grpc 1.3.4 → 1.4.0

data/src/core/lib/iomgr/ev_epoll1_linux.h

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/*
+ *
+ * Copyright 2017, Google Inc.
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+ * met:
+ *
+ *     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+ * copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+ * in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+ * distribution.
+ *     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+ * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+ * this software without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+ * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+ * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+ * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+ * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+ * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+ * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ */
+
+#ifndef GRPC_CORE_LIB_IOMGR_EV_EPOLL1_LINUX_H
+#define GRPC_CORE_LIB_IOMGR_EV_EPOLL1_LINUX_H
+
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/ev_posix.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/port.h"
+
+// a polling engine that utilizes a singleton epoll set and turnstile polling
+
+const grpc_event_engine_vtable *grpc_init_epoll1_linux(bool explicit_request);
+
+#endif /* GRPC_CORE_LIB_IOMGR_EV_EPOLL1_LINUX_H */

data/src/core/lib/iomgr/ev_epoll_limited_pollers_linux.c

@@ -0,0 +1,2146 @@
+/*
+ *
+ * Copyright 2017, Google Inc.
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+ * met:
+ *
+ *     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+ * copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+ * in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+ * distribution.
+ *     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+ * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+ * this software without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+ * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+ * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+ * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+ * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+ * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+ * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/port.h"
+
+/* This polling engine is only relevant on linux kernels supporting epoll() */
+#ifdef GRPC_LINUX_EPOLL
+
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/ev_epoll_limited_pollers_linux.h"
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <poll.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/epoll.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <grpc/support/alloc.h>
+#include <grpc/support/log.h>
+#include <grpc/support/string_util.h>
+#include <grpc/support/tls.h>
+#include <grpc/support/useful.h>
+
+#include "src/core/lib/debug/trace.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/ev_posix.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/iomgr_internal.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/lockfree_event.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/timer.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/wakeup_fd_posix.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/workqueue.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/profiling/timers.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/support/block_annotate.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/support/env.h"
+
+#define GRPC_POLLING_TRACE(fmt, ...)        \
+  if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_polling_trace)) { \
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, (fmt), __VA_ARGS__);  \
+  }
+
+#define GRPC_POLLSET_KICK_BROADCAST ((grpc_pollset_worker *)1)
+
+/* Uncomment the following to enable extra checks on poll_object operations */
+/* #define PO_DEBUG */
+
+/* The maximum number of polling threads per polling island. By default no
+   limit */
+static int g_max_pollers_per_pi = INT_MAX;
+
+static int grpc_wakeup_signal = -1;
+static bool is_grpc_wakeup_signal_initialized = false;
+
+/* Implements the function defined in grpc_posix.h. This function might be
+ * called before even calling grpc_init() to set either a different signal to
+ * use. If signum == -1, then the use of signals is disabled */
+static void grpc_use_signal(int signum) {
+  grpc_wakeup_signal = signum;
+  is_grpc_wakeup_signal_initialized = true;
+
+  if (grpc_wakeup_signal < 0) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+            "Use of signals is disabled. Epoll engine will not be used");
+  } else {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "epoll engine will be using signal: %d",
+            grpc_wakeup_signal);
+  }
+}
+
+struct polling_island;
+
+typedef enum {
+  POLL_OBJ_FD,
+  POLL_OBJ_POLLSET,
+  POLL_OBJ_POLLSET_SET
+} poll_obj_type;
+
+typedef struct poll_obj {
+#ifdef PO_DEBUG
+  poll_obj_type obj_type;
+#endif
+  gpr_mu mu;
+  struct polling_island *pi;
+} poll_obj;
+
+static const char *poll_obj_string(poll_obj_type po_type) {
+  switch (po_type) {
+    case POLL_OBJ_FD:
+      return "fd";
+    case POLL_OBJ_POLLSET:
+      return "pollset";
+    case POLL_OBJ_POLLSET_SET:
+      return "pollset_set";
+  }
+
+  GPR_UNREACHABLE_CODE(return "UNKNOWN");
+}
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Fd Declarations
+ */
+
+#define FD_FROM_PO(po) ((grpc_fd *)(po))
+
+struct grpc_fd {
+  poll_obj po;
+
+  int fd;
+  /* refst format:
+       bit 0    : 1=Active / 0=Orphaned
+       bits 1-n : refcount
+     Ref/Unref by two to avoid altering the orphaned bit */
+  gpr_atm refst;
+
+  /* The fd is either closed or we relinquished control of it. In either
+     cases, this indicates that the 'fd' on this structure is no longer
+     valid */
+  bool orphaned;
+
+  gpr_atm read_closure;
+  gpr_atm write_closure;
+
+  struct grpc_fd *freelist_next;
+  grpc_closure *on_done_closure;
+
+  /* The pollset that last noticed that the fd is readable. The actual type
+   * stored in this is (grpc_pollset *) */
+  gpr_atm read_notifier_pollset;
+
+  grpc_iomgr_object iomgr_object;
+};
+
+/* Reference counting for fds */
+// #define GRPC_FD_REF_COUNT_DEBUG
+#ifdef GRPC_FD_REF_COUNT_DEBUG
+static void fd_ref(grpc_fd *fd, const char *reason, const char *file, int line);
+static void fd_unref(grpc_fd *fd, const char *reason, const char *file,
+                     int line);
+#define GRPC_FD_REF(fd, reason) fd_ref(fd, reason, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+#define GRPC_FD_UNREF(fd, reason) fd_unref(fd, reason, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+#else
+static void fd_ref(grpc_fd *fd);
+static void fd_unref(grpc_fd *fd);
+#define GRPC_FD_REF(fd, reason) fd_ref(fd)
+#define GRPC_FD_UNREF(fd, reason) fd_unref(fd)
+#endif
+
+static void fd_global_init(void);
+static void fd_global_shutdown(void);
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Polling island Declarations
+ */
+
+#ifdef GRPC_WORKQUEUE_REFCOUNT_DEBUG
+
+#define PI_ADD_REF(p, r) pi_add_ref_dbg((p), (r), __FILE__, __LINE__)
+#define PI_UNREF(exec_ctx, p, r) \
+  pi_unref_dbg((exec_ctx), (p), (r), __FILE__, __LINE__)
+
+#else /* defined(GRPC_WORKQUEUE_REFCOUNT_DEBUG) */
+
+#define PI_ADD_REF(p, r) pi_add_ref((p))
+#define PI_UNREF(exec_ctx, p, r) pi_unref((exec_ctx), (p))
+
+#endif /* !defined(GRPC_PI_REF_COUNT_DEBUG) */
+
+typedef struct worker_node {
+  struct worker_node *next;
+  struct worker_node *prev;
+} worker_node;
+
+/* This is also used as grpc_workqueue (by directly casing it) */
+typedef struct polling_island {
+  grpc_closure_scheduler workqueue_scheduler;
+
+  gpr_mu mu;
+  /* Ref count. Use PI_ADD_REF() and PI_UNREF() macros to increment/decrement
+     the refcount.
+     Once the ref count becomes zero, this structure is destroyed which means
+     we should ensure that there is never a scenario where a PI_ADD_REF() is
+     racing with a PI_UNREF() that just made the ref_count zero. */
+  gpr_atm ref_count;
+
+  /* Pointer to the polling_island this merged into.
+   * merged_to value is only set once in polling_island's lifetime (and that too
+   * only if the island is merged with another island). Because of this, we can
+   * use gpr_atm type here so that we can do atomic access on this and reduce
+   * lock contention on 'mu' mutex.
+   *
+   * Note that if this field is not NULL (i.e not 0), all the remaining fields
+   * (except mu and ref_count) are invalid and must be ignored. */
+  gpr_atm merged_to;
+
+  /* Number of threads currently polling on this island */
+  gpr_atm poller_count;
+  /* Mutex guarding the read end of the workqueue (must be held to pop from
+   * workqueue_items) */
+  gpr_mu workqueue_read_mu;
+  /* Queue of closures to be executed */
+  gpr_mpscq workqueue_items;
+  /* Count of items in workqueue_items */
+  gpr_atm workqueue_item_count;
+  /* Wakeup fd used to wake pollers to check the contents of workqueue_items */
+  grpc_wakeup_fd workqueue_wakeup_fd;
+
+  /* The list of workers waiting to do polling on this polling island */
+  gpr_mu worker_list_mu;
+  worker_node worker_list_head;
+
+  /* The fd of the underlying epoll set */
+  int epoll_fd;
+
+  /* The file descriptors in the epoll set */
+  size_t fd_cnt;
+  size_t fd_capacity;
+  grpc_fd **fds;
+} polling_island;
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Pollset Declarations
+ */
+#define WORKER_FROM_WORKER_LIST_NODE(p)          \
+  (struct grpc_pollset_worker *)(((char *)(p)) - \
+                                 offsetof(grpc_pollset_worker, pi_list_link))
+struct grpc_pollset_worker {
+  /* Thread id of this worker */
+  pthread_t pt_id;
+
+  /* Used to prevent a worker from getting kicked multiple times */
+  gpr_atm is_kicked;
+
+  struct grpc_pollset_worker *next;
+  struct grpc_pollset_worker *prev;
+
+  /* Indicates if it is this worker's turn to do epoll */
+  gpr_atm is_polling_turn;
+
+  /* Node in the polling island's worker list. */
+  worker_node pi_list_link;
+};
+
+struct grpc_pollset {
+  poll_obj po;
+
+  grpc_pollset_worker root_worker;
+  bool kicked_without_pollers;
+
+  bool shutting_down;          /* Is the pollset shutting down ? */
+  bool finish_shutdown_called; /* Is the 'finish_shutdown_locked()' called ? */
+  grpc_closure *shutdown_done; /* Called after after shutdown is complete */
+};
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Pollset-set Declarations
+ */
+struct grpc_pollset_set {
+  poll_obj po;
+};
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Common helpers
+ */
+
+static bool append_error(grpc_error **composite, grpc_error *error,
+                         const char *desc) {
+  if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return true;
+  if (*composite == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    *composite = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_COPIED_STRING(desc);
+  }
+  *composite = grpc_error_add_child(*composite, error);
+  return false;
+}
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Polling island Definitions
+ */
+
+/* The wakeup fd that is used to wake up all threads in a Polling island. This
+   is useful in the polling island merge operation where we need to wakeup all
+   the threads currently polling the smaller polling island (so that they can
+   start polling the new/merged polling island)
+
+   NOTE: This fd is initialized to be readable and MUST NOT be consumed i.e the
+   threads that woke up MUST NOT call grpc_wakeup_fd_consume_wakeup() */
+static grpc_wakeup_fd polling_island_wakeup_fd;
+
+/* The polling island being polled right now.
