grpc 1.31.1 → 1.35.0.pre1

data/src/core/ext/xds/certificate_provider_store.h

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+//
+//
+// Copyright 2020 gRPC authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+//
+
+#ifndef GRPC_CORE_EXT_XDS_CERTIFICATE_PROVIDER_STORE_H
+#define GRPC_CORE_EXT_XDS_CERTIFICATE_PROVIDER_STORE_H
+
+#include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>
+
+#include <map>
+
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+#include "src/core/ext/xds/certificate_provider_factory.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/orphanable.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/ref_counted_ptr.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/sync.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/security/credentials/tls/grpc_tls_certificate_provider.h"
+
+namespace grpc_core {
+
+// Map for xDS based grpc_tls_certificate_provider instances.
+class CertificateProviderStore
+    : public InternallyRefCounted<CertificateProviderStore> {
+ public:
+  struct PluginDefinition {
+    std::string plugin_name;
+    RefCountedPtr<CertificateProviderFactory::Config> config;
+  };
+
+  // Maps plugin instance (opaque) name to plugin defition.
+  typedef std::map<std::string, PluginDefinition> PluginDefinitionMap;
+
+  explicit CertificateProviderStore(PluginDefinitionMap plugin_config_map)
+      : plugin_config_map_(std::move(plugin_config_map)) {}
+
+  // If a certificate provider corresponding to the instance name \a key is
+  // found, a ref to the grpc_tls_certificate_provider is returned. If no
+  // provider is found for the key, a new provider is created from the plugin
+  // definition map.
+  // Returns nullptr on failure to get or create a new certificate provider.
+  RefCountedPtr<grpc_tls_certificate_provider> CreateOrGetCertificateProvider(
+      absl::string_view key);
+
+  void Orphan() override { Unref(); }
+
+ private:
+  // A thin wrapper around `grpc_tls_certificate_provider` which allows removing
+  // the entry from the CertificateProviderStore when the refcount reaches zero.
+  class CertificateProviderWrapper : public grpc_tls_certificate_provider {
+   public:
+    CertificateProviderWrapper(
+        RefCountedPtr<grpc_tls_certificate_provider> certificate_provider,
+        RefCountedPtr<CertificateProviderStore> store, absl::string_view key)
+        : certificate_provider_(std::move(certificate_provider)),
+          store_(std::move(store)),
+          key_(key) {}
+
+    ~CertificateProviderWrapper() override {
+      store_->ReleaseCertificateProvider(key_, this);
+    }
+
+    grpc_core::RefCountedPtr<grpc_tls_certificate_distributor> distributor()
+        const override {
+      return certificate_provider_->distributor();
+    }
+
+    grpc_pollset_set* interested_parties() const override {
+      return certificate_provider_->interested_parties();
+    }
+
+    absl::string_view key() const { return key_; }
+
+   private:
+    RefCountedPtr<grpc_tls_certificate_provider> certificate_provider_;
+    RefCountedPtr<CertificateProviderStore> store_;
+    absl::string_view key_;
+  };
+
+  RefCountedPtr<CertificateProviderWrapper> CreateCertificateProviderLocked(
+      absl::string_view key);
+
+  // Releases a previously created certificate provider from the certificate
+  // provider map if the value matches \a wrapper.
+  void ReleaseCertificateProvider(absl::string_view key,
+                                  CertificateProviderWrapper* wrapper);
+
+  Mutex mu_;
+  // Map of plugin configurations
+  PluginDefinitionMap plugin_config_map_;
+  // Underlying map for the providers.
+  std::map<absl::string_view, CertificateProviderWrapper*>
+      certificate_providers_map_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace grpc_core
+
+#endif  // GRPC_CORE_EXT_XDS_CERTIFICATE_PROVIDER_STORE_H

data/src/core/ext/xds/file_watcher_certificate_provider_factory.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+//
+//
+// Copyright 2020 gRPC authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+//
+
+#include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>
+
+#include "src/core/ext/xds/file_watcher_certificate_provider_factory.h"
+
+#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_join.h"
+
+#include "src/core/ext/xds/certificate_provider_registry.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/json/json_util.h"
+
+namespace grpc_core {
+
+namespace {
+
+const char* kFileWatcherPlugin = "file_watcher";
+
+}  // namespace
+
+//
+// FileWatcherCertificateProviderFactory::Config
+//
+
+const char* FileWatcherCertificateProviderFactory::Config::name() const {
+  return kFileWatcherPlugin;
+}
+
+std::string FileWatcherCertificateProviderFactory::Config::ToString() const {
+  std::vector<std::string> parts;
+  parts.push_back("{");
+  if (!identity_cert_file_.empty()) {
+    parts.push_back(
+        absl::StrFormat("certificate_file=\"%s\", ", identity_cert_file_));
+  }
+  if (!identity_cert_file_.empty()) {
+    parts.push_back(
+        absl::StrFormat("private_key_file=\"%s\", ", private_key_file_));
+  }
+  if (!identity_cert_file_.empty()) {
+    parts.push_back(
+        absl::StrFormat("ca_certificate_file=\"%s\", ", root_cert_file_));
+  }
+  parts.push_back(
+      absl::StrFormat("refresh_interval=%ldms}", refresh_interval_ms_));
+  return absl::StrJoin(parts, "");
+}
+
+RefCountedPtr<FileWatcherCertificateProviderFactory::Config>
+FileWatcherCertificateProviderFactory::Config::Parse(const Json& config_json,
+                                                     grpc_error** error) {
+  auto config = MakeRefCounted<FileWatcherCertificateProviderFactory::Config>();
+  if (config_json.type() != Json::Type::OBJECT) {
+    *error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "error:config type should be OBJECT.");
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  std::vector<grpc_error*> error_list;
+  ParseJsonObjectField(config_json.object_value(), "certificate_file",
+                       &config->identity_cert_file_, &error_list, false);
+  ParseJsonObjectField(config_json.object_value(), "private_key_file",
+                       &config->private_key_file_, &error_list, false);
+  if (config->identity_cert_file_.empty() !=
+      config->private_key_file_.empty()) {
+    error_list.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "fields \"certificate_file\" and \"private_key_file\" must be both set "
+        "or both unset."));
+  }
+  ParseJsonObjectField(config_json.object_value(), "ca_certificate_file",
+                       &config->root_cert_file_, &error_list, false);
+  if (config->identity_cert_file_.empty() && config->root_cert_file_.empty()) {
+    error_list.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "At least one of \"certificate_file\" and \"ca_certificate_file\" must "
+        "be specified."));
+  }
+  if (!ParseJsonObjectFieldAsDuration(
+          config_json.object_value(), "refresh_interval",
+          &config->refresh_interval_ms_, &error_list, false)) {
+    config->refresh_interval_ms_ = 10 * 60 * 1000;  // 10 minutes default
+  }
+  if (!error_list.empty()) {
+    *error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_VECTOR(
+        "Error parsing file watcher certificate provider config", &error_list);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  return config;
+}
+
+//
+// FileWatcherCertificateProviderFactory
+//
+
+const char* FileWatcherCertificateProviderFactory::name() const {
+  return kFileWatcherPlugin;
+}
+
+RefCountedPtr<CertificateProviderFactory::Config>
+FileWatcherCertificateProviderFactory::CreateCertificateProviderConfig(
+    const Json& config_json, grpc_error** error) {
+  return FileWatcherCertificateProviderFactory::Config::Parse(config_json,
+                                                              error);
+}
+
+RefCountedPtr<grpc_tls_certificate_provider>
+FileWatcherCertificateProviderFactory::CreateCertificateProvider(
+    RefCountedPtr<CertificateProviderFactory::Config> config) {
+  if (config->name() != name()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Wrong config type Actual:%s vs Expected:%s",
+            config->name(), name());
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  auto* file_watcher_config =
+      static_cast<FileWatcherCertificateProviderFactory::Config*>(config.get());
+  return MakeRefCounted<FileWatcherCertificateProvider>(
+      file_watcher_config->private_key_file(),
+      file_watcher_config->identity_cert_file(),
+      file_watcher_config->root_cert_file(),
+      file_watcher_config->refresh_interval_ms() / GPR_MS_PER_SEC);
+}
+
+void FileWatcherCertificateProviderInit() {
+  CertificateProviderRegistry::RegisterCertificateProviderFactory(
+      absl::make_unique<FileWatcherCertificateProviderFactory>());
+}
+
+void FileWatcherCertificateProviderShutdown() {}
+
+}  // namespace grpc_core

data/src/core/ext/xds/file_watcher_certificate_provider_factory.h

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+//
+//
+// Copyright 2020 gRPC authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+//
+
+#ifndef GRPC_CORE_EXT_XDS_FILE_WATCHER_CERTIFICATE_PROVIDER_FACTORY_H
+#define GRPC_CORE_EXT_XDS_FILE_WATCHER_CERTIFICATE_PROVIDER_FACTORY_H
+
+#include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>
+
+#include "src/core/ext/xds/certificate_provider_factory.h"
+
+namespace grpc_core {
+
+class FileWatcherCertificateProviderFactory
+    : public CertificateProviderFactory {
+ public:
+  class Config : public CertificateProviderFactory::Config {
+   public:
+    static RefCountedPtr<Config> Parse(const Json& config_json,
+                                       grpc_error** error);
+
+    const char* name() const override;
+
+    std::string ToString() const override;
+
+    const std::string& identity_cert_file() const {
+      return identity_cert_file_;
+    }
+
+    const std::string& private_key_file() const { return private_key_file_; }
+
+    const std::string& root_cert_file() const { return root_cert_file_; }
+
+    grpc_millis refresh_interval_ms() const { return refresh_interval_ms_; }
+
+   private:
+    std::string identity_cert_file_;
+    std::string private_key_file_;
+    std::string root_cert_file_;
+    grpc_millis refresh_interval_ms_;
+  };
+
+  const char* name() const override;
+
+  RefCountedPtr<CertificateProviderFactory::Config>
+  CreateCertificateProviderConfig(const Json& config_json,
+                                  grpc_error** error) override;
+
+  RefCountedPtr<grpc_tls_certificate_provider> CreateCertificateProvider(
+      RefCountedPtr<CertificateProviderFactory::Config> config) override;
+};
+
+}  // namespace grpc_core
+
+#endif  // GRPC_CORE_EXT_XDS_FILE_WATCHER_CERTIFICATE_PROVIDER_FACTORY_H

data/src/core/ext/xds/xds_api.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,2308 @@
+/*
+ *
+ * Copyright 2018 gRPC authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cctype>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_join.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_split.h"
+
+#include "upb/upb.hpp"
+
+#include <grpc/impl/codegen/log.h>
+#include <grpc/support/alloc.h>
+#include <grpc/support/string_util.h>
+
+#include "src/core/ext/xds/xds_api.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gpr/env.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gpr/string.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gpr/useful.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/error.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/sockaddr_utils.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/slice/slice_utils.h"
+
+#include "envoy/config/cluster/v3/circuit_breaker.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/cluster/v3/cluster.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/cluster/v3/cluster.upbdefs.h"
+#include "envoy/config/core/v3/address.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/core/v3/base.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/core/v3/config_source.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/core/v3/health_check.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/core/v3/protocol.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/endpoint/v3/endpoint.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/endpoint/v3/endpoint.upbdefs.h"
+#include "envoy/config/endpoint/v3/endpoint_components.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/endpoint/v3/load_report.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/listener/v3/api_listener.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/listener/v3/listener.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/route/v3/route.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/route/v3/route.upbdefs.h"
+#include "envoy/config/route/v3/route_components.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/extensions/filters/network/http_connection_manager/v3/http_connection_manager.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/extensions/transport_sockets/tls/v3/common.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/extensions/transport_sockets/tls/v3/tls.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/service/cluster/v3/cds.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/service/cluster/v3/cds.upbdefs.h"
+#include "envoy/service/discovery/v3/discovery.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/service/discovery/v3/discovery.upbdefs.h"
+#include "envoy/service/endpoint/v3/eds.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/service/endpoint/v3/eds.upbdefs.h"
+#include "envoy/service/listener/v3/lds.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/service/load_stats/v3/lrs.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/service/load_stats/v3/lrs.upbdefs.h"
+#include "envoy/service/route/v3/rds.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/service/route/v3/rds.upbdefs.h"
+#include "envoy/type/matcher/v3/regex.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/type/matcher/v3/string.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/type/v3/percent.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/type/v3/range.upb.h"
+#include "google/protobuf/any.upb.h"
+#include "google/protobuf/duration.upb.h"
+#include "google/protobuf/struct.upb.h"
+#include "google/protobuf/wrappers.upb.h"
+#include "google/rpc/status.upb.h"
+#include "upb/text_encode.h"
+#include "upb/upb.h"
+
+namespace grpc_core {
+
+// TODO (donnadionne): Check to see if timeout is enabled, this will be
+// removed once timeout feature is fully integration-tested and enabled by
+// default.
