gitlab-grpc 1.42.1.gitlab

data/src/core/ext/xds/xds_client.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,2791 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2018 gRPC authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+#include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>
+
+#include "src/core/ext/xds/xds_client.h"
+
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "absl/container/inlined_vector.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_join.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+#include <grpc/byte_buffer_reader.h>
+#include <grpc/grpc.h>
+#include <grpc/support/alloc.h>
+#include <grpc/support/time.h>
+
+#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/client_channel.h"
+#include "src/core/ext/xds/xds_api.h"
+#include "src/core/ext/xds/xds_bootstrap.h"
+#include "src/core/ext/xds/xds_channel_args.h"
+#include "src/core/ext/xds/xds_client_stats.h"
+#include "src/core/ext/xds/xds_http_filters.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/address_utils/sockaddr_utils.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/backoff/backoff.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/channel/channel_args.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/channel/channel_stack.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gpr/env.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gpr/string.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/memory.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/orphanable.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/ref_counted_ptr.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/sync.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/sockaddr.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/timer.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/slice/slice_internal.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/slice/slice_string_helpers.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/surface/call.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/surface/channel.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/transport/static_metadata.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/uri/uri_parser.h"
+
+#define GRPC_XDS_INITIAL_CONNECT_BACKOFF_SECONDS 1
+#define GRPC_XDS_RECONNECT_BACKOFF_MULTIPLIER 1.6
+#define GRPC_XDS_RECONNECT_MAX_BACKOFF_SECONDS 120
+#define GRPC_XDS_RECONNECT_JITTER 0.2
+#define GRPC_XDS_MIN_CLIENT_LOAD_REPORTING_INTERVAL_MS 1000
+
+namespace grpc_core {
+
+TraceFlag grpc_xds_client_trace(false, "xds_client");
+TraceFlag grpc_xds_client_refcount_trace(false, "xds_client_refcount");
+
+namespace {
+
+Mutex* g_mu = nullptr;
+
+const grpc_channel_args* g_channel_args ABSL_GUARDED_BY(*g_mu) = nullptr;
+XdsClient* g_xds_client ABSL_GUARDED_BY(*g_mu) = nullptr;
+char* g_fallback_bootstrap_config ABSL_GUARDED_BY(*g_mu) = nullptr;
+
+}  // namespace
+
+//
+// Internal class declarations
+//
+
+// An xds call wrapper that can restart a call upon failure. Holds a ref to
+// the xds channel. The template parameter is the kind of wrapped xds call.
+template <typename T>
+class XdsClient::ChannelState::RetryableCall
+    : public InternallyRefCounted<RetryableCall<T>> {
+ public:
+  explicit RetryableCall(WeakRefCountedPtr<ChannelState> chand);
+
+  void Orphan() override;
+
+  void OnCallFinishedLocked();
+
+  T* calld() const { return calld_.get(); }
+  ChannelState* chand() const { return chand_.get(); }
+
+  bool IsCurrentCallOnChannel() const;
+
+ private:
+  void StartNewCallLocked();
+  void StartRetryTimerLocked();
+  static void OnRetryTimer(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+  void OnRetryTimerLocked(grpc_error_handle error);
+
+  // The wrapped xds call that talks to the xds server. It's instantiated
+  // every time we start a new call. It's null during call retry backoff.
+  OrphanablePtr<T> calld_;
+  // The owning xds channel.
+  WeakRefCountedPtr<ChannelState> chand_;
+
+  // Retry state.
+  BackOff backoff_;
+  grpc_timer retry_timer_;
+  grpc_closure on_retry_timer_;
+  bool retry_timer_callback_pending_ = false;
+
+  bool shutting_down_ = false;
+};
+
+// Contains an ADS call to the xds server.
+class XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState
+    : public InternallyRefCounted<AdsCallState> {
+ public:
+  // The ctor and dtor should not be used directly.
+  explicit AdsCallState(RefCountedPtr<RetryableCall<AdsCallState>> parent);
+  ~AdsCallState() override;
+
+  void Orphan() override;
+
+  RetryableCall<AdsCallState>* parent() const { return parent_.get(); }
+  ChannelState* chand() const { return parent_->chand(); }
+  XdsClient* xds_client() const { return chand()->xds_client(); }
+  bool seen_response() const { return seen_response_; }
+
+  void SubscribeLocked(const std::string& type_url,
+                       const XdsApi::ResourceName& resource)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+  void UnsubscribeLocked(const std::string& type_url,
+                         const XdsApi::ResourceName& resource,
+                         bool delay_unsubscription)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+
+  bool HasSubscribedResources() const;
+
+ private:
+  class ResourceState : public InternallyRefCounted<ResourceState> {
+   public:
+    ResourceState(const std::string& type_url,
+                  const XdsApi::ResourceName& resource,
+                  bool sent_initial_request)
+        : type_url_(type_url),
+          resource_(resource),
+          sent_initial_request_(sent_initial_request) {
+      GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&timer_callback_, OnTimer, this,
+                        grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+    }
+
+    void Orphan() override {
+      Finish();
+      Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "Orphan");
+    }
+
+    void Start(RefCountedPtr<AdsCallState> ads_calld) {
+      if (sent_initial_request_) return;
+      sent_initial_request_ = true;
+      ads_calld_ = std::move(ads_calld);
+      Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "timer").release();
+      timer_pending_ = true;
+      grpc_timer_init(
+          &timer_,
+          ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + ads_calld_->xds_client()->request_timeout_,
+          &timer_callback_);
+    }
+
+    void Finish() {
+      if (timer_pending_) {
+        grpc_timer_cancel(&timer_);
+        timer_pending_ = false;
+      }
+    }
+
+   private:
+    static void OnTimer(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
+      ResourceState* self = static_cast<ResourceState*>(arg);
+      {
+        MutexLock lock(&self->ads_calld_->xds_client()->mu_);
+        self->OnTimerLocked(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+      }
+      self->ads_calld_.reset();
+      self->Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "timer");
+    }
+
+    void OnTimerLocked(grpc_error_handle error)
+        ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_) {
+      if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE && timer_pending_) {
+        timer_pending_ = false;
+        grpc_error_handle watcher_error =
+            GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(absl::StrFormat(
+                "timeout obtaining resource {type=%s name=%s} from xds server",
+                type_url_,
+                XdsApi::ConstructFullResourceName(resource_.authority,
+                                                  type_url_, resource_.id)));
+        watcher_error = grpc_error_set_int(
+            watcher_error, GRPC_ERROR_INT_GRPC_STATUS, GRPC_STATUS_UNAVAILABLE);
+        if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+          gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[xds_client %p] %s", ads_calld_->xds_client(),
+                  grpc_error_std_string(watcher_error).c_str());
+        }
+        auto& authority_state =
+            ads_calld_->xds_client()->authority_state_map_[resource_.authority];
+        if (type_url_ == XdsApi::kLdsTypeUrl) {
+          ListenerState& state = authority_state.listener_map[resource_.id];
+          state.meta.client_status = XdsApi::ResourceMetadata::DOES_NOT_EXIST;
+          for (const auto& p : state.watchers) {
+            p.first->OnError(GRPC_ERROR_REF(watcher_error));
+          }
+        } else if (type_url_ == XdsApi::kRdsTypeUrl) {
+          RouteConfigState& state =
+              authority_state.route_config_map[resource_.id];
+          state.meta.client_status = XdsApi::ResourceMetadata::DOES_NOT_EXIST;
+          for (const auto& p : state.watchers) {
+            p.first->OnError(GRPC_ERROR_REF(watcher_error));
+          }
+        } else if (type_url_ == XdsApi::kCdsTypeUrl) {
+          ClusterState& state = authority_state.cluster_map[resource_.id];
+          state.meta.client_status = XdsApi::ResourceMetadata::DOES_NOT_EXIST;
+          for (const auto& p : state.watchers) {
+            p.first->OnError(GRPC_ERROR_REF(watcher_error));
+          }
+        } else if (type_url_ == XdsApi::kEdsTypeUrl) {
+          EndpointState& state = authority_state.endpoint_map[resource_.id];
+          state.meta.client_status = XdsApi::ResourceMetadata::DOES_NOT_EXIST;
+          for (const auto& p : state.watchers) {
+            p.first->OnError(GRPC_ERROR_REF(watcher_error));
+          }
+        } else {
+          GPR_UNREACHABLE_CODE(return );
+        }
+        GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(watcher_error);
+      }
+      GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+    }
+
+    const std::string type_url_;
+    const XdsApi::ResourceName resource_;
+
+    RefCountedPtr<AdsCallState> ads_calld_;
+    bool sent_initial_request_;
+    bool timer_pending_ = false;
+    grpc_timer timer_;
+    grpc_closure timer_callback_;
+  };
+
+  struct ResourceTypeState {
+    ~ResourceTypeState() { GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error); }
+
+    // Nonce and error for this resource type.
+    std::string nonce;
+    grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+
+    // Subscribed resources of this type.
+    std::map<std::string /*authority*/,
+             std::map<std::string /*name*/, OrphanablePtr<ResourceState>>>
+        subscribed_resources;
+  };
+
+  void SendMessageLocked(const std::string& type_url)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+
+  void AcceptLdsUpdateLocked(
+      std::string version, grpc_millis update_time,
+      XdsApi::LdsUpdateMap lds_update_map,
+      const std::set<XdsApi::ResourceName>& resource_names_failed)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+  void AcceptRdsUpdateLocked(std::string version, grpc_millis update_time,
+                             XdsApi::RdsUpdateMap rds_update_map)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+  void AcceptCdsUpdateLocked(
+      std::string version, grpc_millis update_time,
+      XdsApi::CdsUpdateMap cds_update_map,
+      const std::set<XdsApi::ResourceName>& resource_names_failed)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+  void AcceptEdsUpdateLocked(std::string version, grpc_millis update_time,
+                             XdsApi::EdsUpdateMap eds_update_map)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+
+  template <typename StateMap>
+  void RejectAdsUpdateHelperLocked(const std::string& resource_name,
+                                   grpc_millis update_time,
+                                   const XdsApi::AdsParseResult& result,
+                                   const std::string& error_details,
+                                   StateMap* state_map)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+
+  void RejectAdsUpdateLocked(grpc_millis update_time,
+                             const XdsApi::AdsParseResult& result)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+
+  static void OnRequestSent(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+  void OnRequestSentLocked(grpc_error_handle error)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+  static void OnResponseReceived(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+  bool OnResponseReceivedLocked()
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+  static void OnStatusReceived(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+  void OnStatusReceivedLocked(grpc_error_handle error)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+
+  bool IsCurrentCallOnChannel() const;
+
+  std::map<absl::string_view /*authority*/,
+           std::set<absl::string_view /*name*/>>
+  ResourceNamesForRequest(const std::string& type_url);
+
+  // The owning RetryableCall<>.
+  RefCountedPtr<RetryableCall<AdsCallState>> parent_;
+
+  bool sent_initial_message_ = false;
+  bool seen_response_ = false;
+
+  // Always non-NULL.
+  grpc_call* call_;
+
+  // recv_initial_metadata
+  grpc_metadata_array initial_metadata_recv_;
+
+  // send_message
+  grpc_byte_buffer* send_message_payload_ = nullptr;
+  grpc_closure on_request_sent_;
+
+  // recv_message
+  grpc_byte_buffer* recv_message_payload_ = nullptr;
+  grpc_closure on_response_received_;
+
+  // recv_trailing_metadata
+  grpc_metadata_array trailing_metadata_recv_;
+  grpc_status_code status_code_;
+  grpc_slice status_details_;
+  grpc_closure on_status_received_;
+
+  // Resource types for which requests need to be sent.
+  std::set<std::string /*type_url*/> buffered_requests_;
+
+  // State for each resource type.
+  std::map<std::string /*type_url*/, ResourceTypeState> state_map_;
+};
+
+// Contains an LRS call to the xds server.
+class XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState
+    : public InternallyRefCounted<LrsCallState> {
+ public:
+  // The ctor and dtor should not be used directly.
+  explicit LrsCallState(RefCountedPtr<RetryableCall<LrsCallState>> parent);
+  ~LrsCallState() override;
+
+  void Orphan() override;
+
+  void MaybeStartReportingLocked();
+
+  RetryableCall<LrsCallState>* parent() { return parent_.get(); }
+  ChannelState* chand() const { return parent_->chand(); }
+  XdsClient* xds_client() const { return chand()->xds_client(); }
+  bool seen_response() const { return seen_response_; }
+
+ private:
+  // Reports client-side load stats according to a fixed interval.
+  class Reporter : public InternallyRefCounted<Reporter> {
+   public:
+    Reporter(RefCountedPtr<LrsCallState> parent, grpc_millis report_interval)
+        : parent_(std::move(parent)), report_interval_(report_interval) {
+      GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&on_next_report_timer_, OnNextReportTimer, this,
+                        grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+      GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&on_report_done_, OnReportDone, this,
+                        grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+      ScheduleNextReportLocked();
+    }
+
+    void Orphan() override;
+
+   private:
+    void ScheduleNextReportLocked()
+        ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+    static void OnNextReportTimer(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+    bool OnNextReportTimerLocked(grpc_error_handle error)
+        ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+    bool SendReportLocked() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+    static void OnReportDone(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+    bool OnReportDoneLocked(grpc_error_handle error)
+        ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+
+    bool IsCurrentReporterOnCall() const {
+      return this == parent_->reporter_.get();
+    }
+    XdsClient* xds_client() const { return parent_->xds_client(); }
+
+    // The owning LRS call.
+    RefCountedPtr<LrsCallState> parent_;
+
+    // The load reporting state.
