
-    result_comment = Comment.joins(:post).merge(post_rel).first
-    assert_equal comment, result_comment
-
-    assert_no_queries do
-      assert_equal post, result_comment.post
-      assert_equal [reader], result_comment.post.readers.to_a
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_preloading_with_associations_default_scopes_and_merges
-    post = Post.create! title: 'Uhuu', body: 'body'
-    reader = Reader.create! post_id: post.id, person_id: 1
-
-    post_rel = PostWithPreloadDefaultScope.preload(:readers).joins(:readers).where(title: 'Uhuu')
-    result_post = PostWithPreloadDefaultScope.all.merge(post_rel).to_a.first
-
-    assert_no_queries do
-      assert_equal [reader], result_post.readers.to_a
-    end
-
-    post_rel = PostWithIncludesDefaultScope.includes(:readers).where(title: 'Uhuu')
-    result_post = PostWithIncludesDefaultScope.all.merge(post_rel).to_a.first
-
-    assert_no_queries do
-      assert_equal [reader], result_post.readers.to_a
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_loading_with_one_association
-    posts = Post.preload(:comments)
-    post = posts.find { |p| p.id == 1 }
-    assert_equal 2, post.comments.size
-    assert post.comments.include?(comments(:greetings))
-
-    post = Post.where("posts.title = 'Welcome to the weblog'").preload(:comments).first
-    assert_equal 2, post.comments.size
-    assert post.comments.include?(comments(:greetings))
-
-    posts = Post.preload(:last_comment)
-    post = posts.find { |p| p.id == 1 }
-    assert_equal Post.find(1).last_comment, post.last_comment
-  end
-
-  def test_to_sql_on_eager_join
-    expected = assert_sql {
-      Post.eager_load(:last_comment).order('comments.id DESC').to_a
-    }.first
-    actual = Post.eager_load(:last_comment).order('comments.id DESC').to_sql
-    assert_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_to_sql_on_scoped_proxy
-    auth = Author.first
-    Post.where("1=1").written_by(auth)
-    assert_not auth.posts.to_sql.include?("1=1")
-  end
-
-  def test_loading_with_one_association_with_non_preload
-    posts = Post.eager_load(:last_comment).order('comments.id DESC')
-    post = posts.find { |p| p.id == 1 }
-    assert_equal Post.find(1).last_comment, post.last_comment
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_find_by_attributes
-    david = authors(:david)
-    author = Author.preload(:taggings).find_by_id(david.id)
-    expected_taggings = taggings(:welcome_general, :thinking_general)
-
-    assert_no_queries do
-      assert_equal expected_taggings, author.taggings.distinct.sort_by(&:id)
-      assert_equal expected_taggings, author.taggings.uniq.sort_by(&:id)
-    end
-
-    authors = Author.all
-    assert_equal david, authors.find_by_id_and_name(david.id, david.name)
-    assert_equal david, authors.find_by_id_and_name!(david.id, david.name)
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_find_by_attributes_bang
-    author = Author.all.find_by_id!(authors(:david).id)
-    assert_equal "David", author.name
-
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Author.all.find_by_id_and_name!(20, 'invalid') }
-  end
-
-  def test_find_id
-    authors = Author.all
-
-    david = authors.find(authors(:david).id)
-    assert_equal 'David', david.name
-
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { authors.where(:name => 'lifo').find('42') }
-  end
-
-  def test_find_ids
-    authors = Author.order('id ASC')
-
-    results = authors.find(authors(:david).id, authors(:mary).id)
-    assert_kind_of Array, results
-    assert_equal 2, results.size
-    assert_equal 'David', results[0].name
-    assert_equal 'Mary', results[1].name
-    assert_equal results, authors.find([authors(:david).id, authors(:mary).id])
-
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { authors.where(:name => 'lifo').find(authors(:david).id, '42') }
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { authors.find(['42', 43]) }
-  end
-
-  def test_find_in_empty_array
-    authors = Author.all.where(:id => [])
-    assert authors.to_a.blank?
-  end
-
-  def test_where_with_ar_object
-    author = Author.first
-    authors = Author.all.where(:id => author)
-    assert_equal 1, authors.to_a.length
-  end
-
-  def test_find_with_list_of_ar
-    author = Author.first
-    authors = Author.find([author.id])
-    assert_equal author, authors.first
-  end
-
-  class Mary < Author; end
-
-  def test_find_by_classname
-    Author.create!(:name => Mary.name)
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal 1, Author.where(:name => Mary).size
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_find_by_id_with_list_of_ar
-    author = Author.first
-    authors = Author.find_by_id([author])
-    assert_equal author, authors
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_using_where_twice_should_or_the_relation
-    david = authors(:david)
-    relation = Author.unscoped
-    relation = relation.where(:name => david.name)
-    relation = relation.where(:name => 'Santiago')
-    relation = relation.where(:id => david.id)
-    assert_equal [], relation.to_a
-  end
-
-  def test_multi_where_ands_queries
-    relation = Author.unscoped
-    david = authors(:david)
-    sql = relation.where(:name => david.name).where(:name => 'Santiago').to_sql
-    assert_match('AND', sql)
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_with_multiple_should_use_and
-    david = authors(:david)
-    relation = [
-      { :name => david.name },
-      { :name => 'Santiago' },
-      { :name => 'tenderlove' },
-    ].inject(Author.unscoped) do |memo, param|
-      memo.where(param)
-    end
-    assert_equal [], relation.to_a
-  end
-
-  def test_typecasting_where_with_array
-    ids = Author.pluck(:id)
-    slugs = ids.map { |id| "#{id}-as-a-slug" }
-
-    assert_equal Author.all.to_a, Author.where(id: slugs).to_a
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_using_where_with_relation
-    david = authors(:david)
-    # switching the lines below would succeed in current rails
-    # assert_queries(2) {
-    assert_queries(1) {
-      relation = Author.where(:id => Author.where(:id => david.id))
-      assert_equal [david], relation.to_a
-    }
-
-    assert_queries(1) {
-      relation = Author.where('id in (?)', Author.where(id: david).select(:id))
-      assert_equal [david], relation.to_a
-    }
-
-    assert_queries(1) do
-      relation = Author.where('id in (:author_ids)', author_ids: Author.where(id: david).select(:id))
-      assert_equal [david], relation.to_a
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_using_where_with_relation_with_bound_values
-    david = authors(:david)
-    davids_posts = david.posts.order(:id).to_a
-
-    assert_queries(1) do
-      relation = Post.where(id: david.posts.select(:id))
-      assert_equal davids_posts, relation.order(:id).to_a
-    end
-
-    assert_queries(1) do
-      relation = Post.where('id in (?)', david.posts.select(:id))
-      assert_equal davids_posts, relation.order(:id).to_a, 'should process Relation as bind variables'
-    end
-
-    assert_queries(1) do
-      relation = Post.where('id in (:post_ids)', post_ids: david.posts.select(:id))
-      assert_equal davids_posts, relation.order(:id).to_a, 'should process Relation as named bind variables'
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_using_where_with_relation_and_alternate_primary_key
-    cool_first = minivans(:cool_first)
-    # switching the lines below would succeed in current rails
-    # assert_queries(2) {
-    assert_queries(1) {
-      relation = Minivan.where(:minivan_id => Minivan.where(:name => cool_first.name))
-      assert_equal [cool_first], relation.to_a
-    }
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_using_where_with_relation_does_not_alter_select_values
-    david = authors(:david)
-
-    subquery = Author.where(:id => david.id)
-
-    assert_queries(1) {
-      relation = Author.where(:id => subquery)
-      assert_equal [david], relation.to_a
-    }
-
-    assert_equal 0, subquery.select_values.size
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_using_where_with_relation_with_joins
-    david = authors(:david)
-    assert_queries(1) {
-      relation = Author.where(:id => Author.joins(:posts).where(:id => david.id))
-      assert_equal [david], relation.to_a
-    }
-  end
-
-
-  def test_find_all_using_where_with_relation_with_select_to_build_subquery
-    david = authors(:david)
-    assert_queries(1) {
-      relation = Author.where(:name => Author.where(:id => david.id).select(:name))
-      assert_equal [david], relation.to_a
-    }
-  end
-
-  def test_exists
-    davids = Author.where(:name => 'David')
-    assert davids.exists?
-    assert davids.exists?(authors(:david).id)
-    assert ! davids.exists?(authors(:mary).id)
-    assert ! davids.exists?("42")
-    assert ! davids.exists?(42)
-    assert ! davids.exists?(davids.new.id)
-
-    fake  = Author.where(:name => 'fake author')
-    assert ! fake.exists?
-    assert ! fake.exists?(authors(:david).id)
-  end
-
-  def test_exists_uses_existing_scope
-    post = authors(:david).posts.first
-    authors = Author.includes(:posts).where(name: "David", posts: { id: post.id })
-    assert authors.exists?(authors(:david).id)
-  end
-
-  def test_any_with_scope_on_hash_includes
-    post = authors(:david).posts.first
-    categories = Categorization.includes(author: :posts).where(posts: { id: post.id })
-    assert categories.exists?
-  end
-
-  def test_last
-    authors = Author.all
-    assert_equal authors(:bob), authors.last
-  end
-
-  def test_destroy_all
-    davids = Author.where(:name => 'David')
-
-    # Force load
-    assert_equal [authors(:david)], davids.to_a
-    assert davids.loaded?
-
-    assert_difference('Author.count', -1) { davids.destroy_all }
-
-    assert_equal [], davids.to_a
-    assert davids.loaded?
-  end
-
-  def test_destroy_all_with_conditions_is_deprecated
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_difference('Author.count', -1) { Author.destroy_all(name: 'David') }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_delete_all
-    davids = Author.where(:name => 'David')
-
-    assert_difference('Author.count', -1) { davids.delete_all }
-    assert ! davids.loaded?
-  end
-
-  def test_delete_all_with_conditions_is_deprecated
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_difference('Author.count', -1) { Author.delete_all(name: 'David') }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_delete_all_loaded
-    davids = Author.where(:name => 'David')
-
-    # Force load
-    assert_equal [authors(:david)], davids.to_a
-    assert davids.loaded?
-
-    assert_difference('Author.count', -1) { davids.delete_all }
-
-    assert_equal [], davids.to_a
-    assert davids.loaded?
-  end
-
-  def test_delete_all_with_unpermitted_relation_raises_error
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { Author.limit(10).delete_all }
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { Author.distinct.delete_all }
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { Author.group(:name).delete_all }
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { Author.having('SUM(id) < 3').delete_all }
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { Author.offset(10).delete_all }
-  end
-
-  def test_select_with_aggregates
-    posts = Post.select(:title, :body)
-
-    assert_equal 11, posts.count(:all)
-    assert_equal 11, posts.size
-    assert posts.any?
-    assert posts.many?
-    assert_not posts.empty?
-  end
-
-  def test_select_takes_a_variable_list_of_args
-    david = developers(:david)
-
-    developer = Developer.where(id: david.id).select(:name, :salary).first
-    assert_equal david.name, developer.name
-    assert_equal david.salary, developer.salary
-  end
-
-  def test_select_takes_an_aliased_attribute
-    first = topics(:first)
-
-    topic = Topic.where(id: first.id).select(:heading).first
-    assert_equal first.heading, topic.heading
-  end
-
-  def test_select_argument_error
-    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Developer.select }
-  end
-
-  def test_count
-    posts = Post.all
-
-    assert_equal 11, posts.count
-    assert_equal 11, posts.count(:all)
-    assert_equal 11, posts.count(:id)
-
-    assert_equal 1, posts.where('comments_count > 1').count
-    assert_equal 9, posts.where(:comments_count => 0).count
-  end
-
-  def test_count_on_association_relation
-    author = Author.last
-    another_author = Author.first
-    posts = Post.where(author_id: author.id)
-
-    assert_equal author.posts.where(author_id: author.id).size, posts.count
-
-    assert_equal 0, author.posts.where(author_id: another_author.id).size
-    assert author.posts.where(author_id: another_author.id).empty?