+bool XdsTimeoutEnabled() {
+  char* value = gpr_getenv("GRPC_XDS_EXPERIMENTAL_ENABLE_TIMEOUT");
+  bool parsed_value;
+  bool parse_succeeded = gpr_parse_bool_value(value, &parsed_value);
+  gpr_free(value);
+  return parse_succeeded && parsed_value;
+}
+
+// TODO(yashykt): Check to see if xDS security is enabled. This will be
+// removed once this feature is fully integration-tested and enabled by
+// default.
+bool XdsSecurityEnabled() {
+  char* value = gpr_getenv("GRPC_XDS_EXPERIMENTAL_SECURITY_SUPPORT");
+  bool parsed_value;
+  bool parse_succeeded = gpr_parse_bool_value(value, &parsed_value);
+  gpr_free(value);
+  return parse_succeeded && parsed_value;
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::Route::Matchers::PathMatcher
+//
+
+XdsApi::Route::Matchers::PathMatcher::PathMatcher(const PathMatcher& other)
+    : type(other.type), case_sensitive(other.case_sensitive) {
+  if (type == PathMatcherType::REGEX) {
+    RE2::Options options;
+    options.set_case_sensitive(case_sensitive);
+    regex_matcher =
+        absl::make_unique<RE2>(other.regex_matcher->pattern(), options);
+  } else {
+    string_matcher = other.string_matcher;
+  }
+}
+
+XdsApi::Route::Matchers::PathMatcher& XdsApi::Route::Matchers::PathMatcher::
+operator=(const PathMatcher& other) {
+  type = other.type;
+  case_sensitive = other.case_sensitive;
+  if (type == PathMatcherType::REGEX) {
+    RE2::Options options;
+    options.set_case_sensitive(case_sensitive);
+    regex_matcher =
+        absl::make_unique<RE2>(other.regex_matcher->pattern(), options);
+  } else {
+    string_matcher = other.string_matcher;
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+bool XdsApi::Route::Matchers::PathMatcher::operator==(
+    const PathMatcher& other) const {
+  if (type != other.type) return false;
+  if (case_sensitive != other.case_sensitive) return false;
+  if (type == PathMatcherType::REGEX) {
+    // Should never be null.
+    if (regex_matcher == nullptr || other.regex_matcher == nullptr) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    return regex_matcher->pattern() == other.regex_matcher->pattern();
+  }
+  return string_matcher == other.string_matcher;
+}
+
+std::string XdsApi::Route::Matchers::PathMatcher::ToString() const {
+  std::string path_type_string;
+  switch (type) {
+    case PathMatcherType::PATH:
+      path_type_string = "path match";
+      break;
+    case PathMatcherType::PREFIX:
+      path_type_string = "prefix match";
+      break;
+    case PathMatcherType::REGEX:
+      path_type_string = "regex match";
+      break;
+    default:
+      break;
+  }
+  return absl::StrFormat("Path %s:%s%s", path_type_string,
+                         type == PathMatcherType::REGEX
+                             ? regex_matcher->pattern()
+                             : string_matcher,
+                         case_sensitive ? "" : "[case_sensitive=false]");
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::Route::Matchers::HeaderMatcher
+//
+
+XdsApi::Route::Matchers::HeaderMatcher::HeaderMatcher(
+    const HeaderMatcher& other)
+    : name(other.name), type(other.type), invert_match(other.invert_match) {
+  switch (type) {
+    case HeaderMatcherType::REGEX:
+      regex_match = absl::make_unique<RE2>(other.regex_match->pattern());
+      break;
+    case HeaderMatcherType::RANGE:
+      range_start = other.range_start;
+      range_end = other.range_end;
+      break;
+    case HeaderMatcherType::PRESENT:
+      present_match = other.present_match;
+      break;
+    default:
+      string_matcher = other.string_matcher;
+  }
+}
+
+XdsApi::Route::Matchers::HeaderMatcher& XdsApi::Route::Matchers::HeaderMatcher::
+operator=(const HeaderMatcher& other) {
+  name = other.name;
+  type = other.type;
+  invert_match = other.invert_match;
+  switch (type) {
+    case HeaderMatcherType::REGEX:
+      regex_match = absl::make_unique<RE2>(other.regex_match->pattern());
+      break;
+    case HeaderMatcherType::RANGE:
+      range_start = other.range_start;
+      range_end = other.range_end;
+      break;
+    case HeaderMatcherType::PRESENT:
+      present_match = other.present_match;
+      break;
+    default:
+      string_matcher = other.string_matcher;
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+bool XdsApi::Route::Matchers::HeaderMatcher::operator==(
+    const HeaderMatcher& other) const {
+  if (name != other.name) return false;
+  if (type != other.type) return false;
+  if (invert_match != other.invert_match) return false;
+  switch (type) {
+    case HeaderMatcherType::REGEX:
+      return regex_match->pattern() != other.regex_match->pattern();
+    case HeaderMatcherType::RANGE:
+      return range_start != other.range_start && range_end != other.range_end;
+    case HeaderMatcherType::PRESENT:
+      return present_match != other.present_match;
+    default:
+      return string_matcher != other.string_matcher;
+  }
+}
+
+std::string XdsApi::Route::Matchers::HeaderMatcher::ToString() const {
+  switch (type) {
+    case HeaderMatcherType::EXACT:
+      return absl::StrFormat("Header exact match:%s %s:%s",
+                             invert_match ? " not" : "", name, string_matcher);
+    case HeaderMatcherType::REGEX:
+      return absl::StrFormat("Header regex match:%s %s:%s",
+                             invert_match ? " not" : "", name,
+                             regex_match->pattern());
+    case HeaderMatcherType::RANGE:
+      return absl::StrFormat("Header range match:%s %s:[%d, %d)",
+                             invert_match ? " not" : "", name, range_start,
+                             range_end);
+    case HeaderMatcherType::PRESENT:
+      return absl::StrFormat("Header present match:%s %s:%s",
+                             invert_match ? " not" : "", name,
+                             present_match ? "true" : "false");
+    case HeaderMatcherType::PREFIX:
+      return absl::StrFormat("Header prefix match:%s %s:%s",
+                             invert_match ? " not" : "", name, string_matcher);
+    case HeaderMatcherType::SUFFIX:
+      return absl::StrFormat("Header suffix match:%s %s:%s",
+                             invert_match ? " not" : "", name, string_matcher);
+    default:
+      return "";
+  }
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::Route
+//
+
+std::string XdsApi::Route::Matchers::ToString() const {
+  std::vector<std::string> contents;
+  contents.push_back(path_matcher.ToString());
+  for (const HeaderMatcher& header_matcher : header_matchers) {
+    contents.push_back(header_matcher.ToString());
+  }
+  if (fraction_per_million.has_value()) {
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrFormat("Fraction Per Million %d",
+                                       fraction_per_million.value()));
+  }
+  return absl::StrJoin(contents, "\n");
+}
+
+std::string XdsApi::Route::ClusterWeight::ToString() const {
+  return absl::StrFormat("{cluster=%s, weight=%d}", name, weight);
+}
+
+std::string XdsApi::Route::ToString() const {
+  std::vector<std::string> contents;
+  contents.push_back(matchers.ToString());
+  if (!cluster_name.empty()) {
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrFormat("Cluster name: %s", cluster_name));
+  }
+  for (const ClusterWeight& cluster_weight : weighted_clusters) {
+    contents.push_back(cluster_weight.ToString());
+  }
+  if (max_stream_duration.has_value()) {
+    contents.push_back(max_stream_duration->ToString());
+  }
+  return absl::StrJoin(contents, "\n");
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::RdsUpdate
+//
+
+std::string XdsApi::RdsUpdate::ToString() const {
+  std::vector<std::string> vhosts;
+  for (const VirtualHost& vhost : virtual_hosts) {
+    vhosts.push_back(
+        absl::StrCat("vhost={\n"
+                     "  domains=[",
+                     absl::StrJoin(vhost.domains, ", "),
+                     "]\n"
+                     "  routes=[\n"));
+    for (const XdsApi::Route& route : vhost.routes) {
+      vhosts.push_back("    {\n");
+      vhosts.push_back(route.ToString());
+      vhosts.push_back("\n    }\n");
+    }
+    vhosts.push_back("  ]\n");
+    vhosts.push_back("]\n");
+  }
+  return absl::StrJoin(vhosts, "");
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+// Better match type has smaller value.
+enum MatchType {
+  EXACT_MATCH,
+  SUFFIX_MATCH,
+  PREFIX_MATCH,
+  UNIVERSE_MATCH,
+  INVALID_MATCH,
+};
+
+// Returns true if match succeeds.
+bool DomainMatch(MatchType match_type, const std::string& domain_pattern_in,
+                 const std::string& expected_host_name_in) {
+  // Normalize the args to lower-case. Domain matching is case-insensitive.
+  std::string domain_pattern = domain_pattern_in;
+  std::string expected_host_name = expected_host_name_in;
+  std::transform(domain_pattern.begin(), domain_pattern.end(),
+                 domain_pattern.begin(),
+                 [](unsigned char c) { return std::tolower(c); });
+  std::transform(expected_host_name.begin(), expected_host_name.end(),
+                 expected_host_name.begin(),
+                 [](unsigned char c) { return std::tolower(c); });
+  if (match_type == EXACT_MATCH) {
+    return domain_pattern == expected_host_name;
+  } else if (match_type == SUFFIX_MATCH) {
+    // Asterisk must match at least one char.
+    if (expected_host_name.size() < domain_pattern.size()) return false;
+    absl::string_view pattern_suffix(domain_pattern.c_str() + 1);
+    absl::string_view host_suffix(expected_host_name.c_str() +
+                                  expected_host_name.size() -
+                                  pattern_suffix.size());
+    return pattern_suffix == host_suffix;
+  } else if (match_type == PREFIX_MATCH) {
+    // Asterisk must match at least one char.
+    if (expected_host_name.size() < domain_pattern.size()) return false;
+    absl::string_view pattern_prefix(domain_pattern.c_str(),
+                                     domain_pattern.size() - 1);
+    absl::string_view host_prefix(expected_host_name.c_str(),
+                                  pattern_prefix.size());
+    return pattern_prefix == host_prefix;
+  } else {
+    return match_type == UNIVERSE_MATCH;
+  }
+}
+
+MatchType DomainPatternMatchType(const std::string& domain_pattern) {
+  if (domain_pattern.empty()) return INVALID_MATCH;
+  if (domain_pattern.find('*') == std::string::npos) return EXACT_MATCH;
+  if (domain_pattern == "*") return UNIVERSE_MATCH;
+  if (domain_pattern[0] == '*') return SUFFIX_MATCH;
+  if (domain_pattern[domain_pattern.size() - 1] == '*') return PREFIX_MATCH;
+  return INVALID_MATCH;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+XdsApi::RdsUpdate::VirtualHost* XdsApi::RdsUpdate::FindVirtualHostForDomain(
+    const std::string& domain) {
+  // Find the best matched virtual host.
+  // The search order for 4 groups of domain patterns:
+  //   1. Exact match.
+  //   2. Suffix match (e.g., "*ABC").
+  //   3. Prefix match (e.g., "ABC*").
+  //   4. Universe match (i.e., "*").
+  // Within each group, longest match wins.
+  // If the same best matched domain pattern appears in multiple virtual hosts,
+  // the first matched virtual host wins.
+  VirtualHost* target_vhost = nullptr;
+  MatchType best_match_type = INVALID_MATCH;
+  size_t longest_match = 0;
+  // Check each domain pattern in each virtual host to determine the best
+  // matched virtual host.
+  for (VirtualHost& vhost : virtual_hosts) {
+    for (const std::string& domain_pattern : vhost.domains) {
+      // Check the match type first. Skip the pattern if it's not better than
+      // current match.
+      const MatchType match_type = DomainPatternMatchType(domain_pattern);
+      // This should be caught by RouteConfigParse().
+      GPR_ASSERT(match_type != INVALID_MATCH);
+      if (match_type > best_match_type) continue;
+      if (match_type == best_match_type &&
+          domain_pattern.size() <= longest_match) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      // Skip if match fails.
+      if (!DomainMatch(match_type, domain_pattern, domain)) continue;
+      // Choose this match.
