grpc 1.35.0 → 1.47.0

data/third_party/upb/upb/decode_fast.c

@@ -1,8 +1,35 @@
-// Fast decoder: ~3x the speed of decode.c, but x86-64 specific.
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009-2021, Google LLC
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+ *     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ *     * Neither the name of Google LLC nor the
+ *       names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
+ *       derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+ * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL Google LLC BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT,
+ * INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ * (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ * ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ * SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+// Fast decoder: ~3x the speed of decode.c, but requires x86-64/ARM64.
 // Also the table size grows by 2x.
 //
-// Could potentially be ported to ARM64 or other 64-bit archs that pass at
-// least six arguments in registers.
+// Could potentially be ported to other 64-bit archs that pass at least six
+// arguments in registers and have 8 unused high bits in pointers.
 //
 // The overall design is to create specialized functions for every possible
 // field type (eg. oneof boolean field with a 1 byte tag) and then dispatch
@@ -10,7 +37,7 @@
 
 #include "upb/decode_fast.h"
 
-#include "upb/decode.int.h"
+#include "upb/decode_internal.h"
 
 /* Must be last. */
 #include "upb/port_def.inc"
@@ -19,66 +46,70 @@
 
 // The standard set of arguments passed to each parsing function.
 // Thanks to x86-64 calling conventions, these will stay in registers.
-#define UPB_PARSE_PARAMS                                          \
-  upb_decstate *d, const char *ptr, upb_msg *msg, intptr_t table, \
+#define UPB_PARSE_PARAMS                                             \
+  upb_Decoder *d, const char *ptr, upb_Message *msg, intptr_t table, \
       uint64_t hasbits, uint64_t data
 
 #define UPB_PARSE_ARGS d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, data
 
-#define RETURN_GENERIC(m)  \
-  /* fprintf(stderr, m); */ \
+#define RETURN_GENERIC(m)                                 \
+  /* Uncomment either of these for debugging purposes. */ \
+  /* fprintf(stderr, m); */                               \
+  /*__builtin_trap(); */                                  \
   return fastdecode_generic(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, 0);
 
 typedef enum {
-  CARD_s = 0,  /* Singular (optional, non-repeated) */
-  CARD_o = 1,  /* Oneof */
-  CARD_r = 2,  /* Repeated */
-  CARD_p = 3   /* Packed Repeated */
+  CARD_s = 0, /* Singular (optional, non-repeated) */
+  CARD_o = 1, /* Oneof */
+  CARD_r = 2, /* Repeated */
+  CARD_p = 3  /* Packed Repeated */
 } upb_card;
 
 UPB_NOINLINE
-static const char *fastdecode_isdonefallback(upb_decstate *d, const char *ptr,
-                                             upb_msg *msg, intptr_t table,
-                                             uint64_t hasbits, int overrun) {
-  ptr = decode_isdonefallback_inl(d, ptr, overrun);
+static const char* fastdecode_isdonefallback(UPB_PARSE_PARAMS) {
+  int overrun = data;
+  int status;
+  ptr = decode_isdonefallback_inl(d, ptr, overrun, &status);
   if (ptr == NULL) {
-    return fastdecode_err(d);
+    return fastdecode_err(d, status);
   }
-  uint16_t tag = fastdecode_loadtag(ptr);
-  return fastdecode_tagdispatch(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, tag);
+  data = fastdecode_loadtag(ptr);
+  UPB_MUSTTAIL return fastdecode_tagdispatch(UPB_PARSE_ARGS);
 }
 
 UPB_FORCEINLINE
-static const char *fastdecode_dispatch(upb_decstate *d, const char *ptr,
-                                       upb_msg *msg, intptr_t table,
-                                       uint64_t hasbits) {
+static const char* fastdecode_dispatch(UPB_PARSE_PARAMS) {
   if (UPB_UNLIKELY(ptr >= d->limit_ptr)) {
     int overrun = ptr - d->end;
     if (UPB_LIKELY(overrun == d->limit)) {
       // Parse is finished.
       *(uint32_t*)msg |= hasbits;  // Sync hasbits.
-      return ptr;
+      const upb_MiniTable* l = decode_totablep(table);
+      return UPB_UNLIKELY(l->required_count)
+                 ? decode_checkrequired(d, ptr, msg, l)
+                 : ptr;
     } else {
-      return fastdecode_isdonefallback(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, overrun);
+      data = overrun;
+      UPB_MUSTTAIL return fastdecode_isdonefallback(UPB_PARSE_ARGS);
     }
   }
 
   // Read two bytes of tag data (for a one-byte tag, the high byte is junk).
-  uint16_t tag = fastdecode_loadtag(ptr);
-  return fastdecode_tagdispatch(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, tag);
+  data = fastdecode_loadtag(ptr);
+  UPB_MUSTTAIL return fastdecode_tagdispatch(UPB_PARSE_ARGS);
 }
 
 UPB_FORCEINLINE
-static bool fastdecode_checktag(uint64_t data, int tagbytes) {
+static bool fastdecode_checktag(uint16_t data, int tagbytes) {
   if (tagbytes == 1) {
     return (data & 0xff) == 0;
   } else {
-    return (data & 0xffff) == 0;
+    return data == 0;
   }
 }
 
 UPB_FORCEINLINE
-static const char *fastdecode_longsize(const char *ptr, int *size) {
+static const char* fastdecode_longsize(const char* ptr, int* size) {
   int i;
   UPB_ASSERT(*size & 0x80);
   *size &= 0xff;
@@ -98,8 +129,8 @@ static const char *fastdecode_longsize(const char *ptr, int *size) {
 }
 
 UPB_FORCEINLINE
-static bool fastdecode_boundscheck(const char *ptr, size_t len,
-                                   const char *end) {
+static bool fastdecode_boundscheck(const char* ptr, size_t len,
+                                   const char* end) {
   uintptr_t uptr = (uintptr_t)ptr;
   uintptr_t uend = (uintptr_t)end + 16;
   uintptr_t res = uptr + len;
@@ -107,8 +138,8 @@ static bool fastdecode_boundscheck(const char *ptr, size_t len,
 }
 
 UPB_FORCEINLINE
-static bool fastdecode_boundscheck2(const char *ptr, size_t len,
-                                    const char *end) {
+static bool fastdecode_boundscheck2(const char* ptr, size_t len,
+                                    const char* end) {
   // This is one extra branch compared to the more normal:
   //   return (size_t)(end - ptr) < size;
   // However it is one less computation if we are just about to use "ptr + len":
@@ -120,12 +151,12 @@ static bool fastdecode_boundscheck2(const char *ptr, size_t len,
   return res < uptr || res > uend;
 }
 
-typedef const char *fastdecode_delimfunc(upb_decstate *d, const char *ptr,
-                                         void *ctx);
+typedef const char* fastdecode_delimfunc(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
+                                         void* ctx);
 
 UPB_FORCEINLINE
-static const char *fastdecode_delimited(upb_decstate *d, const char *ptr,
-                                        fastdecode_delimfunc *func, void *ctx) {
+static const char* fastdecode_delimited(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
+                                        fastdecode_delimfunc* func, void* ctx) {
   ptr++;
   int len = (int8_t)ptr[-1];
   if (fastdecode_boundscheck2(ptr, len, d->limit_ptr)) {
@@ -150,7 +181,7 @@ static const char *fastdecode_delimited(upb_decstate *d, const char *ptr,
   } else {
     // Fast case: Sub-message is <128 bytes and fits in the current buffer.
     // This means we can preserve limit/limit_ptr verbatim.
-    const char *saved_limit_ptr = d->limit_ptr;
+    const char* saved_limit_ptr = d->limit_ptr;
     int saved_limit = d->limit;
     d->limit_ptr = ptr + len;
     d->limit = d->limit_ptr - d->end;
@@ -166,8 +197,8 @@ static const char *fastdecode_delimited(upb_decstate *d, const char *ptr,
 /* singular, oneof, repeated field handling ***********************************/
 
 typedef struct {
-  upb_array *arr;
-  void *end;
+  upb_Array* arr;
+  void* end;
 } fastdecode_arr;
 
 typedef enum {
@@ -177,21 +208,21 @@ typedef enum {
 } fastdecode_next;
 
 typedef struct {
-  void *dst;
+  void* dst;
   fastdecode_next next;
   uint32_t tag;
 } fastdecode_nextret;
 