-  end
-
-  def test_count_with_distinct
-    posts = Post.all
-
-    assert_equal 3, posts.distinct(true).count(:comments_count)
-    assert_equal 11, posts.distinct(false).count(:comments_count)
-
-    assert_equal 3, posts.distinct(true).select(:comments_count).count
-    assert_equal 11, posts.distinct(false).select(:comments_count).count
-  end
-
-  def test_update_all_with_scope
-    tag = Tag.first
-    Post.tagged_with(tag.id).update_all title: "rofl"
-    list = Post.tagged_with(tag.id).all.to_a
-    assert_operator list.length, :>, 0
-    list.each { |post| assert_equal 'rofl', post.title }
-  end
-
-  def test_count_explicit_columns
-    Post.update_all(:comments_count => nil)
-    posts = Post.all
-
-    assert_equal [0], posts.select('comments_count').where('id is not null').group('id').order('id').count.values.uniq
-    assert_equal 0, posts.where('id is not null').select('comments_count').count
-
-    assert_equal 11, posts.select('comments_count').count('id')
-    assert_equal 0, posts.select('comments_count').count
-    assert_equal 0, posts.count(:comments_count)
-    assert_equal 0, posts.count('comments_count')
-  end
-
-  def test_multiple_selects
-    post = Post.all.select('comments_count').select('title').order("id ASC").first
-    assert_equal "Welcome to the weblog", post.title
-    assert_equal 2, post.comments_count
-  end
-
-  def test_size
-    posts = Post.all
-
-    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 11, posts.size }
-    assert ! posts.loaded?
-
-    best_posts = posts.where(:comments_count => 0)
-    best_posts.to_a # force load
-    assert_no_queries { assert_equal 9, best_posts.size }
-  end
-
-  def test_size_with_limit
-    posts = Post.limit(10)
-
-    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 10, posts.size }
-    assert ! posts.loaded?
-
-    best_posts = posts.where(:comments_count => 0)
-    best_posts.to_a # force load
-    assert_no_queries { assert_equal 9, best_posts.size }
-  end
-
-  def test_size_with_zero_limit
-    posts = Post.limit(0)
-
-    assert_no_queries { assert_equal 0, posts.size }
-    assert ! posts.loaded?
-
-    posts.to_a # force load
-    assert_no_queries { assert_equal 0, posts.size }
-  end
-
-  def test_empty_with_zero_limit
-    posts = Post.limit(0)
-
-    assert_no_queries { assert_equal true, posts.empty? }
-    assert ! posts.loaded?
-  end
-
-  def test_count_complex_chained_relations
-    posts = Post.select('comments_count').where('id is not null').group("author_id").where("comments_count > 0")
-
-    expected = { 1 => 2 }
-    assert_equal expected, posts.count
-  end
-
-  def test_empty
-    posts = Post.all
-
-    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal false, posts.empty? }
-    assert ! posts.loaded?
-
-    no_posts = posts.where(:title => "")
-    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal true, no_posts.empty? }
-    assert ! no_posts.loaded?
-
-    best_posts = posts.where(:comments_count => 0)
-    best_posts.to_a # force load
-    assert_no_queries { assert_equal false, best_posts.empty? }
-  end
-
-  def test_empty_complex_chained_relations
-    posts = Post.select("comments_count").where("id is not null").group("author_id").where("comments_count > 0")
-
-    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal false, posts.empty? }
-    assert ! posts.loaded?
-
-    no_posts = posts.where(:title => "")
-    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal true, no_posts.empty? }
-    assert ! no_posts.loaded?
-  end
-
-  def test_any
-    posts = Post.all
-
-    # This test was failing when run on its own (as opposed to running the entire suite).
-    # The second line in the assert_queries block was causing visit_Arel_Attributes_Attribute
-    # in Arel::Visitors::ToSql to trigger a SHOW TABLES query. Running that line here causes
-    # the SHOW TABLES result to be cached so we don't have to do it again in the block.
-    #
-    # This is obviously a rubbish fix but it's the best I can come up with for now...
-    posts.where(:id => nil).any?
-
-    assert_queries(3) do
-      assert posts.any? # Uses COUNT()
-      assert ! posts.where(:id => nil).any?
-
-      assert posts.any? {|p| p.id > 0 }
-      assert ! posts.any? {|p| p.id <= 0 }
-    end
-
-    assert posts.loaded?
-  end
-
-  def test_many
-    posts = Post.all
-
-    assert_queries(2) do
-      assert posts.many? # Uses COUNT()
-      assert posts.many? {|p| p.id > 0 }
-      assert ! posts.many? {|p| p.id < 2 }
-    end
-
-    assert posts.loaded?
-  end
-
-  def test_many_with_limits
-    posts = Post.all
-
-    assert posts.many?
-    assert ! posts.limit(1).many?
-  end
-
-  def test_none?
-    posts = Post.all
-    assert_queries(1) do
-      assert ! posts.none? # Uses COUNT()
-    end
-
-    assert ! posts.loaded?
-
-    assert_queries(1) do
-      assert posts.none? {|p| p.id < 0 }
-      assert ! posts.none? {|p| p.id == 1 }
-    end
-
-    assert posts.loaded?
-  end
-
-  def test_one
-    posts = Post.all
-    assert_queries(1) do
-      assert ! posts.one? # Uses COUNT()
-    end
-
-    assert ! posts.loaded?
-
-    assert_queries(1) do
-      assert ! posts.one? {|p| p.id < 3 }
-      assert posts.one? {|p| p.id == 1 }
-    end
-
-    assert posts.loaded?
-  end
-
-  def test_to_a_should_dup_target
-    posts = Post.all
-
-    original_size = posts.size
-    removed = posts.to_a.pop
-
-    assert_equal original_size, posts.size
-    assert_includes posts.to_a, removed
-  end
-
-  def test_build
-    posts = Post.all
-
-    post = posts.new
-    assert_kind_of Post, post
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_build
-    posts = Post.where(:title => 'You told a lie')
-
-    post = posts.new
-    assert_kind_of Post, post
-    assert_equal 'You told a lie', post.title
-  end
-
-  def test_create
-    birds = Bird.all
-
-    sparrow = birds.create
-    assert_kind_of Bird, sparrow
-    assert !sparrow.persisted?
-
-    hen = birds.where(:name => 'hen').create
-    assert hen.persisted?
-    assert_equal 'hen', hen.name
-  end
-
-  def test_create_bang
-    birds = Bird.all
-
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { birds.create! }
-
-    hen = birds.where(:name => 'hen').create!
-    assert_kind_of Bird, hen
-    assert hen.persisted?
-    assert_equal 'hen', hen.name
-  end
-
-  def test_first_or_create
-    parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create(:name => 'parrot')
-    assert_kind_of Bird, parrot
-    assert parrot.persisted?
-    assert_equal 'parrot', parrot.name
-    assert_equal 'green', parrot.color
-
-    same_parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create(:name => 'parakeet')
-    assert_kind_of Bird, same_parrot
-    assert same_parrot.persisted?
-    assert_equal parrot, same_parrot
-  end
-
-  def test_first_or_create_with_no_parameters
-    parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create
-    assert_kind_of Bird, parrot
-    assert !parrot.persisted?
-    assert_equal 'green', parrot.color
-  end
-
-  def test_first_or_create_with_block
-    parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create { |bird| bird.name = 'parrot' }
-    assert_kind_of Bird, parrot
-    assert parrot.persisted?
-    assert_equal 'green', parrot.color
-    assert_equal 'parrot', parrot.name
-
-    same_parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create { |bird| bird.name = 'parakeet' }
-    assert_equal parrot, same_parrot
-  end
-
-  def test_first_or_create_with_array
-    several_green_birds = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create([{:name => 'parrot'}, {:name => 'parakeet'}])
-    assert_kind_of Array, several_green_birds
-    several_green_birds.each { |bird| assert bird.persisted? }
-
-    same_parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create([{:name => 'hummingbird'}, {:name => 'macaw'}])
-    assert_kind_of Bird, same_parrot
-    assert_equal several_green_birds.first, same_parrot
-  end
-
-  def test_first_or_create_bang_with_valid_options
-    parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create!(:name => 'parrot')
-    assert_kind_of Bird, parrot
-    assert parrot.persisted?
-    assert_equal 'parrot', parrot.name
-    assert_equal 'green', parrot.color
-
-    same_parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create!(:name => 'parakeet')
-    assert_kind_of Bird, same_parrot
-    assert same_parrot.persisted?
-    assert_equal parrot, same_parrot
-  end
-
-  def test_first_or_create_bang_with_invalid_options
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create!(:pirate_id => 1) }
-  end
-
-  def test_first_or_create_bang_with_no_parameters
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create! }
-  end
-
-  def test_first_or_create_bang_with_valid_block
-    parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create! { |bird| bird.name = 'parrot' }
-    assert_kind_of Bird, parrot
-    assert parrot.persisted?
-    assert_equal 'green', parrot.color
-    assert_equal 'parrot', parrot.name
-
-    same_parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create! { |bird| bird.name = 'parakeet' }
-    assert_equal parrot, same_parrot
-  end
-
-  def test_first_or_create_bang_with_invalid_block
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) do
-      Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create! { |bird| bird.pirate_id = 1 }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_first_or_create_with_valid_array
-    several_green_birds = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create!([{:name => 'parrot'}, {:name => 'parakeet'}])
-    assert_kind_of Array, several_green_birds
-    several_green_birds.each { |bird| assert bird.persisted? }
-
-    same_parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create!([{:name => 'hummingbird'}, {:name => 'macaw'}])
-    assert_kind_of Bird, same_parrot
-    assert_equal several_green_birds.first, same_parrot
-  end
-
-  def test_first_or_create_with_invalid_array
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create!([ {:name => 'parrot'}, {:pirate_id => 1} ]) }
-  end
-
-  def test_first_or_initialize
-    parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_initialize(:name => 'parrot')
-    assert_kind_of Bird, parrot
-    assert !parrot.persisted?
-    assert parrot.valid?
-    assert parrot.new_record?
-    assert_equal 'parrot', parrot.name
-    assert_equal 'green', parrot.color
-  end
-
-  def test_first_or_initialize_with_no_parameters
-    parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_initialize
-    assert_kind_of Bird, parrot
-    assert !parrot.persisted?
-    assert !parrot.valid?
-    assert parrot.new_record?
-    assert_equal 'green', parrot.color
-  end
-
-  def test_first_or_initialize_with_block
-    parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_initialize { |bird| bird.name = 'parrot' }
-    assert_kind_of Bird, parrot
-    assert !parrot.persisted?
-    assert parrot.valid?
-    assert parrot.new_record?
-    assert_equal 'green', parrot.color
-    assert_equal 'parrot', parrot.name
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_by
-    assert_nil Bird.find_by(name: 'bob')
-
-    bird = Bird.find_or_create_by(name: 'bob')
-    assert bird.persisted?
-
-    assert_equal bird, Bird.find_or_create_by(name: 'bob')
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_by_with_create_with
-    assert_nil Bird.find_by(name: 'bob')
-
-    bird = Bird.create_with(color: 'green').find_or_create_by(name: 'bob')
-    assert bird.persisted?
-    assert_equal 'green', bird.color
-
-    assert_equal bird, Bird.create_with(color: 'blue').find_or_create_by(name: 'bob')
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_by!
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { Bird.find_or_create_by!(color: 'green') }
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_by
-    assert_nil Bird.find_by(name: 'bob')
-
-    bird = Bird.find_or_initialize_by(name: 'bob')
-    assert bird.new_record?
-    bird.save!