+      target_vhost = &vhost;
+      best_match_type = match_type;
+      longest_match = domain_pattern.size();
+      if (best_match_type == EXACT_MATCH) break;
+    }
+    if (best_match_type == EXACT_MATCH) break;
+  }
+  return target_vhost;
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::StringMatcher
+//
+
+XdsApi::StringMatcher::StringMatcher(StringMatcherType type,
+                                     const std::string& matcher,
+                                     bool ignore_case)
+    : type_(type), ignore_case_(ignore_case) {
+  if (type_ == StringMatcherType::SAFE_REGEX) {
+    regex_matcher_ = absl::make_unique<RE2>(matcher);
+  } else {
+    string_matcher_ = matcher;
+  }
+}
+
+XdsApi::StringMatcher::StringMatcher(const StringMatcher& other)
+    : type_(other.type_), ignore_case_(other.ignore_case_) {
+  switch (type_) {
+    case StringMatcherType::SAFE_REGEX:
+      regex_matcher_ = absl::make_unique<RE2>(other.regex_matcher_->pattern());
+      break;
+    default:
+      string_matcher_ = other.string_matcher_;
+  }
+}
+
+XdsApi::StringMatcher& XdsApi::StringMatcher::operator=(
+    const StringMatcher& other) {
+  type_ = other.type_;
+  switch (type_) {
+    case StringMatcherType::SAFE_REGEX:
+      regex_matcher_ = absl::make_unique<RE2>(other.regex_matcher_->pattern());
+      break;
+    default:
+      string_matcher_ = other.string_matcher_;
+  }
+  ignore_case_ = other.ignore_case_;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+bool XdsApi::StringMatcher::operator==(const StringMatcher& other) const {
+  if (type_ != other.type_ || ignore_case_ != other.ignore_case_) return false;
+  switch (type_) {
+    case StringMatcherType::SAFE_REGEX:
+      return regex_matcher_->pattern() == other.regex_matcher_->pattern();
+    default:
+      return string_matcher_ == other.string_matcher_;
+  }
+}
+
+bool XdsApi::StringMatcher::Match(absl::string_view value) const {
+  switch (type_) {
+    case XdsApi::StringMatcher::StringMatcherType::EXACT:
+      return ignore_case_ ? absl::EqualsIgnoreCase(value, string_matcher_)
+                          : value == string_matcher_;
+    case XdsApi::StringMatcher::StringMatcherType::PREFIX:
+      return ignore_case_ ? absl::StartsWithIgnoreCase(value, string_matcher_)
+                          : absl::StartsWith(value, string_matcher_);
+    case XdsApi::StringMatcher::StringMatcherType::SUFFIX:
+      return ignore_case_ ? absl::EndsWithIgnoreCase(value, string_matcher_)
+                          : absl::EndsWith(value, string_matcher_);
+    case XdsApi::StringMatcher::StringMatcherType::CONTAINS:
+      return ignore_case_
+                 ? absl::StrContains(absl::AsciiStrToLower(value),
+                                     absl::AsciiStrToLower(string_matcher_))
+                 : absl::StrContains(value, string_matcher_);
+    case XdsApi::StringMatcher::StringMatcherType::SAFE_REGEX:
+      // ignore_case_ is ignored for SAFE_REGEX
+      return RE2::FullMatch(std::string(value), *regex_matcher_);
+    default:
+      return false;
+  }
+}
+
+std::string XdsApi::StringMatcher::ToString() const {
+  switch (type_) {
+    case StringMatcherType::EXACT:
+      return absl::StrFormat("StringMatcher{exact=%s%s}", string_matcher_,
+                             ignore_case_ ? ", ignore_case" : "");
+    case StringMatcherType::PREFIX:
+      return absl::StrFormat("StringMatcher{prefix=%s%s}", string_matcher_,
+                             ignore_case_ ? ", ignore_case" : "");
+    case StringMatcherType::SUFFIX:
+      return absl::StrFormat("StringMatcher{suffix=%s%s}", string_matcher_,
+                             ignore_case_ ? ", ignore_case" : "");
+    case StringMatcherType::CONTAINS:
+      return absl::StrFormat("StringMatcher{contains=%s%s}", string_matcher_,
+                             ignore_case_ ? ", ignore_case" : "");
+    case StringMatcherType::SAFE_REGEX:
+      return absl::StrFormat("StringMatcher{safe_regex=%s}",
+                             regex_matcher_->pattern());
+    default:
+      return "";
+  }
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::CommonTlsContext::CertificateValidationContext
+//
+
+std::string XdsApi::CommonTlsContext::CertificateValidationContext::ToString()
+    const {
+  std::vector<std::string> contents;
+  for (const auto& match : match_subject_alt_names) {
+    contents.push_back(match.ToString());
+  }
+  return absl::StrFormat("{match_subject_alt_names=[%s]}",
+                         absl::StrJoin(contents, ", "));
+}
+
+bool XdsApi::CommonTlsContext::CertificateValidationContext::Empty() const {
+  return match_subject_alt_names.empty();
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::CommonTlsContext::CertificateValidationContext
+//
+
+std::string XdsApi::CommonTlsContext::CertificateProviderInstance::ToString()
+    const {
+  absl::InlinedVector<std::string, 2> contents;
+  if (!instance_name.empty()) {
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrFormat("instance_name=%s", instance_name));
+  }
+  if (!certificate_name.empty()) {
+    contents.push_back(
+        absl::StrFormat("certificate_name=%s", certificate_name));
+  }
+  return absl::StrCat("{", absl::StrJoin(contents, ", "), "}");
+}
+
+bool XdsApi::CommonTlsContext::CertificateProviderInstance::Empty() const {
+  return instance_name.empty() && certificate_name.empty();
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::CommonTlsContext::CombinedCertificateValidationContext
+//
+
+std::string
+XdsApi::CommonTlsContext::CombinedCertificateValidationContext::ToString()
+    const {
+  absl::InlinedVector<std::string, 2> contents;
+  if (!default_validation_context.Empty()) {
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrFormat("default_validation_context=%s",
+                                       default_validation_context.ToString()));
+  }
+  if (!validation_context_certificate_provider_instance.Empty()) {
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrFormat(
+        "validation_context_certificate_provider_instance=%s",
+        validation_context_certificate_provider_instance.ToString()));
+  }
+  return absl::StrCat("{", absl::StrJoin(contents, ", "), "}");
+}
+
+bool XdsApi::CommonTlsContext::CombinedCertificateValidationContext::Empty()
+    const {
+  return default_validation_context.Empty() &&
+         validation_context_certificate_provider_instance.Empty();
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::CommonTlsContext
+//
+
+std::string XdsApi::CommonTlsContext::ToString() const {
+  absl::InlinedVector<std::string, 2> contents;
+  if (!tls_certificate_certificate_provider_instance.Empty()) {
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrFormat(
+        "tls_certificate_certificate_provider_instance=%s",
+        tls_certificate_certificate_provider_instance.ToString()));
+  }
+  if (!combined_validation_context.Empty()) {
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrFormat("combined_validation_context=%s",
+                                       combined_validation_context.ToString()));
+  }
+  return absl::StrCat("{", absl::StrJoin(contents, ", "), "}");
+}
+
+bool XdsApi::CommonTlsContext::Empty() const {
+  return tls_certificate_certificate_provider_instance.Empty() &&
+         combined_validation_context.Empty();
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::CdsUpdate
+//
+
+std::string XdsApi::CdsUpdate::ToString() const {
+  absl::InlinedVector<std::string, 4> contents;
+  if (!eds_service_name.empty()) {
+    contents.push_back(
+        absl::StrFormat("eds_service_name=%s", eds_service_name));
+  }
+  if (!common_tls_context.Empty()) {
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrFormat("common_tls_context=%s",
+                                       common_tls_context.ToString()));
+  }
+  if (lrs_load_reporting_server_name.has_value()) {
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrFormat("lrs_load_reporting_server_name=%s",
+                                       lrs_load_reporting_server_name.value()));
+  }
+  contents.push_back(
+      absl::StrFormat("max_concurrent_requests=%d", max_concurrent_requests));
+  return absl::StrCat("{", absl::StrJoin(contents, ", "), "}");
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::EdsUpdate
+//
+
+std::string XdsApi::EdsUpdate::Priority::Locality::ToString() const {
+  std::vector<std::string> endpoint_strings;
+  for (const ServerAddress& endpoint : endpoints) {
+    endpoint_strings.emplace_back(endpoint.ToString());
+  }
+  return absl::StrCat("{name=", name->AsHumanReadableString(),
+                      ", lb_weight=", lb_weight, ", endpoints=[",
+                      absl::StrJoin(endpoint_strings, ", "), "]}");
+}
+
+bool XdsApi::EdsUpdate::Priority::operator==(const Priority& other) const {
+  if (localities.size() != other.localities.size()) return false;
+  auto it1 = localities.begin();
+  auto it2 = other.localities.begin();
+  while (it1 != localities.end()) {
+    if (*it1->first != *it2->first) return false;
+    if (it1->second != it2->second) return false;
+    ++it1;
+    ++it2;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+std::string XdsApi::EdsUpdate::Priority::ToString() const {
+  std::vector<std::string> locality_strings;
+  for (const auto& p : localities) {
+    locality_strings.emplace_back(p.second.ToString());
+  }
+  return absl::StrCat("[", absl::StrJoin(locality_strings, ", "), "]");
+}
+
+bool XdsApi::EdsUpdate::DropConfig::ShouldDrop(
+    const std::string** category_name) const {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < drop_category_list_.size(); ++i) {
+    const auto& drop_category = drop_category_list_[i];
+    // Generate a random number in [0, 1000000).
+    const uint32_t random = static_cast<uint32_t>(rand()) % 1000000;
+    if (random < drop_category.parts_per_million) {
+      *category_name = &drop_category.name;
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+std::string XdsApi::EdsUpdate::DropConfig::ToString() const {
+  std::vector<std::string> category_strings;
+  for (const DropCategory& category : drop_category_list_) {
+    category_strings.emplace_back(
+        absl::StrCat(category.name, "=", category.parts_per_million));
+  }
+  return absl::StrCat("{[", absl::StrJoin(category_strings, ", "),
+                      "], drop_all=", drop_all_, "}");
+}
+
+std::string XdsApi::EdsUpdate::ToString() const {
+  std::vector<std::string> priority_strings;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < priorities.size(); ++i) {
+    const Priority& priority = priorities[i];
+    priority_strings.emplace_back(
+        absl::StrCat("priority ", i, ": ", priority.ToString()));
+  }
+  return absl::StrCat("priorities=[", absl::StrJoin(priority_strings, ", "),
+                      "], drop_config=", drop_config->ToString());
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi
+//
+
+const char* XdsApi::kLdsTypeUrl =
+    "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.listener.v3.Listener";
+const char* XdsApi::kRdsTypeUrl =
+    "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.route.v3.RouteConfiguration";
+const char* XdsApi::kCdsTypeUrl =
+    "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.cluster.v3.Cluster";
+const char* XdsApi::kEdsTypeUrl =
+    "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.endpoint.v3.ClusterLoadAssignment";
+
+namespace {
+
+const char* kLdsV2TypeUrl = "type.googleapis.com/envoy.api.v2.Listener";
+const char* kRdsV2TypeUrl =
+    "type.googleapis.com/envoy.api.v2.RouteConfiguration";
+const char* kCdsV2TypeUrl = "type.googleapis.com/envoy.api.v2.Cluster";
+const char* kEdsV2TypeUrl =
+    "type.googleapis.com/envoy.api.v2.ClusterLoadAssignment";
+
+bool IsLds(absl::string_view type_url) {
+  return type_url == XdsApi::kLdsTypeUrl || type_url == kLdsV2TypeUrl;
+}
+
+bool IsRds(absl::string_view type_url) {
+  return type_url == XdsApi::kRdsTypeUrl || type_url == kRdsV2TypeUrl;
+}
+
+bool IsCds(absl::string_view type_url) {
+  return type_url == XdsApi::kCdsTypeUrl || type_url == kCdsV2TypeUrl;
+}
+
+bool IsEds(absl::string_view type_url) {
+  return type_url == XdsApi::kEdsTypeUrl || type_url == kEdsV2TypeUrl;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+XdsApi::XdsApi(XdsClient* client, TraceFlag* tracer,
+               const XdsBootstrap::Node* node)
+    : client_(client),
+      tracer_(tracer),
+      node_(node),
+      build_version_(absl::StrCat("gRPC C-core ", GPR_PLATFORM_STRING, " ",
+                                  grpc_version_string())),
+      user_agent_name_(absl::StrCat("gRPC C-core ", GPR_PLATFORM_STRING)) {}
+
+namespace {
+
+// Works for both std::string and absl::string_view.
