grpc 1.37.1 → 1.38.0.pre1

data/src/core/ext/transport/chttp2/server/insecure/server_chttp2_posix.cc

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ void grpc_server_add_insecure_channel_from_fd(grpc_server* server,
   grpc_transport* transport = grpc_create_chttp2_transport(
       server_args, server_endpoint, false /* is_client */);
 
-  grpc_error* error =
+  grpc_error_handle error =
       core_server->SetupTransport(transport, nullptr, server_args, nullptr);
   if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
     for (grpc_pollset* pollset : core_server->pollsets()) {
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ void grpc_server_add_insecure_channel_from_fd(grpc_server* server,
     grpc_chttp2_transport_start_reading(transport, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
   } else {
     gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Failed to create channel: %s",
-            grpc_error_string(error));
+            grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
     GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
     grpc_transport_destroy(transport);
   }

data/src/core/ext/transport/chttp2/server/secure/server_secure_chttp2.cc

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
 namespace {
 
 grpc_channel_args* ModifyArgsForConnection(grpc_channel_args* args,
-                                           grpc_error** error) {
+                                           grpc_error_handle* error) {
   grpc_server_credentials* server_credentials =
       grpc_find_server_credentials_in_args(args);
   if (server_credentials == nullptr) {
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ grpc_channel_args* ModifyArgsForConnection(grpc_channel_args* args,
 int grpc_server_add_secure_http2_port(grpc_server* server, const char* addr,
                                       grpc_server_credentials* creds) {
   grpc_core::ExecCtx exec_ctx;
-  grpc_error* err = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  grpc_error_handle err = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
   grpc_core::RefCountedPtr<grpc_server_security_connector> sc;
   int port_num = 0;
   grpc_channel_args* args = nullptr;
@@ -121,8 +121,7 @@ int grpc_server_add_secure_http2_port(grpc_server* server, const char* addr,
 done:
   sc.reset(DEBUG_LOCATION, "server");
   if (err != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
-    const char* msg = grpc_error_string(err);
-    gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "%s", msg);
+    gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "%s", grpc_error_std_string(err).c_str());
 
     GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(err);
   }

data/src/core/ext/transport/chttp2/transport/chttp2_transport.cc

@@ -100,23 +100,23 @@ grpc_core::DebugOnlyTraceFlag grpc_trace_chttp2_refcount(false,
                                                          "chttp2_refcount");
 
 // forward declarations of various callbacks that we'll build closures around
-static void write_action_begin_locked(void* t, grpc_error* error);
-static void write_action(void* t, grpc_error* error);
-static void write_action_end(void* t, grpc_error* error);
-static void write_action_end_locked(void* t, grpc_error* error);
+static void write_action_begin_locked(void* t, grpc_error_handle error);
+static void write_action(void* t, grpc_error_handle error);
+static void write_action_end(void* t, grpc_error_handle error);
+static void write_action_end_locked(void* t, grpc_error_handle error);
 
-static void read_action(void* t, grpc_error* error);
-static void read_action_locked(void* t, grpc_error* error);
+static void read_action(void* t, grpc_error_handle error);
+static void read_action_locked(void* t, grpc_error_handle error);
 static void continue_read_action_locked(grpc_chttp2_transport* t);
 
-static void complete_fetch(void* gs, grpc_error* error);
-static void complete_fetch_locked(void* gs, grpc_error* error);
+static void complete_fetch(void* gs, grpc_error_handle error);
+static void complete_fetch_locked(void* gs, grpc_error_handle error);
 // Set a transport level setting, and push it to our peer
 static void queue_setting_update(grpc_chttp2_transport* t,
                                  grpc_chttp2_setting_id id, uint32_t value);
 
 static void close_from_api(grpc_chttp2_transport* t, grpc_chttp2_stream* s,
-                           grpc_error* error);
+                           grpc_error_handle error);
 
 // Start new streams that have been created if we can
 static void maybe_start_some_streams(grpc_chttp2_transport* t);
@@ -126,40 +126,43 @@ static void connectivity_state_set(grpc_chttp2_transport* t,
                                    const absl::Status& status,
                                    const char* reason);
 
-static void benign_reclaimer(void* arg, grpc_error* error);
-static void destructive_reclaimer(void* arg, grpc_error* error);
-static void benign_reclaimer_locked(void* arg, grpc_error* error);
-static void destructive_reclaimer_locked(void* arg, grpc_error* error);
+static void benign_reclaimer(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+static void destructive_reclaimer(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+static void benign_reclaimer_locked(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+static void destructive_reclaimer_locked(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
 
 static void post_benign_reclaimer(grpc_chttp2_transport* t);
 static void post_destructive_reclaimer(grpc_chttp2_transport* t);
 