-
-    assert_equal bird, Bird.find_or_initialize_by(name: 'bob')
-  end
-
-  def test_explicit_create_scope
-    hens = Bird.where(:name => 'hen')
-    assert_equal 'hen', hens.new.name
-
-    hens = hens.create_with(:name => 'cock')
-    assert_equal 'cock', hens.new.name
-  end
-
-  def test_except
-    relation = Post.where(:author_id => 1).order('id ASC').limit(1)
-    assert_equal [posts(:welcome)], relation.to_a
-
-    author_posts = relation.except(:order, :limit)
-    assert_equal Post.where(:author_id => 1).to_a, author_posts.to_a
-
-    all_posts = relation.except(:where, :order, :limit)
-    assert_equal Post.all, all_posts
-  end
-
-  def test_only
-    relation = Post.where(:author_id => 1).order('id ASC').limit(1)
-    assert_equal [posts(:welcome)], relation.to_a
-
-    author_posts = relation.only(:where)
-    assert_equal Post.where(:author_id => 1).to_a, author_posts.to_a
-
-    all_posts = relation.only(:limit)
-    assert_equal Post.limit(1).to_a.first, all_posts.first
-  end
-
-  def test_anonymous_extension
-    relation = Post.where(:author_id => 1).order('id ASC').extending do
-      def author
-        'lifo'
-      end
-    end
-
-    assert_equal "lifo", relation.author
-    assert_equal "lifo", relation.limit(1).author
-  end
-
-  def test_named_extension
-    relation = Post.where(:author_id => 1).order('id ASC').extending(Post::NamedExtension)
-    assert_equal "lifo", relation.author
-    assert_equal "lifo", relation.limit(1).author
-  end
-
-  def test_order_by_relation_attribute
-    assert_equal Post.order(Post.arel_table[:title]).to_a, Post.order("title").to_a
-  end
-
-  def test_default_scope_order_with_scope_order
-    assert_equal 'zyke', CoolCar.order_using_new_style.limit(1).first.name
-    assert_equal 'zyke', FastCar.order_using_new_style.limit(1).first.name
-  end
-
-  def test_order_using_scoping
-    car1 = CoolCar.order('id DESC').scoping do
-      CoolCar.all.merge!(order: 'id asc').first
-    end
-    assert_equal 'zyke', car1.name
-
-    car2 = FastCar.order('id DESC').scoping do
-      FastCar.all.merge!(order: 'id asc').first
-    end
-    assert_equal 'zyke', car2.name
-  end
-
-  def test_unscoped_block_style
-    assert_equal 'honda', CoolCar.unscoped { CoolCar.order_using_new_style.limit(1).first.name}
-    assert_equal 'honda', FastCar.unscoped { FastCar.order_using_new_style.limit(1).first.name}
-  end
-
-  def test_intersection_with_array
-    relation = Author.where(:name => "David")
-    rails_author = relation.first
-
-    assert_equal [rails_author], [rails_author] & relation
-    assert_equal [rails_author], relation & [rails_author]
-  end
-
-  def test_primary_key
-    assert_equal "id", Post.all.primary_key
-  end
-
-  def test_ordering_with_extra_spaces
-    assert_equal authors(:david), Author.order('id DESC , name DESC').last
-  end
-
-  def test_update_all_with_blank_argument
-    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Comment.update_all({}) }
-  end
-
-  def test_update_all_with_joins
-    comments = Comment.joins(:post).where('posts.id' => posts(:welcome).id)
-    count    = comments.count
-
-    assert_equal count, comments.update_all(:post_id => posts(:thinking).id)
-    assert_equal posts(:thinking), comments(:greetings).post
-  end
-
-  def test_update_all_with_joins_and_limit
-    comments = Comment.joins(:post).where('posts.id' => posts(:welcome).id).limit(1)
-    assert_equal 1, comments.update_all(:post_id => posts(:thinking).id)
-  end
-
-  def test_update_all_with_joins_and_limit_and_order
-    comments = Comment.joins(:post).where('posts.id' => posts(:welcome).id).order('comments.id').limit(1)
-    assert_equal 1, comments.update_all(:post_id => posts(:thinking).id)
-    assert_equal posts(:thinking), comments(:greetings).post
-    assert_equal posts(:welcome),  comments(:more_greetings).post
-  end
-
-  def test_update_all_with_joins_and_offset
-    all_comments = Comment.joins(:post).where('posts.id' => posts(:welcome).id)
-    count        = all_comments.count
-    comments     = all_comments.offset(1)
-
-    assert_equal count - 1, comments.update_all(:post_id => posts(:thinking).id)
-  end
-
-  def test_update_all_with_joins_and_offset_and_order
-    all_comments = Comment.joins(:post).where('posts.id' => posts(:welcome).id).order('posts.id', 'comments.id')
-    count        = all_comments.count
-    comments     = all_comments.offset(1)
-
-    assert_equal count - 1, comments.update_all(:post_id => posts(:thinking).id)
-    assert_equal posts(:thinking), comments(:more_greetings).post
-    assert_equal posts(:welcome),  comments(:greetings).post
-  end
-
-  def test_update_on_relation
-    topic1 = TopicWithCallbacks.create! title: 'arel', author_name: nil
-    topic2 = TopicWithCallbacks.create! title: 'activerecord', author_name: nil
-    topics = TopicWithCallbacks.where(id: [topic1.id, topic2.id])
-    topics.update(title: 'adequaterecord')
-
-    assert_equal 'adequaterecord', topic1.reload.title
-    assert_equal 'adequaterecord', topic2.reload.title
-    # Testing that the before_update callbacks have run
-    assert_equal 'David', topic1.reload.author_name
-    assert_equal 'David', topic2.reload.author_name
-  end
-
-  def test_update_on_relation_passing_active_record_object_is_deprecated
-    topic = Topic.create!(title: 'Foo', author_name: nil)
-    assert_deprecated(/update/) do
-      Topic.where(id: topic.id).update(topic, title: 'Bar')
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_distinct
-    tag1 = Tag.create(:name => 'Foo')
-    tag2 = Tag.create(:name => 'Foo')
-
-    query = Tag.select(:name).where(:id => [tag1.id, tag2.id])
-
-    assert_equal ['Foo', 'Foo'], query.map(&:name)
-    assert_sql(/DISTINCT/) do
-      assert_equal ['Foo'], query.distinct.map(&:name)
-      assert_deprecated { assert_equal ['Foo'], query.uniq.map(&:name) }
-    end
-    assert_sql(/DISTINCT/) do
-      assert_equal ['Foo'], query.distinct(true).map(&:name)
-      assert_deprecated { assert_equal ['Foo'], query.uniq(true).map(&:name) }
-    end
-    assert_equal ['Foo', 'Foo'], query.distinct(true).distinct(false).map(&:name)
-
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal ['Foo', 'Foo'], query.uniq(true).uniq(false).map(&:name)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_doesnt_add_having_values_if_options_are_blank
-    scope = Post.having('')
-    assert scope.having_clause.empty?
-
-    scope = Post.having([])
-    assert scope.having_clause.empty?
-  end
-
-  def test_having_with_binds_for_both_where_and_having
-    post = Post.first
-    having_then_where = Post.having(id: post.id).where(title: post.title).group(:id)
-    where_then_having = Post.where(title: post.title).having(id: post.id).group(:id)
-
-    assert_equal [post], having_then_where
-    assert_equal [post], where_then_having
-  end
-
-  def test_multiple_where_and_having_clauses
-    post = Post.first
-    having_then_where = Post.having(id: post.id).where(title: post.title)
-      .having(id: post.id).where(title: post.title).group(:id)
-
-    assert_equal [post], having_then_where
-  end
-
-  def test_grouping_by_column_with_reserved_name
-    assert_equal [], Possession.select(:where).group(:where).to_a
-  end
-
-  def test_references_triggers_eager_loading
-    scope = Post.includes(:comments)
-    assert !scope.eager_loading?
-    assert scope.references(:comments).eager_loading?
-  end
-
-  def test_references_doesnt_trigger_eager_loading_if_reference_not_included
-    scope = Post.references(:comments)
-    assert !scope.eager_loading?
-  end
-
-  def test_automatically_added_where_references
-    scope = Post.where(:comments => { :body => "Bla" })
-    assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
-
-    scope = Post.where('comments.body' => 'Bla')
-    assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
-  end
-
-  def test_automatically_added_where_not_references
-    scope = Post.where.not(comments: { body: "Bla" })
-    assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
-
-    scope = Post.where.not('comments.body' => 'Bla')
-    assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
-  end
-
-  def test_automatically_added_having_references
-    scope = Post.having(:comments => { :body => "Bla" })
-    assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
-
-    scope = Post.having('comments.body' => 'Bla')
-    assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
-  end
-
-  def test_automatically_added_order_references
-    scope = Post.order('comments.body')
-    assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
-
-    scope = Post.order('comments.body', 'yaks.body')
-    assert_equal ['comments', 'yaks'], scope.references_values
-
-    # Don't infer yaks, let's not go down that road again...
-    scope = Post.order('comments.body, yaks.body')
-    assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
-
-    scope = Post.order('comments.body asc')
-    assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
-
-    scope = Post.order('foo(comments.body)')
-    assert_equal [], scope.references_values
-  end
-
-  def test_automatically_added_reorder_references
-    scope = Post.reorder('comments.body')
-    assert_equal %w(comments), scope.references_values
-
-    scope = Post.reorder('comments.body', 'yaks.body')
-    assert_equal %w(comments yaks), scope.references_values
-
-    # Don't infer yaks, let's not go down that road again...
-    scope = Post.reorder('comments.body, yaks.body')
-    assert_equal %w(comments), scope.references_values
-
-    scope = Post.reorder('comments.body asc')
-    assert_equal %w(comments), scope.references_values
-
-    scope = Post.reorder('foo(comments.body)')
-    assert_equal [], scope.references_values
-  end
-
-  def test_order_with_reorder_nil_removes_the_order
-    relation = Post.order(:title).reorder(nil)
-
-    assert_nil relation.order_values.first
-  end
-
-  def test_reverse_order_with_reorder_nil_removes_the_order
-    relation = Post.order(:title).reverse_order.reorder(nil)
-
-    assert_nil relation.order_values.first
-  end
-
-  def test_presence
-    topics = Topic.all
-
-    # the first query is triggered because there are no topics yet.
-    assert_queries(1) { assert topics.present? }
-
-    # checking if there are topics is used before you actually display them,
-    # thus it shouldn't invoke an extra count query.
-    assert_no_queries { assert topics.present? }
-    assert_no_queries { assert !topics.blank? }
-
-    # shows count of topics and loops after loading the query should not trigger extra queries either.
-    assert_no_queries { topics.size }
-    assert_no_queries { topics.length }
-    assert_no_queries { topics.each }
-
-    # count always trigger the COUNT query.
-    assert_queries(1) { topics.count }
-
-    assert topics.loaded?
-  end
-
-  test "find_by with hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
-    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.order(:id).find_by(author_id: 2)
-  end
-
-  test "find_by with non-hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
-    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.order(:id).find_by("author_id = 2")
-  end
-
-  test "find_by with multi-arg conditions returns the first matching record" do
-    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.order(:id).find_by('author_id = ?', 2)
-  end
-
-  test "find_by returns nil if the record is missing" do
-    assert_equal nil, Post.all.find_by("1 = 0")
-  end
-
-  test "find_by doesn't have implicit ordering" do
-    assert_sql(/^((?!ORDER).)*$/) { Post.all.find_by(author_id: 2) }
-  end
-
-  test "find_by requires at least one argument" do
-    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Post.all.find_by }
-  end
-
-  test "find_by! with hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
-    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.order(:id).find_by!(author_id: 2)
-  end
-
-  test "find_by! with non-hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
-    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.order(:id).find_by!("author_id = 2")
-  end
-
-  test "find_by! with multi-arg conditions returns the first matching record" do
-    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.order(:id).find_by!('author_id = ?', 2)
-  end
-
-  test "find_by! doesn't have implicit ordering" do
-    assert_sql(/^((?!ORDER).)*$/) { Post.all.find_by!(author_id: 2) }
-  end
-
-  test "find_by! raises RecordNotFound if the record is missing" do
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) do
-      Post.all.find_by!("1 = 0")
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "find_by! requires at least one argument" do
-    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Post.all.find_by! }
-  end
-
-  test "loaded relations cannot be mutated by multi value methods" do
-    relation = Post.all
-    relation.to_a
-
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ImmutableRelation) do
-      relation.where! 'foo'
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "loaded relations cannot be mutated by single value methods" do
-    relation = Post.all
-    relation.to_a
-
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ImmutableRelation) do
-      relation.limit! 5
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "loaded relations cannot be mutated by merge!" do
-    relation = Post.all
-    relation.to_a
-
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ImmutableRelation) do
-      relation.merge! where: 'foo'
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "loaded relations cannot be mutated by extending!" do
-    relation = Post.all
-    relation.to_a
-
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ImmutableRelation) do
-      relation.extending! Module.new
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "relations with cached arel can't be mutated [internal API]" do
-    relation = Post.all
-    relation.count
-
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ImmutableRelation) { relation.limit!(5) }
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ImmutableRelation) { relation.where!("1 = 2") }
-  end
-
-  test "relations show the records in #inspect" do
-    relation = Post.limit(2)
-    assert_equal "#<ActiveRecord::Relation [#{Post.limit(2).map(&:inspect).join(', ')}]>", relation.inspect
-  end
-
-  test "relations limit the records in #inspect at 10" do
-    relation = Post.limit(11)
-    assert_equal "#<ActiveRecord::Relation [#{Post.limit(10).map(&:inspect).join(', ')}, ...]>", relation.inspect
-  end
-
-  test "already-loaded relations don't perform a new query in #inspect" do
-    relation = Post.limit(2)
-    relation.to_a
-
-    expected = "#<ActiveRecord::Relation [#{Post.limit(2).map(&:inspect).join(', ')}]>"
-
-    assert_no_queries do
-      assert_equal expected, relation.inspect
-    end
-  end
-
-  test 'using a custom table affects the wheres' do
-    table_alias = Post.arel_table.alias('omg_posts')
-
-    table_metadata = ActiveRecord::TableMetadata.new(Post, table_alias)
-    predicate_builder = ActiveRecord::PredicateBuilder.new(table_metadata)
-    relation = ActiveRecord::Relation.new(Post, table_alias, predicate_builder)
-    relation.where!(:foo => "bar")
-
-    node = relation.arel.constraints.first.grep(Arel::Attributes::Attribute).first
-    assert_equal table_alias, node.relation
-  end
-
-  test '#load' do
-    relation = Post.all
-    assert_queries(1) do
-      assert_equal relation, relation.load
-    end
-    assert_no_queries { relation.to_a }
-  end
-
-  test 'group with select and includes' do
-    authors_count = Post.select('author_id, COUNT(author_id) AS num_posts').