+template <typename T>
+inline upb_strview StdStringToUpbString(const T& str) {
+  return upb_strview_make(str.data(), str.size());
+}
+
+void PopulateMetadataValue(upb_arena* arena, google_protobuf_Value* value_pb,
+                           const Json& value);
+
+void PopulateListValue(upb_arena* arena, google_protobuf_ListValue* list_value,
+                       const Json::Array& values) {
+  for (const auto& value : values) {
+    auto* value_pb = google_protobuf_ListValue_add_values(list_value, arena);
+    PopulateMetadataValue(arena, value_pb, value);
+  }
+}
+
+void PopulateMetadata(upb_arena* arena, google_protobuf_Struct* metadata_pb,
+                      const Json::Object& metadata) {
+  for (const auto& p : metadata) {
+    google_protobuf_Value* value = google_protobuf_Value_new(arena);
+    PopulateMetadataValue(arena, value, p.second);
+    google_protobuf_Struct_fields_set(
+        metadata_pb, StdStringToUpbString(p.first), value, arena);
+  }
+}
+
+void PopulateMetadataValue(upb_arena* arena, google_protobuf_Value* value_pb,
+                           const Json& value) {
+  switch (value.type()) {
+    case Json::Type::JSON_NULL:
+      google_protobuf_Value_set_null_value(value_pb, 0);
+      break;
+    case Json::Type::NUMBER:
+      google_protobuf_Value_set_number_value(
+          value_pb, strtod(value.string_value().c_str(), nullptr));
+      break;
+    case Json::Type::STRING:
+      google_protobuf_Value_set_string_value(
+          value_pb, StdStringToUpbString(value.string_value()));
+      break;
+    case Json::Type::JSON_TRUE:
+      google_protobuf_Value_set_bool_value(value_pb, true);
+      break;
+    case Json::Type::JSON_FALSE:
+      google_protobuf_Value_set_bool_value(value_pb, false);
+      break;
+    case Json::Type::OBJECT: {
+      google_protobuf_Struct* struct_value =
+          google_protobuf_Value_mutable_struct_value(value_pb, arena);
+      PopulateMetadata(arena, struct_value, value.object_value());
+      break;
+    }
+    case Json::Type::ARRAY: {
+      google_protobuf_ListValue* list_value =
+          google_protobuf_Value_mutable_list_value(value_pb, arena);
+      PopulateListValue(arena, list_value, value.array_value());
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Helper functions to manually do protobuf string encoding, so that we
+// can populate the node build_version field that was removed in v3.
+std::string EncodeVarint(uint64_t val) {
+  std::string data;
+  do {
+    uint8_t byte = val & 0x7fU;
+    val >>= 7;
+    if (val) byte |= 0x80U;
+    data += byte;
+  } while (val);
+  return data;
+}
+std::string EncodeTag(uint32_t field_number, uint8_t wire_type) {
+  return EncodeVarint((field_number << 3) | wire_type);
+}
+std::string EncodeStringField(uint32_t field_number, const std::string& str) {
+  static const uint8_t kDelimitedWireType = 2;
+  return EncodeTag(field_number, kDelimitedWireType) +
+         EncodeVarint(str.size()) + str;
+}
+
+void PopulateBuildVersion(upb_arena* arena, envoy_config_core_v3_Node* node_msg,
+                          const std::string& build_version) {
+  std::string encoded_build_version = EncodeStringField(5, build_version);
+  // TODO(roth): This should use upb_msg_addunknown(), but that API is
+  // broken in the current version of upb, so we're using the internal
+  // API for now.  Change this once we upgrade to a version of upb that
+  // fixes this bug.
+  _upb_msg_addunknown(node_msg, encoded_build_version.data(),
+                      encoded_build_version.size(), arena);
+}
+
+void PopulateNode(upb_arena* arena, const XdsBootstrap::Node* node, bool use_v3,
+                  const std::string& build_version,
+                  const std::string& user_agent_name,
+                  envoy_config_core_v3_Node* node_msg) {
+  if (node != nullptr) {
+    if (!node->id.empty()) {
+      envoy_config_core_v3_Node_set_id(node_msg,
+                                       StdStringToUpbString(node->id));
+    }
+    if (!node->cluster.empty()) {
+      envoy_config_core_v3_Node_set_cluster(
+          node_msg, StdStringToUpbString(node->cluster));
+    }
+    if (!node->metadata.object_value().empty()) {
+      google_protobuf_Struct* metadata =
+          envoy_config_core_v3_Node_mutable_metadata(node_msg, arena);
+      PopulateMetadata(arena, metadata, node->metadata.object_value());
+    }
+    if (!node->locality_region.empty() || !node->locality_zone.empty() ||
+        !node->locality_subzone.empty()) {
+      envoy_config_core_v3_Locality* locality =
+          envoy_config_core_v3_Node_mutable_locality(node_msg, arena);
+      if (!node->locality_region.empty()) {
+        envoy_config_core_v3_Locality_set_region(
+            locality, StdStringToUpbString(node->locality_region));
+      }
+      if (!node->locality_zone.empty()) {
+        envoy_config_core_v3_Locality_set_zone(
+            locality, StdStringToUpbString(node->locality_zone));
+      }
+      if (!node->locality_subzone.empty()) {
+        envoy_config_core_v3_Locality_set_sub_zone(
+            locality, StdStringToUpbString(node->locality_subzone));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (!use_v3) {
+    PopulateBuildVersion(arena, node_msg, build_version);
+  }
+  envoy_config_core_v3_Node_set_user_agent_name(
+      node_msg, StdStringToUpbString(user_agent_name));
+  envoy_config_core_v3_Node_set_user_agent_version(
+      node_msg, upb_strview_makez(grpc_version_string()));
+  envoy_config_core_v3_Node_add_client_features(
+      node_msg, upb_strview_makez("envoy.lb.does_not_support_overprovisioning"),
+      arena);
+}
+
+inline absl::string_view UpbStringToAbsl(const upb_strview& str) {
+  return absl::string_view(str.data, str.size);
+}
+
+inline std::string UpbStringToStdString(const upb_strview& str) {
+  return std::string(str.data, str.size);
+}
+
+void MaybeLogDiscoveryRequest(
+    XdsClient* client, TraceFlag* tracer, upb_symtab* symtab,
+    const envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryRequest* request) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(*tracer) &&
+      gpr_should_log(GPR_LOG_SEVERITY_DEBUG)) {
+    const upb_msgdef* msg_type =
+        envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryRequest_getmsgdef(symtab);
+    char buf[10240];
+    upb_text_encode(request, msg_type, nullptr, 0, buf, sizeof(buf));
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "[xds_client %p] constructed ADS request: %s", client,
+            buf);
+  }
+}
+
+grpc_slice SerializeDiscoveryRequest(
+    upb_arena* arena, envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryRequest* request) {
+  size_t output_length;
+  char* output = envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryRequest_serialize(
+      request, arena, &output_length);
+  return grpc_slice_from_copied_buffer(output, output_length);
+}
+
+absl::string_view TypeUrlExternalToInternal(bool use_v3,
+                                            const std::string& type_url) {
+  if (!use_v3) {
+    if (type_url == XdsApi::kLdsTypeUrl) {
+      return kLdsV2TypeUrl;
+    }
+    if (type_url == XdsApi::kRdsTypeUrl) {
+      return kRdsV2TypeUrl;
+    }
+    if (type_url == XdsApi::kCdsTypeUrl) {
+      return kCdsV2TypeUrl;
+    }
+    if (type_url == XdsApi::kEdsTypeUrl) {
+      return kEdsV2TypeUrl;
+    }
+  }
+  return type_url;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+grpc_slice XdsApi::CreateAdsRequest(
+    const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server, const std::string& type_url,
+    const std::set<absl::string_view>& resource_names,
+    const std::string& version, const std::string& nonce, grpc_error* error,
+    bool populate_node) {
+  upb::Arena arena;
+  // Create a request.
+  envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryRequest* request =
+      envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryRequest_new(arena.ptr());
+  // Set type_url.
+  absl::string_view real_type_url =
+      TypeUrlExternalToInternal(server.ShouldUseV3(), type_url);
+  envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryRequest_set_type_url(
+      request, StdStringToUpbString(real_type_url));
+  // Set version_info.
+  if (!version.empty()) {
+    envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryRequest_set_version_info(
+        request, StdStringToUpbString(version));
+  }
+  // Set nonce.
+  if (!nonce.empty()) {
+    envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryRequest_set_response_nonce(
+        request, StdStringToUpbString(nonce));
+  }
+  // Set error_detail if it's a NACK.
+  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    google_rpc_Status* error_detail =
+        envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryRequest_mutable_error_detail(
+            request, arena.ptr());
+    // Hard-code INVALID_ARGUMENT as the status code.
+    // TODO(roth): If at some point we decide we care about this value,
+    // we could attach a status code to the individual errors where we
+    // generate them in the parsing code, and then use that here.
+    google_rpc_Status_set_code(error_detail, GRPC_STATUS_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+    // Error description comes from the error that was passed in.
+    grpc_slice error_description_slice;
+    GPR_ASSERT(grpc_error_get_str(error, GRPC_ERROR_STR_DESCRIPTION,
+                                  &error_description_slice));
+    upb_strview error_description_strview =
+        StdStringToUpbString(StringViewFromSlice(error_description_slice));
+    google_rpc_Status_set_message(error_detail, error_description_strview);
+    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+  }
+  // Populate node.
+  if (populate_node) {
+    envoy_config_core_v3_Node* node_msg =
+        envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryRequest_mutable_node(request,
+                                                                 arena.ptr());
+    PopulateNode(arena.ptr(), node_, server.ShouldUseV3(), build_version_,
+                 user_agent_name_, node_msg);
+  }
+  // Add resource_names.
+  for (const auto& resource_name : resource_names) {
+    envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryRequest_add_resource_names(
+        request, StdStringToUpbString(resource_name), arena.ptr());
+  }
+  MaybeLogDiscoveryRequest(client_, tracer_, symtab_.ptr(), request);
+  return SerializeDiscoveryRequest(arena.ptr(), request);
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+void MaybeLogDiscoveryResponse(
+    XdsClient* client, TraceFlag* tracer, upb_symtab* symtab,
+    const envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryResponse* response) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(*tracer) &&
+      gpr_should_log(GPR_LOG_SEVERITY_DEBUG)) {
+    const upb_msgdef* msg_type =
+        envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryResponse_getmsgdef(symtab);
+    char buf[10240];
+    upb_text_encode(response, msg_type, nullptr, 0, buf, sizeof(buf));
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "[xds_client %p] received response: %s", client, buf);
+  }
+}
+
+void MaybeLogRouteConfiguration(
+    XdsClient* client, TraceFlag* tracer, upb_symtab* symtab,
+    const envoy_config_route_v3_RouteConfiguration* route_config) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(*tracer) &&
+      gpr_should_log(GPR_LOG_SEVERITY_DEBUG)) {
+    const upb_msgdef* msg_type =
+        envoy_config_route_v3_RouteConfiguration_getmsgdef(symtab);
+    char buf[10240];
+    upb_text_encode(route_config, msg_type, nullptr, 0, buf, sizeof(buf));
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "[xds_client %p] RouteConfiguration: %s", client, buf);
+  }
+}
+
+void MaybeLogCluster(XdsClient* client, TraceFlag* tracer, upb_symtab* symtab,
+                     const envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster* cluster) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(*tracer) &&
+      gpr_should_log(GPR_LOG_SEVERITY_DEBUG)) {
+    const upb_msgdef* msg_type =
+        envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_getmsgdef(symtab);
+    char buf[10240];
+    upb_text_encode(cluster, msg_type, nullptr, 0, buf, sizeof(buf));
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "[xds_client %p] Cluster: %s", client, buf);
+  }
+}
+
+void MaybeLogClusterLoadAssignment(
+    XdsClient* client, TraceFlag* tracer, upb_symtab* symtab,
+    const envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment* cla) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(*tracer) &&
+      gpr_should_log(GPR_LOG_SEVERITY_DEBUG)) {
+    const upb_msgdef* msg_type =
+        envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment_getmsgdef(symtab);
+    char buf[10240];
+    upb_text_encode(cla, msg_type, nullptr, 0, buf, sizeof(buf));
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "[xds_client %p] ClusterLoadAssignment: %s", client,
+            buf);
+  }
+}
+
+grpc_error* RoutePathMatchParse(const envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch* match,
+                                XdsApi::Route* route, bool* ignore_route) {
+  auto* case_sensitive = envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch_case_sensitive(match);
+  if (case_sensitive != nullptr) {
+    route->matchers.path_matcher.case_sensitive =
+        google_protobuf_BoolValue_value(case_sensitive);
+  }
+  if (envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch_has_prefix(match)) {
+    absl::string_view prefix =
+        UpbStringToAbsl(envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch_prefix(match));
+    // Empty prefix "" is accepted.