-static void close_transport_locked(grpc_chttp2_transport* t, grpc_error* error);
-static void end_all_the_calls(grpc_chttp2_transport* t, grpc_error* error);
-
-static void start_bdp_ping(void* tp, grpc_error* error);
-static void finish_bdp_ping(void* tp, grpc_error* error);
-static void start_bdp_ping_locked(void* tp, grpc_error* error);
-static void finish_bdp_ping_locked(void* tp, grpc_error* error);
-static void next_bdp_ping_timer_expired(void* tp, grpc_error* error);
-static void next_bdp_ping_timer_expired_locked(void* tp, grpc_error* error);
-
-static void cancel_pings(grpc_chttp2_transport* t, grpc_error* error);
+static void close_transport_locked(grpc_chttp2_transport* t,
+                                   grpc_error_handle error);
+static void end_all_the_calls(grpc_chttp2_transport* t,
+                              grpc_error_handle error);
+
+static void start_bdp_ping(void* tp, grpc_error_handle error);
+static void finish_bdp_ping(void* tp, grpc_error_handle error);
+static void start_bdp_ping_locked(void* tp, grpc_error_handle error);
+static void finish_bdp_ping_locked(void* tp, grpc_error_handle error);
+static void next_bdp_ping_timer_expired(void* tp, grpc_error_handle error);
+static void next_bdp_ping_timer_expired_locked(void* tp,
+                                               grpc_error_handle error);
+
+static void cancel_pings(grpc_chttp2_transport* t, grpc_error_handle error);
 static void send_ping_locked(grpc_chttp2_transport* t,
                              grpc_closure* on_initiate, grpc_closure* on_ack);
-static void retry_initiate_ping_locked(void* tp, grpc_error* error);
+static void retry_initiate_ping_locked(void* tp, grpc_error_handle error);
 
 // keepalive-relevant functions
-static void init_keepalive_ping(void* arg, grpc_error* error);
-static void init_keepalive_ping_locked(void* arg, grpc_error* error);
-static void start_keepalive_ping(void* arg, grpc_error* error);
-static void finish_keepalive_ping(void* arg, grpc_error* error);
-static void start_keepalive_ping_locked(void* arg, grpc_error* error);
-static void finish_keepalive_ping_locked(void* arg, grpc_error* error);
-static void keepalive_watchdog_fired(void* arg, grpc_error* error);
-static void keepalive_watchdog_fired_locked(void* arg, grpc_error* error);
+static void init_keepalive_ping(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+static void init_keepalive_ping_locked(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+static void start_keepalive_ping(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+static void finish_keepalive_ping(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+static void start_keepalive_ping_locked(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+static void finish_keepalive_ping_locked(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+static void keepalive_watchdog_fired(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+static void keepalive_watchdog_fired_locked(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
 
-static void reset_byte_stream(void* arg, grpc_error* error);
+static void reset_byte_stream(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
 
 // Flow control default enabled. Can be disabled by setting
 // GRPC_EXPERIMENTAL_DISABLE_FLOW_CONTROL
@@ -203,7 +206,7 @@ grpc_chttp2_transport::~grpc_chttp2_transport() {
   grpc_slice_buffer_destroy_internal(&outbuf);
   grpc_chttp2_hpack_compressor_destroy(&hpack_compressor);
 
-  grpc_error* error =
+  grpc_error_handle error =
       GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Transport destroyed");
   // ContextList::Execute follows semantics of a callback function and does not
   // take a ref on error
@@ -534,7 +537,7 @@ grpc_chttp2_transport::grpc_chttp2_transport(
   }
 }
 
-static void destroy_transport_locked(void* tp, grpc_error* /*error*/) {
+static void destroy_transport_locked(void* tp, grpc_error_handle /*error*/) {
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(tp);
   t->destroying = 1;
   close_transport_locked(
@@ -552,7 +555,7 @@ static void destroy_transport(grpc_transport* gt) {
 }
 
 static void close_transport_locked(grpc_chttp2_transport* t,
-                                   grpc_error* error) {
+                                   grpc_error_handle error) {
   end_all_the_calls(t, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
   cancel_pings(t, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
   if (t->closed_with_error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
@@ -731,7 +734,7 @@ static int init_stream(grpc_transport* gt, grpc_stream* gs,
   return 0;
 }
 