+    const grpc_millis report_interval_;
+    bool last_report_counters_were_zero_ = false;
+    bool next_report_timer_callback_pending_ = false;
+    grpc_timer next_report_timer_;
+    grpc_closure on_next_report_timer_;
+    grpc_closure on_report_done_;
+  };
+
+  static void OnInitialRequestSent(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+  void OnInitialRequestSentLocked()
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+  static void OnResponseReceived(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+  bool OnResponseReceivedLocked()
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+  static void OnStatusReceived(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+  void OnStatusReceivedLocked(grpc_error_handle error)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+
+  bool IsCurrentCallOnChannel() const;
+
+  // The owning RetryableCall<>.
+  RefCountedPtr<RetryableCall<LrsCallState>> parent_;
+  bool seen_response_ = false;
+
+  // Always non-NULL.
+  grpc_call* call_;
+
+  // recv_initial_metadata
+  grpc_metadata_array initial_metadata_recv_;
+
+  // send_message
+  grpc_byte_buffer* send_message_payload_ = nullptr;
+  grpc_closure on_initial_request_sent_;
+
+  // recv_message
+  grpc_byte_buffer* recv_message_payload_ = nullptr;
+  grpc_closure on_response_received_;
+
+  // recv_trailing_metadata
+  grpc_metadata_array trailing_metadata_recv_;
+  grpc_status_code status_code_;
+  grpc_slice status_details_;
+  grpc_closure on_status_received_;
+
+  // Load reporting state.
+  bool send_all_clusters_ = false;
+  std::set<std::string> cluster_names_;  // Asked for by the LRS server.
+  grpc_millis load_reporting_interval_ = 0;
+  OrphanablePtr<Reporter> reporter_;
+};
+
+//
+// XdsClient::ChannelState::StateWatcher
+//
+
+class XdsClient::ChannelState::StateWatcher
+    : public AsyncConnectivityStateWatcherInterface {
+ public:
+  explicit StateWatcher(WeakRefCountedPtr<ChannelState> parent)
+      : parent_(std::move(parent)) {}
+
+ private:
+  void OnConnectivityStateChange(grpc_connectivity_state new_state,
+                                 const absl::Status& status) override {
+    MutexLock lock(&parent_->xds_client_->mu_);
+    if (!parent_->shutting_down_ &&
+        new_state == GRPC_CHANNEL_TRANSIENT_FAILURE) {
+      // In TRANSIENT_FAILURE.  Notify all watchers of error.
+      gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+              "[xds_client %p] xds channel in state:TRANSIENT_FAILURE "
+              "status_message:(%s)",
+              parent_->xds_client(), status.ToString().c_str());
+      parent_->xds_client_->NotifyOnErrorLocked(
+          GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+              "xds channel in TRANSIENT_FAILURE"));
+    }
+  }
+
+  WeakRefCountedPtr<ChannelState> parent_;
+};
+
+//
+// XdsClient::ChannelState
+//
+
+namespace {
+
+grpc_channel* CreateXdsChannel(grpc_channel_args* args,
+                               const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server) {
+  RefCountedPtr<grpc_channel_credentials> channel_creds =
+      XdsChannelCredsRegistry::MakeChannelCreds(server.channel_creds_type,
+                                                server.channel_creds_config);
+  return grpc_secure_channel_create(channel_creds.get(),
+                                    server.server_uri.c_str(), args, nullptr);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+XdsClient::ChannelState::ChannelState(WeakRefCountedPtr<XdsClient> xds_client,
+                                      const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server)
+    : DualRefCounted<ChannelState>(
+          GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_refcount_trace)
+              ? "ChannelState"
+              : nullptr),
+      xds_client_(std::move(xds_client)),
+      server_(server) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[xds_client %p] creating channel to %s",
+            xds_client_.get(), server.server_uri.c_str());
+  }
+  channel_ = CreateXdsChannel(xds_client_->args_, server);
+  GPR_ASSERT(channel_ != nullptr);
+  StartConnectivityWatchLocked();
+}
+
+XdsClient::ChannelState::~ChannelState() {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[xds_client %p] Destroying xds channel %p", xds_client(),
+            this);
+  }
+  grpc_channel_destroy(channel_);
+  xds_client_.reset(DEBUG_LOCATION, "ChannelState");
+}
+
+// This method should only ever be called when holding the lock, but we can't
+// use a ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED annotation, because Orphan() will be
+// called from DualRefCounted::Unref, which cannot have a lock annotation for a
+// lock in this subclass.
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::Orphan() ABSL_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
+  shutting_down_ = true;
+  CancelConnectivityWatchLocked();
+  // At this time, all strong refs are removed, remove from channel map to
+  // prevent subsequent subscription from trying to use this ChannelState as it
+  // is shutting down.
+  xds_client_->xds_server_channel_map_.erase(server_);
+  ads_calld_.reset();
+  lrs_calld_.reset();
+}
+
+XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState* XdsClient::ChannelState::ads_calld()
+    const {
+  return ads_calld_->calld();
+}
+
+XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState* XdsClient::ChannelState::lrs_calld()
+    const {
+  return lrs_calld_->calld();
+}
+
+bool XdsClient::ChannelState::HasActiveAdsCall() const {
+  return ads_calld_ != nullptr && ads_calld_->calld() != nullptr;
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::MaybeStartLrsCall() {
+  if (lrs_calld_ != nullptr) return;
+  lrs_calld_.reset(new RetryableCall<LrsCallState>(
+      WeakRef(DEBUG_LOCATION, "ChannelState+lrs")));
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::StopLrsCall() { lrs_calld_.reset(); }
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::StartConnectivityWatchLocked() {
+  ClientChannel* client_channel = ClientChannel::GetFromChannel(channel_);
+  GPR_ASSERT(client_channel != nullptr);
+  watcher_ = new StateWatcher(WeakRef(DEBUG_LOCATION, "ChannelState+watch"));
+  client_channel->AddConnectivityWatcher(
+      GRPC_CHANNEL_IDLE,
+      OrphanablePtr<AsyncConnectivityStateWatcherInterface>(watcher_));
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::CancelConnectivityWatchLocked() {
+  ClientChannel* client_channel = ClientChannel::GetFromChannel(channel_);
+  GPR_ASSERT(client_channel != nullptr);
+  client_channel->RemoveConnectivityWatcher(watcher_);
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::SubscribeLocked(
+    const std::string& type_url, const XdsApi::ResourceName& resource) {
+  if (ads_calld_ == nullptr) {
+    // Start the ADS call if this is the first request.
+    ads_calld_.reset(new RetryableCall<AdsCallState>(
+        WeakRef(DEBUG_LOCATION, "ChannelState+ads")));
+    // Note: AdsCallState's ctor will automatically subscribe to all
+    // resources that the XdsClient already has watchers for, so we can
+    // return here.
+    return;
+  }
+  // If the ADS call is in backoff state, we don't need to do anything now
+  // because when the call is restarted it will resend all necessary requests.
+  if (ads_calld() == nullptr) return;
+  // Subscribe to this resource if the ADS call is active.
+  ads_calld()->SubscribeLocked(type_url, resource);
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::UnsubscribeLocked(
+    const std::string& type_url, const XdsApi::ResourceName& resource,
+    bool delay_unsubscription) {
+  if (ads_calld_ != nullptr) {
+    auto* calld = ads_calld_->calld();
+    if (calld != nullptr) {
+      calld->UnsubscribeLocked(type_url, resource, delay_unsubscription);
+      if (!calld->HasSubscribedResources()) {
+        ads_calld_.reset();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+//
+// XdsClient::ChannelState::RetryableCall<>
+//
+
+template <typename T>
+XdsClient::ChannelState::RetryableCall<T>::RetryableCall(
+    WeakRefCountedPtr<ChannelState> chand)
+    : chand_(std::move(chand)),
+      backoff_(
+          BackOff::Options()
+              .set_initial_backoff(GRPC_XDS_INITIAL_CONNECT_BACKOFF_SECONDS *
+                                   1000)
+              .set_multiplier(GRPC_XDS_RECONNECT_BACKOFF_MULTIPLIER)
+              .set_jitter(GRPC_XDS_RECONNECT_JITTER)
+              .set_max_backoff(GRPC_XDS_RECONNECT_MAX_BACKOFF_SECONDS * 1000)) {
+  // Closure Initialization
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&on_retry_timer_, OnRetryTimer, this,
+                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+  StartNewCallLocked();
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::RetryableCall<T>::Orphan() {
+  shutting_down_ = true;
+  calld_.reset();
+  if (retry_timer_callback_pending_) grpc_timer_cancel(&retry_timer_);
+  this->Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "RetryableCall+orphaned");
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::RetryableCall<T>::OnCallFinishedLocked() {
+  const bool seen_response = calld_->seen_response();
+  calld_.reset();
+  if (seen_response) {
+    // If we lost connection to the xds server, reset backoff and restart the
+    // call immediately.
+    backoff_.Reset();
+    StartNewCallLocked();
+  } else {
+    // If we failed to connect to the xds server, retry later.
+    StartRetryTimerLocked();
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::RetryableCall<T>::StartNewCallLocked() {
+  if (shutting_down_) return;
+  GPR_ASSERT(chand_->channel_ != nullptr);
+  GPR_ASSERT(calld_ == nullptr);
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+            "[xds_client %p] Start new call from retryable call (chand: %p, "
+            "retryable call: %p)",
+            chand()->xds_client(), chand(), this);
+  }
+  calld_ = MakeOrphanable<T>(
+      this->Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "RetryableCall+start_new_call"));
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::RetryableCall<T>::StartRetryTimerLocked() {
+  if (shutting_down_) return;
+  const grpc_millis next_attempt_time = backoff_.NextAttemptTime();
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    grpc_millis timeout =
+        std::max(next_attempt_time - ExecCtx::Get()->Now(), grpc_millis(0));
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+            "[xds_client %p] Failed to connect to xds server (chand: %p) "
+            "retry timer will fire in %" PRId64 "ms.",
+            chand()->xds_client(), chand(), timeout);
+  }
+  this->Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "RetryableCall+retry_timer_start").release();
+  grpc_timer_init(&retry_timer_, next_attempt_time, &on_retry_timer_);
+  retry_timer_callback_pending_ = true;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::RetryableCall<T>::OnRetryTimer(
+    void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
+  RetryableCall* calld = static_cast<RetryableCall*>(arg);
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&calld->chand_->xds_client()->mu_);
+    calld->OnRetryTimerLocked(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+  }
+  calld->Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "RetryableCall+retry_timer_done");
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::RetryableCall<T>::OnRetryTimerLocked(
+    grpc_error_handle error) {
+  retry_timer_callback_pending_ = false;
+  if (!shutting_down_ && error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+      gpr_log(
+          GPR_INFO,
+          "[xds_client %p] Retry timer fires (chand: %p, retryable call: %p)",
+          chand()->xds_client(), chand(), this);
+    }
+    StartNewCallLocked();
+  }
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+}
+
+//
+// XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState
+//
+
+XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::AdsCallState(
+    RefCountedPtr<RetryableCall<AdsCallState>> parent)
+    : InternallyRefCounted<AdsCallState>(
+          GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_refcount_trace)
+              ? "AdsCallState"
+              : nullptr),
+      parent_(std::move(parent)) {
+  // Init the ADS call. Note that the call will progress every time there's
+  // activity in xds_client()->interested_parties_, which is comprised of
+  // the polling entities from client_channel.
+  GPR_ASSERT(xds_client() != nullptr);
+  // Create a call with the specified method name.
+  const auto& method =
+      chand()->server_.ShouldUseV3()
+          ? GRPC_MDSTR_SLASH_ENVOY_DOT_SERVICE_DOT_DISCOVERY_DOT_V3_DOT_AGGREGATEDDISCOVERYSERVICE_SLASH_STREAMAGGREGATEDRESOURCES
+          : GRPC_MDSTR_SLASH_ENVOY_DOT_SERVICE_DOT_DISCOVERY_DOT_V2_DOT_AGGREGATEDDISCOVERYSERVICE_SLASH_STREAMAGGREGATEDRESOURCES;
+  call_ = grpc_channel_create_pollset_set_call(
+      chand()->channel_, nullptr, GRPC_PROPAGATE_DEFAULTS,
+      xds_client()->interested_parties_, method, nullptr,
+      GRPC_MILLIS_INF_FUTURE, nullptr);
+  GPR_ASSERT(call_ != nullptr);
+  // Init data associated with the call.
+  grpc_metadata_array_init(&initial_metadata_recv_);
+  grpc_metadata_array_init(&trailing_metadata_recv_);
+  // Start the call.
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+            "[xds_client %p] Starting ADS call (chand: %p, calld: %p, "
+            "call: %p)",
+            xds_client(), chand(), this, call_);
+  }
+  // Create the ops.
+  grpc_call_error call_error;
+  grpc_op ops[3];
+  memset(ops, 0, sizeof(ops));
+  // Op: send initial metadata.
+  grpc_op* op = ops;
+  op->op = GRPC_OP_SEND_INITIAL_METADATA;
+  op->data.send_initial_metadata.count = 0;
+  op->flags = GRPC_INITIAL_METADATA_WAIT_FOR_READY |
+              GRPC_INITIAL_METADATA_WAIT_FOR_READY_EXPLICITLY_SET;
+  op->reserved = nullptr;
+  op++;
+  call_error = grpc_call_start_batch_and_execute(
+      call_, ops, static_cast<size_t>(op - ops), nullptr);
+  GPR_ASSERT(GRPC_CALL_OK == call_error);
+  // Op: send request message.