+   See comments in workqueue_maybe_wakeup for why this is tracked. */
+static __thread polling_island *g_current_thread_polling_island;
+
+/* Forward declaration */
+static void polling_island_delete(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, polling_island *pi);
+static void workqueue_enqueue(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, grpc_closure *closure,
+                              grpc_error *error);
+
+#ifdef GRPC_TSAN
+/* Currently TSAN may incorrectly flag data races between epoll_ctl and
+   epoll_wait for any grpc_fd structs that are added to the epoll set via
+   epoll_ctl and are returned (within a very short window) via epoll_wait().
+
+   To work-around this race, we establish a happens-before relation between
+   the code just-before epoll_ctl() and the code after epoll_wait() by using
+   this atomic */
+gpr_atm g_epoll_sync;
+#endif /* defined(GRPC_TSAN) */
+
+static const grpc_closure_scheduler_vtable workqueue_scheduler_vtable = {
+    workqueue_enqueue, workqueue_enqueue, "workqueue"};
+
+static void pi_add_ref(polling_island *pi);
+static void pi_unref(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, polling_island *pi);
+
+#ifdef GRPC_WORKQUEUE_REFCOUNT_DEBUG
+static void pi_add_ref_dbg(polling_island *pi, const char *reason,
+                           const char *file, int line) {
+  long old_cnt = gpr_atm_acq_load(&pi->ref_count);
+  pi_add_ref(pi);
+  gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "Add ref pi: %p, old: %ld -> new:%ld (%s) - (%s, %d)",
+          (void *)pi, old_cnt, old_cnt + 1, reason, file, line);
+}
+
+static void pi_unref_dbg(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, polling_island *pi,
+                         const char *reason, const char *file, int line) {
+  long old_cnt = gpr_atm_acq_load(&pi->ref_count);
+  pi_unref(exec_ctx, pi);
+  gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "Unref pi: %p, old:%ld -> new:%ld (%s) - (%s, %d)",
+          (void *)pi, old_cnt, (old_cnt - 1), reason, file, line);
+}
+
+static grpc_workqueue *workqueue_ref(grpc_workqueue *workqueue,
+                                     const char *file, int line,
+                                     const char *reason) {
+  if (workqueue != NULL) {
+    pi_add_ref_dbg((polling_island *)workqueue, reason, file, line);
+  }
+  return workqueue;
+}
+
+static void workqueue_unref(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, grpc_workqueue *workqueue,
+                            const char *file, int line, const char *reason) {
+  if (workqueue != NULL) {
+    pi_unref_dbg(exec_ctx, (polling_island *)workqueue, reason, file, line);
+  }
+}
+#else
+static grpc_workqueue *workqueue_ref(grpc_workqueue *workqueue) {
+  if (workqueue != NULL) {
+    pi_add_ref((polling_island *)workqueue);
+  }
+  return workqueue;
+}
+
+static void workqueue_unref(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
+                            grpc_workqueue *workqueue) {
+  if (workqueue != NULL) {
+    pi_unref(exec_ctx, (polling_island *)workqueue);
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+static void pi_add_ref(polling_island *pi) {
+  gpr_atm_no_barrier_fetch_add(&pi->ref_count, 1);
+}
+
+static void pi_unref(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, polling_island *pi) {
+  /* If ref count went to zero, delete the polling island.
+     Note that this deletion not be done under a lock. Once the ref count goes
+     to zero, we are guaranteed that no one else holds a reference to the
+     polling island (and that there is no racing pi_add_ref() call either).
+
+     Also, if we are deleting the polling island and the merged_to field is
+     non-empty, we should remove a ref to the merged_to polling island
+   */
+  if (1 == gpr_atm_full_fetch_add(&pi->ref_count, -1)) {
+    polling_island *next = (polling_island *)gpr_atm_acq_load(&pi->merged_to);
+    polling_island_delete(exec_ctx, pi);
+    if (next != NULL) {
+      PI_UNREF(exec_ctx, next, "pi_delete"); /* Recursive call */
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void worker_node_init(worker_node *node) {
+  node->next = node->prev = node;
+}
+
+/* Not thread safe. Do under a list-level lock */
+static void push_back_worker_node(worker_node *head, worker_node *node) {
+  node->next = head;
+  node->prev = head->prev;
+  head->prev->next = node;
+  head->prev = node;
+}
+
+/* Not thread safe. Do under a list-level lock */
+static void remove_worker_node(worker_node *node) {
+  node->next->prev = node->prev;
+  node->prev->next = node->next;
+  /* If node's next and prev point to itself, the node is considered detached
+   * from the list*/
+  node->next = node->prev = node;
+}
+
+/* Not thread safe. Do under a list-level lock */
+static worker_node *pop_front_worker_node(worker_node *head) {
+  worker_node *node = head->next;
+  if (node != head) {
+    remove_worker_node(node);
+  } else {
+    node = NULL;
+  }
+
+  return node;
+}
+
+/* Returns true if the node's next and prev are pointing to itself (which
+   indicates that the node is not in the list */
+static bool is_worker_node_detached(worker_node *node) {
+  return (node->next == node->prev && node->next == node);
+}
+
+/* The caller is expected to hold pi->mu lock before calling this function
+ */
+static void polling_island_add_fds_locked(polling_island *pi, grpc_fd **fds,
+                                          size_t fd_count, bool add_fd_refs,
+                                          grpc_error **error) {
+  int err;
+  size_t i;
+  struct epoll_event ev;
+  char *err_msg;
+  const char *err_desc = "polling_island_add_fds";
+
+#ifdef GRPC_TSAN
+  /* See the definition of g_epoll_sync for more context */
+  gpr_atm_rel_store(&g_epoll_sync, (gpr_atm)0);
+#endif /* defined(GRPC_TSAN) */
+
+  for (i = 0; i < fd_count; i++) {
+    ev.events = (uint32_t)(EPOLLIN | EPOLLOUT | EPOLLET);
+    ev.data.ptr = fds[i];
+    err = epoll_ctl(pi->epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, fds[i]->fd, &ev);
+
+    if (err < 0) {
+      if (errno != EEXIST) {
+        gpr_asprintf(
+            &err_msg,
+            "epoll_ctl (epoll_fd: %d) add fd: %d failed with error: %d (%s)",
+            pi->epoll_fd, fds[i]->fd, errno, strerror(errno));
+        append_error(error, GRPC_OS_ERROR(errno, err_msg), err_desc);
+        gpr_free(err_msg);
+      }
+
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (pi->fd_cnt == pi->fd_capacity) {
+      pi->fd_capacity = GPR_MAX(pi->fd_capacity + 8, pi->fd_cnt * 3 / 2);
+      pi->fds = gpr_realloc(pi->fds, sizeof(grpc_fd *) * pi->fd_capacity);
+    }
+
+    pi->fds[pi->fd_cnt++] = fds[i];
+    if (add_fd_refs) {
+      GRPC_FD_REF(fds[i], "polling_island");
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/* The caller is expected to hold pi->mu before calling this */
+static void polling_island_add_wakeup_fd_locked(polling_island *pi,
+                                                grpc_wakeup_fd *wakeup_fd,
+                                                grpc_error **error) {
+  struct epoll_event ev;
+  int err;
+  char *err_msg;
+  const char *err_desc = "polling_island_add_wakeup_fd";
+
+  ev.events = (uint32_t)(EPOLLIN | EPOLLET);
+  ev.data.ptr = wakeup_fd;
+  err = epoll_ctl(pi->epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD,
+                  GRPC_WAKEUP_FD_GET_READ_FD(wakeup_fd), &ev);
+  if (err < 0 && errno != EEXIST) {
+    gpr_asprintf(&err_msg,
+                 "epoll_ctl (epoll_fd: %d) add wakeup fd: %d failed with "
+                 "error: %d (%s)",
+                 pi->epoll_fd, GRPC_WAKEUP_FD_GET_READ_FD(wakeup_fd), errno,
+                 strerror(errno));
+    append_error(error, GRPC_OS_ERROR(errno, err_msg), err_desc);
+    gpr_free(err_msg);
+  }
+}
+
+/* The caller is expected to hold pi->mu lock before calling this function */
+static void polling_island_remove_all_fds_locked(polling_island *pi,
+                                                 bool remove_fd_refs,
+                                                 grpc_error **error) {
+  int err;
+  size_t i;
+  char *err_msg;
+  const char *err_desc = "polling_island_remove_fds";
+
+  for (i = 0; i < pi->fd_cnt; i++) {
+    err = epoll_ctl(pi->epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, pi->fds[i]->fd, NULL);
+    if (err < 0 && errno != ENOENT) {
+      gpr_asprintf(&err_msg,
+                   "epoll_ctl (epoll_fd: %d) delete fds[%zu]: %d failed with "
+                   "error: %d (%s)",
+                   pi->epoll_fd, i, pi->fds[i]->fd, errno, strerror(errno));
+      append_error(error, GRPC_OS_ERROR(errno, err_msg), err_desc);
+      gpr_free(err_msg);
+    }
+
+    if (remove_fd_refs) {
+      GRPC_FD_UNREF(pi->fds[i], "polling_island");
+    }
+  }
+
+  pi->fd_cnt = 0;
+}
+
+/* The caller is expected to hold pi->mu lock before calling this function */
+static void polling_island_remove_fd_locked(polling_island *pi, grpc_fd *fd,
+                                            bool is_fd_closed,
+                                            grpc_error **error) {
+  int err;
+  size_t i;
+  char *err_msg;
+  const char *err_desc = "polling_island_remove_fd";
+
+  /* If fd is already closed, then it would have been automatically been removed
+     from the epoll set */
+  if (!is_fd_closed) {
+    err = epoll_ctl(pi->epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, fd->fd, NULL);
+    if (err < 0 && errno != ENOENT) {
+      gpr_asprintf(
+          &err_msg,
+          "epoll_ctl (epoll_fd: %d) del fd: %d failed with error: %d (%s)",
+          pi->epoll_fd, fd->fd, errno, strerror(errno));
+      append_error(error, GRPC_OS_ERROR(errno, err_msg), err_desc);
+      gpr_free(err_msg);
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (i = 0; i < pi->fd_cnt; i++) {
+    if (pi->fds[i] == fd) {
+      pi->fds[i] = pi->fds[--pi->fd_cnt];
+      GRPC_FD_UNREF(fd, "polling_island");
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/* Might return NULL in case of an error */
+static polling_island *polling_island_create(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
+                                             grpc_fd *initial_fd,
+                                             grpc_error **error) {
+  polling_island *pi = NULL;
+  const char *err_desc = "polling_island_create";
+
+  *error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+
+  pi = gpr_malloc(sizeof(*pi));
+  pi->workqueue_scheduler.vtable = &workqueue_scheduler_vtable;
+  gpr_mu_init(&pi->mu);
+  pi->fd_cnt = 0;
+  pi->fd_capacity = 0;
+  pi->fds = NULL;
+  pi->epoll_fd = -1;
+
+  gpr_mu_init(&pi->workqueue_read_mu);
+  gpr_mpscq_init(&pi->workqueue_items);
+  gpr_atm_rel_store(&pi->workqueue_item_count, 0);
+
+  gpr_atm_rel_store(&pi->ref_count, 0);
+  gpr_atm_rel_store(&pi->poller_count, 0);
+  gpr_atm_rel_store(&pi->merged_to, (gpr_atm)NULL);
+
+  gpr_mu_init(&pi->worker_list_mu);
+  worker_node_init(&pi->worker_list_head);
+
+  if (!append_error(error, grpc_wakeup_fd_init(&pi->workqueue_wakeup_fd),
+                    err_desc)) {
+    goto done;
+  }
+
+  pi->epoll_fd = epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC);
+
+  if (pi->epoll_fd < 0) {
+    append_error(error, GRPC_OS_ERROR(errno, "epoll_create1"), err_desc);
+    goto done;
+  }
+
+  polling_island_add_wakeup_fd_locked(pi, &pi->workqueue_wakeup_fd, error);
+
+  if (initial_fd != NULL) {
+    polling_island_add_fds_locked(pi, &initial_fd, 1, true, error);
+  }
+
+done:
+  if (*error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    polling_island_delete(exec_ctx, pi);
+    pi = NULL;
+  }
+  return pi;
+}
+
+static void polling_island_delete(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, polling_island *pi) {
+  GPR_ASSERT(pi->fd_cnt == 0);
+
+  if (pi->epoll_fd >= 0) {
+    close(pi->epoll_fd);
+  }
+  GPR_ASSERT(gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&pi->workqueue_item_count) == 0);
+  gpr_mu_destroy(&pi->workqueue_read_mu);
+  gpr_mpscq_destroy(&pi->workqueue_items);
+  gpr_mu_destroy(&pi->mu);
+  grpc_wakeup_fd_destroy(&pi->workqueue_wakeup_fd);
+  gpr_mu_destroy(&pi->worker_list_mu);
+  GPR_ASSERT(is_worker_node_detached(&pi->worker_list_head));
+
+  gpr_free(pi->fds);
+  gpr_free(pi);
+}
+
+/* Attempts to gets the last polling island in the linked list (liked by the
+ * 'merged_to' field). Since this does not lock the polling island, there are no
+ * guarantees that the island returned is the last island */
+static polling_island *polling_island_maybe_get_latest(polling_island *pi) {
+  polling_island *next = (polling_island *)gpr_atm_acq_load(&pi->merged_to);
+  while (next != NULL) {
+    pi = next;
+    next = (polling_island *)gpr_atm_acq_load(&pi->merged_to);
+  }
+
+  return pi;
+}
+
+/* Gets the lock on the *latest* polling island i.e the last polling island in
+   the linked list (linked by the 'merged_to' field). Call gpr_mu_unlock on the
+   returned polling island's mu.