-static void destroy_stream_locked(void* sp, grpc_error* /*error*/) {
+static void destroy_stream_locked(void* sp, grpc_error_handle /*error*/) {
   GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("destroy_stream", 0);
   grpc_chttp2_stream* s = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_stream*>(sp);
   s->~grpc_chttp2_stream();
@@ -819,7 +822,7 @@ static void set_write_state(grpc_chttp2_transport* t,
   if (st == GRPC_CHTTP2_WRITE_STATE_IDLE) {
     grpc_core::ExecCtx::RunList(DEBUG_LOCATION, &t->run_after_write);
     if (t->close_transport_on_writes_finished != nullptr) {
-      grpc_error* err = t->close_transport_on_writes_finished;
+      grpc_error_handle err = t->close_transport_on_writes_finished;
       t->close_transport_on_writes_finished = nullptr;
       close_transport_locked(t, err);
     }
@@ -951,7 +954,8 @@ static const char* begin_writing_desc(bool partial) {
   }
 }
 
-static void write_action_begin_locked(void* gt, grpc_error* /*error_ignored*/) {
+static void write_action_begin_locked(void* gt,
+                                      grpc_error_handle /*error_ignored*/) {
   GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("write_action_begin_locked", 0);
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(gt);
   GPR_ASSERT(t->write_state != GRPC_CHTTP2_WRITE_STATE_IDLE);
@@ -990,7 +994,7 @@ static void write_action_begin_locked(void* gt, grpc_error* /*error_ignored*/) {
   }
 }
 
-static void write_action(void* gt, grpc_error* /*error*/) {
+static void write_action(void* gt, grpc_error_handle /*error*/) {
   GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("write_action", 0);
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(gt);
   void* cl = t->cl;
@@ -1002,7 +1006,7 @@ static void write_action(void* gt, grpc_error* /*error*/) {
       cl);
 }
 
-static void write_action_end(void* tp, grpc_error* error) {
+static void write_action_end(void* tp, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(tp);
   t->combiner->Run(GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&t->write_action_end_locked,
                                      write_action_end_locked, t, nullptr),
@@ -1011,7 +1015,7 @@ static void write_action_end(void* tp, grpc_error* error) {
 
 // Callback from the grpc_endpoint after bytes have been written by calling
 // sendmsg
-static void write_action_end_locked(void* tp, grpc_error* error) {
+static void write_action_end_locked(void* tp, grpc_error_handle error) {
   GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("terminate_writing_with_lock", 0);
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(tp);
 
@@ -1100,7 +1104,7 @@ void grpc_chttp2_add_incoming_goaway(grpc_chttp2_transport* t,
   // received a GOAWAY with a non NO_ERROR code.
   if (goaway_error != GRPC_HTTP2_NO_ERROR) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "%s: Got goaway [%d] err=%s", t->peer_string.c_str(),
-            goaway_error, grpc_error_string(t->goaway_error));
+            goaway_error, grpc_error_std_string(t->goaway_error).c_str());
   }
   absl::Status status = grpc_error_to_absl_status(t->goaway_error);
   // When a client receives a GOAWAY with error code ENHANCE_YOUR_CALM and debug
@@ -1206,7 +1210,8 @@ static void null_then_sched_closure(grpc_closure** closure) {
 void grpc_chttp2_complete_closure_step(grpc_chttp2_transport* t,
                                        grpc_chttp2_stream* /*s*/,
                                        grpc_closure** pclosure,
-                                       grpc_error* error, const char* desc) {
+                                       grpc_error_handle error,
+                                       const char* desc) {
   grpc_closure* closure = *pclosure;
   *pclosure = nullptr;
   if (closure == nullptr) {
@@ -1215,7 +1220,6 @@ void grpc_chttp2_complete_closure_step(grpc_chttp2_transport* t,
   }
   closure->next_data.scratch -= CLOSURE_BARRIER_FIRST_REF_BIT;
   if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_http_trace)) {
-    const char* errstr = grpc_error_string(error);
     gpr_log(
         GPR_INFO,
         "complete_closure_step: t=%p %p refs=%d flags=0x%04x desc=%s err=%s "
@@ -1225,7 +1229,8 @@ void grpc_chttp2_complete_closure_step(grpc_chttp2_transport* t,
                          CLOSURE_BARRIER_FIRST_REF_BIT),
         static_cast<int>(closure->next_data.scratch %
                          CLOSURE_BARRIER_FIRST_REF_BIT),
-        desc, errstr, write_state_name(t->write_state));
+        desc, grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str(),
+        write_state_name(t->write_state));
   }
   if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
     if (closure->error_data.error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
@@ -1314,7 +1319,8 @@ static void continue_fetching_send_locked(grpc_chttp2_transport* t,
                    UINT32_MAX, GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&s->complete_fetch_locked,
                                                  ::complete_fetch, s,
                                                  grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx))) {
-      grpc_error* error = s->fetching_send_message->Pull(&s->fetching_slice);
+      grpc_error_handle error =
+          s->fetching_send_message->Pull(&s->fetching_slice);
       if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
         s->fetching_send_message.reset();
         grpc_chttp2_cancel_stream(t, s, error);
@@ -1325,14 +1331,14 @@ static void continue_fetching_send_locked(grpc_chttp2_transport* t,
   }
 }
 