 UPB_FORCEINLINE
-static void *fastdecode_resizearr(upb_decstate *d, void *dst,
-                                  fastdecode_arr *farr, int valbytes) {
+static void* fastdecode_resizearr(upb_Decoder* d, void* dst,
+                                  fastdecode_arr* farr, int valbytes) {
   if (UPB_UNLIKELY(dst == farr->end)) {
     size_t old_size = farr->arr->size;
     size_t old_bytes = old_size * valbytes;
     size_t new_size = old_size * 2;
     size_t new_bytes = new_size * valbytes;
-    char *old_ptr = _upb_array_ptr(farr->arr);
-    char *new_ptr = upb_arena_realloc(&d->arena, old_ptr, old_bytes, new_bytes);
+    char* old_ptr = _upb_array_ptr(farr->arr);
+    char* new_ptr = upb_Arena_Realloc(&d->arena, old_ptr, old_bytes, new_bytes);
     uint8_t elem_size_lg2 = __builtin_ctz(valbytes);
     farr->arr->size = new_size;
     farr->arr->data = _upb_array_tagptr(new_ptr, elem_size_lg2);
@@ -211,20 +242,20 @@ static bool fastdecode_tagmatch(uint32_t tag, uint64_t data, int tagbytes) {
 }
 
 UPB_FORCEINLINE
-static void fastdecode_commitarr(void *dst, fastdecode_arr *farr,
+static void fastdecode_commitarr(void* dst, fastdecode_arr* farr,
                                  int valbytes) {
   farr->arr->len =
-      (size_t)((char *)dst - (char *)_upb_array_ptr(farr->arr)) / valbytes;
+      (size_t)((char*)dst - (char*)_upb_array_ptr(farr->arr)) / valbytes;
 }
 
 UPB_FORCEINLINE
-static fastdecode_nextret fastdecode_nextrepeated(upb_decstate *d, void *dst,
-                                                  const char **ptr,
-                                                  fastdecode_arr *farr,
+static fastdecode_nextret fastdecode_nextrepeated(upb_Decoder* d, void* dst,
+                                                  const char** ptr,
+                                                  fastdecode_arr* farr,
                                                   uint64_t data, int tagbytes,
                                                   int valbytes) {
   fastdecode_nextret ret;
-  dst = (char *)dst + valbytes;
+  dst = (char*)dst + valbytes;
 
   if (UPB_LIKELY(!decode_isdone(d, ptr))) {
     ret.tag = fastdecode_loadtag(*ptr);
@@ -244,16 +275,16 @@ static fastdecode_nextret fastdecode_nextrepeated(upb_decstate *d, void *dst,
 }
 
 UPB_FORCEINLINE
-static void *fastdecode_fieldmem(upb_msg *msg, uint64_t data) {
+static void* fastdecode_fieldmem(upb_Message* msg, uint64_t data) {
   size_t ofs = data >> 48;
-  return (char *)msg + ofs;
+  return (char*)msg + ofs;
 }
 
 UPB_FORCEINLINE
-static void *fastdecode_getfield(upb_decstate *d, const char *ptr, upb_msg *msg,
-                                 uint64_t *data, uint64_t *hasbits,
-                                 fastdecode_arr *farr, int valbytes,
-                                 upb_card card) {
+static void* fastdecode_getfield(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
+                                 upb_Message* msg, uint64_t* data,
+                                 uint64_t* hasbits, fastdecode_arr* farr,
+                                 int valbytes, upb_card card) {
   switch (card) {
     case CARD_s: {
       uint8_t hasbit_index = *data >> 24;
@@ -263,20 +294,20 @@ static void *fastdecode_getfield(upb_decstate *d, const char *ptr, upb_msg *msg,
     }
     case CARD_o: {
       uint16_t case_ofs = *data >> 32;
-      uint32_t *oneof_case = UPB_PTR_AT(msg, case_ofs, uint32_t);
+      uint32_t* oneof_case = UPB_PTR_AT(msg, case_ofs, uint32_t);
       uint8_t field_number = *data >> 24;
       *oneof_case = field_number;
       return fastdecode_fieldmem(msg, *data);
     }
     case CARD_r: {
-      // Get pointer to upb_array and allocate/expand if necessary.
+      // Get pointer to upb_Array and allocate/expand if necessary.
       uint8_t elem_size_lg2 = __builtin_ctz(valbytes);
-      upb_array **arr_p = fastdecode_fieldmem(msg, *data);
-      char *begin;
+      upb_Array** arr_p = fastdecode_fieldmem(msg, *data);
+      char* begin;
       *(uint32_t*)msg |= *hasbits;
       *hasbits = 0;
       if (UPB_LIKELY(!*arr_p)) {
-        farr->arr = _upb_array_new(&d->arena, 8, elem_size_lg2);
+        farr->arr = _upb_Array_New(&d->arena, 8, elem_size_lg2);
         *arr_p = farr->arr;
       } else {
         farr->arr = *arr_p;
@@ -292,11 +323,19 @@ static void *fastdecode_getfield(upb_decstate *d, const char *ptr, upb_msg *msg,
 }
 
 UPB_FORCEINLINE
-static bool fastdecode_flippacked(uint64_t *data, int tagbytes) {
+static bool fastdecode_flippacked(uint64_t* data, int tagbytes) {
   *data ^= (0x2 ^ 0x0);  // Patch data to match packed wiretype.
   return fastdecode_checktag(*data, tagbytes);
 }
 
+#define FASTDECODE_CHECKPACKED(tagbytes, card, func)                \
+  if (UPB_UNLIKELY(!fastdecode_checktag(data, tagbytes))) {         \
+    if (card == CARD_r && fastdecode_flippacked(&data, tagbytes)) { \
+      UPB_MUSTTAIL return func(UPB_PARSE_ARGS);                     \
+    }                                                               \
+    RETURN_GENERIC("packed check tag mismatch\n");                  \
+  }
+
 /* varint fields **************************************************************/
 
 UPB_FORCEINLINE
@@ -316,7 +355,7 @@ static uint64_t fastdecode_munge(uint64_t val, int valbytes, bool zigzag) {
 }
 
 UPB_FORCEINLINE
-static const char *fastdecode_varint64(const char *ptr, uint64_t *val) {
+static const char* fastdecode_varint64(const char* ptr, uint64_t* val) {
   ptr++;
   *val = (uint8_t)ptr[-1];
   if (UPB_UNLIKELY(*val & 0x80)) {
@@ -339,70 +378,62 @@ done:
   return ptr;
 }
 