+   Usage: To lock/unlock polling island "pi", do the following:
+      polling_island *pi_latest = polling_island_lock(pi);
+      ...
+      ... critical section ..
+      ...
+      gpr_mu_unlock(&pi_latest->mu); // NOTE: use pi_latest->mu. NOT pi->mu */
+static polling_island *polling_island_lock(polling_island *pi) {
+  polling_island *next = NULL;
+
+  while (true) {
+    next = (polling_island *)gpr_atm_acq_load(&pi->merged_to);
+    if (next == NULL) {
+      /* Looks like 'pi' is the last node in the linked list but unless we check
+         this by holding the pi->mu lock, we cannot be sure (i.e without the
+         pi->mu lock, we don't prevent island merges).
+         To be absolutely sure, check once more by holding the pi->mu lock */
+      gpr_mu_lock(&pi->mu);
+      next = (polling_island *)gpr_atm_acq_load(&pi->merged_to);
+      if (next == NULL) {
+        /* pi is infact the last node and we have the pi->mu lock. we're done */
+        break;
+      }
+
+      /* pi->merged_to is not NULL i.e pi isn't the last node anymore. pi->mu
+       * isn't the lock we are interested in. Continue traversing the list */
+      gpr_mu_unlock(&pi->mu);
+    }
+
+    pi = next;
+  }
+
+  return pi;
+}
+
+/* Gets the lock on the *latest* polling islands in the linked lists pointed by
+   *p and *q (and also updates *p and *q to point to the latest polling islands)
+
+   This function is needed because calling the following block of code to obtain
+   locks on polling islands (*p and *q) is prone to deadlocks.
+     {
+       polling_island_lock(*p, true);
+       polling_island_lock(*q, true);
+     }
+
+   Usage/example:
+     polling_island *p1;
+     polling_island *p2;
+     ..
+     polling_island_lock_pair(&p1, &p2);
+     ..
+     .. Critical section with both p1 and p2 locked
+     ..
+     // Release locks: Always call polling_island_unlock_pair() to release locks
+     polling_island_unlock_pair(p1, p2);
+*/
+static void polling_island_lock_pair(polling_island **p, polling_island **q) {
+  polling_island *pi_1 = *p;
+  polling_island *pi_2 = *q;
+  polling_island *next_1 = NULL;
+  polling_island *next_2 = NULL;
+
+  /* The algorithm is simple:
+      - Go to the last polling islands in the linked lists *pi_1 and *pi_2 (and
+        keep updating pi_1 and pi_2)
+      - Then obtain locks on the islands by following a lock order rule of
+        locking polling_island with lower address first
+           Special case: Before obtaining the locks, check if pi_1 and pi_2 are
+           pointing to the same island. If that is the case, we can just call
+           polling_island_lock()
+      - After obtaining both the locks, double check that the polling islands
+        are still the last polling islands in their respective linked lists
+        (this is because there might have been polling island merges before
+        we got the lock)
+      - If the polling islands are the last islands, we are done. If not,
+        release the locks and continue the process from the first step */
+  while (true) {
+    next_1 = (polling_island *)gpr_atm_acq_load(&pi_1->merged_to);
+    while (next_1 != NULL) {
+      pi_1 = next_1;
+      next_1 = (polling_island *)gpr_atm_acq_load(&pi_1->merged_to);
+    }
+
+    next_2 = (polling_island *)gpr_atm_acq_load(&pi_2->merged_to);
+    while (next_2 != NULL) {
+      pi_2 = next_2;
+      next_2 = (polling_island *)gpr_atm_acq_load(&pi_2->merged_to);
+    }
+
+    if (pi_1 == pi_2) {
+      pi_1 = pi_2 = polling_island_lock(pi_1);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    if (pi_1 < pi_2) {
+      gpr_mu_lock(&pi_1->mu);
+      gpr_mu_lock(&pi_2->mu);
+    } else {
+      gpr_mu_lock(&pi_2->mu);
+      gpr_mu_lock(&pi_1->mu);
+    }
+
+    next_1 = (polling_island *)gpr_atm_acq_load(&pi_1->merged_to);
+    next_2 = (polling_island *)gpr_atm_acq_load(&pi_2->merged_to);
+    if (next_1 == NULL && next_2 == NULL) {
+      break;
+    }
+
+    gpr_mu_unlock(&pi_1->mu);
+    gpr_mu_unlock(&pi_2->mu);
+  }
+
+  *p = pi_1;
+  *q = pi_2;
+}
+
+static void polling_island_unlock_pair(polling_island *p, polling_island *q) {
+  if (p == q) {
+    gpr_mu_unlock(&p->mu);
+  } else {
+    gpr_mu_unlock(&p->mu);
+    gpr_mu_unlock(&q->mu);
+  }
+}
+
+static void workqueue_maybe_wakeup(polling_island *pi) {
+  /* If this thread is the current poller, then it may be that it's about to
+     decrement the current poller count, so we need to look past this thread */
+  bool is_current_poller = (g_current_thread_polling_island == pi);
+  gpr_atm min_current_pollers_for_wakeup = is_current_poller ? 1 : 0;
+  gpr_atm current_pollers = gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&pi->poller_count);
+  /* Only issue a wakeup if it's likely that some poller could come in and take
+     it right now. Note that since we do an anticipatory mpscq_pop every poll
+     loop, it's ok if we miss the wakeup here, as we'll get the work item when
+     the next poller enters anyway. */
+  if (current_pollers > min_current_pollers_for_wakeup) {
+    GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR("workqueue_wakeup_fd",
+                      grpc_wakeup_fd_wakeup(&pi->workqueue_wakeup_fd));
+  }
+}
+
+static void workqueue_move_items_to_parent(polling_island *q) {
+  polling_island *p = (polling_island *)gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&q->merged_to);
+  if (p == NULL) {
+    return;
+  }
+  gpr_mu_lock(&q->workqueue_read_mu);
+  int num_added = 0;
+  while (gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&q->workqueue_item_count) > 0) {
+    gpr_mpscq_node *n = gpr_mpscq_pop(&q->workqueue_items);
+    if (n != NULL) {
+      gpr_atm_no_barrier_fetch_add(&q->workqueue_item_count, -1);
+      gpr_atm_no_barrier_fetch_add(&p->workqueue_item_count, 1);
+      gpr_mpscq_push(&p->workqueue_items, n);
+      num_added++;
+    }
+  }
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&q->workqueue_read_mu);
+  if (num_added > 0) {
+    workqueue_maybe_wakeup(p);
+  }
+  workqueue_move_items_to_parent(p);
+}
+
+static polling_island *polling_island_merge(polling_island *p,
+                                            polling_island *q,
+                                            grpc_error **error) {
+  /* Get locks on both the polling islands */
+  polling_island_lock_pair(&p, &q);
+
+  if (p != q) {
+    /* Make sure that p points to the polling island with fewer fds than q */
+    if (p->fd_cnt > q->fd_cnt) {
+      GPR_SWAP(polling_island *, p, q);
+    }
+
+    /* Merge p with q i.e move all the fds from p (The one with fewer fds) to q
+       Note that the refcounts on the fds being moved will not change here.