-static void complete_fetch(void* gs, grpc_error* error) {
+static void complete_fetch(void* gs, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_chttp2_stream* s = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_stream*>(gs);
   s->t->combiner->Run(GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&s->complete_fetch_locked,
                                         ::complete_fetch_locked, s, nullptr),
                       GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
 }
 
-static void complete_fetch_locked(void* gs, grpc_error* error) {
+static void complete_fetch_locked(void* gs, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_chttp2_stream* s = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_stream*>(gs);
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = s->t;
   if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
@@ -1362,7 +1368,7 @@ static void log_metadata(const grpc_metadata_batch* md_batch, uint32_t id,
 }
 
 static void perform_stream_op_locked(void* stream_op,
-                                     grpc_error* /*error_ignored*/) {
+                                     grpc_error_handle /*error_ignored*/) {
   GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("perform_stream_op_locked", 0);
 
   grpc_transport_stream_op_batch* op =
@@ -1646,7 +1652,7 @@ static void perform_stream_op(grpc_transport* gt, grpc_stream* gs,
                    GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
 }
 
-static void cancel_pings(grpc_chttp2_transport* t, grpc_error* error) {
+static void cancel_pings(grpc_chttp2_transport* t, grpc_error_handle error) {
   // callback remaining pings: they're not allowed to call into the transport,
   //   and maybe they hold resources that need to be freed
   grpc_chttp2_ping_queue* pq = &t->ping_queue;
@@ -1713,14 +1719,14 @@ static void send_keepalive_ping_locked(grpc_chttp2_transport* t) {
       GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
 }
 
-void grpc_chttp2_retry_initiate_ping(void* tp, grpc_error* error) {
+void grpc_chttp2_retry_initiate_ping(void* tp, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(tp);
   t->combiner->Run(GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&t->retry_initiate_ping_locked,
                                      retry_initiate_ping_locked, t, nullptr),
                    GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
 }
 
-static void retry_initiate_ping_locked(void* tp, grpc_error* error) {
+static void retry_initiate_ping_locked(void* tp, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(tp);
   t->ping_state.is_delayed_ping_timer_set = false;
   if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
@@ -1743,10 +1749,10 @@ void grpc_chttp2_ack_ping(grpc_chttp2_transport* t, uint64_t id) {
   }
 }
 
-static void send_goaway(grpc_chttp2_transport* t, grpc_error* error) {
+static void send_goaway(grpc_chttp2_transport* t, grpc_error_handle error) {
   // We want to log this irrespective of whether http tracing is enabled
   gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "%s: Sending goaway err=%s", t->peer_string.c_str(),
-          grpc_error_string(error));
+          grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
   t->sent_goaway_state = GRPC_CHTTP2_GOAWAY_SEND_SCHEDULED;
   grpc_http2_error_code http_error;
   grpc_slice slice;
@@ -1784,7 +1790,7 @@ void grpc_chttp2_reset_ping_clock(grpc_chttp2_transport* t) {
 }
 
 static void perform_transport_op_locked(void* stream_op,
-                                        grpc_error* /*error_ignored*/) {
+                                        grpc_error_handle /*error_ignored*/) {
   grpc_transport_op* op = static_cast<grpc_transport_op*>(stream_op);
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t =
       static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(op->handler_private.extra_arg);
@@ -1864,7 +1870,7 @@ void grpc_chttp2_maybe_complete_recv_initial_metadata(
 
 void grpc_chttp2_maybe_complete_recv_message(grpc_chttp2_transport* /*t*/,
                                              grpc_chttp2_stream* s) {
-  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
   if (s->recv_message_ready != nullptr) {
     *s->recv_message = nullptr;
     if (s->final_metadata_requested && s->seen_error) {
@@ -2014,7 +2020,7 @@ void grpc_chttp2_maybe_complete_recv_trailing_metadata(grpc_chttp2_transport* t,
 }
 
 static void remove_stream(grpc_chttp2_transport* t, uint32_t id,
-                          grpc_error* error) {
+                          grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_chttp2_stream* s = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_stream*>(
       grpc_chttp2_stream_map_delete(&t->stream_map, id));
   GPR_DEBUG_ASSERT(s);
@@ -2057,7 +2063,7 @@ static void remove_stream(grpc_chttp2_transport* t, uint32_t id,
 }
 