-UPB_FORCEINLINE
-static const char *fastdecode_unpackedvarint(UPB_PARSE_PARAMS, int tagbytes,
-                                             int valbytes, upb_card card,
-                                             bool zigzag,
-                                             _upb_field_parser *packed) {
-  uint64_t val;
-  void *dst;
-  fastdecode_arr farr;
-
-  if (UPB_UNLIKELY(!fastdecode_checktag(data, tagbytes))) {
-    if (card == CARD_r && fastdecode_flippacked(&data, tagbytes)) {
-      return packed(UPB_PARSE_ARGS);
-    }
-    RETURN_GENERIC("varint field tag mismatch\n");
-  }
-
-  dst =
-      fastdecode_getfield(d, ptr, msg, &data, &hasbits, &farr, valbytes, card);
-  if (card == CARD_r) {
-    if (UPB_UNLIKELY(!dst)) {
-      RETURN_GENERIC("need array resize\n");
-    }
-  }
-
-again:
-  if (card == CARD_r) {
-    dst = fastdecode_resizearr(d, dst, &farr, valbytes);
-  }
-
-  ptr += tagbytes;
-  ptr = fastdecode_varint64(ptr, &val);
-  if (ptr == NULL) return fastdecode_err(d);
-  val = fastdecode_munge(val, valbytes, zigzag);
-  memcpy(dst, &val, valbytes);
-
-  if (card == CARD_r) {
-    fastdecode_nextret ret =
-        fastdecode_nextrepeated(d, dst, &ptr, &farr, data, tagbytes, valbytes);
-    switch (ret.next) {
-      case FD_NEXT_SAMEFIELD:
-        dst = ret.dst;
-        goto again;
-      case FD_NEXT_OTHERFIELD:
-        return fastdecode_tagdispatch(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, ret.tag);
-      case FD_NEXT_ATLIMIT:
-        return ptr;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return fastdecode_dispatch(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits);
-}
+#define FASTDECODE_UNPACKEDVARINT(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, data, tagbytes, \
+                                  valbytes, card, zigzag, packed)              \
+  uint64_t val;                                                                \
+  void* dst;                                                                   \
+  fastdecode_arr farr;                                                         \
+                                                                               \
+  FASTDECODE_CHECKPACKED(tagbytes, card, packed);                              \
+                                                                               \
+  dst = fastdecode_getfield(d, ptr, msg, &data, &hasbits, &farr, valbytes,     \
+                            card);                                             \
+  if (card == CARD_r) {                                                        \
+    if (UPB_UNLIKELY(!dst)) {                                                  \
+      RETURN_GENERIC("need array resize\n");                                   \
+    }                                                                          \
+  }                                                                            \
+                                                                               \
+  again:                                                                       \
+  if (card == CARD_r) {                                                        \
+    dst = fastdecode_resizearr(d, dst, &farr, valbytes);                       \
+  }                                                                            \
+                                                                               \
+  ptr += tagbytes;                                                             \
+  ptr = fastdecode_varint64(ptr, &val);                                        \
+  if (ptr == NULL) return fastdecode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_Malformed);      \
+  val = fastdecode_munge(val, valbytes, zigzag);                               \
+  memcpy(dst, &val, valbytes);                                                 \
+                                                                               \
+  if (card == CARD_r) {                                                        \
+    fastdecode_nextret ret = fastdecode_nextrepeated(                          \
+        d, dst, &ptr, &farr, data, tagbytes, valbytes);                        \
+    switch (ret.next) {                                                        \
+      case FD_NEXT_SAMEFIELD:                                                  \
+        dst = ret.dst;                                                         \
+        goto again;                                                            \
+      case FD_NEXT_OTHERFIELD:                                                 \
+        data = ret.tag;                                                        \
+        UPB_MUSTTAIL return fastdecode_tagdispatch(UPB_PARSE_ARGS);            \
+      case FD_NEXT_ATLIMIT:                                                    \
+        return ptr;                                                            \
+    }                                                                          \
+  }                                                                            \
+                                                                               \
+  UPB_MUSTTAIL return fastdecode_dispatch(UPB_PARSE_ARGS);
 
 typedef struct {
   uint8_t valbytes;
   bool zigzag;
-  void *dst;
+  void* dst;
   fastdecode_arr farr;
 } fastdecode_varintdata;
 
 UPB_FORCEINLINE
-static const char *fastdecode_topackedvarint(upb_decstate *d, const char *ptr,
-                                             void *ctx) {
-  fastdecode_varintdata *data = ctx;
-  void *dst = data->dst;
+static const char* fastdecode_topackedvarint(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
+                                             void* ctx) {
+  fastdecode_varintdata* data = ctx;
+  void* dst = data->dst;
   uint64_t val;
 
   while (!decode_isdone(d, &ptr)) {
@@ -411,56 +442,43 @@ static const char *fastdecode_topackedvarint(upb_decstate *d, const char *ptr,
     if (ptr == NULL) return NULL;
     val = fastdecode_munge(val, data->valbytes, data->zigzag);
     memcpy(dst, &val, data->valbytes);
-    dst = (char *)dst + data->valbytes;
+    dst = (char*)dst + data->valbytes;
   }
 
   fastdecode_commitarr(dst, &data->farr, data->valbytes);
   return ptr;
 }
 
-UPB_FORCEINLINE
-static const char *fastdecode_packedvarint(UPB_PARSE_PARAMS, int tagbytes,
-                                           int valbytes, bool zigzag,
-                                           _upb_field_parser *unpacked) {
-  fastdecode_varintdata ctx = {valbytes, zigzag};
-
-  if (UPB_UNLIKELY(!fastdecode_checktag(data, tagbytes))) {
-    if (fastdecode_flippacked(&data, tagbytes)) {
-      return unpacked(UPB_PARSE_ARGS);
-    } else {
-      RETURN_GENERIC("varint field tag mismatch\n");
-    }
-  }
-
-  ctx.dst = fastdecode_getfield(d, ptr, msg, &data, &hasbits, &ctx.farr,
-                                valbytes, CARD_r);
-  if (UPB_UNLIKELY(!ctx.dst)) {
-    RETURN_GENERIC("need array resize\n");
-  }
-
-  ptr += tagbytes;
-  ptr = fastdecode_delimited(d, ptr, &fastdecode_topackedvarint, &ctx);
-
-  if (UPB_UNLIKELY(ptr == NULL)) {
-    return fastdecode_err(d);
-  }
-
-  return fastdecode_dispatch(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits);
-}
-
-UPB_FORCEINLINE
-static const char *fastdecode_varint(UPB_PARSE_PARAMS, int tagbytes,
-                                     int valbytes, upb_card card, bool zigzag,
-                                     _upb_field_parser *unpacked,
-                                     _upb_field_parser *packed) {
-  if (card == CARD_p) {
-    return fastdecode_packedvarint(UPB_PARSE_ARGS, tagbytes, valbytes, zigzag,
-                                   unpacked);
-  } else {
-    return fastdecode_unpackedvarint(UPB_PARSE_ARGS, tagbytes, valbytes, card,
-                                     zigzag, packed);
+#define FASTDECODE_PACKEDVARINT(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, data, tagbytes, \
+                                valbytes, zigzag, unpacked)                  \
+  fastdecode_varintdata ctx = {valbytes, zigzag};                            \
+                                                                             \
+  FASTDECODE_CHECKPACKED(tagbytes, CARD_r, unpacked);                        \
+                                                                             \
+  ctx.dst = fastdecode_getfield(d, ptr, msg, &data, &hasbits, &ctx.farr,     \
+                                valbytes, CARD_r);                           \
+  if (UPB_UNLIKELY(!ctx.dst)) {                                              \
+    RETURN_GENERIC("need array resize\n");                                   \
+  }                                                                          \
+                                                                             \
+  ptr += tagbytes;                                                           \
+  ptr = fastdecode_delimited(d, ptr, &fastdecode_topackedvarint, &ctx);      \
+                                                                             \
+  if (UPB_UNLIKELY(ptr == NULL)) {                                           \
+    return fastdecode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_Malformed);                   \
+  }                                                                          \
+                                                                             \
+  UPB_MUSTTAIL return fastdecode_dispatch(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, 0);
+
+#define FASTDECODE_VARINT(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, data, tagbytes,     \
+                          valbytes, card, zigzag, unpacked, packed)        \
+  if (card == CARD_p) {                                                    \
+    FASTDECODE_PACKEDVARINT(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, data, tagbytes,   \
+                            valbytes, zigzag, unpacked);                   \
+  } else {                                                                 \
+    FASTDECODE_UNPACKEDVARINT(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, data, tagbytes, \
+                              valbytes, card, zigzag, packed);             \
   }
-}
 
 #define z_ZZ true
 #define b_ZZ false
@@ -471,11 +489,11 @@ static const char *fastdecode_varint(UPB_PARSE_PARAMS, int tagbytes,
 
 #define F(card, type, valbytes, tagbytes)                                      \
   UPB_NOINLINE                                                                 \
-  const char *upb_p##card##type##valbytes##_##tagbytes##bt(UPB_PARSE_PARAMS) { \
-    return fastdecode_varint(UPB_PARSE_ARGS, tagbytes, valbytes, CARD_##card,  \
-                             type##_ZZ,                                        \
-                             &upb_pr##type##valbytes##_##tagbytes##bt,         \
-                             &upb_pp##type##valbytes##_##tagbytes##bt);        \
+  const char* upb_p##card##type##valbytes##_##tagbytes##bt(UPB_PARSE_PARAMS) { \
+    FASTDECODE_VARINT(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, data, tagbytes, valbytes,   \
+                      CARD_##card, type##_ZZ,                                  \
+                      upb_pr##type##valbytes##_##tagbytes##bt,                 \
+                      upb_pp##type##valbytes##_##tagbytes##bt);                \
   }
 
 #define TYPES(card, tagbytes) \
@@ -503,126 +521,109 @@ TAGBYTES(p)
 #undef F
 #undef TYPES
 #undef TAGBYTES
-
+#undef FASTDECODE_UNPACKEDVARINT
+#undef FASTDECODE_PACKEDVARINT
+#undef FASTDECODE_VARINT
 