-      group('author_id').order('author_id').includes(:author).to_a
-
-    assert_no_queries do
-      result = authors_count.map do |post|
-        [post.num_posts, post.author.try(:name)]
-      end
-
-      expected = [[1, nil], [5, "David"], [3, "Mary"], [2, "Bob"]]
-      assert_equal expected, result
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "joins with select" do
-    posts = Post.joins(:author).select("id", "authors.author_address_id").order("posts.id").limit(3)
-    assert_equal [1, 2, 4], posts.map(&:id)
-    assert_equal [1, 1, 1], posts.map(&:author_address_id)
-  end
-
-  test "delegations do not leak to other classes" do
-    Topic.all.by_lifo
-    assert Topic.all.class.method_defined?(:by_lifo)
-    assert !Post.all.respond_to?(:by_lifo)
-  end
-
-  def test_unscope_removes_binds
-    left  = Post.where(id: Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new)
-    column = Post.columns_hash['id']
-    left.bind_values += [[column, 20]]
-
-    relation = left.unscope(where: :id)
-    assert_equal [], relation.bind_values
-  end
-
-  def test_merging_removes_rhs_bind_parameters
-    left  = Post.where(id: 20)
-    right   = Post.where(id: [1,2,3,4])
-
-    merged = left.merge(right)
-    assert_equal [], merged.bind_values
-  end
-
-  def test_merging_keeps_lhs_bind_parameters
-    binds = [ActiveRecord::Relation::QueryAttribute.new("id", 20, Post.type_for_attribute("id"))]
-
-    right  = Post.where(id: 20)
-    left   = Post.where(id: 10)
-
-    merged = left.merge(right)
-    assert_equal binds, merged.bound_attributes
-  end
-
-  def test_merging_reorders_bind_params
-    post  = Post.first
-    right = Post.where(id: post.id)
-    left  = Post.where(title: post.title)
-
-    merged = left.merge(right)
-    assert_equal post, merged.first
-  end
-
-  def test_relation_join_method
-    assert_equal 'Thank you for the welcome,Thank you again for the welcome', Post.first.comments.join(",")
-  end
-
-  def test_connection_adapters_can_reorder_binds
-    posts = Post.limit(1).offset(2)
-
-    stubbed_connection = Post.connection.dup
-    def stubbed_connection.combine_bind_parameters(**kwargs)
-      offset = kwargs[:offset]
-      kwargs[:offset] = kwargs[:limit]
-      kwargs[:limit] = offset
-      super(**kwargs)
-    end
-
-    posts.define_singleton_method(:connection) do
-      stubbed_connection
-    end
-
-    assert_equal 2, posts.to_a.length
-  end
-
-  def test_update_all_can_receive_active_record_objects
-    assert_deprecated do
-      Comment.update_all(post_id: Post.first)
-      assert(Comment.all.all? { |c| c.post_id == Post.first.id })
-    end
-  end
-end
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'models/tag'
+require 'models/tagging'
+require 'models/post'
+require 'models/topic'
+require 'models/comment'
+require 'models/author'
+require 'models/entrant'
+require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
+require 'models/reply'
+require 'models/company'
+require 'models/bird'
+require 'models/car'
+require 'models/engine'
+require 'models/tyre'
+require 'models/minivan'
+require 'models/aircraft'
+require "models/possession"
+require "models/reader"
+require "models/categorization"
+require "models/edge"
+
+class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :authors, :topics, :entrants, :developers, :companies, :developers_projects, :accounts, :categories, :categorizations, :posts, :comments,
+    :tags, :taggings, :cars, :minivans
+
+  class TopicWithCallbacks < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = :topics
+    before_update { |topic| topic.author_name = 'David' if topic.author_name.blank? }
+  end
+
+  def test_do_not_double_quote_string_id
+    van = Minivan.last
+    assert van
+    assert_equal van.id, Minivan.where(:minivan_id => van).to_a.first.minivan_id
+  end
+
+  def test_do_not_double_quote_string_id_with_array
+    van = Minivan.last
+    assert van
+    assert_equal van, Minivan.where(:minivan_id => [van]).to_a.first
+  end
+
+  def test_two_scopes_with_includes_should_not_drop_any_include
+    # heat habtm cache
+    car = Car.incl_engines.incl_tyres.first
+    car.tyres.length
+    car.engines.length
+
+    car = Car.incl_engines.incl_tyres.first
+    assert_no_queries { car.tyres.length }
+    assert_no_queries { car.engines.length }
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_finder
+    x = Post.where('author_id = ?', 1)
+    assert x.klass.respond_to?(:find_by_id), '@klass should handle dynamic finders'
+  end
+
+  def test_multivalue_where
+    posts = Post.where('author_id = ? AND id = ?', 1, 1)
+    assert_equal 1, posts.to_a.size
+  end
+
+  def test_scoped
+    topics = Topic.all
+    assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Relation, topics
+    assert_equal 5, topics.size
+  end
+
+  def test_to_json
+    assert_nothing_raised  { Bird.all.to_json }
+    assert_nothing_raised  { Bird.all.to_a.to_json }
+  end
+
+  def test_to_yaml
+    assert_nothing_raised  { Bird.all.to_yaml }
+    assert_nothing_raised  { Bird.all.to_a.to_yaml }
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml
+    assert_nothing_raised  { Bird.all.to_xml }
+    assert_nothing_raised  { Bird.all.to_a.to_xml }
+  end
+
+  def test_scoped_all
+    topics = Topic.all.to_a
+    assert_kind_of Array, topics
+    assert_no_queries { assert_equal 5, topics.size }
+  end
+
+  def test_loaded_all
+    topics = Topic.all
+
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      2.times { assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size }
+    end
+
+    assert topics.loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_scoped_first
+    topics = Topic.all.order('id ASC')
+
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      2.times { assert_equal "The First Topic", topics.first.title }
+    end
+
+    assert ! topics.loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_loaded_first
+    topics = Topic.all.order('id ASC')
+    topics.to_a # force load
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal "The First Topic", topics.first.title
+    end
+
+    assert topics.loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_loaded_first_with_limit
+    topics = Topic.all.order('id ASC')
+    topics.to_a # force load
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal ["The First Topic",
+                    "The Second Topic of the day"], topics.first(2).map(&:title)
+    end
+
+    assert topics.loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_first_get_more_than_available
+    topics = Topic.all.order('id ASC')
+    unloaded_first = topics.first(10)
+    topics.to_a # force load
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      loaded_first = topics.first(10)
+      assert_equal unloaded_first, loaded_first
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_reload
+    topics = Topic.all
+
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      2.times { topics.to_a }
+    end
+
+    assert topics.loaded?
+
+    original_size = topics.to_a.size
+    Topic.create! :title => 'fake'
+
+    assert_queries(1) { topics.reload }
+    assert_equal original_size + 1, topics.size
+    assert topics.loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_subquery
+    relation = Topic.where(:approved => true)
+    assert_equal relation.to_a, Topic.select('*').from(relation).to_a
+    assert_equal relation.to_a, Topic.select('subquery.*').from(relation).to_a
+    assert_equal relation.to_a, Topic.select('a.*').from(relation, :a).to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_subquery_with_binds
+    relation = Post.first.comments
+    assert_equal relation.to_a, Comment.select('*').from(relation).to_a
+    assert_equal relation.to_a, Comment.select('subquery.*').from(relation).to_a
+    assert_equal relation.to_a, Comment.select('a.*').from(relation, :a).to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_subquery_without_select_does_not_change_the_select
+    relation = Topic.where(approved: true)
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+      Topic.from(relation).to_a
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_subquery_in_from_does_not_use_original_table_name
+    relation = Comment.group(:type).select('COUNT(post_id) AS post_count, type')
+    subquery = Comment.from(relation).select('type','post_count')
+    assert_equal(relation.map(&:post_count).sort,subquery.map(&:post_count).sort)
+  end
+
+  def test_group_with_subquery_in_from_does_not_use_original_table_name
+    relation = Comment.group(:type).select('COUNT(post_id) AS post_count,type')
+    subquery = Comment.from(relation).group('type').average("post_count")
+    assert_equal(relation.map(&:post_count).sort,subquery.values.sort)
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_conditions
+    assert_equal ["David"], Author.where(:name => 'David').map(&:name)
+    assert_equal ['Mary'],  Author.where(["name = ?", 'Mary']).map(&:name)
+    assert_equal ['Mary'],  Author.where("name = ?", 'Mary').map(&:name)
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_order
+    topics = Topic.order('id')
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:first).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_arel_order
+    topics = Topic.order(Topic.arel_table[:id].asc)
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:first).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_assoc_order
+    topics = Topic.order(:id => :desc)
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_reverted_assoc_order
+    topics = Topic.order(:id => :asc).reverse_order
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_order_with_function
+    topics = Topic.order("length(title)").reverse_order
+    assert_equal topics(:second).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_order_with_function_other_predicates
+    topics = Topic.order("author_name, length(title), id").reverse_order
+    assert_equal topics(:second).title, topics.first.title
+    topics = Topic.order("length(author_name), id, length(title)").reverse_order
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_order_with_multiargument_function
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
+      Topic.order("concat(author_name, title)").reverse_order
+    end
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
+      Topic.order("concat(lower(author_name), title)").reverse_order
+    end
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
+      Topic.order("concat(author_name, lower(title))").reverse_order
+    end
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
+      Topic.order("concat(lower(author_name), title, length(title)").reverse_order
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_order_with_nulls_first_or_last
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
+      Topic.order("title NULLS FIRST").reverse_order
+    end
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
+      Topic.order("title nulls last").reverse_order
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_default_reverse_order_on_table_without_primary_key
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError) do
+      Edge.all.reverse_order
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_order_with_hash_and_symbol_generates_the_same_sql
+    assert_equal Topic.order(:id).to_sql, Topic.order(:id => :asc).to_sql
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_desc_order_with_string
+    topics = Topic.order(id: "desc")
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal [topics(:fifth), topics(:fourth), topics(:third), topics(:second), topics(:first)], topics.to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_asc_order_with_string
+    topics = Topic.order(id: 'asc')
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal [topics(:first), topics(:second), topics(:third), topics(:fourth), topics(:fifth)], topics.to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_support_upper_and_lower_case_directions
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: "ASC").to_sql, "ASC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: "asc").to_sql, "ASC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: :ASC).to_sql, "ASC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: :asc).to_sql, "ASC"
+
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: "DESC").to_sql, "DESC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: "desc").to_sql, "DESC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: :DESC).to_sql, "DESC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: :desc).to_sql,"DESC"
+  end
+
+  def test_raising_exception_on_invalid_hash_params
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.order(:name, "id DESC", id: :asfsdf) }
+    assert_equal 'Direction "asfsdf" is invalid. Valid directions are: [:asc, :desc, :ASC, :DESC, "asc", "desc", "ASC", "DESC"]', e.message
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_last_with_arel_order
+    topics = Topic.order(Topic.arel_table[:id].asc)
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.last.title
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_order_concatenated
+    topics = Topic.order('author_name').order('title')
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:fourth).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_order_by_aliased_attributes
+    topics = Topic.order(:heading)
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_assoc_order_by_aliased_attributes
+    topics = Topic.order(heading: :desc)
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:third).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_reorder
+    topics = Topic.order('author_name').order('title').reorder('id').to_a
+    topics_titles = topics.map(&:title)
+    assert_equal ['The First Topic', 'The Second Topic of the day', 'The Third Topic of the day', 'The Fourth Topic of the day', 'The Fifth Topic of the day'], topics_titles
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_reorder_by_aliased_attributes
+    topics = Topic.order('author_name').reorder(:heading)
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_assoc_reorder_by_aliased_attributes
+    topics = Topic.order('author_name').reorder(heading: :desc)
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:third).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_order_and_take
+    entrants = Entrant.order("id ASC").limit(2).to_a
+
+    assert_equal 2, entrants.size
+    assert_equal entrants(:first).name, entrants.first.name
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_cross_table_order_and_limit
+    tags = Tag.includes(:taggings).