 void grpc_chttp2_cancel_stream(grpc_chttp2_transport* t, grpc_chttp2_stream* s,
-                               grpc_error* due_to_error) {
+                               grpc_error_handle due_to_error) {
   if (!t->is_client && !s->sent_trailing_metadata &&
       grpc_error_has_clear_grpc_status(due_to_error)) {
     close_from_api(t, s, due_to_error);
@@ -2081,7 +2087,7 @@ void grpc_chttp2_cancel_stream(grpc_chttp2_transport* t, grpc_chttp2_stream* s,
 }
 
 void grpc_chttp2_fake_status(grpc_chttp2_transport* t, grpc_chttp2_stream* s,
-                             grpc_error* error) {
+                             grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_status_code status;
   grpc_slice slice;
   grpc_error_get_status(error, s->deadline, &status, &slice, nullptr, nullptr);
@@ -2118,7 +2124,8 @@ void grpc_chttp2_fake_status(grpc_chttp2_transport* t, grpc_chttp2_stream* s,
   GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
 }
 
-static void add_error(grpc_error* error, grpc_error** refs, size_t* nrefs) {
+static void add_error(grpc_error_handle error, grpc_error_handle* refs,
+                      size_t* nrefs) {
   if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return;
   for (size_t i = 0; i < *nrefs; i++) {
     if (error == refs[i]) {
@@ -2129,14 +2136,15 @@ static void add_error(grpc_error* error, grpc_error** refs, size_t* nrefs) {
   ++*nrefs;
 }
 
-static grpc_error* removal_error(grpc_error* extra_error, grpc_chttp2_stream* s,
-                                 const char* main_error_msg) {
-  grpc_error* refs[3];
+static grpc_error_handle removal_error(grpc_error_handle extra_error,
+                                       grpc_chttp2_stream* s,
+                                       const char* main_error_msg) {
+  grpc_error_handle refs[3];
   size_t nrefs = 0;
   add_error(s->read_closed_error, refs, &nrefs);
   add_error(s->write_closed_error, refs, &nrefs);
   add_error(extra_error, refs, &nrefs);
-  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
   if (nrefs > 0) {
     error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_REFERENCING_FROM_STATIC_STRING(main_error_msg,
                                                              refs, nrefs);
@@ -2146,7 +2154,8 @@ static grpc_error* removal_error(grpc_error* extra_error, grpc_chttp2_stream* s,
 }
 
 static void flush_write_list(grpc_chttp2_transport* t, grpc_chttp2_stream* s,
-                             grpc_chttp2_write_cb** list, grpc_error* error) {
+                             grpc_chttp2_write_cb** list,
+                             grpc_error_handle error) {
   while (*list) {
     grpc_chttp2_write_cb* cb = *list;
     *list = cb->next;
@@ -2159,7 +2168,8 @@ static void flush_write_list(grpc_chttp2_transport* t, grpc_chttp2_stream* s,
 }
 
 void grpc_chttp2_fail_pending_writes(grpc_chttp2_transport* t,
-                                     grpc_chttp2_stream* s, grpc_error* error) {
+                                     grpc_chttp2_stream* s,
+                                     grpc_error_handle error) {
   error =
       removal_error(error, s, "Pending writes failed due to stream closure");
   s->send_initial_metadata = nullptr;
@@ -2183,10 +2193,10 @@ void grpc_chttp2_fail_pending_writes(grpc_chttp2_transport* t,
 
 void grpc_chttp2_mark_stream_closed(grpc_chttp2_transport* t,
                                     grpc_chttp2_stream* s, int close_reads,
-                                    int close_writes, grpc_error* error) {
+                                    int close_writes, grpc_error_handle error) {
   if (s->read_closed && s->write_closed) {
     // already closed, but we should still fake the status if needed.
-    grpc_error* overall_error = removal_error(error, s, "Stream removed");
+    grpc_error_handle overall_error = removal_error(error, s, "Stream removed");
     if (overall_error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
       grpc_chttp2_fake_status(t, s, overall_error);
     }
@@ -2207,7 +2217,7 @@ void grpc_chttp2_mark_stream_closed(grpc_chttp2_transport* t,
   }
   if (s->read_closed && s->write_closed) {
     became_closed = true;
-    grpc_error* overall_error =
+    grpc_error_handle overall_error =
         removal_error(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error), s, "Stream removed");
     if (s->id != 0) {
       remove_stream(t, s->id, GRPC_ERROR_REF(overall_error));
@@ -2236,7 +2246,7 @@ void grpc_chttp2_mark_stream_closed(grpc_chttp2_transport* t,
 }
 
 static void close_from_api(grpc_chttp2_transport* t, grpc_chttp2_stream* s,
-                           grpc_error* error) {
+                           grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_slice hdr;
   grpc_slice status_hdr;
   grpc_slice http_status_hdr;
@@ -2394,7 +2404,7 @@ static void close_from_api(grpc_chttp2_transport* t, grpc_chttp2_stream* s,
 }
 
 struct cancel_stream_cb_args {
-  grpc_error* error;
+  grpc_error_handle error;
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t;
 };
 