 /* fixed fields ***************************************************************/
 
-UPB_FORCEINLINE
-static const char *fastdecode_unpackedfixed(UPB_PARSE_PARAMS, int tagbytes,
-                                            int valbytes, upb_card card,
-                                            _upb_field_parser *packed) {
-  void *dst;
-  fastdecode_arr farr;
-
-  if (UPB_UNLIKELY(!fastdecode_checktag(data, tagbytes))) {
-    if (card == CARD_r && fastdecode_flippacked(&data, tagbytes)) {
-      return packed(UPB_PARSE_ARGS);
-    }
-    RETURN_GENERIC("fixed field tag mismatch\n");
-  }
-
-  dst =
-      fastdecode_getfield(d, ptr, msg, &data, &hasbits, &farr, valbytes, card);
-  if (card == CARD_r) {
-    if (UPB_UNLIKELY(!dst)) {
-      RETURN_GENERIC("couldn't allocate array in arena\n");
-    }
-  }
-
-
-again:
-  if (card == CARD_r) {
-    dst = fastdecode_resizearr(d, dst, &farr, valbytes);
-  }
-
-  ptr += tagbytes;
-  memcpy(dst, ptr, valbytes);
-  ptr += valbytes;
-
-  if (card == CARD_r) {
-    fastdecode_nextret ret =
-        fastdecode_nextrepeated(d, dst, &ptr, &farr, data, tagbytes, valbytes);
-    switch (ret.next) {
-      case FD_NEXT_SAMEFIELD:
-        dst = ret.dst;
-        goto again;
-      case FD_NEXT_OTHERFIELD:
-        return fastdecode_tagdispatch(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, ret.tag);
-      case FD_NEXT_ATLIMIT:
-        return ptr;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return fastdecode_dispatch(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits);
-}
-
-UPB_FORCEINLINE
-static const char *fastdecode_packedfixed(UPB_PARSE_PARAMS, int tagbytes,
-                                          int valbytes,
-                                          _upb_field_parser *unpacked) {
-  if (UPB_UNLIKELY(!fastdecode_checktag(data, tagbytes))) {
-    if (fastdecode_flippacked(&data, tagbytes)) {
-      return unpacked(UPB_PARSE_ARGS);
-    } else {
-      RETURN_GENERIC("varint field tag mismatch\n");
-    }
-  }
-
-  ptr += tagbytes;
-  int size = (uint8_t)ptr[0];
-  ptr++;
-  if (size & 0x80) {
-    ptr = fastdecode_longsize(ptr, &size);
-  }
-
-  if (UPB_UNLIKELY(fastdecode_boundscheck(ptr, size, d->limit_ptr)) ||
-      (size % valbytes) != 0) {
-    return fastdecode_err(d);
-  }
-
-  upb_array **arr_p = fastdecode_fieldmem(msg, data);
-  upb_array *arr = *arr_p;
-  uint8_t elem_size_lg2 = __builtin_ctz(valbytes);
-  int elems = size / valbytes;
-
-  if (UPB_LIKELY(!arr)) {
-    *arr_p = arr = _upb_array_new(&d->arena, elems, elem_size_lg2);
-    if (!arr) {
-      return fastdecode_err(d);
-    }
-  } else {
-    _upb_array_resize(arr, elems, &d->arena);
+#define FASTDECODE_UNPACKEDFIXED(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, data, tagbytes, \
+                                 valbytes, card, packed)                      \
+  void* dst;                                                                  \
+  fastdecode_arr farr;                                                        \
+                                                                              \
+  FASTDECODE_CHECKPACKED(tagbytes, card, packed)                              \
+                                                                              \
+  dst = fastdecode_getfield(d, ptr, msg, &data, &hasbits, &farr, valbytes,    \
+                            card);                                            \
+  if (card == CARD_r) {                                                       \
+    if (UPB_UNLIKELY(!dst)) {                                                 \
+      RETURN_GENERIC("couldn't allocate array in arena\n");                   \
+    }                                                                         \
+  }                                                                           \
+                                                                              \
+  again:                                                                      \
+  if (card == CARD_r) {                                                       \
+    dst = fastdecode_resizearr(d, dst, &farr, valbytes);                      \
+  }                                                                           \
+                                                                              \
+  ptr += tagbytes;                                                            \
+  memcpy(dst, ptr, valbytes);                                                 \
+  ptr += valbytes;                                                            \
+                                                                              \
+  if (card == CARD_r) {                                                       \
+    fastdecode_nextret ret = fastdecode_nextrepeated(                         \
+        d, dst, &ptr, &farr, data, tagbytes, valbytes);                       \
+    switch (ret.next) {                                                       \
+      case FD_NEXT_SAMEFIELD:                                                 \
+        dst = ret.dst;                                                        \
+        goto again;                                                           \
+      case FD_NEXT_OTHERFIELD:                                                \
+        data = ret.tag;                                                       \
+        UPB_MUSTTAIL return fastdecode_tagdispatch(UPB_PARSE_ARGS);           \
+      case FD_NEXT_ATLIMIT:                                                   \
+        return ptr;                                                           \
+    }                                                                         \
+  }                                                                           \
+                                                                              \
+  UPB_MUSTTAIL return fastdecode_dispatch(UPB_PARSE_ARGS);
+
+#define FASTDECODE_PACKEDFIXED(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, data, tagbytes, \
+                               valbytes, unpacked)                          \
+  FASTDECODE_CHECKPACKED(tagbytes, CARD_r, unpacked)                        \
+                                                                            \
+  ptr += tagbytes;                                                          \
+  int size = (uint8_t)ptr[0];                                               \
+  ptr++;                                                                    \
+  if (size & 0x80) {                                                        \
+    ptr = fastdecode_longsize(ptr, &size);                                  \
+  }                                                                         \
+                                                                            \
+  if (UPB_UNLIKELY(fastdecode_boundscheck(ptr, size, d->limit_ptr) ||       \
+                   (size % valbytes) != 0)) {                               \
+    return fastdecode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_Malformed);                  \
+  }                                                                         \
+                                                                            \
+  upb_Array** arr_p = fastdecode_fieldmem(msg, data);                       \
+  upb_Array* arr = *arr_p;                                                  \
+  uint8_t elem_size_lg2 = __builtin_ctz(valbytes);                          \
+  int elems = size / valbytes;                                              \
+                                                                            \
+  if (UPB_LIKELY(!arr)) {                                                   \
+    *arr_p = arr = _upb_Array_New(&d->arena, elems, elem_size_lg2);         \
+    if (!arr) {                                                             \
+      return fastdecode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_Malformed);                \
+    }                                                                       \
+  } else {                                                                  \
+    _upb_Array_Resize(arr, elems, &d->arena);                               \
+  }                                                                         \
+                                                                            \
+  char* dst = _upb_array_ptr(arr);                                          \
+  memcpy(dst, ptr, size);                                                   \
+  arr->len = elems;                                                         \
+                                                                            \
+  ptr += size;                                                              \
+  UPB_MUSTTAIL return fastdecode_dispatch(UPB_PARSE_ARGS);
+
+#define FASTDECODE_FIXED(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, data, tagbytes,     \
+                         valbytes, card, unpacked, packed)                \
+  if (card == CARD_p) {                                                   \
+    FASTDECODE_PACKEDFIXED(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, data, tagbytes,   \
+                           valbytes, unpacked);                           \
+  } else {                                                                \
+    FASTDECODE_UNPACKEDFIXED(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, data, tagbytes, \
+                             valbytes, card, packed);                     \
   }
 
-  char *dst = _upb_array_ptr(arr);
-  memcpy(dst, ptr, size);
-  arr->len = elems;
-
-  return fastdecode_dispatch(d, ptr + size, msg, table, hasbits);
-}
-
-UPB_FORCEINLINE
-static const char *fastdecode_fixed(UPB_PARSE_PARAMS, int tagbytes,
-                                    int valbytes, upb_card card,
-                                    _upb_field_parser *unpacked,
-                                    _upb_field_parser *packed) {
-  if (card == CARD_p) {
-    return fastdecode_packedfixed(UPB_PARSE_ARGS, tagbytes, valbytes, unpacked);
-  } else {
-    return fastdecode_unpackedfixed(UPB_PARSE_ARGS, tagbytes, valbytes, card,
-                                    packed);
-  }
-}
-
 /* Generate all combinations:
  * {s,o,r,p} x {f4,f8} x {1bt,2bt} */
 