+       This is why the last param in the following two functions is 'false') */
+    polling_island_add_fds_locked(q, p->fds, p->fd_cnt, false, error);
+    polling_island_remove_all_fds_locked(p, false, error);
+
+    /* Wakeup all the pollers (if any) on p so that they pickup this change */
+    polling_island_add_wakeup_fd_locked(p, &polling_island_wakeup_fd, error);
+
+    /* Add the 'merged_to' link from p --> q */
+    gpr_atm_rel_store(&p->merged_to, (gpr_atm)q);
+    PI_ADD_REF(q, "pi_merge"); /* To account for the new incoming ref from p */
+
+    workqueue_move_items_to_parent(p);
+  }
+  /* else if p == q, nothing needs to be done */
+
+  polling_island_unlock_pair(p, q);
+
+  /* Return the merged polling island (Note that no merge would have happened
+     if p == q which is ok) */
+  return q;
+}
+
+static void workqueue_enqueue(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, grpc_closure *closure,
+                              grpc_error *error) {
+  GPR_TIMER_BEGIN("workqueue.enqueue", 0);
+  grpc_workqueue *workqueue = (grpc_workqueue *)closure->scheduler;
+  /* take a ref to the workqueue: otherwise it can happen that whatever events
+   * this kicks off ends up destroying the workqueue before this function
+   * completes */
+  GRPC_WORKQUEUE_REF(workqueue, "enqueue");
+  polling_island *pi = (polling_island *)workqueue;
+  gpr_atm last = gpr_atm_no_barrier_fetch_add(&pi->workqueue_item_count, 1);
+  closure->error_data.error = error;
+  gpr_mpscq_push(&pi->workqueue_items, &closure->next_data.atm_next);
+  if (last == 0) {
+    workqueue_maybe_wakeup(pi);
+  }
+  workqueue_move_items_to_parent(pi);
+  GRPC_WORKQUEUE_UNREF(exec_ctx, workqueue, "enqueue");
+  GPR_TIMER_END("workqueue.enqueue", 0);
+}
+
+static grpc_closure_scheduler *workqueue_scheduler(grpc_workqueue *workqueue) {
+  polling_island *pi = (polling_island *)workqueue;
+  return workqueue == NULL ? grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx
+                           : &pi->workqueue_scheduler;
+}
+
+static grpc_error *polling_island_global_init() {
+  grpc_error *error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+
+  error = grpc_wakeup_fd_init(&polling_island_wakeup_fd);
+  if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    error = grpc_wakeup_fd_wakeup(&polling_island_wakeup_fd);
+  }
+
+  return error;
+}
+
+static void polling_island_global_shutdown() {
+  grpc_wakeup_fd_destroy(&polling_island_wakeup_fd);
+}
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Fd Definitions
+ */
+
+/* We need to keep a freelist not because of any concerns of malloc performance
+ * but instead so that implementations with multiple threads in (for example)
+ * epoll_wait deal with the race between pollset removal and incoming poll
+ * notifications.
+ *
+ * The problem is that the poller ultimately holds a reference to this
+ * object, so it is very difficult to know when is safe to free it, at least
+ * without some expensive synchronization.
+ *
+ * If we keep the object freelisted, in the worst case losing this race just
+ * becomes a spurious read notification on a reused fd.
+ */
+
+/* The alarm system needs to be able to wakeup 'some poller' sometimes
+ * (specifically when a new alarm needs to be triggered earlier than the next
+ * alarm 'epoch'). This wakeup_fd gives us something to alert on when such a
+ * case occurs. */
+
+static grpc_fd *fd_freelist = NULL;
+static gpr_mu fd_freelist_mu;
+
+#ifdef GRPC_FD_REF_COUNT_DEBUG
+#define REF_BY(fd, n, reason) ref_by(fd, n, reason, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+#define UNREF_BY(fd, n, reason) unref_by(fd, n, reason, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+static void ref_by(grpc_fd *fd, int n, const char *reason, const char *file,
+                   int line) {
+  gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "FD %d %p   ref %d %ld -> %ld [%s; %s:%d]", fd->fd,
+          (void *)fd, n, gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&fd->refst),
+          gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&fd->refst) + n, reason, file, line);
+#else
+#define REF_BY(fd, n, reason) ref_by(fd, n)
+#define UNREF_BY(fd, n, reason) unref_by(fd, n)
+static void ref_by(grpc_fd *fd, int n) {
+#endif
+  GPR_ASSERT(gpr_atm_no_barrier_fetch_add(&fd->refst, n) > 0);
+}
+
+#ifdef GRPC_FD_REF_COUNT_DEBUG
+static void unref_by(grpc_fd *fd, int n, const char *reason, const char *file,
+                     int line) {
+  gpr_atm old;
+  gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "FD %d %p unref %d %ld -> %ld [%s; %s:%d]", fd->fd,
+          (void *)fd, n, gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&fd->refst),
+          gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&fd->refst) - n, reason, file, line);
+#else
+static void unref_by(grpc_fd *fd, int n) {
+  gpr_atm old;
+#endif
+  old = gpr_atm_full_fetch_add(&fd->refst, -n);
+  if (old == n) {
+    /* Add the fd to the freelist */
+    gpr_mu_lock(&fd_freelist_mu);
+    fd->freelist_next = fd_freelist;
+    fd_freelist = fd;
+    grpc_iomgr_unregister_object(&fd->iomgr_object);
+
+    grpc_lfev_destroy(&fd->read_closure);
+    grpc_lfev_destroy(&fd->write_closure);
+
+    gpr_mu_unlock(&fd_freelist_mu);
+  } else {
+    GPR_ASSERT(old > n);
+  }
+}
+
+/* Increment refcount by two to avoid changing the orphan bit */
+#ifdef GRPC_FD_REF_COUNT_DEBUG
+static void fd_ref(grpc_fd *fd, const char *reason, const char *file,
+                   int line) {
+  ref_by(fd, 2, reason, file, line);
+}
+
+static void fd_unref(grpc_fd *fd, const char *reason, const char *file,
+                     int line) {
+  unref_by(fd, 2, reason, file, line);
+}
+#else
+static void fd_ref(grpc_fd *fd) { ref_by(fd, 2); }
+static void fd_unref(grpc_fd *fd) { unref_by(fd, 2); }
+#endif
+
+static void fd_global_init(void) { gpr_mu_init(&fd_freelist_mu); }
+
+static void fd_global_shutdown(void) {
+  gpr_mu_lock(&fd_freelist_mu);
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&fd_freelist_mu);
+  while (fd_freelist != NULL) {
+    grpc_fd *fd = fd_freelist;
+    fd_freelist = fd_freelist->freelist_next;
+    gpr_mu_destroy(&fd->po.mu);
+    gpr_free(fd);
+  }
+  gpr_mu_destroy(&fd_freelist_mu);
+}
+
+static grpc_fd *fd_create(int fd, const char *name) {
+  grpc_fd *new_fd = NULL;
+
+  gpr_mu_lock(&fd_freelist_mu);
+  if (fd_freelist != NULL) {
+    new_fd = fd_freelist;
+    fd_freelist = fd_freelist->freelist_next;
+  }
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&fd_freelist_mu);
+
+  if (new_fd == NULL) {
+    new_fd = gpr_malloc(sizeof(grpc_fd));
+    gpr_mu_init(&new_fd->po.mu);
+  }
+
+  /* Note: It is not really needed to get the new_fd->po.mu lock here. If this
+   * is a newly created fd (or an fd we got from the freelist), no one else
+   * would be holding a lock to it anyway. */
+  gpr_mu_lock(&new_fd->po.mu);
+  new_fd->po.pi = NULL;
+#ifdef PO_DEBUG
+  new_fd->po.obj_type = POLL_OBJ_FD;
+#endif
+
+  gpr_atm_rel_store(&new_fd->refst, (gpr_atm)1);
+  new_fd->fd = fd;
+  new_fd->orphaned = false;
+  grpc_lfev_init(&new_fd->read_closure);
+  grpc_lfev_init(&new_fd->write_closure);
+  gpr_atm_no_barrier_store(&new_fd->read_notifier_pollset, (gpr_atm)NULL);
+
+  new_fd->freelist_next = NULL;
+  new_fd->on_done_closure = NULL;
+
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&new_fd->po.mu);
+
+  char *fd_name;
+  gpr_asprintf(&fd_name, "%s fd=%d", name, fd);
+  grpc_iomgr_register_object(&new_fd->iomgr_object, fd_name);
+#ifdef GRPC_FD_REF_COUNT_DEBUG
+  gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "FD %d %p create %s", fd, (void *)new_fd, fd_name);
+#endif
+  gpr_free(fd_name);
+  return new_fd;
+}
+
+static int fd_wrapped_fd(grpc_fd *fd) {
+  int ret_fd = -1;
+  gpr_mu_lock(&fd->po.mu);
+  if (!fd->orphaned) {
+    ret_fd = fd->fd;
+  }
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&fd->po.mu);
+
+  return ret_fd;
+}
+
+static void fd_orphan(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, grpc_fd *fd,
+                      grpc_closure *on_done, int *release_fd,
+                      const char *reason) {
+  bool is_fd_closed = false;
+  grpc_error *error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  polling_island *unref_pi = NULL;
+
+  gpr_mu_lock(&fd->po.mu);
+  fd->on_done_closure = on_done;
+
+  /* If release_fd is not NULL, we should be relinquishing control of the file
+     descriptor fd->fd (but we still own the grpc_fd structure). */
+  if (release_fd != NULL) {
+    *release_fd = fd->fd;
+  } else {
+    close(fd->fd);
+    is_fd_closed = true;
+  }
+
+  fd->orphaned = true;
+
+  /* Remove the active status but keep referenced. We want this grpc_fd struct
+     to be alive (and not added to freelist) until the end of this function */
+  REF_BY(fd, 1, reason);
+
+  /* Remove the fd from the polling island:
+     - Get a lock on the latest polling island (i.e the last island in the
+       linked list pointed by fd->po.pi). This is the island that
+       would actually contain the fd
+     - Remove the fd from the latest polling island
+     - Unlock the latest polling island
+     - Set fd->po.pi to NULL (but remove the ref on the polling island
+       before doing this.) */
+  if (fd->po.pi != NULL) {
+    polling_island *pi_latest = polling_island_lock(fd->po.pi);
+    polling_island_remove_fd_locked(pi_latest, fd, is_fd_closed, &error);
+    gpr_mu_unlock(&pi_latest->mu);
+
+    unref_pi = fd->po.pi;
+    fd->po.pi = NULL;
+  }
+
+  grpc_closure_sched(exec_ctx, fd->on_done_closure, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&fd->po.mu);
+  UNREF_BY(fd, 2, reason); /* Drop the reference */
+  if (unref_pi != NULL) {
+    /* Unref stale polling island here, outside the fd lock above.