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&on_request_sent_, OnRequestSent, this,
+                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+  for (const auto& a : xds_client()->authority_state_map_) {
+    const std::string& authority = a.first;
+    // Skip authorities that are not using this xDS channel.
+    if (a.second.channel_state != chand()) continue;
+    for (const auto& l : a.second.listener_map) {
+      const std::string& listener_name = l.first;
+      SubscribeLocked(XdsApi::kLdsTypeUrl, {authority, listener_name});
+    }
+    for (const auto& r : a.second.route_config_map) {
+      const std::string& route_config_name = r.first;
+      SubscribeLocked(XdsApi::kRdsTypeUrl, {authority, route_config_name});
+    }
+    for (const auto& c : a.second.cluster_map) {
+      const std::string& cluster_name = c.first;
+      SubscribeLocked(XdsApi::kCdsTypeUrl, {authority, cluster_name});
+    }
+    for (const auto& e : a.second.endpoint_map) {
+      const std::string& endpoint_name = e.first;
+      SubscribeLocked(XdsApi::kEdsTypeUrl, {authority, endpoint_name});
+    }
+  }
+  // Op: recv initial metadata.
+  op = ops;
+  op->op = GRPC_OP_RECV_INITIAL_METADATA;
+  op->data.recv_initial_metadata.recv_initial_metadata =
+      &initial_metadata_recv_;
+  op->flags = 0;
+  op->reserved = nullptr;
+  op++;
+  // Op: recv response.
+  op->op = GRPC_OP_RECV_MESSAGE;
+  op->data.recv_message.recv_message = &recv_message_payload_;
+  op->flags = 0;
+  op->reserved = nullptr;
+  op++;
+  Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "ADS+OnResponseReceivedLocked").release();
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&on_response_received_, OnResponseReceived, this,
+                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+  call_error = grpc_call_start_batch_and_execute(
+      call_, ops, static_cast<size_t>(op - ops), &on_response_received_);
+  GPR_ASSERT(GRPC_CALL_OK == call_error);
+  // Op: recv server status.
+  op = ops;
+  op->op = GRPC_OP_RECV_STATUS_ON_CLIENT;
+  op->data.recv_status_on_client.trailing_metadata = &trailing_metadata_recv_;
+  op->data.recv_status_on_client.status = &status_code_;
+  op->data.recv_status_on_client.status_details = &status_details_;
+  op->flags = 0;
+  op->reserved = nullptr;
+  op++;
+  // This callback signals the end of the call, so it relies on the initial
+  // ref instead of a new ref. When it's invoked, it's the initial ref that is
+  // unreffed.
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&on_status_received_, OnStatusReceived, this,
+                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+  call_error = grpc_call_start_batch_and_execute(
+      call_, ops, static_cast<size_t>(op - ops), &on_status_received_);
+  GPR_ASSERT(GRPC_CALL_OK == call_error);
+}
+
+XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::~AdsCallState() {
+  grpc_metadata_array_destroy(&initial_metadata_recv_);
+  grpc_metadata_array_destroy(&trailing_metadata_recv_);
+  grpc_byte_buffer_destroy(send_message_payload_);
+  grpc_byte_buffer_destroy(recv_message_payload_);
+  grpc_slice_unref_internal(status_details_);
+  GPR_ASSERT(call_ != nullptr);
+  grpc_call_unref(call_);
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::Orphan() {
+  GPR_ASSERT(call_ != nullptr);
+  // If we are here because xds_client wants to cancel the call,
+  // on_status_received_ will complete the cancellation and clean up. Otherwise,
+  // we are here because xds_client has to orphan a failed call, then the
+  // following cancellation will be a no-op.
+  grpc_call_cancel_internal(call_);
+  state_map_.clear();
+  // Note that the initial ref is hold by on_status_received_. So the
+  // corresponding unref happens in on_status_received_ instead of here.
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::SendMessageLocked(
+    const std::string& type_url)
+    ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_) {
+  // Buffer message sending if an existing message is in flight.
+  if (send_message_payload_ != nullptr) {
+    buffered_requests_.insert(type_url);
+    return;
+  }
+  auto& state = state_map_[type_url];
+  grpc_slice request_payload_slice;
+  std::map<absl::string_view /*authority*/,
+           std::set<absl::string_view /*name*/>>
+      resource_map = ResourceNamesForRequest(type_url);
+  request_payload_slice = xds_client()->api_.CreateAdsRequest(
+      chand()->server_, type_url, resource_map,
+      chand()->resource_type_version_map_[type_url], state.nonce,
+      GRPC_ERROR_REF(state.error), !sent_initial_message_);
+  if (type_url != XdsApi::kLdsTypeUrl && type_url != XdsApi::kRdsTypeUrl &&
+      type_url != XdsApi::kCdsTypeUrl && type_url != XdsApi::kEdsTypeUrl) {
+    state_map_.erase(type_url);
+  }
+  sent_initial_message_ = true;
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+            "[xds_client %p] sending ADS request: type=%s version=%s nonce=%s "
+            "error=%s",
+            xds_client(), type_url.c_str(),
+            chand()->resource_type_version_map_[type_url].c_str(),
+            state.nonce.c_str(), grpc_error_std_string(state.error).c_str());
+  }
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(state.error);
+  state.error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  // Create message payload.
+  send_message_payload_ =
+      grpc_raw_byte_buffer_create(&request_payload_slice, 1);
+  grpc_slice_unref_internal(request_payload_slice);
+  // Send the message.
+  grpc_op op;
+  memset(&op, 0, sizeof(op));
+  op.op = GRPC_OP_SEND_MESSAGE;
+  op.data.send_message.send_message = send_message_payload_;
+  Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "ADS+OnRequestSentLocked").release();
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&on_request_sent_, OnRequestSent, this,
+                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+  grpc_call_error call_error =
+      grpc_call_start_batch_and_execute(call_, &op, 1, &on_request_sent_);
+  if (GPR_UNLIKELY(call_error != GRPC_CALL_OK)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_ERROR,
+            "[xds_client %p] calld=%p call_error=%d sending ADS message",
+            xds_client(), this, call_error);
+    GPR_ASSERT(GRPC_CALL_OK == call_error);
+  }
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::SubscribeLocked(
+    const std::string& type_url, const XdsApi::ResourceName& resource) {
+  auto& state = state_map_[type_url]
+                    .subscribed_resources[resource.authority][resource.id];
+  if (state == nullptr) {
+    state = MakeOrphanable<ResourceState>(
+        type_url, resource,
+        !chand()->resource_type_version_map_[type_url].empty());
+    SendMessageLocked(type_url);
+  }
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::UnsubscribeLocked(
+    const std::string& type_url, const XdsApi::ResourceName& resource,
+    bool delay_unsubscription) {
+  auto& type_state_map = state_map_[type_url];
+  auto& authority_map = type_state_map.subscribed_resources[resource.authority];
+  authority_map.erase(resource.id);
+  if (authority_map.empty()) {
+    type_state_map.subscribed_resources.erase(resource.authority);
+  }
+  if (!delay_unsubscription) SendMessageLocked(type_url);
+}
+
+bool XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::HasSubscribedResources() const {
+  for (const auto& p : state_map_) {
+    if (!p.second.subscribed_resources.empty()) return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+// Build a resource metadata struct for ADS result accepting methods and CSDS.
+XdsApi::ResourceMetadata CreateResourceMetadataAcked(
+    std::string serialized_proto, std::string version,
+    grpc_millis update_time) {
+  XdsApi::ResourceMetadata resource_metadata;
+  resource_metadata.serialized_proto = std::move(serialized_proto);
+  resource_metadata.update_time = update_time;
+  resource_metadata.version = std::move(version);
+  resource_metadata.client_status = XdsApi::ResourceMetadata::ACKED;
+  return resource_metadata;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::AcceptLdsUpdateLocked(
+    std::string version, grpc_millis update_time,
+    XdsApi::LdsUpdateMap lds_update_map,
+    const std::set<XdsApi::ResourceName>& resource_names_failed) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+            "[xds_client %p] LDS update received containing %" PRIuPTR
+            " resources",
+            xds_client(), lds_update_map.size());
+  }
+  auto& lds_state = state_map_[XdsApi::kLdsTypeUrl];
+  std::set<std::string> rds_resource_names_seen;
+  for (auto& p : lds_update_map) {
+    const XdsApi::ResourceName& resource = p.first;
+    XdsApi::LdsUpdate& lds_update = p.second.resource;
+    auto& state =
+        lds_state.subscribed_resources[resource.authority][resource.id];
+    if (state != nullptr) state->Finish();
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[xds_client %p] LDS resource %s: %s", xds_client(),
+              XdsApi::ConstructFullResourceName(
+                  resource.authority, XdsApi::kLdsTypeUrl, resource.id)
+                  .c_str(),
+              lds_update.ToString().c_str());
+    }
+    // Record the RDS resource names seen.
+    if (!lds_update.http_connection_manager.route_config_name.empty()) {
+      rds_resource_names_seen.insert(
+          lds_update.http_connection_manager.route_config_name);
+    }
+    ListenerState& listener_state =
+        xds_client()
+            ->authority_state_map_[resource.authority]
+            .listener_map[resource.id];
+    // Ignore identical update.
+    if (listener_state.update.has_value() &&
+        *listener_state.update == lds_update) {
+      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+                "[xds_client %p] LDS update for %s identical to current, "
+                "ignoring.",
+                xds_client(),
+                XdsApi::ConstructFullResourceName(
+                    resource.authority, XdsApi::kLdsTypeUrl, resource.id)
+                    .c_str());
+      }
+      continue;
+    }
+    // Update the listener state.
+    listener_state.update = std::move(lds_update);
+    listener_state.meta = CreateResourceMetadataAcked(
+        std::move(p.second.serialized_proto), version, update_time);
+    // Notify watchers.
+    for (const auto& p : listener_state.watchers) {
+      p.first->OnListenerChanged(*listener_state.update);
+    }
+  }
+  // For invalid resources in the update, if they are already in the
+  // cache, pretend that they are present in the update, so that we
+  // don't incorrectly consider them deleted below.
+  for (const auto& resource : resource_names_failed) {
+    auto& listener_map =
+        xds_client()->authority_state_map_[resource.authority].listener_map;
+    auto it = listener_map.find(resource.id);
+    if (it != listener_map.end()) {
+      auto& update = it->second.update;
+      if (!update.has_value()) continue;
+      lds_update_map[resource];
+      if (!update->http_connection_manager.route_config_name.empty()) {
+        rds_resource_names_seen.insert(
+            update->http_connection_manager.route_config_name);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // For any subscribed resource that is not present in the update,
+  // remove it from the cache and notify watchers that it does not exist.
+  for (const auto& a : lds_state.subscribed_resources) {
+    const std::string& authority_name = a.first;
+    for (const auto& p : a.second) {
+      const std::string& listener_name = p.first;
+      if (lds_update_map.find({authority_name, listener_name}) ==
+          lds_update_map.end()) {
+        ListenerState& listener_state =
+            xds_client()
+                ->authority_state_map_[authority_name]
+                .listener_map[listener_name];
+        // If the resource was newly requested but has not yet been received,
+        // we don't want to generate an error for the watchers, because this LDS
+        // response may be in reaction to an earlier request that did not yet
+        // request the new resource, so its absence from the response does not
+        // necessarily indicate that the resource does not exist.
+        // For that case, we rely on the request timeout instead.
+        if (!listener_state.update.has_value()) continue;
+        listener_state.update.reset();
+        for (const auto& p : listener_state.watchers) {
+          p.first->OnResourceDoesNotExist();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // For any RDS resource that is no longer referred to by any LDS
+  // resources, remove it from the cache and notify watchers that it
+  // does not exist.
+  auto& rds_state = state_map_[XdsApi::kRdsTypeUrl];
+  for (const auto& a : rds_state.subscribed_resources) {
+    const std::string& authority_name = a.first;
+    for (const auto& p : a.second) {
+      const std::string& listener_name = p.first;
+      if (rds_resource_names_seen.find(XdsApi::ConstructFullResourceName(
+              authority_name, XdsApi::kRdsTypeUrl, listener_name)) ==
+          rds_resource_names_seen.end()) {
+        RouteConfigState& route_config_state =
+            xds_client()
+                ->authority_state_map_[authority_name]
+                .route_config_map[listener_name];
+        route_config_state.update.reset();
+        for (const auto& p : route_config_state.watchers) {
+          p.first->OnResourceDoesNotExist();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::AcceptRdsUpdateLocked(
+    std::string version, grpc_millis update_time,
+    XdsApi::RdsUpdateMap rds_update_map) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+            "[xds_client %p] RDS update received containing %" PRIuPTR
+            " resources",
+            xds_client(), rds_update_map.size());
+  }
+  auto& rds_state = state_map_[XdsApi::kRdsTypeUrl];
+  for (auto& p : rds_update_map) {
+    const XdsApi::ResourceName& resource = p.first;
+    XdsApi::RdsUpdate& rds_update = p.second.resource;
+    auto& state =
+        rds_state.subscribed_resources[resource.authority][resource.id];
+    if (state != nullptr) state->Finish();
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[xds_client %p] RDS resource:\n%s", xds_client(),
+              rds_update.ToString().c_str());
+    }
+    RouteConfigState& route_config_state =
+        xds_client()
+            ->authority_state_map_[resource.authority]
+            .route_config_map[resource.id];
+    // Ignore identical update.
+    if (route_config_state.update.has_value() &&
+        *route_config_state.update == rds_update) {
+      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+                "[xds_client %p] RDS resource identical to current, ignoring",
+                xds_client());
+      }
+      continue;
+    }
+    // Update the cache.