-#define F(card, valbytes, tagbytes)                                          \
-  UPB_NOINLINE                                                               \
-  const char *upb_p##card##f##valbytes##_##tagbytes##bt(UPB_PARSE_PARAMS) {  \
-    return fastdecode_fixed(UPB_PARSE_ARGS, tagbytes, valbytes, CARD_##card, \
-                            &upb_ppf##valbytes##_##tagbytes##bt,             \
-                            &upb_prf##valbytes##_##tagbytes##bt);            \
+#define F(card, valbytes, tagbytes)                                         \
+  UPB_NOINLINE                                                              \
+  const char* upb_p##card##f##valbytes##_##tagbytes##bt(UPB_PARSE_PARAMS) { \
+    FASTDECODE_FIXED(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, data, tagbytes, valbytes, \
+                     CARD_##card, upb_ppf##valbytes##_##tagbytes##bt,       \
+                     upb_prf##valbytes##_##tagbytes##bt);                   \
   }
 
 #define TYPES(card, tagbytes) \
@@ -641,81 +642,81 @@ TAGBYTES(p)
 #undef F
 #undef TYPES
 #undef TAGBYTES
+#undef FASTDECODE_UNPACKEDFIXED
+#undef FASTDECODE_PACKEDFIXED
 
 /* string fields **************************************************************/
 
-typedef const char *fastdecode_copystr_func(struct upb_decstate *d,
-                                            const char *ptr, upb_msg *msg,
-                                            const upb_msglayout *table,
-                                            uint64_t hasbits, upb_strview *dst);
+typedef const char* fastdecode_copystr_func(struct upb_Decoder* d,
+                                            const char* ptr, upb_Message* msg,
+                                            const upb_MiniTable* table,
+                                            uint64_t hasbits,
+                                            upb_StringView* dst);
 
 UPB_NOINLINE
-static const char *fastdecode_verifyutf8(upb_decstate *d, const char *ptr,
-                                         upb_msg *msg, intptr_t table,
-                                         uint64_t hasbits, upb_strview *dst) {
+static const char* fastdecode_verifyutf8(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
+                                         upb_Message* msg, intptr_t table,
+                                         uint64_t hasbits, uint64_t data) {
+  upb_StringView* dst = (upb_StringView*)data;
   if (!decode_verifyutf8_inl(dst->data, dst->size)) {
-    return fastdecode_err(d);
+    return fastdecode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_BadUtf8);
   }
-  return fastdecode_dispatch(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits);
+  UPB_MUSTTAIL return fastdecode_dispatch(UPB_PARSE_ARGS);
 }
 
-UPB_FORCEINLINE
-static const char *fastdecode_longstring(struct upb_decstate *d,
-                                         const char *ptr, upb_msg *msg,
-                                         intptr_t table, uint64_t hasbits,
-                                         upb_strview *dst,
-                                         bool validate_utf8) {
-  int size = (uint8_t)ptr[0];  // Could plumb through hasbits.
-  ptr++;
-  if (size & 0x80) {
-    ptr = fastdecode_longsize(ptr, &size);
-  }
-
-  if (UPB_UNLIKELY(fastdecode_boundscheck(ptr, size, d->limit_ptr))) {
-    dst->size = 0;
-    return fastdecode_err(d);
+#define FASTDECODE_LONGSTRING(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, dst, validate_utf8) \
+  int size = (uint8_t)ptr[0]; /* Could plumb through hasbits. */               \
+  ptr++;                                                                       \
+  if (size & 0x80) {                                                           \
+    ptr = fastdecode_longsize(ptr, &size);                                     \
+  }                                                                            \
+                                                                               \
+  if (UPB_UNLIKELY(fastdecode_boundscheck(ptr, size, d->limit_ptr))) {         \
+    dst->size = 0;                                                             \
+    return fastdecode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_Malformed);                     \
+  }                                                                            \
+                                                                               \
+  if (d->options & kUpb_DecodeOption_AliasString) {                            \
+    dst->data = ptr;                                                           \
+    dst->size = size;                                                          \
+  } else {                                                                     \
+    char* data = upb_Arena_Malloc(&d->arena, size);                            \
+    if (!data) {                                                               \
+      return fastdecode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_OutOfMemory);                 \
+    }                                                                          \
+    memcpy(data, ptr, size);                                                   \
+    dst->data = data;                                                          \
+    dst->size = size;                                                          \
+  }                                                                            \
+                                                                               \
+  ptr += size;                                                                 \
+  if (validate_utf8) {                                                         \
+    data = (uint64_t)dst;                                                      \
+    UPB_MUSTTAIL return fastdecode_verifyutf8(UPB_PARSE_ARGS);                 \
+  } else {                                                                     \
+    UPB_MUSTTAIL return fastdecode_dispatch(UPB_PARSE_ARGS);                   \
   }
 
-  if (d->alias) {
-    dst->data = ptr;
-    dst->size = size;
-  } else {
-    char *data = upb_arena_malloc(&d->arena, size);
-    if (!data) {
-      return fastdecode_err(d);
-    }
-    memcpy(data, ptr, size);
-    dst->data = data;
-    dst->size = size;
-  }
-
-  if (validate_utf8) {
-    return fastdecode_verifyutf8(d, ptr + size, msg, table, hasbits, dst);
-  } else {
-    return fastdecode_dispatch(d, ptr + size, msg, table, hasbits);
-  }
-}
-
 UPB_NOINLINE
-static const char *fastdecode_longstring_utf8(struct upb_decstate *d,
-                                         const char *ptr, upb_msg *msg,
-                                         intptr_t table, uint64_t hasbits,
-                                         upb_strview *dst) {
-  return fastdecode_longstring(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, dst, true);
+static const char* fastdecode_longstring_utf8(struct upb_Decoder* d,
+                                              const char* ptr, upb_Message* msg,
+                                              intptr_t table, uint64_t hasbits,
+                                              uint64_t data) {
+  upb_StringView* dst = (upb_StringView*)data;
+  FASTDECODE_LONGSTRING(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, dst, true);
 }
 
 UPB_NOINLINE
-static const char *fastdecode_longstring_noutf8(struct upb_decstate *d,
-                                                const char *ptr, upb_msg *msg,
-                                                intptr_t table,
-                                                uint64_t hasbits,
-                                                upb_strview *dst) {
-  return fastdecode_longstring(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, dst, false);
+static const char* fastdecode_longstring_noutf8(
+    struct upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr, upb_Message* msg, intptr_t table,
+    uint64_t hasbits, uint64_t data) {
+  upb_StringView* dst = (upb_StringView*)data;
+  FASTDECODE_LONGSTRING(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, dst, false);
 }
 
 UPB_FORCEINLINE
-static void fastdecode_docopy(upb_decstate *d, const char *ptr, uint32_t size,
-                              int copy, char *data, upb_strview *dst) {
+static void fastdecode_docopy(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr, uint32_t size,
+                              int copy, char* data, upb_StringView* dst) {
   d->arena.head.ptr += copy;
   dst->data = data;
   UPB_UNPOISON_MEMORY_REGION(data, copy);
@@ -723,156 +724,164 @@ static void fastdecode_docopy(upb_decstate *d, const char *ptr, uint32_t size,
   UPB_POISON_MEMORY_REGION(data + size, copy - size);
 }
 