+       The polling island owns a workqueue which owns an fd, and unreffing
+       inside the lock can cause an eventual lock loop that makes TSAN very
+       unhappy. */
+    PI_UNREF(exec_ctx, unref_pi, "fd_orphan");
+  }
+  GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR("fd_orphan", GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+}
+
+static grpc_pollset *fd_get_read_notifier_pollset(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
+                                                  grpc_fd *fd) {
+  gpr_atm notifier = gpr_atm_acq_load(&fd->read_notifier_pollset);
+  return (grpc_pollset *)notifier;
+}
+
+static bool fd_is_shutdown(grpc_fd *fd) {
+  return grpc_lfev_is_shutdown(&fd->read_closure);
+}
+
+/* Might be called multiple times */
+static void fd_shutdown(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, grpc_fd *fd, grpc_error *why) {
+  if (grpc_lfev_set_shutdown(exec_ctx, &fd->read_closure,
+                             GRPC_ERROR_REF(why))) {
+    shutdown(fd->fd, SHUT_RDWR);
+    grpc_lfev_set_shutdown(exec_ctx, &fd->write_closure, GRPC_ERROR_REF(why));
+  }
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(why);
+}
+
+static void fd_notify_on_read(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, grpc_fd *fd,
+                              grpc_closure *closure) {
+  grpc_lfev_notify_on(exec_ctx, &fd->read_closure, closure);
+}
+
+static void fd_notify_on_write(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, grpc_fd *fd,
+                               grpc_closure *closure) {
+  grpc_lfev_notify_on(exec_ctx, &fd->write_closure, closure);
+}
+
+static grpc_workqueue *fd_get_workqueue(grpc_fd *fd) {
+  gpr_mu_lock(&fd->po.mu);
+  grpc_workqueue *workqueue =
+      GRPC_WORKQUEUE_REF((grpc_workqueue *)fd->po.pi, "fd_get_workqueue");
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&fd->po.mu);
+  return workqueue;
+}
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Pollset Definitions
+ */
+GPR_TLS_DECL(g_current_thread_pollset);
+GPR_TLS_DECL(g_current_thread_worker);
+static __thread bool g_initialized_sigmask;
+static __thread sigset_t g_orig_sigmask;
+static __thread sigset_t g_wakeup_sig_set;
+
+static void sig_handler(int sig_num) {
+#ifdef GRPC_EPOLL_DEBUG
+  gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "Received signal %d", sig_num);
+#endif
+}
+
+static void pollset_worker_init(grpc_pollset_worker *worker) {
+  worker->pt_id = pthread_self();
+  worker->next = worker->prev = NULL;
+  gpr_atm_no_barrier_store(&worker->is_kicked, (gpr_atm)0);
+  gpr_atm_no_barrier_store(&worker->is_polling_turn, (gpr_atm)0);
+  worker_node_init(&worker->pi_list_link);
+}
+
+static void poller_kick_init() { signal(grpc_wakeup_signal, sig_handler); }
+
+/* Global state management */
+static grpc_error *pollset_global_init(void) {
+  gpr_tls_init(&g_current_thread_pollset);
+  gpr_tls_init(&g_current_thread_worker);
+  poller_kick_init();
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+static void pollset_global_shutdown(void) {
+  gpr_tls_destroy(&g_current_thread_pollset);
+  gpr_tls_destroy(&g_current_thread_worker);
+}
+
+static grpc_error *worker_kick(grpc_pollset_worker *worker,
+                               gpr_atm *is_kicked) {
+  grpc_error *err = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+
+  /* Kick the worker only if it was not already kicked */
+  if (gpr_atm_no_barrier_cas(is_kicked, (gpr_atm)0, (gpr_atm)1)) {
+    GRPC_POLLING_TRACE(
+        "pollset_worker_kick: Kicking worker: %p (thread id: %ld)",
+        (void *)worker, (long int)worker->pt_id);
+    int err_num = pthread_kill(worker->pt_id, grpc_wakeup_signal);
+    if (err_num != 0) {
+      err = GRPC_OS_ERROR(err_num, "pthread_kill");
+    }
+  }
+  return err;
+}
+
+static grpc_error *pollset_worker_kick(grpc_pollset_worker *worker) {
+  return worker_kick(worker, &worker->is_kicked);
+}
+
+static grpc_error *poller_kick(grpc_pollset_worker *worker) {
+  return worker_kick(worker, &worker->is_polling_turn);
+}
+
+/* Return 1 if the pollset has active threads in pollset_work (pollset must
+ * be locked) */
+static int pollset_has_workers(grpc_pollset *p) {
+  return p->root_worker.next != &p->root_worker;
+}
+
+static void remove_worker(grpc_pollset *p, grpc_pollset_worker *worker) {
+  worker->prev->next = worker->next;
+  worker->next->prev = worker->prev;
+}
+
+static grpc_pollset_worker *pop_front_worker(grpc_pollset *p) {
+  if (pollset_has_workers(p)) {
+    grpc_pollset_worker *w = p->root_worker.next;
+    remove_worker(p, w);
+    return w;
+  } else {
+    return NULL;
+  }
+}
+
+static void push_back_worker(grpc_pollset *p, grpc_pollset_worker *worker) {
+  worker->next = &p->root_worker;
+  worker->prev = worker->next->prev;
+  worker->prev->next = worker->next->prev = worker;
+}
+
+static void push_front_worker(grpc_pollset *p, grpc_pollset_worker *worker) {
+  worker->prev = &p->root_worker;
+  worker->next = worker->prev->next;
+  worker->prev->next = worker->next->prev = worker;
+}
+
+/* p->mu must be held before calling this function */
+static grpc_error *pollset_kick(grpc_pollset *p,
+                                grpc_pollset_worker *specific_worker) {
+  GPR_TIMER_BEGIN("pollset_kick", 0);
+  grpc_error *error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  const char *err_desc = "Kick Failure";
+  grpc_pollset_worker *worker = specific_worker;
+  if (worker != NULL) {
+    if (worker == GRPC_POLLSET_KICK_BROADCAST) {
+      if (pollset_has_workers(p)) {
+        GPR_TIMER_BEGIN("pollset_kick.broadcast", 0);
+        for (worker = p->root_worker.next; worker != &p->root_worker;
+             worker = worker->next) {
+          if (gpr_tls_get(&g_current_thread_worker) != (intptr_t)worker) {
+            append_error(&error, pollset_worker_kick(worker), err_desc);
+          }
+        }
+        GPR_TIMER_END("pollset_kick.broadcast", 0);
+      } else {
+        p->kicked_without_pollers = true;
+      }
+    } else {
+      GPR_TIMER_MARK("kicked_specifically", 0);
+      if (gpr_tls_get(&g_current_thread_worker) != (intptr_t)worker) {
+        append_error(&error, pollset_worker_kick(worker), err_desc);
+      }
+    }
+  } else if (gpr_tls_get(&g_current_thread_pollset) != (intptr_t)p) {
+    /* Since worker == NULL, it means that we can kick "any" worker on this
+       pollset 'p'. If 'p' happens to be the same pollset this thread is
+       currently polling (i.e in pollset_work() function), then there is no need
+       to kick any other worker since the current thread can just absorb the
+       kick. This is the reason why we enter this case only when
+       g_current_thread_pollset is != p */
+
+    GPR_TIMER_MARK("kick_anonymous", 0);
+    worker = pop_front_worker(p);
+    if (worker != NULL) {
+      GPR_TIMER_MARK("finally_kick", 0);
+      push_back_worker(p, worker);
+      append_error(&error, pollset_worker_kick(worker), err_desc);
+    } else {
+      GPR_TIMER_MARK("kicked_no_pollers", 0);
+      p->kicked_without_pollers = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  GPR_TIMER_END("pollset_kick", 0);
+  GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR("pollset_kick", GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+  return error;
+}
+
+static void pollset_init(grpc_pollset *pollset, gpr_mu **mu) {
+  gpr_mu_init(&pollset->po.mu);
+  *mu = &pollset->po.mu;
+  pollset->po.pi = NULL;
+#ifdef PO_DEBUG
+  pollset->po.obj_type = POLL_OBJ_POLLSET;
+#endif
+
+  pollset->root_worker.next = pollset->root_worker.prev = &pollset->root_worker;
+  pollset->kicked_without_pollers = false;
+
+  pollset->shutting_down = false;
+  pollset->finish_shutdown_called = false;
+  pollset->shutdown_done = NULL;
+}
+
+/* Convert millis to timespec (clock-type is assumed to be GPR_TIMESPAN) */
+static struct timespec millis_to_timespec(int millis) {
+  struct timespec linux_ts;
+  gpr_timespec gpr_ts;
+
+  if (millis == -1) {
+    gpr_ts = gpr_inf_future(GPR_TIMESPAN);
+  } else {
+    gpr_ts = gpr_time_from_millis(millis, GPR_TIMESPAN);
+  }
+
+  linux_ts.tv_sec = (time_t)gpr_ts.tv_sec;
+  linux_ts.tv_nsec = gpr_ts.tv_nsec;
+  return linux_ts;
+}
+
+/* Convert a timespec to milliseconds:
+   - Very small or negative poll times are clamped to zero to do a non-blocking
+     poll (which becomes spin polling)
+   - Other small values are rounded up to one millisecond
+   - Longer than a millisecond polls are rounded up to the next nearest
+     millisecond to avoid spinning
+   - Infinite timeouts are converted to -1 */
+static int poll_deadline_to_millis_timeout(gpr_timespec deadline,
+                                           gpr_timespec now) {
+  gpr_timespec timeout;
+  static const int64_t max_spin_polling_us = 10;
+  if (gpr_time_cmp(deadline, gpr_inf_future(deadline.clock_type)) == 0) {
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  if (gpr_time_cmp(deadline, gpr_time_add(now, gpr_time_from_micros(
+                                                   max_spin_polling_us,
+                                                   GPR_TIMESPAN))) <= 0) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  timeout = gpr_time_sub(deadline, now);
+  int millis = gpr_time_to_millis(gpr_time_add(
+      timeout, gpr_time_from_nanos(GPR_NS_PER_MS - 1, GPR_TIMESPAN)));
+  return millis >= 1 ? millis : 1;
+}
+
+static void fd_become_readable(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, grpc_fd *fd,
+                               grpc_pollset *notifier) {
+  grpc_lfev_set_ready(exec_ctx, &fd->read_closure);
+
+  /* Note, it is possible that fd_become_readable might be called twice with
+     different 'notifier's when an fd becomes readable and it is in two epoll
+     sets (This can happen briefly during polling island merges). In such cases
+     it does not really matter which notifer is set as the read_notifier_pollset
+     (They would both point to the same polling island anyway) */
+  /* Use release store to match with acquire load in fd_get_read_notifier */
+  gpr_atm_rel_store(&fd->read_notifier_pollset, (gpr_atm)notifier);
+}
+
+static void fd_become_writable(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, grpc_fd *fd) {
+  grpc_lfev_set_ready(exec_ctx, &fd->write_closure);
+}
+
+static void pollset_release_polling_island(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
+                                           grpc_pollset *ps, char *reason) {
+  if (ps->po.pi != NULL) {
+    PI_UNREF(exec_ctx, ps->po.pi, reason);
+  }
+  ps->po.pi = NULL;
+}
+
+static void finish_shutdown_locked(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
+                                   grpc_pollset *pollset) {