@@ -2404,7 +2414,8 @@ static void cancel_stream_cb(void* user_data, uint32_t /*key*/, void* stream) {
   grpc_chttp2_cancel_stream(args->t, s, GRPC_ERROR_REF(args->error));
 }
 
-static void end_all_the_calls(grpc_chttp2_transport* t, grpc_error* error) {
+static void end_all_the_calls(grpc_chttp2_transport* t,
+                              grpc_error_handle error) {
   intptr_t http2_error;
   // If there is no explicit grpc or HTTP/2 error, set to UNAVAILABLE on server.
   if (!t->is_client && !grpc_error_has_clear_grpc_status(error) &&
@@ -2458,15 +2469,15 @@ void grpc_chttp2_act_on_flowctl_action(
               });
 }
 
-static grpc_error* try_http_parsing(grpc_chttp2_transport* t) {
+static grpc_error_handle try_http_parsing(grpc_chttp2_transport* t) {
   grpc_http_parser parser;
   size_t i = 0;
-  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
   grpc_http_response response;
 
   grpc_http_parser_init(&parser, GRPC_HTTP_RESPONSE, &response);
 
-  grpc_error* parse_error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  grpc_error_handle parse_error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
   for (; i < t->read_buffer.count && parse_error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE; i++) {
     parse_error =
         grpc_http_parser_parse(&parser, t->read_buffer.slices[i], nullptr);
@@ -2487,34 +2498,34 @@ static grpc_error* try_http_parsing(grpc_chttp2_transport* t) {
   return error;
 }
 
-static void read_action(void* tp, grpc_error* error) {
+static void read_action(void* tp, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(tp);
   t->combiner->Run(
       GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&t->read_action_locked, read_action_locked, t, nullptr),
       GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
 }
 
-static void read_action_locked(void* tp, grpc_error* error) {
+static void read_action_locked(void* tp, grpc_error_handle error) {
   GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("reading_action_locked", 0);
 
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(tp);
 
   GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);
 
-  grpc_error* err = error;
+  grpc_error_handle err = error;
   if (err != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
     err = grpc_error_set_int(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_REFERENCING_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
                                  "Endpoint read failed", &err, 1),
                              GRPC_ERROR_INT_OCCURRED_DURING_WRITE,
                              t->write_state);
   }
-  GPR_SWAP(grpc_error*, err, error);
+  GPR_SWAP(grpc_error_handle, err, error);
   GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(err);
   if (t->closed_with_error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
     GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("reading_action.parse", 0);
     size_t i = 0;
-    grpc_error* errors[3] = {GRPC_ERROR_REF(error), GRPC_ERROR_NONE,
-                             GRPC_ERROR_NONE};
+    grpc_error_handle errors[3] = {GRPC_ERROR_REF(error), GRPC_ERROR_NONE,
+                                   GRPC_ERROR_NONE};
     for (; i < t->read_buffer.count && errors[1] == GRPC_ERROR_NONE; i++) {
       errors[1] = grpc_chttp2_perform_read(t, t->read_buffer.slices[i]);
     }
@@ -2605,18 +2616,18 @@ void schedule_bdp_ping_locked(grpc_chttp2_transport* t) {
   grpc_chttp2_initiate_write(t, GRPC_CHTTP2_INITIATE_WRITE_BDP_PING);
 }
 
-static void start_bdp_ping(void* tp, grpc_error* error) {
+static void start_bdp_ping(void* tp, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(tp);
   t->combiner->Run(GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&t->start_bdp_ping_locked,
                                      start_bdp_ping_locked, t, nullptr),
                    GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
 }
 
-static void start_bdp_ping_locked(void* tp, grpc_error* error) {
+static void start_bdp_ping_locked(void* tp, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(tp);
   if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_http_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "%s: Start BDP ping err=%s", t->peer_string.c_str(),
-            grpc_error_string(error));
+            grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
   }
   if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE || t->closed_with_error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
     return;
@@ -2629,18 +2640,18 @@ static void start_bdp_ping_locked(void* tp, grpc_error* error) {
   t->bdp_ping_started = true;
 }
 
-static void finish_bdp_ping(void* tp, grpc_error* error) {
+static void finish_bdp_ping(void* tp, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(tp);
   t->combiner->Run(GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&t->finish_bdp_ping_locked,
                                      finish_bdp_ping_locked, t, nullptr),
                    GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
 }
 