-UPB_FORCEINLINE
-static const char *fastdecode_copystring(UPB_PARSE_PARAMS, int tagbytes,
-                                         upb_card card, bool validate_utf8) {
-  upb_strview *dst;
-  fastdecode_arr farr;
-  int64_t size;
-  size_t arena_has;
-  size_t common_has;
-  char *buf;
-
-  UPB_ASSERT(!d->alias);
-  UPB_ASSERT(fastdecode_checktag(data, tagbytes));
-
-  dst = fastdecode_getfield(d, ptr, msg, &data, &hasbits, &farr,
-                            sizeof(upb_strview), card);
-
-again:
-  if (card == CARD_r) {
-    dst = fastdecode_resizearr(d, dst, &farr, sizeof(upb_strview));
-  }
-
-  size = (uint8_t)ptr[tagbytes];
-  ptr += tagbytes + 1;
-  dst->size = size;
-
-  buf = d->arena.head.ptr;
-  arena_has = _upb_arenahas(&d->arena);
-  common_has = UPB_MIN(arena_has, (d->end - ptr) + 16);
-
-  if (UPB_LIKELY(size <= 15 - tagbytes)) {
-    if (arena_has < 16) goto longstr;
-    d->arena.head.ptr += 16;
-    memcpy(buf, ptr - tagbytes - 1, 16);
-    dst->data = buf + tagbytes + 1;
-  } else if (UPB_LIKELY(size <= 32)) {
-    if (UPB_UNLIKELY(common_has < 32)) goto longstr;
-    fastdecode_docopy(d, ptr, size, 32, buf, dst);
-  } else if (UPB_LIKELY(size <= 64)) {
-    if (UPB_UNLIKELY(common_has < 64)) goto longstr;
-    fastdecode_docopy(d, ptr, size, 64, buf, dst);
-  } else if (UPB_LIKELY(size < 128)) {
-    if (UPB_UNLIKELY(common_has < 128)) goto longstr;
-    fastdecode_docopy(d, ptr, size, 128, buf, dst);
-  } else {
-    goto longstr;
-  }
-
-  ptr += size;
-
-  if (card == CARD_r) {
-    if (validate_utf8 && !decode_verifyutf8_inl(dst->data, dst->size)) {
-      return fastdecode_err(d);
-    }
-    fastdecode_nextret ret = fastdecode_nextrepeated(
-        d, dst, &ptr, &farr, data, tagbytes, sizeof(upb_strview));
-    switch (ret.next) {
-      case FD_NEXT_SAMEFIELD:
-        dst = ret.dst;
-        goto again;
-      case FD_NEXT_OTHERFIELD:
-        return fastdecode_tagdispatch(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, ret.tag);
-      case FD_NEXT_ATLIMIT:
-        return ptr;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (card != CARD_r && validate_utf8) {
-    return fastdecode_verifyutf8(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, dst);
-  }
-
-  return fastdecode_dispatch(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits);
-
-longstr:
-  ptr--;
-  if (validate_utf8) {
-    return fastdecode_longstring_utf8(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, dst);
-  } else {
-    return fastdecode_longstring_noutf8(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, dst);
-  }
-}
-
-UPB_FORCEINLINE
-static const char *fastdecode_string(UPB_PARSE_PARAMS, int tagbytes,
-                                     upb_card card, _upb_field_parser *copyfunc,
-                                     bool validate_utf8) {
-  upb_strview *dst;
-  fastdecode_arr farr;
-  int64_t size;
-
-  if (UPB_UNLIKELY(!fastdecode_checktag(data, tagbytes))) {
-    RETURN_GENERIC("string field tag mismatch\n");
-  }
-
-  if (UPB_UNLIKELY(!d->alias)) {
-    return copyfunc(UPB_PARSE_ARGS);
-  }
-
-  dst = fastdecode_getfield(d, ptr, msg, &data, &hasbits, &farr,
-                            sizeof(upb_strview), card);
-
-again:
-  if (card == CARD_r) {
-    dst = fastdecode_resizearr(d, dst, &farr, sizeof(upb_strview));
+#define FASTDECODE_COPYSTRING(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, data, tagbytes,    \
+                              card, validate_utf8)                            \
+  upb_StringView* dst;                                                        \
+  fastdecode_arr farr;                                                        \
+  int64_t size;                                                               \
+  size_t arena_has;                                                           \
+  size_t common_has;                                                          \
+  char* buf;                                                                  \
+                                                                              \
+  UPB_ASSERT((d->options & kUpb_DecodeOption_AliasString) == 0);              \
+  UPB_ASSERT(fastdecode_checktag(data, tagbytes));                            \
+                                                                              \
+  dst = fastdecode_getfield(d, ptr, msg, &data, &hasbits, &farr,              \
+                            sizeof(upb_StringView), card);                    \
+                                                                              \
+  again:                                                                      \
+  if (card == CARD_r) {                                                       \
+    dst = fastdecode_resizearr(d, dst, &farr, sizeof(upb_StringView));        \
+  }                                                                           \
+                                                                              \
+  size = (uint8_t)ptr[tagbytes];                                              \
+  ptr += tagbytes + 1;                                                        \
+  dst->size = size;                                                           \
+                                                                              \
+  buf = d->arena.head.ptr;                                                    \
+  arena_has = _upb_ArenaHas(&d->arena);                                       \
+  common_has = UPB_MIN(arena_has, (d->end - ptr) + 16);                       \
+                                                                              \
+  if (UPB_LIKELY(size <= 15 - tagbytes)) {                                    \
+    if (arena_has < 16) goto longstr;                                         \
+    d->arena.head.ptr += 16;                                                  \
+    memcpy(buf, ptr - tagbytes - 1, 16);                                      \
+    dst->data = buf + tagbytes + 1;                                           \
+  } else if (UPB_LIKELY(size <= 32)) {                                        \
+    if (UPB_UNLIKELY(common_has < 32)) goto longstr;                          \
+    fastdecode_docopy(d, ptr, size, 32, buf, dst);                            \
+  } else if (UPB_LIKELY(size <= 64)) {                                        \
+    if (UPB_UNLIKELY(common_has < 64)) goto longstr;                          \
+    fastdecode_docopy(d, ptr, size, 64, buf, dst);                            \
+  } else if (UPB_LIKELY(size < 128)) {                                        \
+    if (UPB_UNLIKELY(common_has < 128)) goto longstr;                         \
+    fastdecode_docopy(d, ptr, size, 128, buf, dst);                           \
+  } else {                                                                    \
+    goto longstr;                                                             \
+  }                                                                           \
+                                                                              \
+  ptr += size;                                                                \
+                                                                              \
+  if (card == CARD_r) {                                                       \
+    if (validate_utf8 && !decode_verifyutf8_inl(dst->data, dst->size)) {      \
+      return fastdecode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_BadUtf8);                    \
+    }                                                                         \
+    fastdecode_nextret ret = fastdecode_nextrepeated(                         \
+        d, dst, &ptr, &farr, data, tagbytes, sizeof(upb_StringView));         \
+    switch (ret.next) {                                                       \
+      case FD_NEXT_SAMEFIELD:                                                 \
+        dst = ret.dst;                                                        \
+        goto again;                                                           \
+      case FD_NEXT_OTHERFIELD:                                                \
+        data = ret.tag;                                                       \
+        UPB_MUSTTAIL return fastdecode_tagdispatch(UPB_PARSE_ARGS);           \
+      case FD_NEXT_ATLIMIT:                                                   \
+        return ptr;                                                           \
+    }                                                                         \
+  }                                                                           \
+                                                                              \
+  if (card != CARD_r && validate_utf8) {                                      \
+    data = (uint64_t)dst;                                                     \
+    UPB_MUSTTAIL return fastdecode_verifyutf8(UPB_PARSE_ARGS);                \
+  }                                                                           \
+                                                                              \
+  UPB_MUSTTAIL return fastdecode_dispatch(UPB_PARSE_ARGS);                    \
+                                                                              \
+  longstr:                                                                    \
+  if (card == CARD_r) {                                                       \
+    fastdecode_commitarr(dst + 1, &farr, sizeof(upb_StringView));             \
+  }                                                                           \
+  ptr--;                                                                      \
+  if (validate_utf8) {                                                        \
+    UPB_MUSTTAIL return fastdecode_longstring_utf8(d, ptr, msg, table,        \
+                                                   hasbits, (uint64_t)dst);   \
+  } else {                                                                    \
+    UPB_MUSTTAIL return fastdecode_longstring_noutf8(d, ptr, msg, table,      \
+                                                     hasbits, (uint64_t)dst); \
   }
 