+    if (!prefix.empty()) {
+      // Prefix "/" is accepted.
+      if (prefix[0] != '/') {
+        // Prefix which does not start with a / will never match anything, so
+        // ignore this route.
+        *ignore_route = true;
+        return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+      }
+      std::vector<absl::string_view> prefix_elements =
+          absl::StrSplit(prefix.substr(1), absl::MaxSplits('/', 2));
+      if (prefix_elements.size() > 2) {
+        // Prefix cannot have more than 2 slashes.
+        *ignore_route = true;
+        return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+      } else if (prefix_elements.size() == 2 && prefix_elements[0].empty()) {
+        // Prefix contains empty string between the 2 slashes
+        *ignore_route = true;
+        return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+      }
+    }
+    route->matchers.path_matcher.type =
+        XdsApi::Route::Matchers::PathMatcher::PathMatcherType::PREFIX;
+    route->matchers.path_matcher.string_matcher = std::string(prefix);
+  } else if (envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch_has_path(match)) {
+    absl::string_view path =
+        UpbStringToAbsl(envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch_path(match));
+    if (path.empty()) {
+      // Path that is empty will never match anything, so ignore this route.
+      *ignore_route = true;
+      return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+    }
+    if (path[0] != '/') {
+      // Path which does not start with a / will never match anything, so
+      // ignore this route.
+      *ignore_route = true;
+      return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+    }
+    std::vector<absl::string_view> path_elements =
+        absl::StrSplit(path.substr(1), absl::MaxSplits('/', 2));
+    if (path_elements.size() != 2) {
+      // Path not in the required format of /service/method will never match
+      // anything, so ignore this route.
+      *ignore_route = true;
+      return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+    } else if (path_elements[0].empty()) {
+      // Path contains empty service name will never match anything, so ignore
+      // this route.
+      *ignore_route = true;
+      return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+    } else if (path_elements[1].empty()) {
+      // Path contains empty method name will never match anything, so ignore
+      // this route.
+      *ignore_route = true;
+      return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+    }
+    route->matchers.path_matcher.type =
+        XdsApi::Route::Matchers::PathMatcher::PathMatcherType::PATH;
+    route->matchers.path_matcher.string_matcher = std::string(path);
+  } else if (envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch_has_safe_regex(match)) {
+    const envoy_type_matcher_v3_RegexMatcher* regex_matcher =
+        envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch_safe_regex(match);
+    GPR_ASSERT(regex_matcher != nullptr);
+    std::string matcher = UpbStringToStdString(
+        envoy_type_matcher_v3_RegexMatcher_regex(regex_matcher));
+    RE2::Options options;
+    options.set_case_sensitive(route->matchers.path_matcher.case_sensitive);
+    auto regex = absl::make_unique<RE2>(std::move(matcher), options);
+    if (!regex->ok()) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "Invalid regex string specified in path matcher.");
+    }
+    route->matchers.path_matcher.type =
+        XdsApi::Route::Matchers::PathMatcher::PathMatcherType::REGEX;
+    route->matchers.path_matcher.regex_matcher = std::move(regex);
+  } else {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "Invalid route path specifier specified.");
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error* RouteHeaderMatchersParse(
+    const envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch* match, XdsApi::Route* route) {
+  size_t size;
+  const envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher* const* headers =
+      envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch_headers(match, &size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    const envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher* header = headers[i];
+    XdsApi::Route::Matchers::HeaderMatcher header_matcher;
+    header_matcher.name =
+        UpbStringToStdString(envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_name(header));
+    if (envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_has_exact_match(header)) {
+      header_matcher.type =
+          XdsApi::Route::Matchers::HeaderMatcher::HeaderMatcherType::EXACT;
+      header_matcher.string_matcher = UpbStringToStdString(
+          envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_exact_match(header));
+    } else if (envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_has_safe_regex_match(
+                   header)) {
+      const envoy_type_matcher_v3_RegexMatcher* regex_matcher =
+          envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_safe_regex_match(header);
+      GPR_ASSERT(regex_matcher != nullptr);
+      const std::string matcher = UpbStringToStdString(
+          envoy_type_matcher_v3_RegexMatcher_regex(regex_matcher));
+      std::unique_ptr<RE2> regex = absl::make_unique<RE2>(matcher);
+      if (!regex->ok()) {
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+            "Invalid regex string specified in header matcher.");
+      }
+      header_matcher.type =
+          XdsApi::Route::Matchers::HeaderMatcher::HeaderMatcherType::REGEX;
+      header_matcher.regex_match = std::move(regex);
+    } else if (envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_has_range_match(header)) {
+      header_matcher.type =
+          XdsApi::Route::Matchers::HeaderMatcher::HeaderMatcherType::RANGE;
+      const envoy_type_v3_Int64Range* range_matcher =
+          envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_range_match(header);
+      header_matcher.range_start =
+          envoy_type_v3_Int64Range_start(range_matcher);
+      header_matcher.range_end = envoy_type_v3_Int64Range_end(range_matcher);
+      if (header_matcher.range_end < header_matcher.range_start) {
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+            "Invalid range header matcher specifier specified: end "
+            "cannot be smaller than start.");
+      }
+    } else if (envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_has_present_match(header)) {
+      header_matcher.type =
+          XdsApi::Route::Matchers::HeaderMatcher::HeaderMatcherType::PRESENT;
+      header_matcher.present_match =
+          envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_present_match(header);
+    } else if (envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_has_prefix_match(header)) {
+      header_matcher.type =
+          XdsApi::Route::Matchers::HeaderMatcher::HeaderMatcherType::PREFIX;
+      header_matcher.string_matcher = UpbStringToStdString(
+          envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_prefix_match(header));
+    } else if (envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_has_suffix_match(header)) {
+      header_matcher.type =
+          XdsApi::Route::Matchers::HeaderMatcher::HeaderMatcherType::SUFFIX;
+      header_matcher.string_matcher = UpbStringToStdString(
+          envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_suffix_match(header));
+    } else {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "Invalid route header matcher specified.");
+    }
+    header_matcher.invert_match =
+        envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_invert_match(header);
+    route->matchers.header_matchers.emplace_back(std::move(header_matcher));
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error* RouteRuntimeFractionParse(
+    const envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch* match, XdsApi::Route* route) {
+  const envoy_config_core_v3_RuntimeFractionalPercent* runtime_fraction =
+      envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch_runtime_fraction(match);
+  if (runtime_fraction != nullptr) {
+    const envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent* fraction =
+        envoy_config_core_v3_RuntimeFractionalPercent_default_value(
+            runtime_fraction);
+    if (fraction != nullptr) {
+      uint32_t numerator = envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent_numerator(fraction);
+      const auto denominator =
+          static_cast<envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent_DenominatorType>(
+              envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent_denominator(fraction));
+      // Normalize to million.
+      switch (denominator) {
+        case envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent_HUNDRED:
+          numerator *= 10000;
+          break;
+        case envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent_TEN_THOUSAND:
+          numerator *= 100;
+          break;
+        case envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent_MILLION:
+          break;
+        default:
+          return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+              "Unknown denominator type");
+      }
+      route->matchers.fraction_per_million = numerator;
+    }
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error* RouteActionParse(const envoy_config_route_v3_Route* route_msg,
+                             XdsApi::Route* route, bool* ignore_route) {
+  if (!envoy_config_route_v3_Route_has_route(route_msg)) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "No RouteAction found in route.");
+  }
+  const envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction* route_action =
+      envoy_config_route_v3_Route_route(route_msg);
+  // Get the cluster or weighted_clusters in the RouteAction.
+  if (envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_has_cluster(route_action)) {
+    route->cluster_name = UpbStringToStdString(
+        envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_cluster(route_action));
+    if (route->cluster_name.empty()) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "RouteAction cluster contains empty cluster name.");
+    }
+  } else if (envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_has_weighted_clusters(
+                 route_action)) {
+    const envoy_config_route_v3_WeightedCluster* weighted_cluster =
+        envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_weighted_clusters(route_action);
+    uint32_t total_weight = 100;
+    const google_protobuf_UInt32Value* weight =
+        envoy_config_route_v3_WeightedCluster_total_weight(weighted_cluster);
+    if (weight != nullptr) {
+      total_weight = google_protobuf_UInt32Value_value(weight);
+    }
+    size_t clusters_size;
+    const envoy_config_route_v3_WeightedCluster_ClusterWeight* const* clusters =
+        envoy_config_route_v3_WeightedCluster_clusters(weighted_cluster,
+                                                       &clusters_size);
+    uint32_t sum_of_weights = 0;
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < clusters_size; ++j) {
+      const envoy_config_route_v3_WeightedCluster_ClusterWeight*
+          cluster_weight = clusters[j];
+      XdsApi::Route::ClusterWeight cluster;
+      cluster.name = UpbStringToStdString(
+          envoy_config_route_v3_WeightedCluster_ClusterWeight_name(
+              cluster_weight));
+      if (cluster.name.empty()) {
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+            "RouteAction weighted_cluster cluster contains empty cluster "
+            "name.");
+      }
+      const google_protobuf_UInt32Value* weight =
+          envoy_config_route_v3_WeightedCluster_ClusterWeight_weight(
+              cluster_weight);
+      if (weight == nullptr) {
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+            "RouteAction weighted_cluster cluster missing weight");
+      }
+      cluster.weight = google_protobuf_UInt32Value_value(weight);
+      if (cluster.weight == 0) continue;
+      sum_of_weights += cluster.weight;
+      route->weighted_clusters.emplace_back(std::move(cluster));
+    }
+    if (total_weight != sum_of_weights) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "RouteAction weighted_cluster has incorrect total weight");
+    }
+    if (route->weighted_clusters.empty()) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "RouteAction weighted_cluster has no valid clusters specified.");
+    }
+  } else {
+    // No cluster or weighted_clusters found in RouteAction, ignore this route.
+    *ignore_route = true;
+  }
+  if (XdsTimeoutEnabled() && !*ignore_route) {
+    const envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_MaxStreamDuration*
+        max_stream_duration =
+            envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_max_stream_duration(route_action);
+    if (max_stream_duration != nullptr) {
+      const google_protobuf_Duration* duration =
+          envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_MaxStreamDuration_grpc_timeout_header_max(
+              max_stream_duration);
+      if (duration == nullptr) {
+        duration =
+            envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_MaxStreamDuration_max_stream_duration(
+                max_stream_duration);
+      }
+      if (duration != nullptr) {
+        XdsApi::Duration duration_in_route;
+        duration_in_route.seconds = google_protobuf_Duration_seconds(duration);
+        duration_in_route.nanos = google_protobuf_Duration_nanos(duration);
+        route->max_stream_duration = duration_in_route;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error* RouteConfigParse(
+    XdsClient* client, TraceFlag* tracer, upb_symtab* symtab,
+    const envoy_config_route_v3_RouteConfiguration* route_config,
+    XdsApi::RdsUpdate* rds_update) {
+  MaybeLogRouteConfiguration(client, tracer, symtab, route_config);
+  // Get the virtual hosts.
+  size_t size;
+  const envoy_config_route_v3_VirtualHost* const* virtual_hosts =
+      envoy_config_route_v3_RouteConfiguration_virtual_hosts(route_config,
+                                                             &size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    rds_update->virtual_hosts.emplace_back();
+    XdsApi::RdsUpdate::VirtualHost& vhost = rds_update->virtual_hosts.back();
+    // Parse domains.
+    size_t domain_size;
+    upb_strview const* domains = envoy_config_route_v3_VirtualHost_domains(
+        virtual_hosts[i], &domain_size);
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < domain_size; ++j) {
+      std::string domain_pattern = UpbStringToStdString(domains[j]);
+      const MatchType match_type = DomainPatternMatchType(domain_pattern);
+      if (match_type == INVALID_MATCH) {
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_COPIED_STRING(
+            absl::StrCat("Invalid domain pattern \"", domain_pattern, "\".")
+                .c_str());
+      }
+      vhost.domains.emplace_back(std::move(domain_pattern));
+    }
+    if (vhost.domains.empty()) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("VirtualHost has no domains");
+    }
+    // Parse routes.