-static void finish_bdp_ping_locked(void* tp, grpc_error* error) {
+static void finish_bdp_ping_locked(void* tp, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(tp);
   if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_http_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "%s: Complete BDP ping err=%s", t->peer_string.c_str(),
-            grpc_error_string(error));
+            grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
   }
   if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE || t->closed_with_error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
     GRPC_CHTTP2_UNREF_TRANSPORT(t, "bdp_ping");
@@ -2666,7 +2677,7 @@ static void finish_bdp_ping_locked(void* tp, grpc_error* error) {
                   &t->next_bdp_ping_timer_expired_locked);
 }
 
-static void next_bdp_ping_timer_expired(void* tp, grpc_error* error) {
+static void next_bdp_ping_timer_expired(void* tp, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(tp);
   t->combiner->Run(
       GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&t->next_bdp_ping_timer_expired_locked,
@@ -2674,7 +2685,8 @@ static void next_bdp_ping_timer_expired(void* tp, grpc_error* error) {
       GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
 }
 
-static void next_bdp_ping_timer_expired_locked(void* tp, grpc_error* error) {
+static void next_bdp_ping_timer_expired_locked(void* tp,
+                                               grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(tp);
   GPR_ASSERT(t->have_next_bdp_ping_timer);
   t->have_next_bdp_ping_timer = false;
@@ -2750,14 +2762,14 @@ void grpc_chttp2_config_default_keepalive_args(grpc_channel_args* args,
   }
 }
 
-static void init_keepalive_ping(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+static void init_keepalive_ping(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(arg);
   t->combiner->Run(GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&t->init_keepalive_ping_locked,
                                      init_keepalive_ping_locked, t, nullptr),
                    GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
 }
 
-static void init_keepalive_ping_locked(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+static void init_keepalive_ping_locked(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(arg);
   GPR_ASSERT(t->keepalive_state == GRPC_CHTTP2_KEEPALIVE_STATE_WAITING);
   if (t->destroying || t->closed_with_error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
@@ -2790,14 +2802,14 @@ static void init_keepalive_ping_locked(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
   GRPC_CHTTP2_UNREF_TRANSPORT(t, "init keepalive ping");
 }
 
-static void start_keepalive_ping(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+static void start_keepalive_ping(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(arg);
   t->combiner->Run(GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&t->start_keepalive_ping_locked,
                                      start_keepalive_ping_locked, t, nullptr),
                    GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
 }
 
-static void start_keepalive_ping_locked(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+static void start_keepalive_ping_locked(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(arg);
   if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
     return;
@@ -2818,14 +2830,14 @@ static void start_keepalive_ping_locked(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
   t->keepalive_ping_started = true;
 }
 
-static void finish_keepalive_ping(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+static void finish_keepalive_ping(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(arg);
   t->combiner->Run(GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&t->finish_keepalive_ping_locked,
                                      finish_keepalive_ping_locked, t, nullptr),
                    GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
 }
 
-static void finish_keepalive_ping_locked(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+static void finish_keepalive_ping_locked(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(arg);
   if (t->keepalive_state == GRPC_CHTTP2_KEEPALIVE_STATE_PINGING) {
     if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
@@ -2856,7 +2868,7 @@ static void finish_keepalive_ping_locked(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
   GRPC_CHTTP2_UNREF_TRANSPORT(t, "keepalive ping end");
 }
 
-static void keepalive_watchdog_fired(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+static void keepalive_watchdog_fired(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(arg);
   t->combiner->Run(
       GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&t->keepalive_watchdog_fired_locked,
@@ -2864,7 +2876,8 @@ static void keepalive_watchdog_fired(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
       GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
 }
 
-static void keepalive_watchdog_fired_locked(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+static void keepalive_watchdog_fired_locked(void* arg,
+                                            grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(arg);
   if (t->keepalive_state == GRPC_CHTTP2_KEEPALIVE_STATE_PINGING) {
     if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
@@ -2921,7 +2934,7 @@ static void set_pollset_set(grpc_transport* gt, grpc_stream* /*gs*/,
 // BYTE STREAM
 //
 
-static void reset_byte_stream(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+static void reset_byte_stream(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_chttp2_stream* s = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_stream*>(arg);
   s->pending_byte_stream = false;
   if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
@@ -2952,8 +2965,8 @@ Chttp2IncomingByteStream::Chttp2IncomingByteStream(
   stream->byte_stream_error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
 }
 