-  size = (int8_t)ptr[tagbytes];
-  ptr += tagbytes + 1;
-  dst->data = ptr;
-  dst->size = size;
-
-  if (UPB_UNLIKELY(fastdecode_boundscheck(ptr, size, d->end))) {
-    ptr--;
-    if (validate_utf8) {
-      return fastdecode_longstring_utf8(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, dst);
-    } else {
-      return fastdecode_longstring_noutf8(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, dst);
-    }
-  }
-
-  ptr += size;
-
-  if (card == CARD_r) {
-    if (validate_utf8 && !decode_verifyutf8_inl(dst->data, dst->size)) {
-      return fastdecode_err(d);
-    }
-    fastdecode_nextret ret = fastdecode_nextrepeated(
-        d, dst, &ptr, &farr, data, tagbytes, sizeof(upb_strview));
-    switch (ret.next) {
-      case FD_NEXT_SAMEFIELD:
-        dst = ret.dst;
-        if (UPB_UNLIKELY(!d->alias)) {
-          // Buffer flipped and we can't alias any more. Bounce to copyfunc(),
-          // but via dispatch since we need to reload table data also.
-          fastdecode_commitarr(dst, &farr, sizeof(upb_strview));
-          return fastdecode_tagdispatch(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, ret.tag);
-        }
-        goto again;
-      case FD_NEXT_OTHERFIELD:
-        return fastdecode_tagdispatch(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, ret.tag);
-      case FD_NEXT_ATLIMIT:
-        return ptr;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (card != CARD_r && validate_utf8) {
-    return fastdecode_verifyutf8(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, dst);
-  }
-
-  return fastdecode_dispatch(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits);
-}
+#define FASTDECODE_STRING(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, data, tagbytes, card,   \
+                          copyfunc, validate_utf8)                             \
+  upb_StringView* dst;                                                         \
+  fastdecode_arr farr;                                                         \
+  int64_t size;                                                                \
+                                                                               \
+  if (UPB_UNLIKELY(!fastdecode_checktag(data, tagbytes))) {                    \
+    RETURN_GENERIC("string field tag mismatch\n");                             \
+  }                                                                            \
+                                                                               \
+  if (UPB_UNLIKELY((d->options & kUpb_DecodeOption_AliasString) == 0)) {       \
+    UPB_MUSTTAIL return copyfunc(UPB_PARSE_ARGS);                              \
+  }                                                                            \
+                                                                               \
+  dst = fastdecode_getfield(d, ptr, msg, &data, &hasbits, &farr,               \
+                            sizeof(upb_StringView), card);                     \
+                                                                               \
+  again:                                                                       \
+  if (card == CARD_r) {                                                        \
+    dst = fastdecode_resizearr(d, dst, &farr, sizeof(upb_StringView));         \
+  }                                                                            \
+                                                                               \
+  size = (int8_t)ptr[tagbytes];                                                \
+  ptr += tagbytes + 1;                                                         \
+  dst->data = ptr;                                                             \
+  dst->size = size;                                                            \
+                                                                               \
+  if (UPB_UNLIKELY(fastdecode_boundscheck(ptr, size, d->end))) {               \
+    ptr--;                                                                     \
+    if (validate_utf8) {                                                       \
+      return fastdecode_longstring_utf8(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits,           \
+                                        (uint64_t)dst);                        \
+    } else {                                                                   \
+      return fastdecode_longstring_noutf8(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits,         \
+                                          (uint64_t)dst);                      \
+    }                                                                          \
+  }                                                                            \
+                                                                               \
+  ptr += size;                                                                 \
+                                                                               \
+  if (card == CARD_r) {                                                        \
+    if (validate_utf8 && !decode_verifyutf8_inl(dst->data, dst->size)) {       \
+      return fastdecode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_BadUtf8);                     \
+    }                                                                          \
+    fastdecode_nextret ret = fastdecode_nextrepeated(                          \
+        d, dst, &ptr, &farr, data, tagbytes, sizeof(upb_StringView));          \
+    switch (ret.next) {                                                        \
+      case FD_NEXT_SAMEFIELD:                                                  \
+        dst = ret.dst;                                                         \
+        if (UPB_UNLIKELY((d->options & kUpb_DecodeOption_AliasString) == 0)) { \
+          /* Buffer flipped and we can't alias any more. Bounce to */          \
+          /* copyfunc(), but via dispatch since we need to reload table */     \
+          /* data also. */                                                     \
+          fastdecode_commitarr(dst, &farr, sizeof(upb_StringView));            \
+          data = ret.tag;                                                      \
+          UPB_MUSTTAIL return fastdecode_tagdispatch(UPB_PARSE_ARGS);          \
+        }                                                                      \
+        goto again;                                                            \
+      case FD_NEXT_OTHERFIELD:                                                 \
+        data = ret.tag;                                                        \
+        UPB_MUSTTAIL return fastdecode_tagdispatch(UPB_PARSE_ARGS);            \
+      case FD_NEXT_ATLIMIT:                                                    \
+        return ptr;                                                            \
+    }                                                                          \
+  }                                                                            \
+                                                                               \
+  if (card != CARD_r && validate_utf8) {                                       \
+    data = (uint64_t)dst;                                                      \
+    UPB_MUSTTAIL return fastdecode_verifyutf8(UPB_PARSE_ARGS);                 \
+  }                                                                            \
+                                                                               \
+  UPB_MUSTTAIL return fastdecode_dispatch(UPB_PARSE_ARGS);
 
 /* Generate all combinations:
  * {p,c} x {s,o,r} x {s, b} x {1bt,2bt} */
@@ -880,16 +889,16 @@ again:
 #define s_VALIDATE true
 #define b_VALIDATE false
 
-#define F(card, tagbytes, type)                                         \
-  UPB_NOINLINE                                                          \
-  const char *upb_c##card##type##_##tagbytes##bt(UPB_PARSE_PARAMS) {    \
-    return fastdecode_copystring(UPB_PARSE_ARGS, tagbytes, CARD_##card, \
-                                 type##_VALIDATE);                      \
-  }                                                                     \
-  const char *upb_p##card##type##_##tagbytes##bt(UPB_PARSE_PARAMS) {    \
-    return fastdecode_string(UPB_PARSE_ARGS, tagbytes, CARD_##card,     \
-                             &upb_c##card##type##_##tagbytes##bt,       \
-                             type##_VALIDATE);                          \
+#define F(card, tagbytes, type)                                        \
+  UPB_NOINLINE                                                         \
+  const char* upb_c##card##type##_##tagbytes##bt(UPB_PARSE_PARAMS) {   \
+    FASTDECODE_COPYSTRING(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, data, tagbytes, \
+                          CARD_##card, type##_VALIDATE);               \
+  }                                                                    \
+  const char* upb_p##card##type##_##tagbytes##bt(UPB_PARSE_PARAMS) {   \
+    FASTDECODE_STRING(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, data, tagbytes,     \
+                      CARD_##card, upb_c##card##type##_##tagbytes##bt, \
+                      type##_VALIDATE);                                \
   }
 
 #define UTF8(card, tagbytes) \
@@ -908,16 +917,19 @@ TAGBYTES(r)
 #undef b_VALIDATE
 #undef F
 #undef TAGBYTES
+#undef FASTDECODE_LONGSTRING
+#undef FASTDECODE_COPYSTRING
+#undef FASTDECODE_STRING
 
 /* message fields *************************************************************/
 
 UPB_INLINE
-upb_msg *decode_newmsg_ceil(upb_decstate *d, const upb_msglayout *l,
-                            int msg_ceil_bytes) {
-  size_t size = l->size + sizeof(upb_msg_internal);
-  char *msg_data;
+upb_Message* decode_newmsg_ceil(upb_Decoder* d, const upb_MiniTable* l,
+                                int msg_ceil_bytes) {
+  size_t size = l->size + sizeof(upb_Message_Internal);
+  char* msg_data;
   if (UPB_LIKELY(msg_ceil_bytes > 0 &&
-                 _upb_arenahas(&d->arena) >= msg_ceil_bytes)) {
+                 _upb_ArenaHas(&d->arena) >= msg_ceil_bytes)) {
     UPB_ASSERT(size <= (size_t)msg_ceil_bytes);
     msg_data = d->arena.head.ptr;
     d->arena.head.ptr += size;
@@ -925,108 +937,110 @@ upb_msg *decode_newmsg_ceil(upb_decstate *d, const upb_msglayout *l,
     memset(msg_data, 0, msg_ceil_bytes);
     UPB_POISON_MEMORY_REGION(msg_data + size, msg_ceil_bytes - size);
   } else {
-    msg_data = (char*)upb_arena_malloc(&d->arena, size);
+    msg_data = (char*)upb_Arena_Malloc(&d->arena, size);
     memset(msg_data, 0, size);
   }
-  return msg_data + sizeof(upb_msg_internal);
+  return msg_data + sizeof(upb_Message_Internal);
 }
 
 typedef struct {
   intptr_t table;
-  upb_msg *msg;
+  upb_Message* msg;
 } fastdecode_submsgdata;
 