+    route_config_state.update = std::move(rds_update);
+    route_config_state.meta = CreateResourceMetadataAcked(
+        std::move(p.second.serialized_proto), version, update_time);
+    // Notify all watchers.
+    for (const auto& p : route_config_state.watchers) {
+      p.first->OnRouteConfigChanged(*route_config_state.update);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::AcceptCdsUpdateLocked(
+    std::string version, grpc_millis update_time,
+    XdsApi::CdsUpdateMap cds_update_map,
+    const std::set<XdsApi::ResourceName>& resource_names_failed) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+            "[xds_client %p] CDS update received containing %" PRIuPTR
+            " resources",
+            xds_client(), cds_update_map.size());
+  }
+  auto& cds_state = state_map_[XdsApi::kCdsTypeUrl];
+  std::set<std::string> eds_resource_names_seen;
+  for (auto& p : cds_update_map) {
+    const XdsApi::ResourceName& resource = p.first;
+    XdsApi::CdsUpdate& cds_update = p.second.resource;
+    auto& state =
+        cds_state.subscribed_resources[resource.authority][resource.id];
+    if (state != nullptr) state->Finish();
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[xds_client %p] cluster=%s: %s", xds_client(),
+              XdsApi::ConstructFullResourceName(
+                  resource.authority, XdsApi::kCdsTypeUrl, resource.id)
+                  .c_str(),
+              cds_update.ToString().c_str());
+    }
+    // Record the EDS resource names seen.
+    eds_resource_names_seen.insert(
+        cds_update.eds_service_name.empty()
+            ? XdsApi::ConstructFullResourceName(
+                  resource.authority, XdsApi::kCdsTypeUrl, resource.id)
+            : cds_update.eds_service_name);
+    ClusterState& cluster_state = xds_client()
+                                      ->authority_state_map_[resource.authority]
+                                      .cluster_map[resource.id];
+    // Ignore identical update.
+    if (cluster_state.update.has_value() &&
+        *cluster_state.update == cds_update) {
+      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+                "[xds_client %p] CDS update identical to current, ignoring.",
+                xds_client());
+      }
+      continue;
+    }
+    // Update the cluster state.
+    cluster_state.update = std::move(cds_update);
+    cluster_state.meta = CreateResourceMetadataAcked(
+        std::move(p.second.serialized_proto), version, update_time);
+    // Notify all watchers.
+    for (const auto& p : cluster_state.watchers) {
+      p.first->OnClusterChanged(cluster_state.update.value());
+    }
+  }
+  // For invalid resources in the update, if they are already in the
+  // cache, pretend that they are present in the update, so that we
+  // don't incorrectly consider them deleted below.
+  for (const auto& resource : resource_names_failed) {
+    auto& cluster_map =
+        xds_client()->authority_state_map_[resource.authority].cluster_map;
+    auto it = cluster_map.find(resource.id);
+    if (it != cluster_map.end()) {
+      auto& update = it->second.update;
+      if (!update.has_value()) continue;
+      cds_update_map[resource];
+      eds_resource_names_seen.insert(
+          update->eds_service_name.empty()
+              ? XdsApi::ConstructFullResourceName(
+                    resource.authority, XdsApi::kCdsTypeUrl, resource.id)
+              : update->eds_service_name);
+    }
+  }
+  // For any subscribed resource that is not present in the update,
+  // remove it from the cache and notify watchers that it does not exist.
+  for (const auto& a : cds_state.subscribed_resources) {
+    const std::string& authority = a.first;
+    for (const auto& p : a.second) {
+      const std::string& cluster_name = p.first;
+      if (cds_update_map.find({authority, cluster_name}) ==
+          cds_update_map.end()) {
+        ClusterState& cluster_state = xds_client()
+                                          ->authority_state_map_[authority]
+                                          .cluster_map[cluster_name];
+        // If the resource was newly requested but has not yet been received,
+        // we don't want to generate an error for the watchers, because this CDS
+        // response may be in reaction to an earlier request that did not yet
+        // request the new resource, so its absence from the response does not
+        // necessarily indicate that the resource does not exist.
+        // For that case, we rely on the request timeout instead.
+        if (!cluster_state.update.has_value()) continue;
+        cluster_state.update.reset();
+        for (const auto& p : cluster_state.watchers) {
+          p.first->OnResourceDoesNotExist();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // For any EDS resource that is no longer referred to by any CDS
+  // resources, remove it from the cache and notify watchers that it
+  // does not exist.
+  auto& eds_state = state_map_[XdsApi::kEdsTypeUrl];
+  for (const auto& a : eds_state.subscribed_resources) {
+    const std::string& authority = a.first;
+    for (const auto& p : a.second) {
+      const std::string& eds_resource_name = p.first;
+      if (eds_resource_names_seen.find(XdsApi::ConstructFullResourceName(
+              authority, XdsApi::kEdsTypeUrl, eds_resource_name)) ==
+          eds_resource_names_seen.end()) {
+        EndpointState& endpoint_state = xds_client()
+                                            ->authority_state_map_[authority]
+                                            .endpoint_map[eds_resource_name];
+        endpoint_state.update.reset();
+        for (const auto& p : endpoint_state.watchers) {
+          p.first->OnResourceDoesNotExist();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::AcceptEdsUpdateLocked(
+    std::string version, grpc_millis update_time,
+    XdsApi::EdsUpdateMap eds_update_map) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+            "[xds_client %p] EDS update received containing %" PRIuPTR
+            " resources",
+            xds_client(), eds_update_map.size());
+  }
+  auto& eds_state = state_map_[XdsApi::kEdsTypeUrl];
+  for (auto& p : eds_update_map) {
+    const XdsApi::ResourceName& resource = p.first;
+    XdsApi::EdsUpdate& eds_update = p.second.resource;
+    auto& state =
+        eds_state.subscribed_resources[resource.authority][resource.id];
+    if (state != nullptr) state->Finish();
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[xds_client %p] EDS resource %s: %s", xds_client(),
+              XdsApi::ConstructFullResourceName(
+                  resource.authority, XdsApi::kCdsTypeUrl, resource.id)
+                  .c_str(),
+              eds_update.ToString().c_str());
+    }
+    EndpointState& endpoint_state =
+        xds_client()
+            ->authority_state_map_[resource.authority]
+            .endpoint_map[resource.id];
+    // Ignore identical update.
+    if (endpoint_state.update.has_value() &&
+        *endpoint_state.update == eds_update) {
+      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+                "[xds_client %p] EDS update identical to current, ignoring.",
+                xds_client());
+      }
+      continue;
+    }
+    // Update the cluster state.
+    endpoint_state.update = std::move(eds_update);
+    endpoint_state.meta = CreateResourceMetadataAcked(
+        std::move(p.second.serialized_proto), version, update_time);
+    // Notify all watchers.
+    for (const auto& p : endpoint_state.watchers) {
+      p.first->OnEndpointChanged(endpoint_state.update.value());
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+// Update resource_metadata for NACK.
+void UpdateResourceMetadataNacked(const std::string& version,
+                                  const std::string& details,
+                                  grpc_millis update_time,
+                                  XdsApi::ResourceMetadata* resource_metadata) {
+  resource_metadata->client_status = XdsApi::ResourceMetadata::NACKED;
+  resource_metadata->failed_version = version;
+  resource_metadata->failed_details = details;
+  resource_metadata->failed_update_time = update_time;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+template <typename StateMap>
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::RejectAdsUpdateHelperLocked(
+    const std::string& resource_name, grpc_millis update_time,
+    const XdsApi::AdsParseResult& result, const std::string& error_details,
+    StateMap* state_map) {
+  auto it = state_map->find(resource_name);
+  if (it == state_map->end()) return;
+  auto& state = it->second;
+  for (const auto& p : state.watchers) {
+    p.first->OnError(GRPC_ERROR_REF(result.parse_error));
+  }
+  UpdateResourceMetadataNacked(result.version, error_details, update_time,
+                               &state.meta);
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::RejectAdsUpdateLocked(
+    grpc_millis update_time, const XdsApi::AdsParseResult& result) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+            "[xds_client %p] %s update NACKed containing %" PRIuPTR
+            " invalid resources",
+            xds_client(), result.type_url.c_str(),
+            result.resource_names_failed.size());
+  }
+  std::string details = grpc_error_std_string(result.parse_error);
+  for (auto& resource : result.resource_names_failed) {
+    auto authority_it =
+        xds_client()->authority_state_map_.find(resource.authority);
+    if (authority_it == xds_client()->authority_state_map_.end()) continue;
+    AuthorityState& authority_state = authority_it->second;
+    if (result.type_url == XdsApi::kLdsTypeUrl) {
+      RejectAdsUpdateHelperLocked(resource.id, update_time, result, details,
+                                  &authority_state.listener_map);
+    } else if (result.type_url == XdsApi::kRdsTypeUrl) {
+      RejectAdsUpdateHelperLocked(resource.id, update_time, result, details,
+                                  &authority_state.route_config_map);
+    } else if (result.type_url == XdsApi::kCdsTypeUrl) {
+      RejectAdsUpdateHelperLocked(resource.id, update_time, result, details,
+                                  &authority_state.cluster_map);
+    } else if (result.type_url == XdsApi::kEdsTypeUrl) {
+      RejectAdsUpdateHelperLocked(resource.id, update_time, result, details,
+                                  &authority_state.endpoint_map);
+    } else {
+      GPR_ASSERT(0);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::OnRequestSent(
+    void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
+  AdsCallState* ads_calld = static_cast<AdsCallState*>(arg);
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&ads_calld->xds_client()->mu_);
+    ads_calld->OnRequestSentLocked(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+  }
+  ads_calld->Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "ADS+OnRequestSentLocked");
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::OnRequestSentLocked(
+    grpc_error_handle error) {
+  if (IsCurrentCallOnChannel() && error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    // Clean up the sent message.
+    grpc_byte_buffer_destroy(send_message_payload_);
+    send_message_payload_ = nullptr;
+    // Continue to send another pending message if any.
+    // TODO(roth): The current code to handle buffered messages has the
+    // advantage of sending only the most recent list of resource names for
+    // each resource type (no matter how many times that resource type has
+    // been requested to send while the current message sending is still
+    // pending). But its disadvantage is that we send the requests in fixed
+    // order of resource types. We need to fix this if we are seeing some
+    // resource type(s) starved due to frequent requests of other resource
+    // type(s).
+    auto it = buffered_requests_.begin();
+    if (it != buffered_requests_.end()) {
+      SendMessageLocked(*it);
+      buffered_requests_.erase(it);
+    }
+  }
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::OnResponseReceived(
+    void* arg, grpc_error_handle /* error */) {
+  AdsCallState* ads_calld = static_cast<AdsCallState*>(arg);
+  bool done;
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&ads_calld->xds_client()->mu_);
+    done = ads_calld->OnResponseReceivedLocked();
+  }
+  if (done) ads_calld->Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "ADS+OnResponseReceivedLocked");
+}
+
+bool XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::OnResponseReceivedLocked() {
+  // Empty payload means the call was cancelled.
+  if (!IsCurrentCallOnChannel() || recv_message_payload_ == nullptr) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  // Read the response.
+  grpc_byte_buffer_reader bbr;
+  grpc_byte_buffer_reader_init(&bbr, recv_message_payload_);
+  grpc_slice response_slice = grpc_byte_buffer_reader_readall(&bbr);
+  grpc_byte_buffer_reader_destroy(&bbr);
+  grpc_byte_buffer_destroy(recv_message_payload_);
+  recv_message_payload_ = nullptr;
+  // Parse and validate the response.
+  XdsApi::AdsParseResult result = xds_client()->api_.ParseAdsResponse(
+      chand()->server_, response_slice,
+      ResourceNamesForRequest(XdsApi::kLdsTypeUrl),
+      ResourceNamesForRequest(XdsApi::kRdsTypeUrl),
+      ResourceNamesForRequest(XdsApi::kCdsTypeUrl),
+      ResourceNamesForRequest(XdsApi::kEdsTypeUrl));
+  grpc_slice_unref_internal(response_slice);
+  if (result.type_url.empty()) {
+    // Ignore unparsable response.
+    gpr_log(GPR_ERROR,
+            "[xds_client %p] Error parsing ADS response (%s) -- ignoring",
+            xds_client(), grpc_error_std_string(result.parse_error).c_str());
+    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(result.parse_error);
+  } else {
+    grpc_millis update_time = grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+    // Update nonce.
+    auto& state = state_map_[result.type_url];
+    state.nonce = std::move(result.nonce);
+    // If we got an error, we'll NACK the update.
+    if (result.parse_error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_ERROR,
+              "[xds_client %p] ADS response invalid for resource type %s "
+              "version %s, will NACK: nonce=%s error=%s",
+              xds_client(), result.type_url.c_str(), result.version.c_str(),
+              state.nonce.c_str(),
+              grpc_error_std_string(result.parse_error).c_str());
+      result.parse_error =
+          grpc_error_set_int(result.parse_error, GRPC_ERROR_INT_GRPC_STATUS,
+                             GRPC_STATUS_UNAVAILABLE);
+      GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(state.error);
+      state.error = result.parse_error;
+      RejectAdsUpdateLocked(update_time, result);
+    }
+    // Process any valid resources.