+              order("tags.name asc", "taggings.taggable_id asc", "REPLACE('abc', taggings.taggable_type, taggings.taggable_type)").
+              limit(1).to_a
+    assert_equal 1, tags.length
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_complex_order_and_limit
+    tags = Tag.includes(:taggings).references(:taggings).order("REPLACE('abc', taggings.taggable_type, taggings.taggable_type)").limit(1).to_a
+    assert_equal 1, tags.length
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_complex_order
+    tags = Tag.includes(:taggings).references(:taggings).order("REPLACE('abc', taggings.taggable_type, taggings.taggable_type)").to_a
+    assert_equal 3, tags.length
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_sanitized_order
+    query = Tag.order(["field(id, ?)", [1,3,2]]).to_sql
+    assert_match(/field\(id, 1,3,2\)/, query)
+
+    query = Tag.order(["field(id, ?)", []]).to_sql
+    assert_match(/field\(id, NULL\)/, query)
+
+    query = Tag.order(["field(id, ?)", nil]).to_sql
+    assert_match(/field\(id, NULL\)/, query)
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_order_limit_and_offset
+    entrants = Entrant.order("id ASC").limit(2).offset(1)
+
+    assert_equal 2, entrants.to_a.size
+    assert_equal entrants(:second).name, entrants.first.name
+
+    entrants = Entrant.order("id ASC").limit(2).offset(2)
+    assert_equal 1, entrants.to_a.size
+    assert_equal entrants(:third).name, entrants.first.name
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_group
+    developers = Developer.group("salary").select("salary").to_a
+    assert_equal 4, developers.size
+    assert_equal 4, developers.map(&:salary).uniq.size
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_block
+    even_ids = Developer.all.select {|d| d.id % 2 == 0 }.map(&:id)
+    assert_equal [2, 4, 6, 8, 10], even_ids.sort
+  end
+
+  def test_none
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
+      assert_equal [], Developer.none
+      assert_equal [], Developer.all.none
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_none_chainable
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
+      assert_equal [], Developer.none.where(:name => 'David')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_none_chainable_to_existing_scope_extension_method
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
+      assert_equal 1, Topic.anonymous_extension.none.one
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_none_chained_to_methods_firing_queries_straight_to_db
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
+      assert_equal [],    Developer.none.pluck(:id, :name)
+      assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.delete_all
+      assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.update_all(:name => 'David')
+      assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.delete(1)
+      assert_equal false, Developer.none.exists?(1)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_content_size_methods
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
+      assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.size
+      assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.count
+      assert_equal true,  Developer.none.empty?
+      assert_equal true, Developer.none.none?
+      assert_equal false, Developer.none.any?
+      assert_equal false, Developer.none.one?
+      assert_equal false, Developer.none.many?
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_calculations_methods
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
+      assert_equal 0, Developer.none.count
+      assert_equal 0, Developer.none.calculate(:count, nil)
+      assert_equal nil, Developer.none.calculate(:average, 'salary')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_metadata_methods
+    assert_equal "", Developer.none.to_sql
+    assert_equal({}, Developer.none.where_values_hash)
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_where_values_hash
+    assert_equal({ 'salary' => 100_000 }, Developer.none.where(salary: 100_000).where_values_hash)
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_sum
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).sum(:id)
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.count
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).sum(:id)
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.count
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_count
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).count
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.count
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).count
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.count
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_size
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).size
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.size
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).size
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.size
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_average
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).average(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.average(:id)
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).average(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.average(:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_minimum
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).minimum(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.minimum(:id)
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).minimum(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.minimum(:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_maximum
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).maximum(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.maximum(:id)
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).maximum(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.maximum(:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_in_where_condition
+    assert_operator Comment.count, :>, 0 # precondition, make sure there are comments.
+    assert_equal 0, Comment.where(post_id: Post.none).to_a.size
+  end
+
+  def test_joins_with_nil_argument
+    assert_nothing_raised { DependentFirm.joins(nil).first }
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_hash_conditions_on_joined_table
+    firms = DependentFirm.joins(:account).where({:name => 'RailsCore', :accounts => { :credit_limit => 55..60 }}).to_a
+    assert_equal 1, firms.size
+    assert_equal companies(:rails_core), firms.first
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_with_join
+    developers_on_project_one = Developer.joins('LEFT JOIN developers_projects ON developers.id = developers_projects.developer_id').
+      where('project_id=1').to_a
+
+    assert_equal 3, developers_on_project_one.length
+    developer_names = developers_on_project_one.map(&:name)
+    assert developer_names.include?('David')
+    assert developer_names.include?('Jamis')
+  end
+
+  def test_find_on_hash_conditions
+    assert_equal Topic.all.merge!(:where => {:approved => false}).to_a, Topic.where({ :approved => false }).to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_joins_with_string_array
+    person_with_reader_and_post = Post.joins([
+        "INNER JOIN categorizations ON categorizations.post_id = posts.id",
+        "INNER JOIN categories ON categories.id = categorizations.category_id AND categories.type = 'SpecialCategory'"
+      ]
+    ).to_a
+    assert_equal 1, person_with_reader_and_post.size
+  end
+
+  def test_no_arguments_to_query_methods_raise_errors
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Topic.references() }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Topic.includes() }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Topic.preload() }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Topic.group() }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Topic.reorder() }
+  end
+
+  def test_blank_like_arguments_to_query_methods_dont_raise_errors
+    assert_nothing_raised { Topic.references([]) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { Topic.includes([]) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { Topic.preload([]) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { Topic.group([]) }
+    assert_nothing_raised { Topic.reorder([]) }
+  end
+
+  def test_scoped_responds_to_delegated_methods
+    relation = Topic.all
+
+    ["map", "uniq", "sort", "insert", "delete", "update"].each do |method|
+      assert_respond_to relation, method, "Topic.all should respond to #{method.inspect}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_respond_to_delegates_to_relation
+    relation = Topic.all
+    fake_arel = Struct.new(:responds) {
+      def respond_to? method, access = false
+        responds << [method, access]
+      end
+    }.new []
+
+    relation.extend(Module.new { attr_accessor :arel })
+    relation.arel = fake_arel
+
+    relation.respond_to?(:matching_attributes)
+    assert_equal [:matching_attributes, false], fake_arel.responds.first
+
+    fake_arel.responds = []
+    relation.respond_to?(:matching_attributes, true)
+    assert_equal [:matching_attributes, true], fake_arel.responds.first
+  end
+
+  def test_respond_to_dynamic_finders
+    relation = Topic.all
+
+    ["find_by_title", "find_by_title_and_author_name"].each do |method|
+      assert_respond_to relation, method, "Topic.all should respond to #{method.inspect}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_respond_to_class_methods_and_scopes
+    assert Topic.all.respond_to?(:by_lifo)
+  end
+
+  def test_find_with_readonly_option
+    Developer.all.each { |d| assert !d.readonly? }
+    Developer.all.readonly.each { |d| assert d.readonly? }
+  end
+
+  def test_eager_association_loading_of_stis_with_multiple_references
+    authors = Author.eager_load(:posts => { :special_comments => { :post => [ :special_comments, :very_special_comment ] } }).
+      order('comments.body, very_special_comments_posts.body').where('posts.id = 4').to_a
+
+    assert_equal [authors(:david)], authors
+    assert_no_queries do
+      authors.first.posts.first.special_comments.first.post.special_comments
+      authors.first.posts.first.special_comments.first.post.very_special_comment
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_find_with_preloaded_associations
+    assert_queries(2) do
+      posts = Post.preload(:comments).order('posts.id')
+      assert posts.first.comments.first
+    end
+
+    assert_queries(2) do
+      posts = Post.preload(:comments).order('posts.id')
+      assert posts.first.comments.first
+    end
+
+    assert_queries(2) do
+      posts = Post.preload(:author).order('posts.id')
+      assert posts.first.author
+    end
+
+    assert_queries(2) do
+      posts = Post.preload(:author).order('posts.id')
+      assert posts.first.author
+    end
+
+    assert_queries(3) do
+      posts = Post.preload(:author, :comments).order('posts.id')
+      assert posts.first.author
+      assert posts.first.comments.first
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_preload_applies_to_all_chained_preloaded_scopes
+    assert_queries(3) do
+      post = Post.with_comments.with_tags.first
+      assert post
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_find_with_included_associations
+    assert_queries(2) do
+      posts = Post.includes(:comments).order('posts.id')
+      assert posts.first.comments.first
+    end
+
+    assert_queries(2) do
+      posts = Post.all.includes(:comments).order('posts.id')
+      assert posts.first.comments.first
+    end
+
+    assert_queries(2) do
+      posts = Post.includes(:author).order('posts.id')
+      assert posts.first.author
+    end
+
+    assert_queries(3) do
+      posts = Post.includes(:author, :comments).order('posts.id')
+      assert posts.first.author
+      assert posts.first.comments.first
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_default_scope_with_conditions_string
+    assert_equal Developer.where(name: 'David').map(&:id).sort, DeveloperCalledDavid.all.map(&:id).sort
+    assert_nil DeveloperCalledDavid.create!.name
+  end
+
+  def test_default_scope_with_conditions_hash
+    assert_equal Developer.where(name: 'Jamis').map(&:id).sort, DeveloperCalledJamis.all.map(&:id).sort
+    assert_equal 'Jamis', DeveloperCalledJamis.create!.name
+  end
+
+  def test_default_scoping_finder_methods
+    developers = DeveloperCalledDavid.order('id').map(&:id).sort
+    assert_equal Developer.where(name: 'David').map(&:id).sort, developers
+  end
+
+  def test_includes_with_select
+    query = Post.select('comments_count AS ranking').order('ranking').includes(:comments)
+      .where(comments: { id: 1 })
+
+    assert_equal ['comments_count AS ranking'], query.select_values
+    assert_equal 1, query.to_a.size
+  end
+
+  def test_preloading_with_associations_and_merges
+    post = Post.create! title: 'Uhuu', body: 'body'
+    reader = Reader.create! post_id: post.id, person_id: 1
+    comment = Comment.create! post_id: post.id, body: 'body'
+
+    assert !comment.respond_to?(:readers)
+
+    post_rel = Post.preload(:readers).joins(:readers).where(title: 'Uhuu')
+    result_comment = Comment.joins(:post).merge(post_rel).to_a.first
+    assert_equal comment, result_comment
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal post, result_comment.post
+      assert_equal [reader], result_comment.post.readers.to_a
+    end
+
+    post_rel = Post.includes(:readers).where(title: 'Uhuu')
+    result_comment = Comment.joins(:post).merge(post_rel).first
+    assert_equal comment, result_comment
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal post, result_comment.post
+      assert_equal [reader], result_comment.post.readers.to_a
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_preloading_with_associations_default_scopes_and_merges
+    post = Post.create! title: 'Uhuu', body: 'body'
+    reader = Reader.create! post_id: post.id, person_id: 1
+
+    post_rel = PostWithPreloadDefaultScope.preload(:readers).joins(:readers).where(title: 'Uhuu')
+    result_post = PostWithPreloadDefaultScope.all.merge(post_rel).to_a.first
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal [reader], result_post.readers.to_a
+    end
+
+    post_rel = PostWithIncludesDefaultScope.includes(:readers).where(title: 'Uhuu')
+    result_post = PostWithIncludesDefaultScope.all.merge(post_rel).to_a.first
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal [reader], result_post.readers.to_a
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_loading_with_one_association
+    posts = Post.preload(:comments)
+    post = posts.find { |p| p.id == 1 }
+    assert_equal 2, post.comments.size
+    assert post.comments.include?(comments(:greetings))
+
+    post = Post.where("posts.title = 'Welcome to the weblog'").preload(:comments).first
+    assert_equal 2, post.comments.size
+    assert post.comments.include?(comments(:greetings))
+
+    posts = Post.preload(:last_comment)
+    post = posts.find { |p| p.id == 1 }
+    assert_equal Post.find(1).last_comment, post.last_comment
+  end
+
+  def test_to_sql_on_eager_join
+    expected = assert_sql {
+      Post.eager_load(:last_comment).order('comments.id DESC').to_a
+    }.first
+    actual = Post.eager_load(:last_comment).order('comments.id DESC').to_sql
+    assert_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_to_sql_on_scoped_proxy
+    auth = Author.first
+    Post.where("1=1").written_by(auth)
+    assert_not auth.posts.to_sql.include?("1=1")
+  end
+
+  def test_loading_with_one_association_with_non_preload
+    posts = Post.eager_load(:last_comment).order('comments.id DESC')
+    post = posts.find { |p| p.id == 1 }
+    assert_equal Post.find(1).last_comment, post.last_comment
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_find_by_attributes
+    david = authors(:david)
+    author = Author.preload(:taggings).find_by_id(david.id)
+    expected_taggings = taggings(:welcome_general, :thinking_general)
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal expected_taggings, author.taggings.distinct.sort_by(&:id)
+      assert_equal expected_taggings, author.taggings.uniq.sort_by(&:id)
+    end
+
+    authors = Author.all
+    assert_equal david, authors.find_by_id_and_name(david.id, david.name)
+    assert_equal david, authors.find_by_id_and_name!(david.id, david.name)
+  end
+
+  def test_dynamic_find_by_attributes_bang
+    author = Author.all.find_by_id!(authors(:david).id)
+    assert_equal "David", author.name
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Author.all.find_by_id_and_name!(20, 'invalid') }
+  end
+
+  def test_find_id
+    authors = Author.all
+
+    david = authors.find(authors(:david).id)
+    assert_equal 'David', david.name
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { authors.where(:name => 'lifo').find('42') }
+  end
+
+  def test_find_ids
+    authors = Author.order('id ASC')
+
+    results = authors.find(authors(:david).id, authors(:mary).id)
+    assert_kind_of Array, results
+    assert_equal 2, results.size
+    assert_equal 'David', results[0].name
+    assert_equal 'Mary', results[1].name
+    assert_equal results, authors.find([authors(:david).id, authors(:mary).id])
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { authors.where(:name => 'lifo').find(authors(:david).id, '42') }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { authors.find(['42', 43]) }
+  end
+
+  def test_find_in_empty_array
+    authors = Author.all.where(:id => [])
+    assert authors.to_a.blank?