 UPB_FORCEINLINE
-static const char *fastdecode_tosubmsg(upb_decstate *d, const char *ptr,
-                                       void *ctx) {
-  fastdecode_submsgdata *submsg = ctx;
-  ptr = fastdecode_dispatch(d, ptr, submsg->msg, submsg->table, 0);
+static const char* fastdecode_tosubmsg(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
+                                       void* ctx) {
+  fastdecode_submsgdata* submsg = ctx;
+  ptr = fastdecode_dispatch(d, ptr, submsg->msg, submsg->table, 0, 0);
   UPB_ASSUME(ptr != NULL);
   return ptr;
 }
 
-UPB_FORCEINLINE
-static const char *fastdecode_submsg(UPB_PARSE_PARAMS, int tagbytes,
-                                     int msg_ceil_bytes, upb_card card) {
-
-  if (UPB_UNLIKELY(!fastdecode_checktag(data, tagbytes))) {
-    RETURN_GENERIC("submessage field tag mismatch\n");
-  }
-
-  if (--d->depth == 0) return fastdecode_err(d);
-
-  upb_msg **dst;
-  uint32_t submsg_idx = (data >> 16) & 0xff;
-  const upb_msglayout *tablep = decode_totablep(table);
-  const upb_msglayout *subtablep = tablep->submsgs[submsg_idx];
-  fastdecode_submsgdata submsg = {decode_totable(subtablep)};
-  fastdecode_arr farr;
-
-  if (subtablep->table_mask == (uint8_t)-1) {
-    RETURN_GENERIC("submessage doesn't have fast tables.");
-  }
-
-  dst = fastdecode_getfield(d, ptr, msg, &data, &hasbits, &farr,
-                            sizeof(upb_msg *), card);
-
-  if (card == CARD_s) {
-    *(uint32_t*)msg |= hasbits;
-    hasbits = 0;
-  }
-
-again:
-  if (card == CARD_r) {
-    dst = fastdecode_resizearr(d, dst, &farr, sizeof(upb_msg*));
-  }
-
-  submsg.msg = *dst;
-
-  if (card == CARD_r || UPB_LIKELY(!submsg.msg)) {
-    *dst = submsg.msg = decode_newmsg_ceil(d, subtablep, msg_ceil_bytes);
-  }
-
-  ptr += tagbytes;
-  ptr = fastdecode_delimited(d, ptr, fastdecode_tosubmsg, &submsg);
-
-  if (UPB_UNLIKELY(ptr == NULL || d->end_group != DECODE_NOGROUP)) {
-    return fastdecode_err(d);
-  }
-
-  if (card == CARD_r) {
-    fastdecode_nextret ret = fastdecode_nextrepeated(
-        d, dst, &ptr, &farr, data, tagbytes, sizeof(upb_msg *));
-    switch (ret.next) {
-      case FD_NEXT_SAMEFIELD:
-        dst = ret.dst;
-        goto again;
-      case FD_NEXT_OTHERFIELD:
-        d->depth++;
-        return fastdecode_tagdispatch(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, ret.tag);
-      case FD_NEXT_ATLIMIT:
-        d->depth++;
-        return ptr;
-    }
-  }
-
-  d->depth++;
-  return fastdecode_dispatch(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits);
-}
-
-#define F(card, tagbytes, size_ceil, ceil_arg)                                 \
-  const char *upb_p##card##m_##tagbytes##bt_max##size_ceil##b(                 \
-      UPB_PARSE_PARAMS) {                                                      \
-    return fastdecode_submsg(UPB_PARSE_ARGS, tagbytes, ceil_arg, CARD_##card); \
+#define FASTDECODE_SUBMSG(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, data, tagbytes,    \
+                          msg_ceil_bytes, card)                           \
+                                                                          \
+  if (UPB_UNLIKELY(!fastdecode_checktag(data, tagbytes))) {               \
+    RETURN_GENERIC("submessage field tag mismatch\n");                    \
+  }                                                                       \
+                                                                          \
+  if (--d->depth == 0) {                                                  \
+    return fastdecode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_MaxDepthExceeded);         \
+  }                                                                       \
+                                                                          \
+  upb_Message** dst;                                                      \
+  uint32_t submsg_idx = (data >> 16) & 0xff;                              \
+  const upb_MiniTable* tablep = decode_totablep(table);                   \
+  const upb_MiniTable* subtablep = tablep->subs[submsg_idx].submsg;       \
+  fastdecode_submsgdata submsg = {decode_totable(subtablep)};             \
+  fastdecode_arr farr;                                                    \
+                                                                          \
+  if (subtablep->table_mask == (uint8_t)-1) {                             \
+    RETURN_GENERIC("submessage doesn't have fast tables.");               \
+  }                                                                       \
+                                                                          \
+  dst = fastdecode_getfield(d, ptr, msg, &data, &hasbits, &farr,          \
+                            sizeof(upb_Message*), card);                  \
+                                                                          \
+  if (card == CARD_s) {                                                   \
+    *(uint32_t*)msg |= hasbits;                                           \
+    hasbits = 0;                                                          \
+  }                                                                       \
+                                                                          \
+  again:                                                                  \
+  if (card == CARD_r) {                                                   \
+    dst = fastdecode_resizearr(d, dst, &farr, sizeof(upb_Message*));      \
+  }                                                                       \
+                                                                          \
+  submsg.msg = *dst;                                                      \
+                                                                          \
+  if (card == CARD_r || UPB_LIKELY(!submsg.msg)) {                        \
+    *dst = submsg.msg = decode_newmsg_ceil(d, subtablep, msg_ceil_bytes); \
+  }                                                                       \
+                                                                          \
+  ptr += tagbytes;                                                        \
+  ptr = fastdecode_delimited(d, ptr, fastdecode_tosubmsg, &submsg);       \
+                                                                          \
+  if (UPB_UNLIKELY(ptr == NULL || d->end_group != DECODE_NOGROUP)) {      \
+    return fastdecode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_Malformed);                \
+  }                                                                       \
+                                                                          \
+  if (card == CARD_r) {                                                   \
+    fastdecode_nextret ret = fastdecode_nextrepeated(                     \
+        d, dst, &ptr, &farr, data, tagbytes, sizeof(upb_Message*));       \
+    switch (ret.next) {                                                   \
+      case FD_NEXT_SAMEFIELD:                                             \
+        dst = ret.dst;                                                    \
+        goto again;                                                       \
+      case FD_NEXT_OTHERFIELD:                                            \
+        d->depth++;                                                       \
+        data = ret.tag;                                                   \
+        UPB_MUSTTAIL return fastdecode_tagdispatch(UPB_PARSE_ARGS);       \
+      case FD_NEXT_ATLIMIT:                                               \
+        d->depth++;                                                       \
+        return ptr;                                                       \
+    }                                                                     \
+  }                                                                       \
+                                                                          \
+  d->depth++;                                                             \
+  UPB_MUSTTAIL return fastdecode_dispatch(UPB_PARSE_ARGS);
+
+#define F(card, tagbytes, size_ceil, ceil_arg)                               \
+  const char* upb_p##card##m_##tagbytes##bt_max##size_ceil##b(               \
+      UPB_PARSE_PARAMS) {                                                    \
+    FASTDECODE_SUBMSG(d, ptr, msg, table, hasbits, data, tagbytes, ceil_arg, \
+                      CARD_##card);                                          \
   }
 
 #define SIZES(card, tagbytes) \
-  F(card, tagbytes, 64, 64) \
+  F(card, tagbytes, 64, 64)   \
   F(card, tagbytes, 128, 128) \
   F(card, tagbytes, 192, 192) \
   F(card, tagbytes, 256, 256) \
   F(card, tagbytes, max, -1)
 
 #define TAGBYTES(card) \
-  SIZES(card, 1) \
+  SIZES(card, 1)       \
   SIZES(card, 2)
 
 TAGBYTES(s)
@@ -1036,5 +1050,6 @@ TAGBYTES(r)
 #undef TAGBYTES
 #undef SIZES
 #undef F
+#undef FASTDECODE_SUBMSG
 
-#endif  /* UPB_FASTTABLE */
+#endif /* UPB_FASTTABLE */