+    bool have_valid_resources = false;
+    if (result.type_url == XdsApi::kLdsTypeUrl) {
+      have_valid_resources = !result.lds_update_map.empty();
+      AcceptLdsUpdateLocked(result.version, update_time,
+                            std::move(result.lds_update_map),
+                            result.resource_names_failed);
+    } else if (result.type_url == XdsApi::kRdsTypeUrl) {
+      have_valid_resources = !result.rds_update_map.empty();
+      AcceptRdsUpdateLocked(result.version, update_time,
+                            std::move(result.rds_update_map));
+    } else if (result.type_url == XdsApi::kCdsTypeUrl) {
+      have_valid_resources = !result.cds_update_map.empty();
+      AcceptCdsUpdateLocked(result.version, update_time,
+                            std::move(result.cds_update_map),
+                            result.resource_names_failed);
+    } else if (result.type_url == XdsApi::kEdsTypeUrl) {
+      have_valid_resources = !result.eds_update_map.empty();
+      AcceptEdsUpdateLocked(result.version, update_time,
+                            std::move(result.eds_update_map));
+    }
+    if (have_valid_resources) {
+      seen_response_ = true;
+      chand()->resource_type_version_map_[result.type_url] = result.version;
+      // Start load reporting if needed.
+      auto& lrs_call = chand()->lrs_calld_;
+      if (lrs_call != nullptr) {
+        LrsCallState* lrs_calld = lrs_call->calld();
+        if (lrs_calld != nullptr) lrs_calld->MaybeStartReportingLocked();
+      }
+    }
+    // Send ACK or NACK.
+    SendMessageLocked(result.type_url);
+  }
+  if (xds_client()->shutting_down_) return true;
+  // Keep listening for updates.
+  grpc_op op;
+  memset(&op, 0, sizeof(op));
+  op.op = GRPC_OP_RECV_MESSAGE;
+  op.data.recv_message.recv_message = &recv_message_payload_;
+  op.flags = 0;
+  op.reserved = nullptr;
+  GPR_ASSERT(call_ != nullptr);
+  // Reuse the "ADS+OnResponseReceivedLocked" ref taken in ctor.
+  const grpc_call_error call_error =
+      grpc_call_start_batch_and_execute(call_, &op, 1, &on_response_received_);
+  GPR_ASSERT(GRPC_CALL_OK == call_error);
+  return false;
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::OnStatusReceived(
+    void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
+  AdsCallState* ads_calld = static_cast<AdsCallState*>(arg);
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&ads_calld->xds_client()->mu_);
+    ads_calld->OnStatusReceivedLocked(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+  }
+  ads_calld->Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "ADS+OnStatusReceivedLocked");
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::OnStatusReceivedLocked(
+    grpc_error_handle error) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    char* status_details = grpc_slice_to_c_string(status_details_);
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+            "[xds_client %p] ADS call status received. Status = %d, details "
+            "= '%s', (chand: %p, ads_calld: %p, call: %p), error '%s'",
+            xds_client(), status_code_, status_details, chand(), this, call_,
+            grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
+    gpr_free(status_details);
+  }
+  // Ignore status from a stale call.
+  if (IsCurrentCallOnChannel()) {
+    // Try to restart the call.
+    parent_->OnCallFinishedLocked();
+    // Send error to all watchers.
+    xds_client()->NotifyOnErrorLocked(
+        GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("xds call failed"));
+  }
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+}
+
+bool XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::IsCurrentCallOnChannel() const {
+  // If the retryable ADS call is null (which only happens when the xds channel
+  // is shutting down), all the ADS calls are stale.
+  if (chand()->ads_calld_ == nullptr) return false;
+  return this == chand()->ads_calld_->calld();
+}
+
+std::map<absl::string_view /*authority*/, std::set<absl::string_view /*name*/>>
+XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::ResourceNamesForRequest(
+    const std::string& type_url) {
+  std::map<absl::string_view /*authority*/,
+           std::set<absl::string_view /*name*/>>
+      resource_map;
+  auto it = state_map_.find(type_url);
+  if (it != state_map_.end()) {
+    for (auto& a : it->second.subscribed_resources) {
+      for (auto& p : a.second) {
+        resource_map[a.first].insert(p.first);
+        OrphanablePtr<ResourceState>& state = p.second;
+        state->Start(Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "ResourceState"));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return resource_map;
+}
+
+//
+// XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::Reporter
+//
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::Reporter::Orphan() {
+  if (next_report_timer_callback_pending_) {
+    grpc_timer_cancel(&next_report_timer_);
+  }
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::Reporter::
+    ScheduleNextReportLocked() {
+  const grpc_millis next_report_time = ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + report_interval_;
+  grpc_timer_init(&next_report_timer_, next_report_time,
+                  &on_next_report_timer_);
+  next_report_timer_callback_pending_ = true;
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::Reporter::OnNextReportTimer(
+    void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
+  Reporter* self = static_cast<Reporter*>(arg);
+  bool done;
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&self->xds_client()->mu_);
+    done = self->OnNextReportTimerLocked(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+  }
+  if (done) self->Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "Reporter+timer");
+}
+
+bool XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::Reporter::OnNextReportTimerLocked(
+    grpc_error_handle error) {
+  next_report_timer_callback_pending_ = false;
+  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE || !IsCurrentReporterOnCall()) {
+    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+    return true;
+  }
+  return SendReportLocked();
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+bool LoadReportCountersAreZero(const XdsApi::ClusterLoadReportMap& snapshot) {
+  for (const auto& p : snapshot) {
+    const XdsApi::ClusterLoadReport& cluster_snapshot = p.second;
+    if (!cluster_snapshot.dropped_requests.IsZero()) return false;
+    for (const auto& q : cluster_snapshot.locality_stats) {
+      const XdsClusterLocalityStats::Snapshot& locality_snapshot = q.second;
+      if (!locality_snapshot.IsZero()) return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+bool XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::Reporter::SendReportLocked() {
+  // Construct snapshot from all reported stats.
+  XdsApi::ClusterLoadReportMap snapshot =
+      xds_client()->BuildLoadReportSnapshotLocked(parent_->send_all_clusters_,
+                                                  parent_->cluster_names_);
+  // Skip client load report if the counters were all zero in the last
+  // report and they are still zero in this one.
+  const bool old_val = last_report_counters_were_zero_;
+  last_report_counters_were_zero_ = LoadReportCountersAreZero(snapshot);
+  if (old_val && last_report_counters_were_zero_) {
+    if (xds_client()->load_report_map_.empty()) {
+      parent_->chand()->StopLrsCall();
+      return true;
+    }
+    ScheduleNextReportLocked();
+    return false;
+  }
+  // Create a request that contains the snapshot.
+  grpc_slice request_payload_slice =
+      xds_client()->api_.CreateLrsRequest(std::move(snapshot));
+  parent_->send_message_payload_ =
+      grpc_raw_byte_buffer_create(&request_payload_slice, 1);
+  grpc_slice_unref_internal(request_payload_slice);
+  // Send the report.
+  grpc_op op;
+  memset(&op, 0, sizeof(op));
+  op.op = GRPC_OP_SEND_MESSAGE;
+  op.data.send_message.send_message = parent_->send_message_payload_;
+  grpc_call_error call_error = grpc_call_start_batch_and_execute(
+      parent_->call_, &op, 1, &on_report_done_);
+  if (GPR_UNLIKELY(call_error != GRPC_CALL_OK)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_ERROR,
+            "[xds_client %p] calld=%p call_error=%d sending client load report",
+            xds_client(), this, call_error);
+    GPR_ASSERT(GRPC_CALL_OK == call_error);
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::Reporter::OnReportDone(
+    void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
+  Reporter* self = static_cast<Reporter*>(arg);
+  bool done;
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&self->xds_client()->mu_);
+    done = self->OnReportDoneLocked(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+  }
+  if (done) self->Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "Reporter+report_done");
+}
+
+bool XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::Reporter::OnReportDoneLocked(
+    grpc_error_handle error) {
+  grpc_byte_buffer_destroy(parent_->send_message_payload_);
+  parent_->send_message_payload_ = nullptr;
+  // If there are no more registered stats to report, cancel the call.
+  if (xds_client()->load_report_map_.empty()) {
+    parent_->chand()->StopLrsCall();
+    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE || !IsCurrentReporterOnCall()) {
+    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+    // If this reporter is no longer the current one on the call, the reason
+    // might be that it was orphaned for a new one due to config update.
+    if (!IsCurrentReporterOnCall()) {
+      parent_->MaybeStartReportingLocked();
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+  ScheduleNextReportLocked();
+  return false;
+}
+
+//
+// XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState
+//
+
+XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::LrsCallState(
+    RefCountedPtr<RetryableCall<LrsCallState>> parent)
+    : InternallyRefCounted<LrsCallState>(
+          GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_refcount_trace)
+              ? "LrsCallState"
+              : nullptr),
+      parent_(std::move(parent)) {
+  // Init the LRS call. Note that the call will progress every time there's
+  // activity in xds_client()->interested_parties_, which is comprised of
+  // the polling entities from client_channel.
+  GPR_ASSERT(xds_client() != nullptr);
+  const auto& method =
+      chand()->server_.ShouldUseV3()
+          ? GRPC_MDSTR_SLASH_ENVOY_DOT_SERVICE_DOT_LOAD_STATS_DOT_V3_DOT_LOADREPORTINGSERVICE_SLASH_STREAMLOADSTATS
+          : GRPC_MDSTR_SLASH_ENVOY_DOT_SERVICE_DOT_LOAD_STATS_DOT_V2_DOT_LOADREPORTINGSERVICE_SLASH_STREAMLOADSTATS;
+  call_ = grpc_channel_create_pollset_set_call(
+      chand()->channel_, nullptr, GRPC_PROPAGATE_DEFAULTS,
+      xds_client()->interested_parties_, method, nullptr,
+      GRPC_MILLIS_INF_FUTURE, nullptr);
+  GPR_ASSERT(call_ != nullptr);
+  // Init the request payload.
+  grpc_slice request_payload_slice =
+      xds_client()->api_.CreateLrsInitialRequest(chand()->server_);
+  send_message_payload_ =
+      grpc_raw_byte_buffer_create(&request_payload_slice, 1);
+  grpc_slice_unref_internal(request_payload_slice);
+  // Init other data associated with the LRS call.
+  grpc_metadata_array_init(&initial_metadata_recv_);
+  grpc_metadata_array_init(&trailing_metadata_recv_);
+  // Start the call.
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+            "[xds_client %p] Starting LRS call (chand: %p, calld: %p, "
+            "call: %p)",
+            xds_client(), chand(), this, call_);
+  }
+  // Create the ops.
+  grpc_call_error call_error;
+  grpc_op ops[3];
+  memset(ops, 0, sizeof(ops));
+  // Op: send initial metadata.
+  grpc_op* op = ops;
+  op->op = GRPC_OP_SEND_INITIAL_METADATA;
+  op->data.send_initial_metadata.count = 0;
+  op->flags = GRPC_INITIAL_METADATA_WAIT_FOR_READY |
+              GRPC_INITIAL_METADATA_WAIT_FOR_READY_EXPLICITLY_SET;
+  op->reserved = nullptr;
+  op++;
+  // Op: send request message.
+  GPR_ASSERT(send_message_payload_ != nullptr);
+  op->op = GRPC_OP_SEND_MESSAGE;
+  op->data.send_message.send_message = send_message_payload_;
+  op->flags = 0;
+  op->reserved = nullptr;
+  op++;
+  Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "LRS+OnInitialRequestSentLocked").release();
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&on_initial_request_sent_, OnInitialRequestSent, this,
+                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+  call_error = grpc_call_start_batch_and_execute(
+      call_, ops, static_cast<size_t>(op - ops), &on_initial_request_sent_);
+  GPR_ASSERT(GRPC_CALL_OK == call_error);
+  // Op: recv initial metadata.
+  op = ops;
+  op->op = GRPC_OP_RECV_INITIAL_METADATA;
+  op->data.recv_initial_metadata.recv_initial_metadata =
+      &initial_metadata_recv_;
+  op->flags = 0;
+  op->reserved = nullptr;
+  op++;
+  // Op: recv response.
+  op->op = GRPC_OP_RECV_MESSAGE;
+  op->data.recv_message.recv_message = &recv_message_payload_;
+  op->flags = 0;
+  op->reserved = nullptr;
+  op++;
+  Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "LRS+OnResponseReceivedLocked").release();
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&on_response_received_, OnResponseReceived, this,
+                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+  call_error = grpc_call_start_batch_and_execute(
+      call_, ops, static_cast<size_t>(op - ops), &on_response_received_);
+  GPR_ASSERT(GRPC_CALL_OK == call_error);
+  // Op: recv server status.
+  op = ops;
+  op->op = GRPC_OP_RECV_STATUS_ON_CLIENT;
+  op->data.recv_status_on_client.trailing_metadata = &trailing_metadata_recv_;
+  op->data.recv_status_on_client.status = &status_code_;
+  op->data.recv_status_on_client.status_details = &status_details_;
+  op->flags = 0;
+  op->reserved = nullptr;
+  op++;
+  // This callback signals the end of the call, so it relies on the initial
+  // ref instead of a new ref. When it's invoked, it's the initial ref that is
+  // unreffed.
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&on_status_received_, OnStatusReceived, this,
+                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+  call_error = grpc_call_start_batch_and_execute(
+      call_, ops, static_cast<size_t>(op - ops), &on_status_received_);
+  GPR_ASSERT(GRPC_CALL_OK == call_error);
+}
+
+XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::~LrsCallState() {
+  grpc_metadata_array_destroy(&initial_metadata_recv_);
+  grpc_metadata_array_destroy(&trailing_metadata_recv_);
+  grpc_byte_buffer_destroy(send_message_payload_);
+  grpc_byte_buffer_destroy(recv_message_payload_);
+  grpc_slice_unref_internal(status_details_);
+  GPR_ASSERT(call_ != nullptr);
+  grpc_call_unref(call_);
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::Orphan() {
+  reporter_.reset();
+  GPR_ASSERT(call_ != nullptr);
+  // If we are here because xds_client wants to cancel the call,
+  // on_status_received_ will complete the cancellation and clean up. Otherwise,
+  // we are here because xds_client has to orphan a failed call, then the
+  // following cancellation will be a no-op.