+    size_t num_routes;
+    const envoy_config_route_v3_Route* const* routes =
+        envoy_config_route_v3_VirtualHost_routes(virtual_hosts[i], &num_routes);
+    if (num_routes < 1) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "No route found in the virtual host.");
+    }
+    // Loop over the whole list of routes
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < num_routes; ++j) {
+      const envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch* match =
+          envoy_config_route_v3_Route_match(routes[j]);
+      size_t query_parameters_size;
+      static_cast<void>(envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch_query_parameters(
+          match, &query_parameters_size));
+      if (query_parameters_size > 0) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      XdsApi::Route route;
+      bool ignore_route = false;
+      grpc_error* error = RoutePathMatchParse(match, &route, &ignore_route);
+      if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+      if (ignore_route) continue;
+      error = RouteHeaderMatchersParse(match, &route);
+      if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+      error = RouteRuntimeFractionParse(match, &route);
+      if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+      error = RouteActionParse(routes[j], &route, &ignore_route);
+      if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+      if (ignore_route) continue;
+      vhost.routes.emplace_back(std::move(route));
+    }
+    if (vhost.routes.empty()) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("No valid routes specified.");
+    }
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error* LdsResponseParse(
+    XdsClient* client, TraceFlag* tracer, upb_symtab* symtab,
+    const envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryResponse* response,
+    const std::set<absl::string_view>& expected_listener_names,
+    XdsApi::LdsUpdateMap* lds_update_map, upb_arena* arena) {
+  // Get the resources from the response.
+  size_t size;
+  const google_protobuf_Any* const* resources =
+      envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryResponse_resources(response, &size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    // Check the type_url of the resource.
+    absl::string_view type_url =
+        UpbStringToAbsl(google_protobuf_Any_type_url(resources[i]));
+    if (!IsLds(type_url)) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Resource is not LDS.");
+    }
+    // Decode the listener.
+    const upb_strview encoded_listener =
+        google_protobuf_Any_value(resources[i]);
+    const envoy_config_listener_v3_Listener* listener =
+        envoy_config_listener_v3_Listener_parse(encoded_listener.data,
+                                                encoded_listener.size, arena);
+    if (listener == nullptr) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Can't decode listener.");
+    }
+    // Check listener name. Ignore unexpected listeners.
+    std::string listener_name =
+        UpbStringToStdString(envoy_config_listener_v3_Listener_name(listener));
+    if (expected_listener_names.find(listener_name) ==
+        expected_listener_names.end()) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    // Fail if listener name is duplicated.
+    if (lds_update_map->find(listener_name) != lds_update_map->end()) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_COPIED_STRING(
+          absl::StrCat("duplicate listener name \"", listener_name, "\"")
+              .c_str());
+    }
+    XdsApi::LdsUpdate& lds_update = (*lds_update_map)[listener_name];
+    // Get api_listener and decode it to http_connection_manager.
+    const envoy_config_listener_v3_ApiListener* api_listener =
+        envoy_config_listener_v3_Listener_api_listener(listener);
+    if (api_listener == nullptr) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "Listener has no ApiListener.");
+    }
+    const upb_strview encoded_api_listener = google_protobuf_Any_value(
+        envoy_config_listener_v3_ApiListener_api_listener(api_listener));
+    const envoy_extensions_filters_network_http_connection_manager_v3_HttpConnectionManager*
+        http_connection_manager =
+            envoy_extensions_filters_network_http_connection_manager_v3_HttpConnectionManager_parse(
+                encoded_api_listener.data, encoded_api_listener.size, arena);
+    if (http_connection_manager == nullptr) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "Could not parse HttpConnectionManager config from ApiListener");
+    }
+    if (XdsTimeoutEnabled()) {
+      // Obtain max_stream_duration from Http Protocol Options.
+      const envoy_config_core_v3_HttpProtocolOptions* options =
+          envoy_extensions_filters_network_http_connection_manager_v3_HttpConnectionManager_common_http_protocol_options(
+              http_connection_manager);
+      if (options != nullptr) {
+        const google_protobuf_Duration* duration =
+            envoy_config_core_v3_HttpProtocolOptions_max_stream_duration(
+                options);
+        if (duration != nullptr) {
+          lds_update.http_max_stream_duration.seconds =
+              google_protobuf_Duration_seconds(duration);
+          lds_update.http_max_stream_duration.nanos =
+              google_protobuf_Duration_nanos(duration);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    // Found inlined route_config. Parse it to find the cluster_name.
+    if (envoy_extensions_filters_network_http_connection_manager_v3_HttpConnectionManager_has_route_config(
+            http_connection_manager)) {
+      const envoy_config_route_v3_RouteConfiguration* route_config =
+          envoy_extensions_filters_network_http_connection_manager_v3_HttpConnectionManager_route_config(
+              http_connection_manager);
+      XdsApi::RdsUpdate rds_update;
+      grpc_error* error =
+          RouteConfigParse(client, tracer, symtab, route_config, &rds_update);
+      if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+      lds_update.rds_update = std::move(rds_update);
+      continue;
+    }
+    // Validate that RDS must be used to get the route_config dynamically.
+    if (!envoy_extensions_filters_network_http_connection_manager_v3_HttpConnectionManager_has_rds(
+            http_connection_manager)) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "HttpConnectionManager neither has inlined route_config nor RDS.");
+    }
+    const envoy_extensions_filters_network_http_connection_manager_v3_Rds* rds =
+        envoy_extensions_filters_network_http_connection_manager_v3_HttpConnectionManager_rds(
+            http_connection_manager);
+    // Check that the ConfigSource specifies ADS.
+    const envoy_config_core_v3_ConfigSource* config_source =
+        envoy_extensions_filters_network_http_connection_manager_v3_Rds_config_source(
+            rds);
+    if (config_source == nullptr) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "HttpConnectionManager missing config_source for RDS.");
+    }
+    if (!envoy_config_core_v3_ConfigSource_has_ads(config_source)) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "HttpConnectionManager ConfigSource for RDS does not specify ADS.");
+    }
+    // Get the route_config_name.
+    lds_update.route_config_name = UpbStringToStdString(
+        envoy_extensions_filters_network_http_connection_manager_v3_Rds_route_config_name(
+            rds));
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error* RdsResponseParse(
+    XdsClient* client, TraceFlag* tracer, upb_symtab* symtab,
+    const envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryResponse* response,
+    const std::set<absl::string_view>& expected_route_configuration_names,
+    XdsApi::RdsUpdateMap* rds_update_map, upb_arena* arena) {
+  // Get the resources from the response.
+  size_t size;
+  const google_protobuf_Any* const* resources =
+      envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryResponse_resources(response, &size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    // Check the type_url of the resource.
+    absl::string_view type_url =
+        UpbStringToAbsl(google_protobuf_Any_type_url(resources[i]));
+    if (!IsRds(type_url)) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Resource is not RDS.");
+    }
+    // Decode the route_config.
+    const upb_strview encoded_route_config =
+        google_protobuf_Any_value(resources[i]);
+    const envoy_config_route_v3_RouteConfiguration* route_config =
+        envoy_config_route_v3_RouteConfiguration_parse(
+            encoded_route_config.data, encoded_route_config.size, arena);
+    if (route_config == nullptr) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Can't decode route_config.");
+    }
+    // Check route_config_name. Ignore unexpected route_config.
+    std::string route_config_name = UpbStringToStdString(
+        envoy_config_route_v3_RouteConfiguration_name(route_config));
+    if (expected_route_configuration_names.find(route_config_name) ==
+        expected_route_configuration_names.end()) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    // Fail if route config name is duplicated.
+    if (rds_update_map->find(route_config_name) != rds_update_map->end()) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_COPIED_STRING(
+          absl::StrCat("duplicate route config name \"", route_config_name,
+                       "\"")
+              .c_str());
+    }
+    // Parse the route_config.
+    XdsApi::RdsUpdate& rds_update =
+        (*rds_update_map)[std::move(route_config_name)];
+    grpc_error* error =
+        RouteConfigParse(client, tracer, symtab, route_config, &rds_update);
+    if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+XdsApi::CommonTlsContext::CertificateProviderInstance
+CertificateProviderInstanceParse(
+    const envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CommonTlsContext_CertificateProviderInstance*
+        certificate_provider_instance_proto) {
+  return {
+      UpbStringToStdString(
+          envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CommonTlsContext_CertificateProviderInstance_instance_name(
+              certificate_provider_instance_proto)),
+      UpbStringToStdString(
+          envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CommonTlsContext_CertificateProviderInstance_certificate_name(
+              certificate_provider_instance_proto))};
+}
+
+grpc_error* CommonTlsContextParse(
+    const envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CommonTlsContext*
+        common_tls_context_proto,
+    XdsApi::CommonTlsContext* common_tls_context) GRPC_MUST_USE_RESULT;
+grpc_error* CommonTlsContextParse(
+    const envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CommonTlsContext*
+        common_tls_context_proto,
+    XdsApi::CommonTlsContext* common_tls_context) {
+  auto* combined_validation_context =
+      envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CommonTlsContext_combined_validation_context(
+          common_tls_context_proto);
+  if (combined_validation_context != nullptr) {
+    auto* default_validation_context =
+        envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CommonTlsContext_CombinedCertificateValidationContext_default_validation_context(
+            combined_validation_context);
+    if (default_validation_context != nullptr) {
+      size_t len = 0;
+      auto* subject_alt_names_matchers =
+          envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CertificateValidationContext_match_subject_alt_names(
+              default_validation_context, &len);
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+        XdsApi::StringMatcher::StringMatcherType type;
+        std::string matcher;
+        if (envoy_type_matcher_v3_StringMatcher_has_exact(
+                subject_alt_names_matchers[i])) {
+          type = XdsApi::StringMatcher::StringMatcherType::EXACT;
+          matcher =
+              UpbStringToStdString(envoy_type_matcher_v3_StringMatcher_exact(
+                  subject_alt_names_matchers[i]));
+        } else if (envoy_type_matcher_v3_StringMatcher_has_prefix(
+                       subject_alt_names_matchers[i])) {
+          type = XdsApi::StringMatcher::StringMatcherType::PREFIX;
+          matcher =
+              UpbStringToStdString(envoy_type_matcher_v3_StringMatcher_prefix(
+                  subject_alt_names_matchers[i]));
+        } else if (envoy_type_matcher_v3_StringMatcher_has_suffix(
+                       subject_alt_names_matchers[i])) {
+          type = XdsApi::StringMatcher::StringMatcherType::SUFFIX;
+          matcher =
+              UpbStringToStdString(envoy_type_matcher_v3_StringMatcher_suffix(
+                  subject_alt_names_matchers[i]));
+        } else if (envoy_type_matcher_v3_StringMatcher_has_contains(
+                       subject_alt_names_matchers[i])) {
+          type = XdsApi::StringMatcher::StringMatcherType::CONTAINS;
+          matcher =
+              UpbStringToStdString(envoy_type_matcher_v3_StringMatcher_contains(
+                  subject_alt_names_matchers[i]));
+        } else if (envoy_type_matcher_v3_StringMatcher_has_safe_regex(
+                       subject_alt_names_matchers[i])) {
+          type = XdsApi::StringMatcher::StringMatcherType::SAFE_REGEX;
+          auto* regex_matcher = envoy_type_matcher_v3_StringMatcher_safe_regex(
+              subject_alt_names_matchers[i]);
+          matcher = UpbStringToStdString(
+              envoy_type_matcher_v3_RegexMatcher_regex(regex_matcher));
+        } else {
+          return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+              "Invalid StringMatcher specified");
+        }
+        bool ignore_case = envoy_type_matcher_v3_StringMatcher_ignore_case(
+            subject_alt_names_matchers[i]);
+        XdsApi::StringMatcher string_matcher(type, matcher, ignore_case);
+        if (type == XdsApi::StringMatcher::StringMatcherType::SAFE_REGEX) {
+          if (!string_matcher.regex_matcher()->ok()) {
+            return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+                "Invalid regex string specified in string matcher.");
+          }
+          if (ignore_case) {
+            return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+                "StringMatcher: ignore_case has no effect for SAFE_REGEX.");
+          }
+        }
+        common_tls_context->combined_validation_context
+            .default_validation_context.match_subject_alt_names.push_back(
+                std::move(string_matcher));
+      }
+    }
+    auto* validation_context_certificate_provider_instance =
+        envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CommonTlsContext_CombinedCertificateValidationContext_validation_context_certificate_provider_instance(
+            combined_validation_context);
+    if (validation_context_certificate_provider_instance != nullptr) {
+      common_tls_context->combined_validation_context
+          .validation_context_certificate_provider_instance =
+          CertificateProviderInstanceParse(
+              validation_context_certificate_provider_instance);
+    }
+  }
+  auto* tls_certificate_certificate_provider_instance =
+      envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CommonTlsContext_tls_certificate_certificate_provider_instance(
+          common_tls_context_proto);
+  if (tls_certificate_certificate_provider_instance != nullptr) {
+    common_tls_context->tls_certificate_certificate_provider_instance =
+        CertificateProviderInstanceParse(
+            tls_certificate_certificate_provider_instance);
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error* CdsResponseParse(
+    XdsClient* client, TraceFlag* tracer, upb_symtab* symtab,
+    const envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryResponse* response,
+    const std::set<absl::string_view>& expected_cluster_names,
+    XdsApi::CdsUpdateMap* cds_update_map, upb_arena* arena) {
+  // Get the resources from the response.