+  end
+
+  def test_where_with_ar_object
+    author = Author.first
+    authors = Author.all.where(:id => author)
+    assert_equal 1, authors.to_a.length
+  end
+
+  def test_find_with_list_of_ar
+    author = Author.first
+    authors = Author.find([author.id])
+    assert_equal author, authors.first
+  end
+
+  class Mary < Author; end
+
+  def test_find_by_classname
+    Author.create!(:name => Mary.name)
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal 1, Author.where(:name => Mary).size
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_find_by_id_with_list_of_ar
+    author = Author.first
+    authors = Author.find_by_id([author])
+    assert_equal author, authors
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_using_where_twice_should_or_the_relation
+    david = authors(:david)
+    relation = Author.unscoped
+    relation = relation.where(:name => david.name)
+    relation = relation.where(:name => 'Santiago')
+    relation = relation.where(:id => david.id)
+    assert_equal [], relation.to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_multi_where_ands_queries
+    relation = Author.unscoped
+    david = authors(:david)
+    sql = relation.where(:name => david.name).where(:name => 'Santiago').to_sql
+    assert_match('AND', sql)
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_with_multiple_should_use_and
+    david = authors(:david)
+    relation = [
+      { :name => david.name },
+      { :name => 'Santiago' },
+      { :name => 'tenderlove' },
+    ].inject(Author.unscoped) do |memo, param|
+      memo.where(param)
+    end
+    assert_equal [], relation.to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_typecasting_where_with_array
+    ids = Author.pluck(:id)
+    slugs = ids.map { |id| "#{id}-as-a-slug" }
+
+    assert_equal Author.all.to_a, Author.where(id: slugs).to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_using_where_with_relation
+    david = authors(:david)
+    # switching the lines below would succeed in current rails
+    # assert_queries(2) {
+    assert_queries(1) {
+      relation = Author.where(:id => Author.where(:id => david.id))
+      assert_equal [david], relation.to_a
+    }
+
+    assert_queries(1) {
+      relation = Author.where('id in (?)', Author.where(id: david).select(:id))
+      assert_equal [david], relation.to_a
+    }
+
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      relation = Author.where('id in (:author_ids)', author_ids: Author.where(id: david).select(:id))
+      assert_equal [david], relation.to_a
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_using_where_with_relation_with_bound_values
+    david = authors(:david)
+    davids_posts = david.posts.order(:id).to_a
+
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      relation = Post.where(id: david.posts.select(:id))
+      assert_equal davids_posts, relation.order(:id).to_a
+    end
+
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      relation = Post.where('id in (?)', david.posts.select(:id))
+      assert_equal davids_posts, relation.order(:id).to_a, 'should process Relation as bind variables'
+    end
+
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      relation = Post.where('id in (:post_ids)', post_ids: david.posts.select(:id))
+      assert_equal davids_posts, relation.order(:id).to_a, 'should process Relation as named bind variables'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_using_where_with_relation_and_alternate_primary_key
+    cool_first = minivans(:cool_first)
+    # switching the lines below would succeed in current rails
+    # assert_queries(2) {
+    assert_queries(1) {
+      relation = Minivan.where(:minivan_id => Minivan.where(:name => cool_first.name))
+      assert_equal [cool_first], relation.to_a
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_using_where_with_relation_does_not_alter_select_values
+    david = authors(:david)
+
+    subquery = Author.where(:id => david.id)
+
+    assert_queries(1) {
+      relation = Author.where(:id => subquery)
+      assert_equal [david], relation.to_a
+    }
+
+    assert_equal 0, subquery.select_values.size
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_using_where_with_relation_with_joins
+    david = authors(:david)
+    assert_queries(1) {
+      relation = Author.where(:id => Author.joins(:posts).where(:id => david.id))
+      assert_equal [david], relation.to_a
+    }
+  end
+
+
+  def test_find_all_using_where_with_relation_with_select_to_build_subquery
+    david = authors(:david)
+    assert_queries(1) {
+      relation = Author.where(:name => Author.where(:id => david.id).select(:name))
+      assert_equal [david], relation.to_a
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_exists
+    davids = Author.where(:name => 'David')
+    assert davids.exists?
+    assert davids.exists?(authors(:david).id)
+    assert ! davids.exists?(authors(:mary).id)
+    assert ! davids.exists?("42")
+    assert ! davids.exists?(42)
+    assert ! davids.exists?(davids.new.id)
+
+    fake  = Author.where(:name => 'fake author')
+    assert ! fake.exists?
+    assert ! fake.exists?(authors(:david).id)
+  end
+
+  def test_exists_uses_existing_scope
+    post = authors(:david).posts.first
+    authors = Author.includes(:posts).where(name: "David", posts: { id: post.id })
+    assert authors.exists?(authors(:david).id)
+  end
+
+  def test_any_with_scope_on_hash_includes
+    post = authors(:david).posts.first
+    categories = Categorization.includes(author: :posts).where(posts: { id: post.id })
+    assert categories.exists?
+  end
+
+  def test_last
+    authors = Author.all
+    assert_equal authors(:bob), authors.last
+  end
+
+  def test_destroy_all
+    davids = Author.where(:name => 'David')
+
+    # Force load
+    assert_equal [authors(:david)], davids.to_a
+    assert davids.loaded?
+
+    assert_difference('Author.count', -1) { davids.destroy_all }
+
+    assert_equal [], davids.to_a
+    assert davids.loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_destroy_all_with_conditions_is_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_difference('Author.count', -1) { Author.destroy_all(name: 'David') }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_all
+    davids = Author.where(:name => 'David')
+
+    assert_difference('Author.count', -1) { davids.delete_all }
+    assert ! davids.loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_all_with_conditions_is_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_difference('Author.count', -1) { Author.delete_all(name: 'David') }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_all_loaded
+    davids = Author.where(:name => 'David')
+
+    # Force load
+    assert_equal [authors(:david)], davids.to_a
+    assert davids.loaded?
+
+    assert_difference('Author.count', -1) { davids.delete_all }
+
+    assert_equal [], davids.to_a
+    assert davids.loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_all_with_unpermitted_relation_raises_error
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { Author.limit(10).delete_all }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { Author.distinct.delete_all }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { Author.group(:name).delete_all }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { Author.having('SUM(id) < 3').delete_all }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { Author.offset(10).delete_all }
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_aggregates
+    posts = Post.select(:title, :body)
+
+    assert_equal 11, posts.count(:all)
+    assert_equal 11, posts.size
+    assert posts.any?
+    assert posts.many?
+    assert_not posts.empty?
+  end
+
+  def test_select_takes_a_variable_list_of_args
+    david = developers(:david)
+
+    developer = Developer.where(id: david.id).select(:name, :salary).first
+    assert_equal david.name, developer.name
+    assert_equal david.salary, developer.salary
+  end
+
+  def test_select_takes_an_aliased_attribute
+    first = topics(:first)
+
+    topic = Topic.where(id: first.id).select(:heading).first
+    assert_equal first.heading, topic.heading
+  end
+
+  def test_select_argument_error
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Developer.select }
+  end
+
+  def test_count
+    posts = Post.all
+
+    assert_equal 11, posts.count
+    assert_equal 11, posts.count(:all)
+    assert_equal 11, posts.count(:id)
+
+    assert_equal 1, posts.where('comments_count > 1').count
+    assert_equal 9, posts.where(:comments_count => 0).count
+  end
+
+  def test_count_on_association_relation
+    author = Author.last
+    another_author = Author.first
+    posts = Post.where(author_id: author.id)
+
+    assert_equal author.posts.where(author_id: author.id).size, posts.count
+
+    assert_equal 0, author.posts.where(author_id: another_author.id).size
+    assert author.posts.where(author_id: another_author.id).empty?
+  end
+
+  def test_count_with_distinct
+    posts = Post.all
+
+    assert_equal 3, posts.distinct(true).count(:comments_count)
+    assert_equal 11, posts.distinct(false).count(:comments_count)
+
+    assert_equal 3, posts.distinct(true).select(:comments_count).count
+    assert_equal 11, posts.distinct(false).select(:comments_count).count
+  end
+
+  def test_update_all_with_scope
+    tag = Tag.first
+    Post.tagged_with(tag.id).update_all title: "rofl"
+    list = Post.tagged_with(tag.id).all.to_a
+    assert_operator list.length, :>, 0
+    list.each { |post| assert_equal 'rofl', post.title }
+  end
+
+  def test_count_explicit_columns
+    Post.update_all(:comments_count => nil)
+    posts = Post.all
+
+    assert_equal [0], posts.select('comments_count').where('id is not null').group('id').order('id').count.values.uniq
+    assert_equal 0, posts.where('id is not null').select('comments_count').count
+
+    assert_equal 11, posts.select('comments_count').count('id')
+    assert_equal 0, posts.select('comments_count').count
+    assert_equal 0, posts.count(:comments_count)
+    assert_equal 0, posts.count('comments_count')
+  end
+
+  def test_multiple_selects
+    post = Post.all.select('comments_count').select('title').order("id ASC").first
+    assert_equal "Welcome to the weblog", post.title
+    assert_equal 2, post.comments_count
+  end
+
+  def test_size
+    posts = Post.all
+
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 11, posts.size }
+    assert ! posts.loaded?
+
+    best_posts = posts.where(:comments_count => 0)
+    best_posts.to_a # force load
+    assert_no_queries { assert_equal 9, best_posts.size }
+  end
+
+  def test_size_with_limit
+    posts = Post.limit(10)
+
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal 10, posts.size }
+    assert ! posts.loaded?
+
+    best_posts = posts.where(:comments_count => 0)
+    best_posts.to_a # force load
+    assert_no_queries { assert_equal 9, best_posts.size }
+  end
+
+  def test_size_with_zero_limit
+    posts = Post.limit(0)
+
+    assert_no_queries { assert_equal 0, posts.size }
+    assert ! posts.loaded?
+
+    posts.to_a # force load
+    assert_no_queries { assert_equal 0, posts.size }
+  end
+
+  def test_empty_with_zero_limit
+    posts = Post.limit(0)
+
+    assert_no_queries { assert_equal true, posts.empty? }
+    assert ! posts.loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_count_complex_chained_relations
+    posts = Post.select('comments_count').where('id is not null').group("author_id").where("comments_count > 0")
+
+    expected = { 1 => 2 }
+    assert_equal expected, posts.count
+  end
+
+  def test_empty
+    posts = Post.all
+
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal false, posts.empty? }
+    assert ! posts.loaded?