+  /* The pollset cannot have any workers if we are at this stage */
+  GPR_ASSERT(!pollset_has_workers(pollset));
+
+  pollset->finish_shutdown_called = true;
+
+  /* Release the ref and set pollset->po.pi to NULL */
+  pollset_release_polling_island(exec_ctx, pollset, "ps_shutdown");
+  grpc_closure_sched(exec_ctx, pollset->shutdown_done, GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+}
+
+/* pollset->po.mu lock must be held by the caller before calling this */
+static void pollset_shutdown(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, grpc_pollset *pollset,
+                             grpc_closure *closure) {
+  GPR_TIMER_BEGIN("pollset_shutdown", 0);
+  GPR_ASSERT(!pollset->shutting_down);
+  pollset->shutting_down = true;
+  pollset->shutdown_done = closure;
+  pollset_kick(pollset, GRPC_POLLSET_KICK_BROADCAST);
+
+  /* If the pollset has any workers, we cannot call finish_shutdown_locked()
+     because it would release the underlying polling island. In such a case, we
+     let the last worker call finish_shutdown_locked() from pollset_work() */
+  if (!pollset_has_workers(pollset)) {
+    GPR_ASSERT(!pollset->finish_shutdown_called);
+    GPR_TIMER_MARK("pollset_shutdown.finish_shutdown_locked", 0);
+    finish_shutdown_locked(exec_ctx, pollset);
+  }
+  GPR_TIMER_END("pollset_shutdown", 0);
+}
+
+/* pollset_shutdown is guaranteed to be called before pollset_destroy. So other
+ * than destroying the mutexes, there is nothing special that needs to be done
+ * here */
+static void pollset_destroy(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, grpc_pollset *pollset) {
+  GPR_ASSERT(!pollset_has_workers(pollset));
+  gpr_mu_destroy(&pollset->po.mu);
+}
+
+static bool maybe_do_workqueue_work(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
+                                    polling_island *pi) {
+  if (gpr_mu_trylock(&pi->workqueue_read_mu)) {
+    gpr_mpscq_node *n = gpr_mpscq_pop(&pi->workqueue_items);
+    gpr_mu_unlock(&pi->workqueue_read_mu);
+    if (n != NULL) {
+      if (gpr_atm_full_fetch_add(&pi->workqueue_item_count, -1) > 1) {
+        workqueue_maybe_wakeup(pi);
+      }
+      grpc_closure *c = (grpc_closure *)n;
+      grpc_error *error = c->error_data.error;
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+      c->scheduled = false;
+#endif
+      c->cb(exec_ctx, c->cb_arg, error);
+      GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+      return true;
+    } else if (gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&pi->workqueue_item_count) > 0) {
+      /* n == NULL might mean there's work but it's not available to be popped
+       * yet - try to ensure another workqueue wakes up to check shortly if so
+       */
+      workqueue_maybe_wakeup(pi);
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+/* NOTE: This function may modify 'now' */
+static bool acquire_polling_lease(grpc_pollset_worker *worker,
+                                  polling_island *pi, gpr_timespec deadline,
+                                  gpr_timespec *now) {
+  bool is_lease_acquired = false;
+
+  gpr_mu_lock(&pi->worker_list_mu);  //  LOCK
+  long num_pollers = gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&pi->poller_count);
+
+  if (num_pollers >= g_max_pollers_per_pi) {
+    push_back_worker_node(&pi->worker_list_head, &worker->pi_list_link);
+    gpr_mu_unlock(&pi->worker_list_mu);  // UNLOCK
+
+    bool is_timeout = false;
+    int ret;
+    int timeout_ms = poll_deadline_to_millis_timeout(deadline, *now);
+    if (timeout_ms == -1) {
+      ret = sigwaitinfo(&g_wakeup_sig_set, NULL);
+    } else {
+      struct timespec sigwait_timeout = millis_to_timespec(timeout_ms);
+      GRPC_SCHEDULING_START_BLOCKING_REGION;
+      ret = sigtimedwait(&g_wakeup_sig_set, NULL, &sigwait_timeout);
+      GRPC_SCHEDULING_END_BLOCKING_REGION;
+    }
+
+    if (ret == -1) {
+      if (errno == EAGAIN) {
+        is_timeout = true;
+      } else {
+        /* NOTE: This should not happen. If we see these log messages, it means
+           we are most likely doing something incorrect in the setup * needed
+           for sigwaitinfo/sigtimedwait */
+        gpr_log(GPR_ERROR,
+                "sigtimedwait failed with retcode: %d (timeout_ms: %d)", errno,
+                timeout_ms);
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Did the worker come out of sigtimedwait due to a thread that just
+       exited epoll and kicking it (in release_polling_lease function). */
+    bool is_polling_turn = gpr_atm_acq_load(&worker->is_polling_turn);
+
+    /* Did the worker come out of sigtimedwait due to a thread alerting it that
+       some completion event was (likely) available in the completion queue */
+    bool is_kicked = gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&worker->is_kicked);
+
+    if (is_kicked || is_timeout) {
+      *now = deadline; /* Essentially make the epoll timeout = 0 */
+    } else if (is_polling_turn) {
+      *now = gpr_now(GPR_CLOCK_MONOTONIC); /* Reduce the epoll timeout */
+    }
+
+    gpr_mu_lock(&pi->worker_list_mu);  // LOCK
+    /* The node might have already been removed from the list by the poller
+       that kicked this. However it is safe to call 'remove_worker_node' on
+       an already detached node */
+    remove_worker_node(&worker->pi_list_link);
+    /* It is important to read the num_pollers again under the lock so that we
+     * have the latest num_pollers value that doesn't change while we are doing
+     * the "(num_pollers < g_max_pollers_per_pi)" a a few lines below */
+    num_pollers = gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&pi->poller_count);
+  }
+
+  if (num_pollers < g_max_pollers_per_pi) {
+    gpr_atm_no_barrier_fetch_add(&pi->poller_count, 1);
+    is_lease_acquired = true;
+  }
+
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&pi->worker_list_mu);  // UNLOCK
+  return is_lease_acquired;
+}
+
+static void release_polling_lease(polling_island *pi, grpc_error **error) {
+  gpr_mu_lock(&pi->worker_list_mu);
+
+  gpr_atm_no_barrier_fetch_add(&pi->poller_count, -1);
+  worker_node *node = pop_front_worker_node(&pi->worker_list_head);
+  if (node != NULL) {
+    grpc_pollset_worker *next_worker = WORKER_FROM_WORKER_LIST_NODE(node);
+    append_error(error, poller_kick(next_worker), "poller kick error");
+  }
+
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&pi->worker_list_mu);
+}
+
+#define GRPC_EPOLL_MAX_EVENTS 100
+static void pollset_do_epoll_pwait(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, int epoll_fd,
+                                   grpc_pollset *pollset, polling_island *pi,
+                                   grpc_pollset_worker *worker,
+                                   gpr_timespec now, gpr_timespec deadline,
+                                   sigset_t *sig_mask, grpc_error **error) {
+  /* Only g_max_pollers_per_pi threads can be doing polling in parallel.
+     If we cannot get a lease, we cannot continue to do epoll_pwait() */
+  if (!acquire_polling_lease(worker, pi, deadline, &now)) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  struct epoll_event ep_ev[GRPC_EPOLL_MAX_EVENTS];
+  int ep_rv;
+  char *err_msg;
+  const char *err_desc = "pollset_work_and_unlock";
+
+  /* timeout_ms is the time between 'now' and 'deadline' */
+  int timeout_ms = poll_deadline_to_millis_timeout(deadline, now);
+
+  GRPC_SCHEDULING_START_BLOCKING_REGION;
+  ep_rv =
+      epoll_pwait(epoll_fd, ep_ev, GRPC_EPOLL_MAX_EVENTS, timeout_ms, sig_mask);
+  GRPC_SCHEDULING_END_BLOCKING_REGION;
+
+  /* Give back the lease right away so that some other thread can enter */
+  release_polling_lease(pi, error);
+
+  if (ep_rv < 0) {
+    if (errno != EINTR) {
+      gpr_asprintf(&err_msg,
+                   "epoll_wait() epoll fd: %d failed with error: %d (%s)",
+                   epoll_fd, errno, strerror(errno));
+      append_error(error, GRPC_OS_ERROR(errno, err_msg), err_desc);
+    } else {
+      /* We were interrupted. Save an interation by doing a zero timeout
+         epoll_wait to see if there are any other events of interest */
+      GRPC_POLLING_TRACE("pollset_work: pollset: %p, worker: %p received kick",
+                         (void *)pollset, (void *)worker);
+      ep_rv = epoll_wait(epoll_fd, ep_ev, GRPC_EPOLL_MAX_EVENTS, 0);
+    }
+  }
+
+#ifdef GRPC_TSAN
+  /* See the definition of g_poll_sync for more details */
+  gpr_atm_acq_load(&g_epoll_sync);
+#endif /* defined(GRPC_TSAN) */
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < ep_rv; ++i) {
+    void *data_ptr = ep_ev[i].data.ptr;
+    if (data_ptr == &pi->workqueue_wakeup_fd) {
+      append_error(error,
+                   grpc_wakeup_fd_consume_wakeup(&pi->workqueue_wakeup_fd),
+                   err_desc);
+      maybe_do_workqueue_work(exec_ctx, pi);
+    } else if (data_ptr == &polling_island_wakeup_fd) {
+      GRPC_POLLING_TRACE(
+          "pollset_work: pollset: %p, worker: %p polling island (epoll_fd: "
+          "%d) got merged",
+          (void *)pollset, (void *)worker, epoll_fd);
+      /* This means that our polling island is merged with a different
+         island. We do not have to do anything here since the subsequent call
+         to the function pollset_work_and_unlock() will pick up the correct
+         epoll_fd */
+    } else {
+      grpc_fd *fd = data_ptr;
+      int cancel = ep_ev[i].events & (EPOLLERR | EPOLLHUP);
+      int read_ev = ep_ev[i].events & (EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI);
+      int write_ev = ep_ev[i].events & EPOLLOUT;
+      if (read_ev || cancel) {
+        fd_become_readable(exec_ctx, fd, pollset);
+      }
+      if (write_ev || cancel) {
+        fd_become_writable(exec_ctx, fd);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/* Note: sig_mask contains the signal mask to use *during* epoll_wait() */
+static void pollset_work_and_unlock(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
+                                    grpc_pollset *pollset,
+                                    grpc_pollset_worker *worker,
+                                    gpr_timespec now, gpr_timespec deadline,
+                                    sigset_t *sig_mask, grpc_error **error) {
+  int epoll_fd = -1;
+  polling_island *pi = NULL;
+  GPR_TIMER_BEGIN("pollset_work_and_unlock", 0);
+
+  /* We need to get the epoll_fd to wait on. The epoll_fd is in inside the
+     latest polling island pointed by pollset->po.pi
+
+     Since epoll_fd is immutable, it is safe to read it without a lock on the
+     polling island. There is however a possibility that the polling island from
+     which we got the epoll_fd, got merged with another island in the meantime.