+  size_t size;
+  const google_protobuf_Any* const* resources =
+      envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryResponse_resources(response, &size);
+  // Parse all the resources in the CDS response.
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    // Check the type_url of the resource.
+    absl::string_view type_url =
+        UpbStringToAbsl(google_protobuf_Any_type_url(resources[i]));
+    if (!IsCds(type_url)) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Resource is not CDS.");
+    }
+    // Decode the cluster.
+    const upb_strview encoded_cluster = google_protobuf_Any_value(resources[i]);
+    const envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster* cluster =
+        envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_parse(encoded_cluster.data,
+                                              encoded_cluster.size, arena);
+    if (cluster == nullptr) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Can't decode cluster.");
+    }
+    MaybeLogCluster(client, tracer, symtab, cluster);
+    // Ignore unexpected cluster names.
+    std::string cluster_name =
+        UpbStringToStdString(envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_name(cluster));
+    if (expected_cluster_names.find(cluster_name) ==
+        expected_cluster_names.end()) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    // Fail on duplicate resources.
+    if (cds_update_map->find(cluster_name) != cds_update_map->end()) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_COPIED_STRING(
+          absl::StrCat("duplicate resource name \"", cluster_name, "\"")
+              .c_str());
+    }
+    XdsApi::CdsUpdate& cds_update = (*cds_update_map)[std::move(cluster_name)];
+    // Check the cluster_discovery_type.
+    if (!envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_has_type(cluster)) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("DiscoveryType not found.");
+    }
+    if (envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_type(cluster) !=
+        envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_EDS) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("DiscoveryType is not EDS.");
+    }
+    // Check the EDS config source.
+    const envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_EdsClusterConfig* eds_cluster_config =
+        envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_eds_cluster_config(cluster);
+    const envoy_config_core_v3_ConfigSource* eds_config =
+        envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_EdsClusterConfig_eds_config(
+            eds_cluster_config);
+    if (!envoy_config_core_v3_ConfigSource_has_ads(eds_config)) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "EDS ConfigSource is not ADS.");
+    }
+    // Record EDS service_name (if any).
+    upb_strview service_name =
+        envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_EdsClusterConfig_service_name(
+            eds_cluster_config);
+    if (service_name.size != 0) {
+      cds_update.eds_service_name = UpbStringToStdString(service_name);
+    }
+    // Check the LB policy.
+    if (envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_lb_policy(cluster) !=
+        envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_ROUND_ROBIN) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "LB policy is not ROUND_ROBIN.");
+    }
+    if (XdsSecurityEnabled()) {
+      // Record Upstream tls context
+      auto* transport_socket =
+          envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_transport_socket(cluster);
+      if (transport_socket != nullptr) {
+        absl::string_view name = UpbStringToAbsl(
+            envoy_config_core_v3_TransportSocket_name(transport_socket));
+        if (name == "envoy.transport_sockets.tls") {
+          auto* typed_config =
+              envoy_config_core_v3_TransportSocket_typed_config(
+                  transport_socket);
+          if (typed_config != nullptr) {
+            const upb_strview encoded_upstream_tls_context =
+                google_protobuf_Any_value(typed_config);
+            auto* upstream_tls_context =
+                envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_UpstreamTlsContext_parse(
+                    encoded_upstream_tls_context.data,
+                    encoded_upstream_tls_context.size, arena);
+            if (upstream_tls_context == nullptr) {
+              return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+                  "Can't decode upstream tls context.");
+            }
+            auto* common_tls_context =
+                envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_UpstreamTlsContext_common_tls_context(
+                    upstream_tls_context);
+            if (common_tls_context != nullptr) {
+              grpc_error* error = CommonTlsContextParse(
+                  common_tls_context, &cds_update.common_tls_context);
+              if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+            }
+          }
+          if (cds_update.common_tls_context.combined_validation_context
+                  .validation_context_certificate_provider_instance
+                  .instance_name.empty()) {
+            return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+                "TLS configuration provided but no "
+                "validation_context_certificate_provider_instance found.");
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    // Record LRS server name (if any).
+    const envoy_config_core_v3_ConfigSource* lrs_server =
+        envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_lrs_server(cluster);
+    if (lrs_server != nullptr) {
+      if (!envoy_config_core_v3_ConfigSource_has_self(lrs_server)) {
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+            "LRS ConfigSource is not self.");
+      }
+      cds_update.lrs_load_reporting_server_name.emplace("");
+    }
+    // The Cluster resource encodes the circuit breaking parameters in a list of
+    // Thresholds messages, where each message specifies the parameters for a
+    // particular RoutingPriority. we will look only at the first entry in the
+    // list for priority DEFAULT and default to 1024 if not found.
+    if (envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_has_circuit_breakers(cluster)) {
+      const envoy_config_cluster_v3_CircuitBreakers* circuit_breakers =
+          envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_circuit_breakers(cluster);
+      size_t num_thresholds;
+      const envoy_config_cluster_v3_CircuitBreakers_Thresholds* const*
+          thresholds = envoy_config_cluster_v3_CircuitBreakers_thresholds(
+              circuit_breakers, &num_thresholds);
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < num_thresholds; ++i) {
+        const auto* threshold = thresholds[i];
+        if (envoy_config_cluster_v3_CircuitBreakers_Thresholds_priority(
+                threshold) == envoy_config_core_v3_DEFAULT) {
+          const google_protobuf_UInt32Value* max_requests =
+              envoy_config_cluster_v3_CircuitBreakers_Thresholds_max_requests(
+                  threshold);
+          if (max_requests != nullptr) {
+            cds_update.max_concurrent_requests =
+                google_protobuf_UInt32Value_value(max_requests);
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error* ServerAddressParseAndAppend(
+    const envoy_config_endpoint_v3_LbEndpoint* lb_endpoint,
+    ServerAddressList* list) {
+  // If health_status is not HEALTHY or UNKNOWN, skip this endpoint.
+  const int32_t health_status =
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_LbEndpoint_health_status(lb_endpoint);
+  if (health_status != envoy_config_core_v3_UNKNOWN &&
+      health_status != envoy_config_core_v3_HEALTHY) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  }
+  // Find the ip:port.
+  const envoy_config_endpoint_v3_Endpoint* endpoint =
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_LbEndpoint_endpoint(lb_endpoint);
+  const envoy_config_core_v3_Address* address =
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_Endpoint_address(endpoint);
+  const envoy_config_core_v3_SocketAddress* socket_address =
+      envoy_config_core_v3_Address_socket_address(address);
+  std::string address_str = UpbStringToStdString(
+      envoy_config_core_v3_SocketAddress_address(socket_address));
+  uint32_t port = envoy_config_core_v3_SocketAddress_port_value(socket_address);
+  if (GPR_UNLIKELY(port >> 16) != 0) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Invalid port.");
+  }
+  // Populate grpc_resolved_address.
+  grpc_resolved_address addr;
+  grpc_string_to_sockaddr(&addr, address_str.c_str(), port);
+  // Append the address to the list.
+  list->emplace_back(addr, nullptr);
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error* LocalityParse(
+    const envoy_config_endpoint_v3_LocalityLbEndpoints* locality_lb_endpoints,
+    XdsApi::EdsUpdate::Priority::Locality* output_locality, size_t* priority) {
+  // Parse LB weight.
+  const google_protobuf_UInt32Value* lb_weight =
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_LocalityLbEndpoints_load_balancing_weight(
+          locality_lb_endpoints);
+  // If LB weight is not specified, it means this locality is assigned no load.
+  // TODO(juanlishen): When we support CDS to configure the inter-locality
+  // policy, we should change the LB weight handling.
+  output_locality->lb_weight =
+      lb_weight != nullptr ? google_protobuf_UInt32Value_value(lb_weight) : 0;
+  if (output_locality->lb_weight == 0) return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  // Parse locality name.
+  const envoy_config_core_v3_Locality* locality =
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_LocalityLbEndpoints_locality(
+          locality_lb_endpoints);
+  std::string region =
+      UpbStringToStdString(envoy_config_core_v3_Locality_region(locality));
+  std::string zone =
+      UpbStringToStdString(envoy_config_core_v3_Locality_region(locality));
+  std::string sub_zone =
+      UpbStringToStdString(envoy_config_core_v3_Locality_sub_zone(locality));
+  output_locality->name = MakeRefCounted<XdsLocalityName>(
+      std::move(region), std::move(zone), std::move(sub_zone));
+  // Parse the addresses.
+  size_t size;
+  const envoy_config_endpoint_v3_LbEndpoint* const* lb_endpoints =
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_LocalityLbEndpoints_lb_endpoints(
+          locality_lb_endpoints, &size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    grpc_error* error = ServerAddressParseAndAppend(
+        lb_endpoints[i], &output_locality->endpoints);
+    if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+  }
+  // Parse the priority.
+  *priority = envoy_config_endpoint_v3_LocalityLbEndpoints_priority(
+      locality_lb_endpoints);
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error* DropParseAndAppend(
+    const envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment_Policy_DropOverload*
+        drop_overload,
+    XdsApi::EdsUpdate::DropConfig* drop_config) {
+  // Get the category.
+  std::string category = UpbStringToStdString(
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment_Policy_DropOverload_category(
+          drop_overload));
+  if (category.empty()) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Empty drop category name");
+  }
+  // Get the drop rate (per million).
+  const envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent* drop_percentage =
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment_Policy_DropOverload_drop_percentage(
+          drop_overload);
+  uint32_t numerator =
+      envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent_numerator(drop_percentage);
+  const auto denominator =
+      static_cast<envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent_DenominatorType>(
+          envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent_denominator(drop_percentage));
+  // Normalize to million.
+  switch (denominator) {
+    case envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent_HUNDRED:
+      numerator *= 10000;
+      break;
+    case envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent_TEN_THOUSAND:
+      numerator *= 100;
+      break;
+    case envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent_MILLION:
+      break;
+    default:
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Unknown denominator type");
+  }
+  // Cap numerator to 1000000.
+  numerator = GPR_MIN(numerator, 1000000);
+  drop_config->AddCategory(std::move(category), numerator);
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error* EdsResponseParse(
+    XdsClient* client, TraceFlag* tracer, upb_symtab* symtab,
+    const envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryResponse* response,
+    const std::set<absl::string_view>& expected_eds_service_names,
+    XdsApi::EdsUpdateMap* eds_update_map, upb_arena* arena) {
+  // Get the resources from the response.
+  size_t size;
+  const google_protobuf_Any* const* resources =
+      envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryResponse_resources(response, &size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    // Check the type_url of the resource.
+    absl::string_view type_url =
+        UpbStringToAbsl(google_protobuf_Any_type_url(resources[i]));
+    if (!IsEds(type_url)) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Resource is not EDS.");
+    }
+    // Get the cluster_load_assignment.
+    upb_strview encoded_cluster_load_assignment =
+        google_protobuf_Any_value(resources[i]);
+    envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment* cluster_load_assignment =
+        envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment_parse(
+            encoded_cluster_load_assignment.data,
+            encoded_cluster_load_assignment.size, arena);
+    if (cluster_load_assignment == nullptr) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "Can't parse cluster_load_assignment.");
+    }
+    MaybeLogClusterLoadAssignment(client, tracer, symtab,
+                                  cluster_load_assignment);
+    // Check the EDS service name.  Ignore unexpected names.
+    std::string eds_service_name = UpbStringToStdString(
+        envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment_cluster_name(
+            cluster_load_assignment));
+    if (expected_eds_service_names.find(eds_service_name) ==
+        expected_eds_service_names.end()) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    // Fail on duplicate resources.
+    if (eds_update_map->find(eds_service_name) != eds_update_map->end()) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_COPIED_STRING(
+          absl::StrCat("duplicate resource name \"", eds_service_name, "\"")
+              .c_str());
+    }
+    XdsApi::EdsUpdate& eds_update =
+        (*eds_update_map)[std::move(eds_service_name)];
+    // Get the endpoints.
+    size_t locality_size;
+    const envoy_config_endpoint_v3_LocalityLbEndpoints* const* endpoints =
+        envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment_endpoints(
+            cluster_load_assignment, &locality_size);
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < locality_size; ++j) {
+      size_t priority;
+      XdsApi::EdsUpdate::Priority::Locality locality;
+      grpc_error* error = LocalityParse(endpoints[j], &locality, &priority);
+      if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+      // Filter out locality with weight 0.