-void Chttp2IncomingByteStream::OrphanLocked(void* arg,
-                                            grpc_error* /*error_ignored*/) {
+void Chttp2IncomingByteStream::OrphanLocked(
+    void* arg, grpc_error_handle /*error_ignored*/) {
   Chttp2IncomingByteStream* bs = static_cast<Chttp2IncomingByteStream*>(arg);
   grpc_chttp2_stream* s = bs->stream_;
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = s->t;
@@ -2972,7 +2985,7 @@ void Chttp2IncomingByteStream::Orphan() {
 }
 
 void Chttp2IncomingByteStream::NextLocked(void* arg,
-                                          grpc_error* /*error_ignored*/) {
+                                          grpc_error_handle /*error_ignored*/) {
   Chttp2IncomingByteStream* bs = static_cast<Chttp2IncomingByteStream*>(arg);
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = bs->transport_;
   grpc_chttp2_stream* s = bs->stream_;
@@ -3042,9 +3055,9 @@ void Chttp2IncomingByteStream::MaybeCreateStreamDecompressionCtx() {
   }
 }
 
-grpc_error* Chttp2IncomingByteStream::Pull(grpc_slice* slice) {
+grpc_error_handle Chttp2IncomingByteStream::Pull(grpc_slice* slice) {
   GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("incoming_byte_stream_pull", 0);
-  grpc_error* error;
+  grpc_error_handle error;
   if (stream_->unprocessed_incoming_frames_buffer.length > 0) {
     if (!stream_->unprocessed_incoming_frames_decompressed &&
         stream_->stream_decompression_method !=
@@ -3087,7 +3100,7 @@ grpc_error* Chttp2IncomingByteStream::Pull(grpc_slice* slice) {
   return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
 }
 
-void Chttp2IncomingByteStream::PublishError(grpc_error* error) {
+void Chttp2IncomingByteStream::PublishError(grpc_error_handle error) {
   GPR_ASSERT(error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
   grpc_core::ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, stream_->on_next,
                           GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
@@ -3097,10 +3110,10 @@ void Chttp2IncomingByteStream::PublishError(grpc_error* error) {
   grpc_chttp2_cancel_stream(transport_, stream_, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
 }
 
-grpc_error* Chttp2IncomingByteStream::Push(const grpc_slice& slice,
-                                           grpc_slice* slice_out) {
+grpc_error_handle Chttp2IncomingByteStream::Push(const grpc_slice& slice,
+                                                 grpc_slice* slice_out) {
   if (remaining_bytes_ < GRPC_SLICE_LENGTH(slice)) {
-    grpc_error* error =
+    grpc_error_handle error =
         GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Too many bytes in stream");
     transport_->combiner->Run(&stream_->reset_byte_stream,
                               GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
@@ -3115,8 +3128,8 @@ grpc_error* Chttp2IncomingByteStream::Push(const grpc_slice& slice,
   }
 }
 
-grpc_error* Chttp2IncomingByteStream::Finished(grpc_error* error,
-                                               bool reset_on_error) {
+grpc_error_handle Chttp2IncomingByteStream::Finished(grpc_error_handle error,
+                                                     bool reset_on_error) {
   if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
     if (remaining_bytes_ != 0) {
       error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Truncated message");
@@ -3130,7 +3143,7 @@ grpc_error* Chttp2IncomingByteStream::Finished(grpc_error* error,
   return error;
 }
 
-void Chttp2IncomingByteStream::Shutdown(grpc_error* error) {
+void Chttp2IncomingByteStream::Shutdown(grpc_error_handle error) {
   GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(Finished(error, true /* reset_on_error */));
 }
 
@@ -3162,14 +3175,14 @@ static void post_destructive_reclaimer(grpc_chttp2_transport* t) {
   }
 }
 
-static void benign_reclaimer(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+static void benign_reclaimer(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(arg);
   t->combiner->Run(GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&t->benign_reclaimer_locked,
                                      benign_reclaimer_locked, t, nullptr),
                    GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
 }
 
-static void benign_reclaimer_locked(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+static void benign_reclaimer_locked(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(arg);
   if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE &&
       grpc_chttp2_stream_map_size(&t->stream_map) == 0) {
@@ -3199,14 +3212,14 @@ static void benign_reclaimer_locked(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
   GRPC_CHTTP2_UNREF_TRANSPORT(t, "benign_reclaimer");
 }
 
-static void destructive_reclaimer(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+static void destructive_reclaimer(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(arg);
   t->combiner->Run(GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&t->destructive_reclaimer_locked,
                                      destructive_reclaimer_locked, t, nullptr),
                    GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
 }
 
-static void destructive_reclaimer_locked(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+static void destructive_reclaimer_locked(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_chttp2_transport* t = static_cast<grpc_chttp2_transport*>(arg);
   size_t n = grpc_chttp2_stream_map_size(&t->stream_map);
   t->destructive_reclaimer_registered = false;