+
+    no_posts = posts.where(:title => "")
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal true, no_posts.empty? }
+    assert ! no_posts.loaded?
+
+    best_posts = posts.where(:comments_count => 0)
+    best_posts.to_a # force load
+    assert_no_queries { assert_equal false, best_posts.empty? }
+  end
+
+  def test_empty_complex_chained_relations
+    posts = Post.select("comments_count").where("id is not null").group("author_id").where("comments_count > 0")
+
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal false, posts.empty? }
+    assert ! posts.loaded?
+
+    no_posts = posts.where(:title => "")
+    assert_queries(1) { assert_equal true, no_posts.empty? }
+    assert ! no_posts.loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_any
+    posts = Post.all
+
+    # This test was failing when run on its own (as opposed to running the entire suite).
+    # The second line in the assert_queries block was causing visit_Arel_Attributes_Attribute
+    # in Arel::Visitors::ToSql to trigger a SHOW TABLES query. Running that line here causes
+    # the SHOW TABLES result to be cached so we don't have to do it again in the block.
+    #
+    # This is obviously a rubbish fix but it's the best I can come up with for now...
+    posts.where(:id => nil).any?
+
+    assert_queries(3) do
+      assert posts.any? # Uses COUNT()
+      assert ! posts.where(:id => nil).any?
+
+      assert posts.any? {|p| p.id > 0 }
+      assert ! posts.any? {|p| p.id <= 0 }
+    end
+
+    assert posts.loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_many
+    posts = Post.all
+
+    assert_queries(2) do
+      assert posts.many? # Uses COUNT()
+      assert posts.many? {|p| p.id > 0 }
+      assert ! posts.many? {|p| p.id < 2 }
+    end
+
+    assert posts.loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_many_with_limits
+    posts = Post.all
+
+    assert posts.many?
+    assert ! posts.limit(1).many?
+  end
+
+  def test_none?
+    posts = Post.all
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      assert ! posts.none? # Uses COUNT()
+    end
+
+    assert ! posts.loaded?
+
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      assert posts.none? {|p| p.id < 0 }
+      assert ! posts.none? {|p| p.id == 1 }
+    end
+
+    assert posts.loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_one
+    posts = Post.all
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      assert ! posts.one? # Uses COUNT()
+    end
+
+    assert ! posts.loaded?
+
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      assert ! posts.one? {|p| p.id < 3 }
+      assert posts.one? {|p| p.id == 1 }
+    end
+
+    assert posts.loaded?
+  end
+
+  def test_to_a_should_dup_target
+    posts = Post.all
+
+    original_size = posts.size
+    removed = posts.to_a.pop
+
+    assert_equal original_size, posts.size
+    assert_includes posts.to_a, removed
+  end
+
+  def test_build
+    posts = Post.all
+
+    post = posts.new
+    assert_kind_of Post, post
+  end
+
+  def test_scoped_build
+    posts = Post.where(:title => 'You told a lie')
+
+    post = posts.new
+    assert_kind_of Post, post
+    assert_equal 'You told a lie', post.title
+  end
+
+  def test_create
+    birds = Bird.all
+
+    sparrow = birds.create
+    assert_kind_of Bird, sparrow
+    assert !sparrow.persisted?
+
+    hen = birds.where(:name => 'hen').create
+    assert hen.persisted?
+    assert_equal 'hen', hen.name
+  end
+
+  def test_create_bang
+    birds = Bird.all
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { birds.create! }
+
+    hen = birds.where(:name => 'hen').create!
+    assert_kind_of Bird, hen
+    assert hen.persisted?
+    assert_equal 'hen', hen.name
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_create
+    parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create(:name => 'parrot')
+    assert_kind_of Bird, parrot
+    assert parrot.persisted?
+    assert_equal 'parrot', parrot.name
+    assert_equal 'green', parrot.color
+
+    same_parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create(:name => 'parakeet')
+    assert_kind_of Bird, same_parrot
+    assert same_parrot.persisted?
+    assert_equal parrot, same_parrot
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_create_with_no_parameters
+    parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create
+    assert_kind_of Bird, parrot
+    assert !parrot.persisted?
+    assert_equal 'green', parrot.color
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_create_with_block
+    parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create { |bird| bird.name = 'parrot' }
+    assert_kind_of Bird, parrot
+    assert parrot.persisted?
+    assert_equal 'green', parrot.color
+    assert_equal 'parrot', parrot.name
+
+    same_parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create { |bird| bird.name = 'parakeet' }
+    assert_equal parrot, same_parrot
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_create_with_array
+    several_green_birds = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create([{:name => 'parrot'}, {:name => 'parakeet'}])
+    assert_kind_of Array, several_green_birds
+    several_green_birds.each { |bird| assert bird.persisted? }
+
+    same_parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create([{:name => 'hummingbird'}, {:name => 'macaw'}])
+    assert_kind_of Bird, same_parrot
+    assert_equal several_green_birds.first, same_parrot
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_create_bang_with_valid_options
+    parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create!(:name => 'parrot')
+    assert_kind_of Bird, parrot
+    assert parrot.persisted?
+    assert_equal 'parrot', parrot.name
+    assert_equal 'green', parrot.color
+
+    same_parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create!(:name => 'parakeet')
+    assert_kind_of Bird, same_parrot
+    assert same_parrot.persisted?
+    assert_equal parrot, same_parrot
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_create_bang_with_invalid_options
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create!(:pirate_id => 1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_create_bang_with_no_parameters
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create! }
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_create_bang_with_valid_block
+    parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create! { |bird| bird.name = 'parrot' }
+    assert_kind_of Bird, parrot
+    assert parrot.persisted?
+    assert_equal 'green', parrot.color
+    assert_equal 'parrot', parrot.name
+
+    same_parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create! { |bird| bird.name = 'parakeet' }
+    assert_equal parrot, same_parrot
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_create_bang_with_invalid_block
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) do
+      Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create! { |bird| bird.pirate_id = 1 }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_create_with_valid_array
+    several_green_birds = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create!([{:name => 'parrot'}, {:name => 'parakeet'}])
+    assert_kind_of Array, several_green_birds
+    several_green_birds.each { |bird| assert bird.persisted? }
+
+    same_parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create!([{:name => 'hummingbird'}, {:name => 'macaw'}])
+    assert_kind_of Bird, same_parrot
+    assert_equal several_green_birds.first, same_parrot
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_create_with_invalid_array
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_create!([ {:name => 'parrot'}, {:pirate_id => 1} ]) }
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_initialize
+    parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_initialize(:name => 'parrot')
+    assert_kind_of Bird, parrot
+    assert !parrot.persisted?
+    assert parrot.valid?
+    assert parrot.new_record?
+    assert_equal 'parrot', parrot.name
+    assert_equal 'green', parrot.color
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_initialize_with_no_parameters
+    parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_initialize
+    assert_kind_of Bird, parrot
+    assert !parrot.persisted?
+    assert !parrot.valid?
+    assert parrot.new_record?
+    assert_equal 'green', parrot.color
+  end
+
+  def test_first_or_initialize_with_block
+    parrot = Bird.where(:color => 'green').first_or_initialize { |bird| bird.name = 'parrot' }
+    assert_kind_of Bird, parrot
+    assert !parrot.persisted?
+    assert parrot.valid?
+    assert parrot.new_record?
+    assert_equal 'green', parrot.color
+    assert_equal 'parrot', parrot.name
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_create_by
+    assert_nil Bird.find_by(name: 'bob')
+
+    bird = Bird.find_or_create_by(name: 'bob')
+    assert bird.persisted?
+
+    assert_equal bird, Bird.find_or_create_by(name: 'bob')
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_create_by_with_create_with
+    assert_nil Bird.find_by(name: 'bob')
+
+    bird = Bird.create_with(color: 'green').find_or_create_by(name: 'bob')
+    assert bird.persisted?
+    assert_equal 'green', bird.color
+
+    assert_equal bird, Bird.create_with(color: 'blue').find_or_create_by(name: 'bob')
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_create_by!
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { Bird.find_or_create_by!(color: 'green') }
+  end
+
+  def test_find_or_initialize_by
+    assert_nil Bird.find_by(name: 'bob')
+
+    bird = Bird.find_or_initialize_by(name: 'bob')
+    assert bird.new_record?
+    bird.save!
+
+    assert_equal bird, Bird.find_or_initialize_by(name: 'bob')
+  end
+
+  def test_explicit_create_scope
+    hens = Bird.where(:name => 'hen')
+    assert_equal 'hen', hens.new.name
+
+    hens = hens.create_with(:name => 'cock')
+    assert_equal 'cock', hens.new.name
+  end
+
+  def test_except
+    relation = Post.where(:author_id => 1).order('id ASC').limit(1)
+    assert_equal [posts(:welcome)], relation.to_a
+
+    author_posts = relation.except(:order, :limit)
+    assert_equal Post.where(:author_id => 1).to_a, author_posts.to_a
+
+    all_posts = relation.except(:where, :order, :limit)
+    assert_equal Post.all, all_posts
+  end
+
+  def test_only
+    relation = Post.where(:author_id => 1).order('id ASC').limit(1)
+    assert_equal [posts(:welcome)], relation.to_a
+
+    author_posts = relation.only(:where)
+    assert_equal Post.where(:author_id => 1).to_a, author_posts.to_a
+
+    all_posts = relation.only(:limit)
+    assert_equal Post.limit(1).to_a.first, all_posts.first
+  end
+
+  def test_anonymous_extension
+    relation = Post.where(:author_id => 1).order('id ASC').extending do
+      def author
+        'lifo'
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "lifo", relation.author
+    assert_equal "lifo", relation.limit(1).author
+  end
+
+  def test_named_extension
+    relation = Post.where(:author_id => 1).order('id ASC').extending(Post::NamedExtension)
+    assert_equal "lifo", relation.author
+    assert_equal "lifo", relation.limit(1).author
+  end
+
+  def test_order_by_relation_attribute
+    assert_equal Post.order(Post.arel_table[:title]).to_a, Post.order("title").to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_default_scope_order_with_scope_order
+    assert_equal 'zyke', CoolCar.order_using_new_style.limit(1).first.name
+    assert_equal 'zyke', FastCar.order_using_new_style.limit(1).first.name
+  end
+
+  def test_order_using_scoping
+    car1 = CoolCar.order('id DESC').scoping do
+      CoolCar.all.merge!(order: 'id asc').first
+    end
+    assert_equal 'zyke', car1.name
+
+    car2 = FastCar.order('id DESC').scoping do
+      FastCar.all.merge!(order: 'id asc').first
+    end
+    assert_equal 'zyke', car2.name
+  end
+
+  def test_unscoped_block_style
+    assert_equal 'honda', CoolCar.unscoped { CoolCar.order_using_new_style.limit(1).first.name}
+    assert_equal 'honda', FastCar.unscoped { FastCar.order_using_new_style.limit(1).first.name}
+  end
+
+  def test_intersection_with_array
+    relation = Author.where(:name => "David")
+    rails_author = relation.first
+
+    assert_equal [rails_author], [rails_author] & relation
+    assert_equal [rails_author], relation & [rails_author]
+  end
+
+  def test_primary_key
+    assert_equal "id", Post.all.primary_key
+  end
+
+  def test_ordering_with_extra_spaces
+    assert_equal authors(:david), Author.order('id DESC , name DESC').last
+  end
+
+  def test_update_all_with_blank_argument
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Comment.update_all({}) }
+  end
+
+  def test_update_all_with_joins
+    comments = Comment.joins(:post).where('posts.id' => posts(:welcome).id)
+    count    = comments.count
+
+    assert_equal count, comments.update_all(:post_id => posts(:thinking).id)
+    assert_equal posts(:thinking), comments(:greetings).post
+  end
+
+  def test_update_all_with_joins_and_limit
+    comments = Comment.joins(:post).where('posts.id' => posts(:welcome).id).limit(1)
+    assert_equal 1, comments.update_all(:post_id => posts(:thinking).id)
+  end
+
+  def test_update_all_with_joins_and_limit_and_order
+    comments = Comment.joins(:post).where('posts.id' => posts(:welcome).id).order('comments.id').limit(1)
+    assert_equal 1, comments.update_all(:post_id => posts(:thinking).id)
+    assert_equal posts(:thinking), comments(:greetings).post
+    assert_equal posts(:welcome),  comments(:more_greetings).post
+  end
+
+  def test_update_all_with_joins_and_offset
+    all_comments = Comment.joins(:post).where('posts.id' => posts(:welcome).id)
+    count        = all_comments.count
+    comments     = all_comments.offset(1)
+
+    assert_equal count - 1, comments.update_all(:post_id => posts(:thinking).id)
+  end
+
+  def test_update_all_with_joins_and_offset_and_order
+    all_comments = Comment.joins(:post).where('posts.id' => posts(:welcome).id).order('posts.id', 'comments.id')
+    count        = all_comments.count
+    comments     = all_comments.offset(1)
+
+    assert_equal count - 1, comments.update_all(:post_id => posts(:thinking).id)
+    assert_equal posts(:thinking), comments(:more_greetings).post
+    assert_equal posts(:welcome),  comments(:greetings).post
+  end
+
+  def test_update_on_relation
+    topic1 = TopicWithCallbacks.create! title: 'arel', author_name: nil
+    topic2 = TopicWithCallbacks.create! title: 'activerecord', author_name: nil
+    topics = TopicWithCallbacks.where(id: [topic1.id, topic2.id])
+    topics.update(title: 'adequaterecord')
+
+    assert_equal 'adequaterecord', topic1.reload.title
+    assert_equal 'adequaterecord', topic2.reload.title
+    # Testing that the before_update callbacks have run
+    assert_equal 'David', topic1.reload.author_name
+    assert_equal 'David', topic2.reload.author_name
+  end
+
+  def test_update_on_relation_passing_active_record_object_is_deprecated
+    topic = Topic.create!(title: 'Foo', author_name: nil)
+    assert_deprecated(/update/) do
+      Topic.where(id: topic.id).update(topic, title: 'Bar')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_distinct
+    tag1 = Tag.create(:name => 'Foo')
+    tag2 = Tag.create(:name => 'Foo')
+
+    query = Tag.select(:name).where(:id => [tag1.id, tag2.id])
+
+    assert_equal ['Foo', 'Foo'], query.map(&:name)
+    assert_sql(/DISTINCT/) do
+      assert_equal ['Foo'], query.distinct.map(&:name)
+      assert_deprecated { assert_equal ['Foo'], query.uniq.map(&:name) }
+    end
+    assert_sql(/DISTINCT/) do
+      assert_equal ['Foo'], query.distinct(true).map(&:name)
+      assert_deprecated { assert_equal ['Foo'], query.uniq(true).map(&:name) }
+    end
+    assert_equal ['Foo', 'Foo'], query.distinct(true).distinct(false).map(&:name)
+
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal ['Foo', 'Foo'], query.uniq(true).uniq(false).map(&:name)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_doesnt_add_having_values_if_options_are_blank
+    scope = Post.having('')
+    assert scope.having_clause.empty?