+  grpc_call_cancel_internal(call_);
+  // Note that the initial ref is hold by on_status_received_. So the
+  // corresponding unref happens in on_status_received_ instead of here.
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::MaybeStartReportingLocked() {
+  // Don't start again if already started.
+  if (reporter_ != nullptr) return;
+  // Don't start if the previous send_message op (of the initial request or the
+  // last report of the previous reporter) hasn't completed.
+  if (send_message_payload_ != nullptr) return;
+  // Don't start if no LRS response has arrived.
+  if (!seen_response()) return;
+  // Don't start if the ADS call hasn't received any valid response. Note that
+  // this must be the first channel because it is the current channel but its
+  // ADS call hasn't seen any response.
+  if (chand()->ads_calld_ == nullptr ||
+      chand()->ads_calld_->calld() == nullptr ||
+      !chand()->ads_calld_->calld()->seen_response()) {
+    return;
+  }
+  // Start reporting.
+  reporter_ = MakeOrphanable<Reporter>(
+      Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "LRS+load_report+start"), load_reporting_interval_);
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::OnInitialRequestSent(
+    void* arg, grpc_error_handle /*error*/) {
+  LrsCallState* lrs_calld = static_cast<LrsCallState*>(arg);
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&lrs_calld->xds_client()->mu_);
+    lrs_calld->OnInitialRequestSentLocked();
+  }
+  lrs_calld->Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "LRS+OnInitialRequestSentLocked");
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::OnInitialRequestSentLocked() {
+  // Clear the send_message_payload_.
+  grpc_byte_buffer_destroy(send_message_payload_);
+  send_message_payload_ = nullptr;
+  MaybeStartReportingLocked();
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::OnResponseReceived(
+    void* arg, grpc_error_handle /*error*/) {
+  LrsCallState* lrs_calld = static_cast<LrsCallState*>(arg);
+  bool done;
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&lrs_calld->xds_client()->mu_);
+    done = lrs_calld->OnResponseReceivedLocked();
+  }
+  if (done) lrs_calld->Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "LRS+OnResponseReceivedLocked");
+}
+
+bool XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::OnResponseReceivedLocked() {
+  // Empty payload means the call was cancelled.
+  if (!IsCurrentCallOnChannel() || recv_message_payload_ == nullptr) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  // Read the response.
+  grpc_byte_buffer_reader bbr;
+  grpc_byte_buffer_reader_init(&bbr, recv_message_payload_);
+  grpc_slice response_slice = grpc_byte_buffer_reader_readall(&bbr);
+  grpc_byte_buffer_reader_destroy(&bbr);
+  grpc_byte_buffer_destroy(recv_message_payload_);
+  recv_message_payload_ = nullptr;
+  // This anonymous lambda is a hack to avoid the usage of goto.
+  [&]() {
+    // Parse the response.
+    bool send_all_clusters = false;
+    std::set<std::string> new_cluster_names;
+    grpc_millis new_load_reporting_interval;
+    grpc_error_handle parse_error = xds_client()->api_.ParseLrsResponse(
+        response_slice, &send_all_clusters, &new_cluster_names,
+        &new_load_reporting_interval);
+    if (parse_error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_ERROR,
+              "[xds_client %p] LRS response parsing failed. error=%s",
+              xds_client(), grpc_error_std_string(parse_error).c_str());
+      GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(parse_error);
+      return;
+    }
+    seen_response_ = true;
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+      gpr_log(
+          GPR_INFO,
+          "[xds_client %p] LRS response received, %" PRIuPTR
+          " cluster names, send_all_clusters=%d, load_report_interval=%" PRId64
+          "ms",
+          xds_client(), new_cluster_names.size(), send_all_clusters,
+          new_load_reporting_interval);
+      size_t i = 0;
+      for (const auto& name : new_cluster_names) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[xds_client %p] cluster_name %" PRIuPTR ": %s",
+                xds_client(), i++, name.c_str());
+      }
+    }
+    if (new_load_reporting_interval <
+        GRPC_XDS_MIN_CLIENT_LOAD_REPORTING_INTERVAL_MS) {
+      new_load_reporting_interval =
+          GRPC_XDS_MIN_CLIENT_LOAD_REPORTING_INTERVAL_MS;
+      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+                "[xds_client %p] Increased load_report_interval to minimum "
+                "value %dms",
+                xds_client(), GRPC_XDS_MIN_CLIENT_LOAD_REPORTING_INTERVAL_MS);
+      }
+    }
+    // Ignore identical update.
+    if (send_all_clusters == send_all_clusters_ &&
+        cluster_names_ == new_cluster_names &&
+        load_reporting_interval_ == new_load_reporting_interval) {
+      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+                "[xds_client %p] Incoming LRS response identical to current, "
+                "ignoring.",
+                xds_client());
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+    // Stop current load reporting (if any) to adopt the new config.
+    reporter_.reset();
+    // Record the new config.
+    send_all_clusters_ = send_all_clusters;
+    cluster_names_ = std::move(new_cluster_names);
+    load_reporting_interval_ = new_load_reporting_interval;
+    // Try starting sending load report.
+    MaybeStartReportingLocked();
+  }();
+  grpc_slice_unref_internal(response_slice);
+  if (xds_client()->shutting_down_) return true;
+  // Keep listening for LRS config updates.
+  grpc_op op;
+  memset(&op, 0, sizeof(op));
+  op.op = GRPC_OP_RECV_MESSAGE;
+  op.data.recv_message.recv_message = &recv_message_payload_;
+  op.flags = 0;
+  op.reserved = nullptr;
+  GPR_ASSERT(call_ != nullptr);
+  // Reuse the "OnResponseReceivedLocked" ref taken in ctor.
+  const grpc_call_error call_error =
+      grpc_call_start_batch_and_execute(call_, &op, 1, &on_response_received_);
+  GPR_ASSERT(GRPC_CALL_OK == call_error);
+  return false;
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::OnStatusReceived(
+    void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
+  LrsCallState* lrs_calld = static_cast<LrsCallState*>(arg);
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&lrs_calld->xds_client()->mu_);
+    lrs_calld->OnStatusReceivedLocked(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+  }
+  lrs_calld->Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "LRS+OnStatusReceivedLocked");
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::OnStatusReceivedLocked(
+    grpc_error_handle error) {
+  GPR_ASSERT(call_ != nullptr);
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    char* status_details = grpc_slice_to_c_string(status_details_);
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+            "[xds_client %p] LRS call status received. Status = %d, details "
+            "= '%s', (chand: %p, calld: %p, call: %p), error '%s'",
+            xds_client(), status_code_, status_details, chand(), this, call_,
+            grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
+    gpr_free(status_details);
+  }
+  // Ignore status from a stale call.
+  if (IsCurrentCallOnChannel()) {
+    GPR_ASSERT(!xds_client()->shutting_down_);
+    // Try to restart the call.
+    parent_->OnCallFinishedLocked();
+  }
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+}
+
+bool XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::IsCurrentCallOnChannel() const {
+  // If the retryable LRS call is null (which only happens when the xds channel
+  // is shutting down), all the LRS calls are stale.
+  if (chand()->lrs_calld_ == nullptr) return false;
+  return this == chand()->lrs_calld_->calld();
+}
+
+//
+// XdsClient
+//
+
+namespace {
+
+grpc_millis GetRequestTimeout(const grpc_channel_args* args) {
+  return grpc_channel_args_find_integer(
+      args, GRPC_ARG_XDS_RESOURCE_DOES_NOT_EXIST_TIMEOUT_MS,
+      {15000, 0, INT_MAX});
+}
+
+grpc_channel_args* ModifyChannelArgs(const grpc_channel_args* args) {
+  absl::InlinedVector<grpc_arg, 1> args_to_add = {
+      grpc_channel_arg_integer_create(
+          const_cast<char*>(GRPC_ARG_KEEPALIVE_TIME_MS),
+          5 * 60 * GPR_MS_PER_SEC),
+  };
+  return grpc_channel_args_copy_and_add(args, args_to_add.data(),
+                                        args_to_add.size());
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+XdsClient::XdsClient(std::unique_ptr<XdsBootstrap> bootstrap,
+                     const grpc_channel_args* args)
+    : DualRefCounted<XdsClient>(
+          GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_refcount_trace) ? "XdsClient"
+                                                                  : nullptr),
+      bootstrap_(std::move(bootstrap)),
+      args_(ModifyChannelArgs(args)),
+      request_timeout_(GetRequestTimeout(args)),
+      interested_parties_(grpc_pollset_set_create()),
+      certificate_provider_store_(MakeOrphanable<CertificateProviderStore>(
+          bootstrap_->certificate_providers())),
+      api_(this, &grpc_xds_client_trace, bootstrap_->node(),
+           &bootstrap_->certificate_providers()) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[xds_client %p] creating xds client", this);
+  }
+  // Calling grpc_init to ensure gRPC does not shut down until the XdsClient is
+  // destroyed.
+  grpc_init();
+}
+
+XdsClient::~XdsClient() {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[xds_client %p] destroying xds client", this);
+  }
+  grpc_channel_args_destroy(args_);
+  grpc_pollset_set_destroy(interested_parties_);
+  // Calling grpc_shutdown to ensure gRPC does not shut down until the XdsClient
+  // is destroyed.
+  grpc_shutdown();
+}
+
+void XdsClient::Orphan() {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[xds_client %p] shutting down xds client", this);
+  }
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(g_mu);
+    if (g_xds_client == this) g_xds_client = nullptr;
+  }
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+    shutting_down_ = true;
+    // We do not clear cluster_map_ and endpoint_map_ if the xds client was
+    // created by the XdsResolver because the maps contain refs for watchers
+    // which in turn hold refs to the loadbalancing policies. At this point, it
+    // is possible for ADS calls to be in progress. Unreffing the loadbalancing
+    // policies before those calls are done would lead to issues such as
+    // https://github.com/grpc/grpc/issues/20928.
+    for (auto& a : authority_state_map_) {
+      a.second.channel_state.reset();
+      if (!a.second.listener_map.empty()) {
+        a.second.cluster_map.clear();
+        a.second.endpoint_map.clear();
+      }
+    }
+    // We clear these invalid resource  watchers as cancel never came.
+    invalid_listener_watchers_.clear();
+    invalid_route_config_watchers_.clear();
+    invalid_cluster_watchers_.clear();
+    invalid_endpoint_watchers_.clear();
+  }
+}
+
+RefCountedPtr<XdsClient::ChannelState> XdsClient::GetOrCreateChannelStateLocked(
+    const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server) {
+  auto it = xds_server_channel_map_.find(server);
+  if (it != xds_server_channel_map_.end()) {
+    return it->second->Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "Authority");
+  }
+  // Channel not found, so create a new one.
+  auto channel_state = MakeRefCounted<ChannelState>(
+      WeakRef(DEBUG_LOCATION, "ChannelState"), server);
+  xds_server_channel_map_[server] = channel_state.get();
+  return channel_state;
+}
+
+void XdsClient::WatchListenerData(
+    absl::string_view listener_name,
+    std::unique_ptr<ListenerWatcherInterface> watcher) {
+  std::string listener_name_str = std::string(listener_name);
+  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+  ListenerWatcherInterface* w = watcher.get();
+  auto resource = XdsApi::ParseResourceName(listener_name, XdsApi::IsLds);
+  if (!resource.ok()) {
+    invalid_listener_watchers_[w] = std::move(watcher);
+    grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(absl::StrFormat(
+        "Unable to parse resource name for listener %s", listener_name));
+    w->OnError(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+    return;
+  }
+  AuthorityState& authority_state = authority_state_map_[resource->authority];
+  ListenerState& listener_state = authority_state.listener_map[resource->id];
+  listener_state.watchers[w] = std::move(watcher);
+  // If we've already received an LDS update, notify the new watcher
+  // immediately.
+  if (listener_state.update.has_value()) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[xds_client %p] returning cached listener data for %s",
+              this, listener_name_str.c_str());
+    }
+    w->OnListenerChanged(*listener_state.update);
+  }
+  // If the authority doesn't yet have a channel, set it, creating it if needed.
+  if (authority_state.channel_state == nullptr) {
+    authority_state.channel_state =
+        GetOrCreateChannelStateLocked(bootstrap_->server());
+  }
+  authority_state.channel_state->SubscribeLocked(XdsApi::kLdsTypeUrl,
+                                                 *resource);
+}
+
+void XdsClient::CancelListenerDataWatch(absl::string_view listener_name,
+                                        ListenerWatcherInterface* watcher,
+                                        bool delay_unsubscription) {
+  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+  if (shutting_down_) return;
+  auto resource = XdsApi::ParseResourceName(listener_name, XdsApi::IsLds);
+  if (!resource.ok()) return;
+  auto& authority_state = authority_state_map_[resource->authority];
+  ListenerState& listener_state = authority_state.listener_map[resource->id];
+  auto it = listener_state.watchers.find(watcher);
+  if (it == listener_state.watchers.end()) {
+    invalid_listener_watchers_.erase(watcher);
+    return;
+  }
+  listener_state.watchers.erase(it);
+  if (!listener_state.watchers.empty()) return;
+  authority_state.listener_map.erase(resource->id);
+  xds_server_channel_map_[bootstrap_->server()]->UnsubscribeLocked(
+      XdsApi::kLdsTypeUrl, *resource, delay_unsubscription);
+  if (!authority_state.HasSubscribedResources()) {
+    authority_state.channel_state.reset();
+  }
+}
+
+void XdsClient::WatchRouteConfigData(
+    absl::string_view route_config_name,
+    std::unique_ptr<RouteConfigWatcherInterface> watcher) {
+  std::string route_config_name_str = std::string(route_config_name);
+  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+  RouteConfigWatcherInterface* w = watcher.get();
+  auto resource = XdsApi::ParseResourceName(route_config_name, XdsApi::IsRds);
+  if (!resource.ok()) {
+    invalid_route_config_watchers_[w] = std::move(watcher);
+    grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+        absl::StrFormat("Unable to parse resource name for route config %s",
+                        route_config_name));
+    w->OnError(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+    return;
+  }
+  auto& authority_state = authority_state_map_[resource->authority];
+  RouteConfigState& route_config_state =
+      authority_state.route_config_map[resource->id];
+  route_config_state.watchers[w] = std::move(watcher);
+  // If we've already received an RDS update, notify the new watcher
+  // immediately.