+     This is okay because in such a case, we will wakeup right-away from
+     epoll_pwait() (because any merge will poison the old polling island's epoll
+     set 'polling_island_wakeup_fd') and then pick up the latest polling_island
+     the next time this function - pollset_work_and_unlock()) is called */
+
+  if (pollset->po.pi == NULL) {
+    pollset->po.pi = polling_island_create(exec_ctx, NULL, error);
+    if (pollset->po.pi == NULL) {
+      GPR_TIMER_END("pollset_work_and_unlock", 0);
+      return; /* Fatal error. Cannot continue */
+    }
+
+    PI_ADD_REF(pollset->po.pi, "ps");
+    GRPC_POLLING_TRACE("pollset_work: pollset: %p created new pi: %p",
+                       (void *)pollset, (void *)pollset->po.pi);
+  }
+
+  pi = polling_island_maybe_get_latest(pollset->po.pi);
+  epoll_fd = pi->epoll_fd;
+
+  /* Update the pollset->po.pi since the island being pointed by
+     pollset->po.pi maybe older than the one pointed by pi) */
+  if (pollset->po.pi != pi) {
+    /* Always do PI_ADD_REF before PI_UNREF because PI_UNREF may cause the
+       polling island to be deleted */
+    PI_ADD_REF(pi, "ps");
+    PI_UNREF(exec_ctx, pollset->po.pi, "ps");
+    pollset->po.pi = pi;
+  }
+
+  /* Add an extra ref so that the island does not get destroyed (which means
+     the epoll_fd won't be closed) while we are are doing an epoll_wait() on the
+     epoll_fd */
+  PI_ADD_REF(pi, "ps_work");
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&pollset->po.mu);
+
+  /* If we get some workqueue work to do, it might end up completing an item on
+     the completion queue, so there's no need to poll... so we skip that and
+     redo the complete loop to verify */
+  if (!maybe_do_workqueue_work(exec_ctx, pi)) {
+    g_current_thread_polling_island = pi;
+    pollset_do_epoll_pwait(exec_ctx, epoll_fd, pollset, pi, worker, now,
+                           deadline, sig_mask, error);
+    g_current_thread_polling_island = NULL;
+  }
+
+  GPR_ASSERT(pi != NULL);
+
+  /* Before leaving, release the extra ref we added to the polling island. It
+     is important to use "pi" here (i.e our old copy of pollset->po.pi
+     that we got before releasing the polling island lock). This is because
+     pollset->po.pi pointer might get udpated in other parts of the
+     code when there is an island merge while we are doing epoll_wait() above */
+  PI_UNREF(exec_ctx, pi, "ps_work");
+
+  GPR_TIMER_END("pollset_work_and_unlock", 0);
+}
+
+/* pollset->po.mu lock must be held by the caller before calling this.
+   The function pollset_work() may temporarily release the lock (pollset->po.mu)
+   during the course of its execution but it will always re-acquire the lock and
+   ensure that it is held by the time the function returns */
+static grpc_error *pollset_work(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, grpc_pollset *pollset,
+                                grpc_pollset_worker **worker_hdl,
+                                gpr_timespec now, gpr_timespec deadline) {
+  GPR_TIMER_BEGIN("pollset_work", 0);
+  grpc_error *error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+
+  grpc_pollset_worker worker;
+  pollset_worker_init(&worker);
+
+  if (worker_hdl) *worker_hdl = &worker;
+
+  gpr_tls_set(&g_current_thread_pollset, (intptr_t)pollset);
+  gpr_tls_set(&g_current_thread_worker, (intptr_t)&worker);
+
+  if (pollset->kicked_without_pollers) {
+    /* If the pollset was kicked without pollers, pretend that the current
+       worker got the kick and skip polling. A kick indicates that there is some
+       work that needs attention like an event on the completion queue or an
+       alarm */
+    GPR_TIMER_MARK("pollset_work.kicked_without_pollers", 0);
+    pollset->kicked_without_pollers = 0;
+  } else if (!pollset->shutting_down) {
+    /* We use the posix-signal with number 'grpc_wakeup_signal' for waking up
+       (i.e 'kicking') a worker in the pollset. A 'kick' is a way to inform the
+       worker that there is some pending work that needs immediate attention
+       (like an event on the completion queue, or a polling island merge that
+       results in a new epoll-fd to wait on) and that the worker should not
+       spend time waiting in epoll_pwait().
+
+       A worker can be kicked anytime from the point it is added to the pollset
+       via push_front_worker() (or push_back_worker()) to the point it is
+       removed via remove_worker().
+       If the worker is kicked before/during it calls epoll_pwait(), it should
+       immediately exit from epoll_wait(). If the worker is kicked after it
+       returns from epoll_wait(), then nothing really needs to be done.
+
+       To accomplish this, we mask 'grpc_wakeup_signal' on this thread at all
+       times *except* when it is in epoll_pwait(). This way, the worker never
+       misses acting on a kick */
+
+    if (!g_initialized_sigmask) {
+      sigemptyset(&g_wakeup_sig_set);
+      sigaddset(&g_wakeup_sig_set, grpc_wakeup_signal);
+      pthread_sigmask(SIG_BLOCK, &g_wakeup_sig_set, &g_orig_sigmask);
+      sigdelset(&g_orig_sigmask, grpc_wakeup_signal);
+      g_initialized_sigmask = true;
+      /* new_mask:       The new thread mask which blocks 'grpc_wakeup_signal'.
+                         This is the mask used at all times *except during
+                         epoll_wait()*"
+         g_orig_sigmask: The thread mask which allows 'grpc_wakeup_signal' and
+                         this is the mask to use *during epoll_wait()*
+
+         The new_mask is set on the worker before it is added to the pollset
+         (i.e before it can be kicked) */
+    }
+
+    push_front_worker(pollset, &worker); /* Add worker to pollset */
+
+    pollset_work_and_unlock(exec_ctx, pollset, &worker, now, deadline,
+                            &g_orig_sigmask, &error);
+    grpc_exec_ctx_flush(exec_ctx);
+
+    gpr_mu_lock(&pollset->po.mu);
+
+    /* Note: There is no need to reset worker.is_kicked to 0 since we are no
+       longer going to use this worker */
+    remove_worker(pollset, &worker);
+  }
+
+  /* If we are the last worker on the pollset (i.e pollset_has_workers() is
+     false at this point) and the pollset is shutting down, we may have to
+     finish the shutdown process by calling finish_shutdown_locked().
+     See pollset_shutdown() for more details.
+
+     Note: Continuing to access pollset here is safe; it is the caller's
+     responsibility to not destroy a pollset when it has outstanding calls to
+     pollset_work() */
+  if (pollset->shutting_down && !pollset_has_workers(pollset) &&
+      !pollset->finish_shutdown_called) {
+    GPR_TIMER_MARK("pollset_work.finish_shutdown_locked", 0);
+    finish_shutdown_locked(exec_ctx, pollset);
+
+    gpr_mu_unlock(&pollset->po.mu);
+    grpc_exec_ctx_flush(exec_ctx);
+    gpr_mu_lock(&pollset->po.mu);
+  }
+
+  if (worker_hdl) *worker_hdl = NULL;
+
+  gpr_tls_set(&g_current_thread_pollset, (intptr_t)0);
+  gpr_tls_set(&g_current_thread_worker, (intptr_t)0);
+
+  GPR_TIMER_END("pollset_work", 0);
+
+  GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR("pollset_work", GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+  return error;
+}
+
+static void add_poll_object(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, poll_obj *bag,
+                            poll_obj_type bag_type, poll_obj *item,
+                            poll_obj_type item_type) {
+  GPR_TIMER_BEGIN("add_poll_object", 0);
+
+#ifdef PO_DEBUG
+  GPR_ASSERT(item->obj_type == item_type);
+  GPR_ASSERT(bag->obj_type == bag_type);
+#endif
+
+  grpc_error *error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  polling_island *pi_new = NULL;
+
+  gpr_mu_lock(&bag->mu);
+  gpr_mu_lock(&item->mu);
+
+retry:
+  /*
+   * 1) If item->pi and bag->pi are both non-NULL and equal, do nothing
+   * 2) If item->pi and bag->pi are both NULL, create a new polling island (with
+   *    a refcount of 2) and point item->pi and bag->pi to the new island
+   * 3) If exactly one of item->pi or bag->pi is NULL, update it to point to
+   *    the other's non-NULL pi
+   * 4) Finally if item->pi and bag-pi are non-NULL and not-equal, merge the
+   *    polling islands and update item->pi and bag->pi to point to the new
+   *    island
+   */
+
+  /* Early out if we are trying to add an 'fd' to a 'bag' but the fd is already
+   * orphaned */
+  if (item_type == POLL_OBJ_FD && (FD_FROM_PO(item))->orphaned) {
+    gpr_mu_unlock(&item->mu);
+    gpr_mu_unlock(&bag->mu);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (item->pi == bag->pi) {
+    pi_new = item->pi;
+    if (pi_new == NULL) {
+      /* GPR_ASSERT(item->pi == bag->pi == NULL) */
+
+      /* If we are adding an fd to a bag (i.e pollset or pollset_set), then
+       * we need to do some extra work to make TSAN happy */
+      if (item_type == POLL_OBJ_FD) {
+        /* Unlock before creating a new polling island: the polling island will
+           create a workqueue which creates a file descriptor, and holding an fd
+           lock here can eventually cause a loop to appear to TSAN (making it
+           unhappy). We don't think it's a real loop (there's an epoch point
+           where that loop possibility disappears), but the advantages of
+           keeping TSAN happy outweigh any performance advantage we might have
+           by keeping the lock held. */
+        gpr_mu_unlock(&item->mu);
+        pi_new = polling_island_create(exec_ctx, FD_FROM_PO(item), &error);
+        gpr_mu_lock(&item->mu);
+
+        /* Need to reverify any assumptions made between the initial lock and
+           getting to this branch: if they've changed, we need to throw away our
+           work and figure things out again. */
+        if (item->pi != NULL) {