+
+    scope = Post.having([])
+    assert scope.having_clause.empty?
+  end
+
+  def test_having_with_binds_for_both_where_and_having
+    post = Post.first
+    having_then_where = Post.having(id: post.id).where(title: post.title).group(:id)
+    where_then_having = Post.where(title: post.title).having(id: post.id).group(:id)
+
+    assert_equal [post], having_then_where
+    assert_equal [post], where_then_having
+  end
+
+  def test_multiple_where_and_having_clauses
+    post = Post.first
+    having_then_where = Post.having(id: post.id).where(title: post.title)
+      .having(id: post.id).where(title: post.title).group(:id)
+
+    assert_equal [post], having_then_where
+  end
+
+  def test_grouping_by_column_with_reserved_name
+    assert_equal [], Possession.select(:where).group(:where).to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_references_triggers_eager_loading
+    scope = Post.includes(:comments)
+    assert !scope.eager_loading?
+    assert scope.references(:comments).eager_loading?
+  end
+
+  def test_references_doesnt_trigger_eager_loading_if_reference_not_included
+    scope = Post.references(:comments)
+    assert !scope.eager_loading?
+  end
+
+  def test_automatically_added_where_references
+    scope = Post.where(:comments => { :body => "Bla" })
+    assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.where('comments.body' => 'Bla')
+    assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
+  end
+
+  def test_automatically_added_where_not_references
+    scope = Post.where.not(comments: { body: "Bla" })
+    assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.where.not('comments.body' => 'Bla')
+    assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
+  end
+
+  def test_automatically_added_having_references
+    scope = Post.having(:comments => { :body => "Bla" })
+    assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.having('comments.body' => 'Bla')
+    assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
+  end
+
+  def test_automatically_added_order_references
+    scope = Post.order('comments.body')
+    assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.order('comments.body', 'yaks.body')
+    assert_equal ['comments', 'yaks'], scope.references_values
+
+    # Don't infer yaks, let's not go down that road again...
+    scope = Post.order('comments.body, yaks.body')
+    assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.order('comments.body asc')
+    assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.order('foo(comments.body)')
+    assert_equal [], scope.references_values
+  end
+
+  def test_automatically_added_reorder_references
+    scope = Post.reorder('comments.body')
+    assert_equal %w(comments), scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.reorder('comments.body', 'yaks.body')
+    assert_equal %w(comments yaks), scope.references_values
+
+    # Don't infer yaks, let's not go down that road again...
+    scope = Post.reorder('comments.body, yaks.body')
+    assert_equal %w(comments), scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.reorder('comments.body asc')
+    assert_equal %w(comments), scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.reorder('foo(comments.body)')
+    assert_equal [], scope.references_values
+  end
+
+  def test_order_with_reorder_nil_removes_the_order
+    relation = Post.order(:title).reorder(nil)
+
+    assert_nil relation.order_values.first
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_order_with_reorder_nil_removes_the_order
+    relation = Post.order(:title).reverse_order.reorder(nil)
+
+    assert_nil relation.order_values.first
+  end
+
+  def test_presence
+    topics = Topic.all
+
+    # the first query is triggered because there are no topics yet.
+    assert_queries(1) { assert topics.present? }
+
+    # checking if there are topics is used before you actually display them,
+    # thus it shouldn't invoke an extra count query.
+    assert_no_queries { assert topics.present? }
+    assert_no_queries { assert !topics.blank? }
+
+    # shows count of topics and loops after loading the query should not trigger extra queries either.
+    assert_no_queries { topics.size }
+    assert_no_queries { topics.length }
+    assert_no_queries { topics.each }
+
+    # count always trigger the COUNT query.
+    assert_queries(1) { topics.count }
+
+    assert topics.loaded?
+  end
+
+  test "find_by with hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.order(:id).find_by(author_id: 2)
+  end
+
+  test "find_by with non-hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.order(:id).find_by("author_id = 2")
+  end
+
+  test "find_by with multi-arg conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.order(:id).find_by('author_id = ?', 2)
+  end
+
+  test "find_by returns nil if the record is missing" do
+    assert_equal nil, Post.all.find_by("1 = 0")
+  end
+
+  test "find_by doesn't have implicit ordering" do
+    assert_sql(/^((?!ORDER).)*$/) { Post.all.find_by(author_id: 2) }
+  end
+
+  test "find_by requires at least one argument" do
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Post.all.find_by }
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! with hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.order(:id).find_by!(author_id: 2)
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! with non-hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.order(:id).find_by!("author_id = 2")
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! with multi-arg conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.order(:id).find_by!('author_id = ?', 2)
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! doesn't have implicit ordering" do
+    assert_sql(/^((?!ORDER).)*$/) { Post.all.find_by!(author_id: 2) }
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! raises RecordNotFound if the record is missing" do
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) do
+      Post.all.find_by!("1 = 0")
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! requires at least one argument" do
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Post.all.find_by! }
+  end
+
+  test "loaded relations cannot be mutated by multi value methods" do
+    relation = Post.all
+    relation.to_a
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ImmutableRelation) do
+      relation.where! 'foo'
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "loaded relations cannot be mutated by single value methods" do
+    relation = Post.all
+    relation.to_a
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ImmutableRelation) do
+      relation.limit! 5
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "loaded relations cannot be mutated by merge!" do
+    relation = Post.all
+    relation.to_a
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ImmutableRelation) do
+      relation.merge! where: 'foo'
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "loaded relations cannot be mutated by extending!" do
+    relation = Post.all
+    relation.to_a
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ImmutableRelation) do
+      relation.extending! Module.new
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "relations with cached arel can't be mutated [internal API]" do
+    relation = Post.all
+    relation.count
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ImmutableRelation) { relation.limit!(5) }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ImmutableRelation) { relation.where!("1 = 2") }
+  end
+
+  test "relations show the records in #inspect" do
+    relation = Post.limit(2)
+    assert_equal "#<ActiveRecord::Relation [#{Post.limit(2).map(&:inspect).join(', ')}]>", relation.inspect
+  end
+
+  test "relations limit the records in #inspect at 10" do
+    relation = Post.limit(11)
+    assert_equal "#<ActiveRecord::Relation [#{Post.limit(10).map(&:inspect).join(', ')}, ...]>", relation.inspect
+  end
+
+  test "already-loaded relations don't perform a new query in #inspect" do
+    relation = Post.limit(2)
+    relation.to_a
+
+    expected = "#<ActiveRecord::Relation [#{Post.limit(2).map(&:inspect).join(', ')}]>"
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal expected, relation.inspect
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'using a custom table affects the wheres' do
+    table_alias = Post.arel_table.alias('omg_posts')
+
+    table_metadata = ActiveRecord::TableMetadata.new(Post, table_alias)
+    predicate_builder = ActiveRecord::PredicateBuilder.new(table_metadata)
+    relation = ActiveRecord::Relation.new(Post, table_alias, predicate_builder)
+    relation.where!(:foo => "bar")
+
+    node = relation.arel.constraints.first.grep(Arel::Attributes::Attribute).first
+    assert_equal table_alias, node.relation
+  end
+
+  test '#load' do
+    relation = Post.all
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      assert_equal relation, relation.load
+    end
+    assert_no_queries { relation.to_a }
+  end
+
+  test 'group with select and includes' do
+    authors_count = Post.select('author_id, COUNT(author_id) AS num_posts').
+      group('author_id').order('author_id').includes(:author).to_a
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      result = authors_count.map do |post|
+        [post.num_posts, post.author.try(:name)]
+      end
+
+      expected = [[1, nil], [5, "David"], [3, "Mary"], [2, "Bob"]]
+      assert_equal expected, result
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "joins with select" do
+    posts = Post.joins(:author).select("id", "authors.author_address_id").order("posts.id").limit(3)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 4], posts.map(&:id)
+    assert_equal [1, 1, 1], posts.map(&:author_address_id)
+  end
+
+  test "delegations do not leak to other classes" do
+    Topic.all.by_lifo
+    assert Topic.all.class.method_defined?(:by_lifo)
+    assert !Post.all.respond_to?(:by_lifo)
+  end
+
+  def test_unscope_removes_binds
+    left  = Post.where(id: Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new)
+    column = Post.columns_hash['id']
+    left.bind_values += [[column, 20]]
+
+    relation = left.unscope(where: :id)
+    assert_equal [], relation.bind_values
+  end
+
+  def test_merging_removes_rhs_bind_parameters
+    left  = Post.where(id: 20)
+    right   = Post.where(id: [1,2,3,4])
+
+    merged = left.merge(right)
+    assert_equal [], merged.bind_values
+  end
+
+  def test_merging_keeps_lhs_bind_parameters
+    binds = [ActiveRecord::Relation::QueryAttribute.new("id", 20, Post.type_for_attribute("id"))]
+
+    right  = Post.where(id: 20)
+    left   = Post.where(id: 10)
+
+    merged = left.merge(right)
+    assert_equal binds, merged.bound_attributes
+  end
+
+  def test_merging_reorders_bind_params
+    post  = Post.first
+    right = Post.where(id: post.id)
+    left  = Post.where(title: post.title)
+
+    merged = left.merge(right)
+    assert_equal post, merged.first
+  end
+
+  def test_relation_join_method
+    assert_equal 'Thank you for the welcome,Thank you again for the welcome', Post.first.comments.join(",")
+  end
+
+  def test_connection_adapters_can_reorder_binds
+    posts = Post.limit(1).offset(2)
+
+    stubbed_connection = Post.connection.dup
+    def stubbed_connection.combine_bind_parameters(**kwargs)
+      offset = kwargs[:offset]
+      kwargs[:offset] = kwargs[:limit]
+      kwargs[:limit] = offset
+      super(**kwargs)
+    end
+
+    posts.define_singleton_method(:connection) do
+      stubbed_connection
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 2, posts.to_a.length
+  end
+
+  def test_update_all_can_receive_active_record_objects
+    assert_deprecated do
+      Comment.update_all(post_id: Post.first)
+      assert(Comment.all.all? { |c| c.post_id == Post.first.id })
+    end
+  end
+end