+  if (route_config_state.update.has_value()) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+              "[xds_client %p] returning cached route config data for %s", this,
+              route_config_name_str.c_str());
+    }
+    w->OnRouteConfigChanged(*route_config_state.update);
+  }
+  // If the authority doesn't yet have a channel, set it, creating it if needed.
+  if (authority_state.channel_state == nullptr) {
+    authority_state.channel_state =
+        GetOrCreateChannelStateLocked(bootstrap_->server());
+  }
+  authority_state.channel_state->SubscribeLocked(XdsApi::kRdsTypeUrl,
+                                                 *resource);
+}
+
+void XdsClient::CancelRouteConfigDataWatch(absl::string_view route_config_name,
+                                           RouteConfigWatcherInterface* watcher,
+                                           bool delay_unsubscription) {
+  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+  if (shutting_down_) return;
+  auto resource = XdsApi::ParseResourceName(route_config_name, XdsApi::IsRds);
+  if (!resource.ok()) return;
+  auto& authority_state = authority_state_map_[resource->authority];
+  RouteConfigState& route_config_state =
+      authority_state.route_config_map[resource->id];
+  auto it = route_config_state.watchers.find(watcher);
+  if (it == route_config_state.watchers.end()) {
+    invalid_route_config_watchers_.erase(watcher);
+    return;
+  }
+  route_config_state.watchers.erase(it);
+  if (!route_config_state.watchers.empty()) return;
+  authority_state.route_config_map.erase(resource->id);
+  xds_server_channel_map_[bootstrap_->server()]->UnsubscribeLocked(
+      XdsApi::kRdsTypeUrl, *resource, delay_unsubscription);
+  if (!authority_state.HasSubscribedResources()) {
+    authority_state.channel_state.reset();
+  }
+}
+
+void XdsClient::WatchClusterData(
+    absl::string_view cluster_name,
+    std::unique_ptr<ClusterWatcherInterface> watcher) {
+  std::string cluster_name_str = std::string(cluster_name);
+  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+  ClusterWatcherInterface* w = watcher.get();
+  auto resource = XdsApi::ParseResourceName(cluster_name, XdsApi::IsCds);
+  if (!resource.ok()) {
+    invalid_cluster_watchers_[w] = std::move(watcher);
+    grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(absl::StrFormat(
+        "Unable to parse resource name for cluster %s", cluster_name));
+    w->OnError(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+    return;
+  }
+  auto& authority_state = authority_state_map_[resource->authority];
+  ClusterState& cluster_state = authority_state.cluster_map[resource->id];
+  cluster_state.watchers[w] = std::move(watcher);
+  // If we've already received a CDS update, notify the new watcher
+  // immediately.
+  if (cluster_state.update.has_value()) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[xds_client %p] returning cached cluster data for %s",
+              this, cluster_name_str.c_str());
+    }
+    w->OnClusterChanged(cluster_state.update.value());
+  }
+  // If the authority doesn't yet have a channel, set it, creating it if needed.
+  if (authority_state.channel_state == nullptr) {
+    authority_state.channel_state =
+        GetOrCreateChannelStateLocked(bootstrap_->server());
+  }
+  authority_state.channel_state->SubscribeLocked(XdsApi::kCdsTypeUrl,
+                                                 *resource);
+}
+
+void XdsClient::CancelClusterDataWatch(absl::string_view cluster_name,
+                                       ClusterWatcherInterface* watcher,
+                                       bool delay_unsubscription) {
+  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+  if (shutting_down_) return;
+  auto resource = XdsApi::ParseResourceName(cluster_name, XdsApi::IsCds);
+  if (!resource.ok()) return;
+  auto& authority_state = authority_state_map_[resource->authority];
+  ClusterState& cluster_state = authority_state.cluster_map[resource->id];
+  auto it = cluster_state.watchers.find(watcher);
+  if (it == cluster_state.watchers.end()) {
+    invalid_cluster_watchers_.erase(watcher);
+    return;
+  }
+  cluster_state.watchers.erase(it);
+  if (!cluster_state.watchers.empty()) return;
+  authority_state.cluster_map.erase(resource->id);
+  xds_server_channel_map_[bootstrap_->server()]->UnsubscribeLocked(
+      XdsApi::kCdsTypeUrl, *resource, delay_unsubscription);
+  if (!authority_state.HasSubscribedResources()) {
+    authority_state.channel_state.reset();
+  }
+}
+
+void XdsClient::WatchEndpointData(
+    absl::string_view eds_service_name,
+    std::unique_ptr<EndpointWatcherInterface> watcher) {
+  std::string eds_service_name_str = std::string(eds_service_name);
+  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+  EndpointWatcherInterface* w = watcher.get();
+  auto resource = XdsApi::ParseResourceName(eds_service_name, XdsApi::IsEds);
+  if (!resource.ok()) {
+    invalid_endpoint_watchers_[w] = std::move(watcher);
+    grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+        absl::StrFormat("Unable to parse resource name for endpoint service %s",
+                        eds_service_name));
+    w->OnError(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+    return;
+  }
+  auto& authority_state = authority_state_map_[resource->authority];
+  EndpointState& endpoint_state = authority_state.endpoint_map[resource->id];
+  endpoint_state.watchers[w] = std::move(watcher);
+  // If we've already received an EDS update, notify the new watcher
+  // immediately.
+  if (endpoint_state.update.has_value()) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[xds_client %p] returning cached endpoint data for %s",
+              this, eds_service_name_str.c_str());
+    }
+    w->OnEndpointChanged(endpoint_state.update.value());
+  }
+  // If the authority doesn't yet have a channel, set it, creating it if needed.
+  if (authority_state.channel_state == nullptr) {
+    authority_state.channel_state =
+        GetOrCreateChannelStateLocked(bootstrap_->server());
+  }
+  authority_state.channel_state->SubscribeLocked(XdsApi::kEdsTypeUrl,
+                                                 *resource);
+}
+
+void XdsClient::CancelEndpointDataWatch(absl::string_view eds_service_name,
+                                        EndpointWatcherInterface* watcher,
+                                        bool delay_unsubscription) {
+  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+  if (shutting_down_) return;
+  auto resource = XdsApi::ParseResourceName(eds_service_name, XdsApi::IsEds);
+  if (!resource.ok()) return;
+  auto& authority_state = authority_state_map_[resource->authority];
+  EndpointState& endpoint_state = authority_state.endpoint_map[resource->id];
+  auto it = endpoint_state.watchers.find(watcher);
+  if (it == endpoint_state.watchers.end()) {
+    invalid_endpoint_watchers_.erase(watcher);
+    return;
+  }
+  endpoint_state.watchers.erase(it);
+  if (!endpoint_state.watchers.empty()) return;
+  authority_state.endpoint_map.erase(resource->id);
+  xds_server_channel_map_[bootstrap_->server()]->UnsubscribeLocked(
+      XdsApi::kEdsTypeUrl, *resource, delay_unsubscription);
+  if (!authority_state.HasSubscribedResources()) {
+    authority_state.channel_state.reset();
+  }
+}
+
+RefCountedPtr<XdsClusterDropStats> XdsClient::AddClusterDropStats(
+    absl::string_view lrs_server, absl::string_view cluster_name,
+    absl::string_view eds_service_name) {
+  // TODO(roth): When we add support for direct federation, use the
+  // server name specified in lrs_server.
+  auto key =
+      std::make_pair(std::string(cluster_name), std::string(eds_service_name));
+  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+  // We jump through some hoops here to make sure that the absl::string_views
+  // stored in the XdsClusterDropStats object point to the strings
+  // in the load_report_map_ key, so that they have the same lifetime.
+  auto it = load_report_map_
+                .emplace(std::make_pair(std::move(key), LoadReportState()))
+                .first;
+  LoadReportState& load_report_state = it->second;
+  RefCountedPtr<XdsClusterDropStats> cluster_drop_stats;
+  if (load_report_state.drop_stats != nullptr) {
+    cluster_drop_stats = load_report_state.drop_stats->RefIfNonZero();
+  }
+  if (cluster_drop_stats == nullptr) {
+    if (load_report_state.drop_stats != nullptr) {
+      load_report_state.deleted_drop_stats +=
+          load_report_state.drop_stats->GetSnapshotAndReset();
+    }
+    cluster_drop_stats = MakeRefCounted<XdsClusterDropStats>(
+        Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "DropStats"), lrs_server,
+        it->first.first /*cluster_name*/,
+        it->first.second /*eds_service_name*/);
+    load_report_state.drop_stats = cluster_drop_stats.get();
+  }
+  auto resource = XdsApi::ParseResourceName(cluster_name, XdsApi::IsCds);
+  GPR_ASSERT(resource.ok());
+  auto a = authority_state_map_.find(resource->authority);
+  if (a != authority_state_map_.end()) {
+    a->second.channel_state->MaybeStartLrsCall();
+  }
+  return cluster_drop_stats;
+}
+
+void XdsClient::RemoveClusterDropStats(
+    absl::string_view /*lrs_server*/, absl::string_view cluster_name,
+    absl::string_view eds_service_name,
+    XdsClusterDropStats* cluster_drop_stats) {
+  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+  // TODO(roth): When we add support for direct federation, use the
+  // server name specified in lrs_server.
+  auto it = load_report_map_.find(
+      std::make_pair(std::string(cluster_name), std::string(eds_service_name)));
+  if (it == load_report_map_.end()) return;
+  LoadReportState& load_report_state = it->second;
+  if (load_report_state.drop_stats == cluster_drop_stats) {
+    // Record final snapshot in deleted_drop_stats, which will be
+    // added to the next load report.
+    load_report_state.deleted_drop_stats +=
+        load_report_state.drop_stats->GetSnapshotAndReset();
+    load_report_state.drop_stats = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+RefCountedPtr<XdsClusterLocalityStats> XdsClient::AddClusterLocalityStats(
+    absl::string_view lrs_server, absl::string_view cluster_name,
+    absl::string_view eds_service_name,
+    RefCountedPtr<XdsLocalityName> locality) {
+  // TODO(roth): When we add support for direct federation, use the
+  // server name specified in lrs_server.
+  auto key =
+      std::make_pair(std::string(cluster_name), std::string(eds_service_name));
+  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+  // We jump through some hoops here to make sure that the absl::string_views
+  // stored in the XdsClusterLocalityStats object point to the strings
+  // in the load_report_map_ key, so that they have the same lifetime.
+  auto it = load_report_map_
+                .emplace(std::make_pair(std::move(key), LoadReportState()))
+                .first;
+  LoadReportState& load_report_state = it->second;
+  LoadReportState::LocalityState& locality_state =
+      load_report_state.locality_stats[locality];
+  RefCountedPtr<XdsClusterLocalityStats> cluster_locality_stats;
+  if (locality_state.locality_stats != nullptr) {
+    cluster_locality_stats = locality_state.locality_stats->RefIfNonZero();
+  }
+  if (cluster_locality_stats == nullptr) {
+    if (locality_state.locality_stats != nullptr) {
+      locality_state.deleted_locality_stats +=
+          locality_state.locality_stats->GetSnapshotAndReset();
+    }
+    cluster_locality_stats = MakeRefCounted<XdsClusterLocalityStats>(
+        Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "LocalityStats"), lrs_server,
+        it->first.first /*cluster_name*/, it->first.second /*eds_service_name*/,
+        std::move(locality));
+    locality_state.locality_stats = cluster_locality_stats.get();
+  }
+  auto resource = XdsApi::ParseResourceName(cluster_name, XdsApi::IsCds);
+  GPR_ASSERT(resource.ok());
+  auto a = authority_state_map_.find(resource->authority);
+  if (a != authority_state_map_.end()) {
+    a->second.channel_state->MaybeStartLrsCall();
+  }
+  return cluster_locality_stats;
+}
+
+void XdsClient::RemoveClusterLocalityStats(
+    absl::string_view /*lrs_server*/, absl::string_view cluster_name,
+    absl::string_view eds_service_name,
+    const RefCountedPtr<XdsLocalityName>& locality,
+    XdsClusterLocalityStats* cluster_locality_stats) {
+  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+  // TODO(roth): When we add support for direct federation, use the
+  // server name specified in lrs_server.
+  auto it = load_report_map_.find(
+      std::make_pair(std::string(cluster_name), std::string(eds_service_name)));
+  if (it == load_report_map_.end()) return;
+  LoadReportState& load_report_state = it->second;
+  auto locality_it = load_report_state.locality_stats.find(locality);
+  if (locality_it == load_report_state.locality_stats.end()) return;
+  LoadReportState::LocalityState& locality_state = locality_it->second;
+  if (locality_state.locality_stats == cluster_locality_stats) {
+    // Record final snapshot in deleted_locality_stats, which will be
+    // added to the next load report.