+          GRPC_POLLING_TRACE(
+              "add_poll_object: Raced creating new polling island. pi_new: %p "
+              "(fd: %d, %s: %p)",
+              (void *)pi_new, FD_FROM_PO(item)->fd, poll_obj_string(bag_type),
+              (void *)bag);
+          /* No need to lock 'pi_new' here since this is a new polling island
+             and no one has a reference to it yet */
+          polling_island_remove_all_fds_locked(pi_new, true, &error);
+
+          /* Ref and unref so that the polling island gets deleted during unref
+           */
+          PI_ADD_REF(pi_new, "dance_of_destruction");
+          PI_UNREF(exec_ctx, pi_new, "dance_of_destruction");
+          goto retry;
+        }
+      } else {
+        pi_new = polling_island_create(exec_ctx, NULL, &error);
+      }
+
+      GRPC_POLLING_TRACE(
+          "add_poll_object: Created new polling island. pi_new: %p (%s: %p, "
+          "%s: %p)",
+          (void *)pi_new, poll_obj_string(item_type), (void *)item,
+          poll_obj_string(bag_type), (void *)bag);
+    } else {
+      GRPC_POLLING_TRACE(
+          "add_poll_object: Same polling island. pi: %p (%s, %s)",
+          (void *)pi_new, poll_obj_string(item_type),
+          poll_obj_string(bag_type));
+    }
+  } else if (item->pi == NULL) {
+    /* GPR_ASSERT(bag->pi != NULL) */
+    /* Make pi_new point to latest pi*/
+    pi_new = polling_island_lock(bag->pi);
+
+    if (item_type == POLL_OBJ_FD) {
+      grpc_fd *fd = FD_FROM_PO(item);
+      polling_island_add_fds_locked(pi_new, &fd, 1, true, &error);
+    }
+
+    gpr_mu_unlock(&pi_new->mu);
+    GRPC_POLLING_TRACE(
+        "add_poll_obj: item->pi was NULL. pi_new: %p (item(%s): %p, "
+        "bag(%s): %p)",
+        (void *)pi_new, poll_obj_string(item_type), (void *)item,
+        poll_obj_string(bag_type), (void *)bag);
+  } else if (bag->pi == NULL) {
+    /* GPR_ASSERT(item->pi != NULL) */
+    /* Make pi_new to point to latest pi */
+    pi_new = polling_island_lock(item->pi);
+    gpr_mu_unlock(&pi_new->mu);
+    GRPC_POLLING_TRACE(
+        "add_poll_obj: bag->pi was NULL. pi_new: %p (item(%s): %p, "
+        "bag(%s): %p)",
+        (void *)pi_new, poll_obj_string(item_type), (void *)item,
+        poll_obj_string(bag_type), (void *)bag);
+  } else {
+    pi_new = polling_island_merge(item->pi, bag->pi, &error);
+    GRPC_POLLING_TRACE(
+        "add_poll_obj: polling islands merged. pi_new: %p (item(%s): %p, "
+        "bag(%s): %p)",
+        (void *)pi_new, poll_obj_string(item_type), (void *)item,
+        poll_obj_string(bag_type), (void *)bag);
+  }
+
+  /* At this point, pi_new is the polling island that both item->pi and bag->pi
+     MUST be pointing to */
+
+  if (item->pi != pi_new) {
+    PI_ADD_REF(pi_new, poll_obj_string(item_type));
+    if (item->pi != NULL) {
+      PI_UNREF(exec_ctx, item->pi, poll_obj_string(item_type));
+    }
+    item->pi = pi_new;
+  }
+
+  if (bag->pi != pi_new) {
+    PI_ADD_REF(pi_new, poll_obj_string(bag_type));
+    if (bag->pi != NULL) {
+      PI_UNREF(exec_ctx, bag->pi, poll_obj_string(bag_type));
+    }
+    bag->pi = pi_new;
+  }
+
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&item->mu);
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&bag->mu);
+
+  GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR("add_poll_object", error);
+  GPR_TIMER_END("add_poll_object", 0);
+}
+
+static void pollset_add_fd(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, grpc_pollset *pollset,
+                           grpc_fd *fd) {
+  add_poll_object(exec_ctx, &pollset->po, POLL_OBJ_POLLSET, &fd->po,
+                  POLL_OBJ_FD);
+}
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Pollset-set Definitions
+ */
+
+static grpc_pollset_set *pollset_set_create(void) {
+  grpc_pollset_set *pss = gpr_malloc(sizeof(*pss));
+  gpr_mu_init(&pss->po.mu);
+  pss->po.pi = NULL;
+#ifdef PO_DEBUG
+  pss->po.obj_type = POLL_OBJ_POLLSET_SET;
+#endif
+  return pss;
+}
+
+static void pollset_set_destroy(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
+                                grpc_pollset_set *pss) {
+  gpr_mu_destroy(&pss->po.mu);
+
+  if (pss->po.pi != NULL) {
+    PI_UNREF(exec_ctx, pss->po.pi, "pss_destroy");
+  }
+
+  gpr_free(pss);
+}
+
+static void pollset_set_add_fd(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, grpc_pollset_set *pss,
+                               grpc_fd *fd) {
+  add_poll_object(exec_ctx, &pss->po, POLL_OBJ_POLLSET_SET, &fd->po,
+                  POLL_OBJ_FD);
+}
+
+static void pollset_set_del_fd(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, grpc_pollset_set *pss,
+                               grpc_fd *fd) {
+  /* Nothing to do */
+}
+
+static void pollset_set_add_pollset(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
+                                    grpc_pollset_set *pss, grpc_pollset *ps) {
+  add_poll_object(exec_ctx, &pss->po, POLL_OBJ_POLLSET_SET, &ps->po,
+                  POLL_OBJ_POLLSET);
+}
+
+static void pollset_set_del_pollset(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
+                                    grpc_pollset_set *pss, grpc_pollset *ps) {
+  /* Nothing to do */
+}
+
+static void pollset_set_add_pollset_set(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
+                                        grpc_pollset_set *bag,
+                                        grpc_pollset_set *item) {
+  add_poll_object(exec_ctx, &bag->po, POLL_OBJ_POLLSET_SET, &item->po,
+                  POLL_OBJ_POLLSET_SET);
+}
+
+static void pollset_set_del_pollset_set(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
+                                        grpc_pollset_set *bag,
+                                        grpc_pollset_set *item) {
+  /* Nothing to do */
+}
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Event engine binding
+ */
+
+static void shutdown_engine(void) {
+  fd_global_shutdown();
+  pollset_global_shutdown();
+  polling_island_global_shutdown();
+}
+
+static const grpc_event_engine_vtable vtable = {
+    .pollset_size = sizeof(grpc_pollset),
+
+    .fd_create = fd_create,
+    .fd_wrapped_fd = fd_wrapped_fd,
+    .fd_orphan = fd_orphan,
+    .fd_shutdown = fd_shutdown,
+    .fd_is_shutdown = fd_is_shutdown,
+    .fd_notify_on_read = fd_notify_on_read,
+    .fd_notify_on_write = fd_notify_on_write,
+    .fd_get_read_notifier_pollset = fd_get_read_notifier_pollset,
+    .fd_get_workqueue = fd_get_workqueue,
+
+    .pollset_init = pollset_init,
+    .pollset_shutdown = pollset_shutdown,
+    .pollset_destroy = pollset_destroy,
+    .pollset_work = pollset_work,
+    .pollset_kick = pollset_kick,
+    .pollset_add_fd = pollset_add_fd,
+
+    .pollset_set_create = pollset_set_create,
+    .pollset_set_destroy = pollset_set_destroy,
+    .pollset_set_add_pollset = pollset_set_add_pollset,
+    .pollset_set_del_pollset = pollset_set_del_pollset,
+    .pollset_set_add_pollset_set = pollset_set_add_pollset_set,
+    .pollset_set_del_pollset_set = pollset_set_del_pollset_set,
+    .pollset_set_add_fd = pollset_set_add_fd,
+    .pollset_set_del_fd = pollset_set_del_fd,
+
+    .workqueue_ref = workqueue_ref,
+    .workqueue_unref = workqueue_unref,
+    .workqueue_scheduler = workqueue_scheduler,
+
+    .shutdown_engine = shutdown_engine,
+};
+
+/* It is possible that GLIBC has epoll but the underlying kernel doesn't.
+ * Create a dummy epoll_fd to make sure epoll support is available */
+static bool is_epoll_available() {
+  int fd = epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC);
+  if (fd < 0) {
+    gpr_log(
+        GPR_ERROR,
+        "epoll_create1 failed with error: %d. Not using epoll polling engine",
+        fd);
+    return false;
+  }
+  close(fd);
+  return true;
+}
+
+/* This is mainly for testing purposes. Checks to see if environment variable
+ * GRPC_MAX_POLLERS_PER_PI is set and if so, assigns that value to
+ * g_max_pollers_per_pi (any negative value is considered INT_MAX) */
+static void set_max_pollers_per_island() {
+  char *s = gpr_getenv("GRPC_MAX_POLLERS_PER_PI");
+  if (s) {
+    g_max_pollers_per_pi = (int)strtol(s, NULL, 10);
+    if (g_max_pollers_per_pi < 0) {
+      g_max_pollers_per_pi = INT_MAX;
+    }
+  } else {
+    g_max_pollers_per_pi = INT_MAX;
+  }
+
+  gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "Max number of pollers per polling island: %d",
+          g_max_pollers_per_pi);
+}
+
+const grpc_event_engine_vtable *grpc_init_epoll_limited_pollers_linux(
+    bool explicitly_requested) {
+  if (!explicitly_requested) {
+    return NULL;
+  }
+
+  /* If use of signals is disabled, we cannot use epoll engine*/
+  if (is_grpc_wakeup_signal_initialized && grpc_wakeup_signal < 0) {
+    return NULL;
+  }
+
+  if (!grpc_has_wakeup_fd()) {
+    return NULL;
+  }
+
+  if (!is_epoll_available()) {
+    return NULL;
+  }
+
+  if (!is_grpc_wakeup_signal_initialized) {
+    grpc_use_signal(SIGRTMIN + 6);
+  }
+
+  set_max_pollers_per_island();
+
+  fd_global_init();
+
+  if (!GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR("pollset_global_init", pollset_global_init())) {
+    return NULL;
+  }
+
+  if (!GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR("polling_island_global_init",
+                         polling_island_global_init())) {
+    return NULL;
+  }
+
+  return &vtable;
+}
+
+#else /* defined(GRPC_LINUX_EPOLL) */
+#if defined(GRPC_POSIX_SOCKET)
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/ev_posix.h"
+/* If GRPC_LINUX_EPOLL is not defined, it means epoll is not available. Return
+ * NULL */
+const grpc_event_engine_vtable *grpc_init_epoll_limited_pollers_linux(
+    bool explicitly_requested) {
+  return NULL;
+}
+#endif /* defined(GRPC_POSIX_SOCKET) */
+#endif /* !defined(GRPC_LINUX_EPOLL) */