+      if (locality.lb_weight == 0) continue;
+      // Make sure prorities is big enough. Note that they might not
+      // arrive in priority order.
+      while (eds_update.priorities.size() < priority + 1) {
+        eds_update.priorities.emplace_back();
+      }
+      eds_update.priorities[priority].localities.emplace(locality.name.get(),
+                                                         std::move(locality));
+    }
+    for (const auto& priority : eds_update.priorities) {
+      if (priority.localities.empty()) {
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+            "EDS update includes sparse priority list");
+      }
+    }
+    // Get the drop config.
+    eds_update.drop_config = MakeRefCounted<XdsApi::EdsUpdate::DropConfig>();
+    const envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment_Policy* policy =
+        envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment_policy(
+            cluster_load_assignment);
+    if (policy != nullptr) {
+      size_t drop_size;
+      const envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment_Policy_DropOverload* const*
+          drop_overload =
+              envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment_Policy_drop_overloads(
+                  policy, &drop_size);
+      for (size_t j = 0; j < drop_size; ++j) {
+        grpc_error* error =
+            DropParseAndAppend(drop_overload[j], eds_update.drop_config.get());
+        if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+std::string TypeUrlInternalToExternal(absl::string_view type_url) {
+  if (type_url == kLdsV2TypeUrl) {
+    return XdsApi::kLdsTypeUrl;
+  } else if (type_url == kRdsV2TypeUrl) {
+    return XdsApi::kRdsTypeUrl;
+  } else if (type_url == kCdsV2TypeUrl) {
+    return XdsApi::kCdsTypeUrl;
+  } else if (type_url == kEdsV2TypeUrl) {
+    return XdsApi::kEdsTypeUrl;
+  }
+  return std::string(type_url);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+XdsApi::AdsParseResult XdsApi::ParseAdsResponse(
+    const grpc_slice& encoded_response,
+    const std::set<absl::string_view>& expected_listener_names,
+    const std::set<absl::string_view>& expected_route_configuration_names,
+    const std::set<absl::string_view>& expected_cluster_names,
+    const std::set<absl::string_view>& expected_eds_service_names) {
+  AdsParseResult result;
+  upb::Arena arena;
+  // Decode the response.
+  const envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryResponse* response =
+      envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryResponse_parse(
+          reinterpret_cast<const char*>(GRPC_SLICE_START_PTR(encoded_response)),
+          GRPC_SLICE_LENGTH(encoded_response), arena.ptr());
+  // If decoding fails, output an empty type_url and return.
+  if (response == nullptr) {
+    result.parse_error =
+        GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Can't decode DiscoveryResponse.");
+    return result;
+  }
+  MaybeLogDiscoveryResponse(client_, tracer_, symtab_.ptr(), response);
+  // Record the type_url, the version_info, and the nonce of the response.
+  result.type_url = TypeUrlInternalToExternal(UpbStringToAbsl(
+      envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryResponse_type_url(response)));
+  result.version = UpbStringToStdString(
+      envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryResponse_version_info(response));
+  result.nonce = UpbStringToStdString(
+      envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryResponse_nonce(response));
+  // Parse the response according to the resource type.
+  if (IsLds(result.type_url)) {
+    result.parse_error = LdsResponseParse(client_, tracer_, symtab_.ptr(),
+                                          response, expected_listener_names,
+                                          &result.lds_update_map, arena.ptr());
+  } else if (IsRds(result.type_url)) {
+    result.parse_error =
+        RdsResponseParse(client_, tracer_, symtab_.ptr(), response,
+                         expected_route_configuration_names,
+                         &result.rds_update_map, arena.ptr());
+  } else if (IsCds(result.type_url)) {
+    result.parse_error = CdsResponseParse(client_, tracer_, symtab_.ptr(),
+                                          response, expected_cluster_names,
+                                          &result.cds_update_map, arena.ptr());
+  } else if (IsEds(result.type_url)) {
+    result.parse_error = EdsResponseParse(client_, tracer_, symtab_.ptr(),
+                                          response, expected_eds_service_names,
+                                          &result.eds_update_map, arena.ptr());
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+void MaybeLogLrsRequest(
+    XdsClient* client, TraceFlag* tracer, upb_symtab* symtab,
+    const envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsRequest* request) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(*tracer) &&
+      gpr_should_log(GPR_LOG_SEVERITY_DEBUG)) {
+    const upb_msgdef* msg_type =
+        envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsRequest_getmsgdef(symtab);
+    char buf[10240];
+    upb_text_encode(request, msg_type, nullptr, 0, buf, sizeof(buf));
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "[xds_client %p] constructed LRS request: %s", client,
+            buf);
+  }
+}
+
+grpc_slice SerializeLrsRequest(
+    const envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsRequest* request,
+    upb_arena* arena) {
+  size_t output_length;
+  char* output = envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsRequest_serialize(
+      request, arena, &output_length);
+  return grpc_slice_from_copied_buffer(output, output_length);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+grpc_slice XdsApi::CreateLrsInitialRequest(
+    const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server) {
+  upb::Arena arena;
+  // Create a request.
+  envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsRequest* request =
+      envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsRequest_new(arena.ptr());
+  // Populate node.
+  envoy_config_core_v3_Node* node_msg =
+      envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsRequest_mutable_node(request,
+                                                                arena.ptr());
+  PopulateNode(arena.ptr(), node_, server.ShouldUseV3(), build_version_,
+               user_agent_name_, node_msg);
+  envoy_config_core_v3_Node_add_client_features(
+      node_msg, upb_strview_makez("envoy.lrs.supports_send_all_clusters"),
+      arena.ptr());
+  MaybeLogLrsRequest(client_, tracer_, symtab_.ptr(), request);
+  return SerializeLrsRequest(request, arena.ptr());
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+void LocalityStatsPopulate(
+    envoy_config_endpoint_v3_UpstreamLocalityStats* output,
+    const XdsLocalityName& locality_name,
+    const XdsClusterLocalityStats::Snapshot& snapshot, upb_arena* arena) {
+  // Set locality.
+  envoy_config_core_v3_Locality* locality =
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_UpstreamLocalityStats_mutable_locality(output,
+                                                                      arena);
+  if (!locality_name.region().empty()) {
+    envoy_config_core_v3_Locality_set_region(
+        locality, StdStringToUpbString(locality_name.region()));
+  }
+  if (!locality_name.zone().empty()) {
+    envoy_config_core_v3_Locality_set_zone(
+        locality, StdStringToUpbString(locality_name.zone()));
+  }
+  if (!locality_name.sub_zone().empty()) {
+    envoy_config_core_v3_Locality_set_sub_zone(
+        locality, StdStringToUpbString(locality_name.sub_zone()));
+  }
+  // Set total counts.
+  envoy_config_endpoint_v3_UpstreamLocalityStats_set_total_successful_requests(
+      output, snapshot.total_successful_requests);
+  envoy_config_endpoint_v3_UpstreamLocalityStats_set_total_requests_in_progress(
+      output, snapshot.total_requests_in_progress);
+  envoy_config_endpoint_v3_UpstreamLocalityStats_set_total_error_requests(
+      output, snapshot.total_error_requests);
+  envoy_config_endpoint_v3_UpstreamLocalityStats_set_total_issued_requests(
+      output, snapshot.total_issued_requests);
+  // Add backend metrics.
+  for (const auto& p : snapshot.backend_metrics) {
+    const std::string& metric_name = p.first;
+    const XdsClusterLocalityStats::BackendMetric& metric_value = p.second;
+    envoy_config_endpoint_v3_EndpointLoadMetricStats* load_metric =
+        envoy_config_endpoint_v3_UpstreamLocalityStats_add_load_metric_stats(
+            output, arena);
+    envoy_config_endpoint_v3_EndpointLoadMetricStats_set_metric_name(
+        load_metric, StdStringToUpbString(metric_name));
+    envoy_config_endpoint_v3_EndpointLoadMetricStats_set_num_requests_finished_with_metric(
+        load_metric, metric_value.num_requests_finished_with_metric);
+    envoy_config_endpoint_v3_EndpointLoadMetricStats_set_total_metric_value(
+        load_metric, metric_value.total_metric_value);
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+grpc_slice XdsApi::CreateLrsRequest(
+    ClusterLoadReportMap cluster_load_report_map) {
+  upb::Arena arena;
+  // Create a request.
+  envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsRequest* request =
+      envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsRequest_new(arena.ptr());
+  for (auto& p : cluster_load_report_map) {
+    const std::string& cluster_name = p.first.first;
+    const std::string& eds_service_name = p.first.second;
+    const ClusterLoadReport& load_report = p.second;
+    // Add cluster stats.
+    envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterStats* cluster_stats =
+        envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsRequest_add_cluster_stats(
+            request, arena.ptr());
+    // Set the cluster name.
+    envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterStats_set_cluster_name(
+        cluster_stats, StdStringToUpbString(cluster_name));
+    // Set EDS service name, if non-empty.
+    if (!eds_service_name.empty()) {
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterStats_set_cluster_service_name(
+          cluster_stats, StdStringToUpbString(eds_service_name));
+    }
+    // Add locality stats.
+    for (const auto& p : load_report.locality_stats) {
+      const XdsLocalityName& locality_name = *p.first;
+      const auto& snapshot = p.second;
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_UpstreamLocalityStats* locality_stats =
+          envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterStats_add_upstream_locality_stats(
+              cluster_stats, arena.ptr());
+      LocalityStatsPopulate(locality_stats, locality_name, snapshot,
+                            arena.ptr());
+    }
+    // Add dropped requests.
+    uint64_t total_dropped_requests = 0;
+    for (const auto& p : load_report.dropped_requests.categorized_drops) {
+      const std::string& category = p.first;
+      const uint64_t count = p.second;
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterStats_DroppedRequests* dropped_requests =
+          envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterStats_add_dropped_requests(
+              cluster_stats, arena.ptr());
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterStats_DroppedRequests_set_category(
+          dropped_requests, StdStringToUpbString(category));
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterStats_DroppedRequests_set_dropped_count(
+          dropped_requests, count);
+      total_dropped_requests += count;
+    }
+    total_dropped_requests += load_report.dropped_requests.uncategorized_drops;
+    // Set total dropped requests.
+    envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterStats_set_total_dropped_requests(
+        cluster_stats, total_dropped_requests);
+    // Set real load report interval.
+    gpr_timespec timespec =
+        grpc_millis_to_timespec(load_report.load_report_interval, GPR_TIMESPAN);
+    google_protobuf_Duration* load_report_interval =
+        envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterStats_mutable_load_report_interval(
+            cluster_stats, arena.ptr());
+    google_protobuf_Duration_set_seconds(load_report_interval, timespec.tv_sec);
+    google_protobuf_Duration_set_nanos(load_report_interval, timespec.tv_nsec);
+  }
+  MaybeLogLrsRequest(client_, tracer_, symtab_.ptr(), request);
+  return SerializeLrsRequest(request, arena.ptr());
+}
+
+grpc_error* XdsApi::ParseLrsResponse(const grpc_slice& encoded_response,
+                                     bool* send_all_clusters,
+                                     std::set<std::string>* cluster_names,
+                                     grpc_millis* load_reporting_interval) {
+  upb::Arena arena;
+  // Decode the response.
+  const envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsResponse* decoded_response =
+      envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsResponse_parse(
+          reinterpret_cast<const char*>(GRPC_SLICE_START_PTR(encoded_response)),
+          GRPC_SLICE_LENGTH(encoded_response), arena.ptr());
+  // Parse the response.
+  if (decoded_response == nullptr) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Can't decode response.");
+  }
+  // Check send_all_clusters.
+  if (envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsResponse_send_all_clusters(
+          decoded_response)) {
+    *send_all_clusters = true;
+  } else {
+    // Store the cluster names.
+    size_t size;
+    const upb_strview* clusters =
+        envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsResponse_clusters(decoded_response,
+                                                               &size);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+      cluster_names->emplace(UpbStringToStdString(clusters[i]));
+    }
+  }
+  // Get the load report interval.
+  const google_protobuf_Duration* load_reporting_interval_duration =
+      envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsResponse_load_reporting_interval(
+          decoded_response);
+  gpr_timespec timespec{
+      google_protobuf_Duration_seconds(load_reporting_interval_duration),
+      google_protobuf_Duration_nanos(load_reporting_interval_duration),
+      GPR_TIMESPAN};
+  *load_reporting_interval = gpr_time_to_millis(timespec);
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+}  // namespace grpc_core