+    locality_state.deleted_locality_stats +=
+        locality_state.locality_stats->GetSnapshotAndReset();
+    locality_state.locality_stats = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ResetBackoff() {
+  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+  for (auto& p : xds_server_channel_map_) {
+    grpc_channel_reset_connect_backoff(p.second->channel());
+  }
+}
+
+void XdsClient::NotifyOnErrorLocked(grpc_error_handle error) {
+  for (const auto& a : authority_state_map_) {
+    for (const auto& p : a.second.listener_map) {
+      const ListenerState& listener_state = p.second;
+      for (const auto& p : listener_state.watchers) {
+        p.first->OnError(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+      }
+    }
+    for (const auto& p : a.second.route_config_map) {
+      const RouteConfigState& route_config_state = p.second;
+      for (const auto& p : route_config_state.watchers) {
+        p.first->OnError(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+      }
+    }
+    for (const auto& p : a.second.cluster_map) {
+      const ClusterState& cluster_state = p.second;
+      for (const auto& p : cluster_state.watchers) {
+        p.first->OnError(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+      }
+    }
+    for (const auto& p : a.second.endpoint_map) {
+      const EndpointState& endpoint_state = p.second;
+      for (const auto& p : endpoint_state.watchers) {
+        p.first->OnError(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+}
+
+XdsApi::ClusterLoadReportMap XdsClient::BuildLoadReportSnapshotLocked(
+    bool send_all_clusters, const std::set<std::string>& clusters) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[xds_client %p] start building load report", this);
+  }
+  XdsApi::ClusterLoadReportMap snapshot_map;
+  for (auto load_report_it = load_report_map_.begin();
+       load_report_it != load_report_map_.end();) {
+    // Cluster key is cluster and EDS service name.
+    const auto& cluster_key = load_report_it->first;
+    LoadReportState& load_report = load_report_it->second;
+    // If the CDS response for a cluster indicates to use LRS but the
+    // LRS server does not say that it wants reports for this cluster,
+    // then we'll have stats objects here whose data we're not going to
+    // include in the load report.  However, we still need to clear out
+    // the data from the stats objects, so that if the LRS server starts
+    // asking for the data in the future, we don't incorrectly include
+    // data from previous reporting intervals in that future report.
+    const bool record_stats =
+        send_all_clusters || clusters.find(cluster_key.first) != clusters.end();
+    XdsApi::ClusterLoadReport snapshot;
+    // Aggregate drop stats.
+    snapshot.dropped_requests = std::move(load_report.deleted_drop_stats);
+    if (load_report.drop_stats != nullptr) {
+      snapshot.dropped_requests +=
+          load_report.drop_stats->GetSnapshotAndReset();
+      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+                "[xds_client %p] cluster=%s eds_service_name=%s drop_stats=%p",
+                this, cluster_key.first.c_str(), cluster_key.second.c_str(),
+                load_report.drop_stats);
+      }
+    }
+    // Aggregate locality stats.
+    for (auto it = load_report.locality_stats.begin();
+         it != load_report.locality_stats.end();) {
+      const RefCountedPtr<XdsLocalityName>& locality_name = it->first;
+      auto& locality_state = it->second;
+      XdsClusterLocalityStats::Snapshot& locality_snapshot =
+          snapshot.locality_stats[locality_name];
+      locality_snapshot = std::move(locality_state.deleted_locality_stats);
+      if (locality_state.locality_stats != nullptr) {
+        locality_snapshot +=
+            locality_state.locality_stats->GetSnapshotAndReset();
+        if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+          gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+                  "[xds_client %p] cluster=%s eds_service_name=%s "
+                  "locality=%s locality_stats=%p",
+                  this, cluster_key.first.c_str(), cluster_key.second.c_str(),
+                  locality_name->AsHumanReadableString().c_str(),
+                  locality_state.locality_stats);
+        }
+      }
+      // If the only thing left in this entry was final snapshots from
+      // deleted locality stats objects, remove the entry.
+      if (locality_state.locality_stats == nullptr) {
+        it = load_report.locality_stats.erase(it);
+      } else {
+        ++it;
+      }
+    }
+    // Compute load report interval.
+    const grpc_millis now = ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+    snapshot.load_report_interval = now - load_report.last_report_time;
+    load_report.last_report_time = now;
+    // Record snapshot.
+    if (record_stats) {
+      snapshot_map[cluster_key] = std::move(snapshot);
+    }
+    // If the only thing left in this entry was final snapshots from
+    // deleted stats objects, remove the entry.
+    if (load_report.locality_stats.empty() &&
+        load_report.drop_stats == nullptr) {
+      load_report_it = load_report_map_.erase(load_report_it);
+    } else {
+      ++load_report_it;
+    }
+  }
+  return snapshot_map;
+}
+
+std::string XdsClient::DumpClientConfigBinary() {
+  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+  XdsApi::ResourceTypeMetadataMap resource_type_metadata_map;
+  auto& lds_map = resource_type_metadata_map[XdsApi::kLdsTypeUrl];
+  auto& rds_map = resource_type_metadata_map[XdsApi::kRdsTypeUrl];
+  auto& cds_map = resource_type_metadata_map[XdsApi::kCdsTypeUrl];
+  auto& eds_map = resource_type_metadata_map[XdsApi::kEdsTypeUrl];
+  for (auto& a : authority_state_map_) {
+    const std::string& authority = a.first;
+    // Collect resource metadata from listeners
+    for (auto& p : a.second.listener_map) {
+      const std::string& listener_name = p.first;
+      lds_map[XdsApi::ConstructFullResourceName(
+          authority, XdsApi::kLdsTypeUrl, listener_name)] = &p.second.meta;
+    }
+    // Collect resource metadata from route configs
+    for (auto& p : a.second.route_config_map) {
+      const std::string& route_config_name = p.first;
+      rds_map[XdsApi::ConstructFullResourceName(
+          authority, XdsApi::kRdsTypeUrl, route_config_name)] = &p.second.meta;
+    }
+    // Collect resource metadata from clusters
+    for (auto& p : a.second.cluster_map) {
+      const std::string& cluster_name = p.first;
+      cds_map[XdsApi::ConstructFullResourceName(authority, XdsApi::kCdsTypeUrl,
+                                                cluster_name)] = &p.second.meta;
+    }
+    // Collect resource metadata from endpoints
+    for (auto& p : a.second.endpoint_map) {
+      const std::string& endpoint_name = p.first;
+      eds_map[XdsApi::ConstructFullResourceName(
+          authority, XdsApi::kEdsTypeUrl, endpoint_name)] = &p.second.meta;
+    }
+  }
+  // Assemble config dump messages
+  return api_.AssembleClientConfig(resource_type_metadata_map);
+}
+
+//
+// accessors for global state
+//
+
+void XdsClientGlobalInit() {
+  g_mu = new Mutex;
+  XdsHttpFilterRegistry::Init();
+}
+
+// TODO(roth): Find a better way to clear the fallback config that does
+// not require using ABSL_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS.
+void XdsClientGlobalShutdown() ABSL_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
+  gpr_free(g_fallback_bootstrap_config);
+  g_fallback_bootstrap_config = nullptr;
+  delete g_mu;
+  g_mu = nullptr;
+  XdsHttpFilterRegistry::Shutdown();
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+std::string GetBootstrapContents(const char* fallback_config,
+                                 grpc_error_handle* error) {
+  // First, try GRPC_XDS_BOOTSTRAP env var.
+  grpc_core::UniquePtr<char> path(gpr_getenv("GRPC_XDS_BOOTSTRAP"));
+  if (path != nullptr) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+              "Got bootstrap file location from GRPC_XDS_BOOTSTRAP "
+              "environment variable: %s",
+              path.get());
+    }
+    grpc_slice contents;
+    *error =
+        grpc_load_file(path.get(), /*add_null_terminator=*/true, &contents);
+    if (*error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return "";
+    std::string contents_str(StringViewFromSlice(contents));
+    grpc_slice_unref_internal(contents);
+    return contents_str;
+  }
+  // Next, try GRPC_XDS_BOOTSTRAP_CONFIG env var.
+  grpc_core::UniquePtr<char> env_config(
+      gpr_getenv("GRPC_XDS_BOOTSTRAP_CONFIG"));
+  if (env_config != nullptr) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+              "Got bootstrap contents from GRPC_XDS_BOOTSTRAP_CONFIG "
+              "environment variable");
+    }
+    return env_config.get();
+  }
+  // Finally, try fallback config.
+  if (fallback_config != nullptr) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "Got bootstrap contents from fallback config");
+    }
+    return fallback_config;
+  }
+  // No bootstrap config found.
+  *error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+      "Environment variables GRPC_XDS_BOOTSTRAP or GRPC_XDS_BOOTSTRAP_CONFIG "
+      "not defined");
+  return "";
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+RefCountedPtr<XdsClient> XdsClient::GetOrCreate(const grpc_channel_args* args,
+                                                grpc_error_handle* error) {
+  RefCountedPtr<XdsClient> xds_client;
+  // If getting bootstrap from channel args, create a local XdsClient
+  // instance for the channel or server instead of using the global instance.
+  const char* bootstrap_config = grpc_channel_args_find_string(
+      args, GRPC_ARG_TEST_ONLY_DO_NOT_USE_IN_PROD_XDS_BOOTSTRAP_CONFIG);
+  if (bootstrap_config != nullptr) {
+    std::unique_ptr<XdsBootstrap> bootstrap =
+        XdsBootstrap::Create(bootstrap_config, error);
+    if (*error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+      grpc_channel_args* xds_channel_args =
+          grpc_channel_args_find_pointer<grpc_channel_args>(
+              args,
+              GRPC_ARG_TEST_ONLY_DO_NOT_USE_IN_PROD_XDS_CLIENT_CHANNEL_ARGS);
+      return MakeRefCounted<XdsClient>(std::move(bootstrap), xds_channel_args);
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  // Otherwise, use the global instance.
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(g_mu);
+    if (g_xds_client != nullptr) {
+      auto xds_client = g_xds_client->RefIfNonZero();
+      if (xds_client != nullptr) return xds_client;
+    }
+    // Find bootstrap contents.
+    std::string bootstrap_contents =
+        GetBootstrapContents(g_fallback_bootstrap_config, error);
+    if (*error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return nullptr;
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "xDS bootstrap contents: %s",
+              bootstrap_contents.c_str());
+    }
+    // Parse bootstrap.
+    std::unique_ptr<XdsBootstrap> bootstrap =
+        XdsBootstrap::Create(bootstrap_contents, error);
+    if (*error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return nullptr;
+    // Instantiate XdsClient.
+    xds_client =
+        MakeRefCounted<XdsClient>(std::move(bootstrap), g_channel_args);
+    g_xds_client = xds_client.get();
+  }
+  return xds_client;
+}
+
+namespace internal {
+
+void SetXdsChannelArgsForTest(grpc_channel_args* args) {
+  MutexLock lock(g_mu);
+  g_channel_args = args;
+}
+
+void UnsetGlobalXdsClientForTest() {
+  MutexLock lock(g_mu);
+  g_xds_client = nullptr;
+}
+
+void SetXdsFallbackBootstrapConfig(const char* config) {
+  MutexLock lock(g_mu);
+  gpr_free(g_fallback_bootstrap_config);
+  g_fallback_bootstrap_config = gpr_strdup(config);
+}
+
+}  // namespace internal
+
+//
+// embedding XdsClient in channel args
+//
+
+#define GRPC_ARG_XDS_CLIENT "grpc.internal.xds_client"
+
+namespace {
+
+void* XdsClientArgCopy(void* p) {
+  XdsClient* xds_client = static_cast<XdsClient*>(p);
+  xds_client->Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "channel arg").release();
+  return p;
+}
+
+void XdsClientArgDestroy(void* p) {
+  XdsClient* xds_client = static_cast<XdsClient*>(p);
+  xds_client->Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "channel arg");
+}
+
+int XdsClientArgCmp(void* p, void* q) { return QsortCompare(p, q); }
+
+const grpc_arg_pointer_vtable kXdsClientArgVtable = {
+    XdsClientArgCopy, XdsClientArgDestroy, XdsClientArgCmp};
+
+}  // namespace
+
+grpc_arg XdsClient::MakeChannelArg() const {
+  return grpc_channel_arg_pointer_create(const_cast<char*>(GRPC_ARG_XDS_CLIENT),
+                                         const_cast<XdsClient*>(this),
+                                         &kXdsClientArgVtable);
+}
+
+RefCountedPtr<XdsClient> XdsClient::GetFromChannelArgs(
+    const grpc_channel_args& args) {
+  XdsClient* xds_client =
+      grpc_channel_args_find_pointer<XdsClient>(&args, GRPC_ARG_XDS_CLIENT);
+  if (xds_client == nullptr) return nullptr;
+  return xds_client->Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "GetFromChannelArgs");
+}
+
+}  // namespace grpc_core
+
+// The returned bytes may contain NULL(0), so we can't use c-string.
+grpc_slice grpc_dump_xds_configs() {
+  grpc_core::ApplicationCallbackExecCtx callback_exec_ctx;
+  grpc_core::ExecCtx exec_ctx;
+  grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  auto xds_client = grpc_core::XdsClient::GetOrCreate(nullptr, &error);
+  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    // If we isn't using xDS, just return an empty string.
+    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+    return grpc_empty_slice();
+  }
+  return grpc_slice_from_cpp_string(xds_client->DumpClientConfigBinary());
+}