galaaz 0.4.5 → 0.4.6

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data/README.md

@@ -1,325 +1,751 @@
-Introduction
-============
+---
+title: "Galaaz Manual"
+subtitle: "How to tightly couple Ruby and R in GraalVM"
+author: "Rodrigo Botafogo"
+tags: [Galaaz, Ruby, R, TruffleRuby, FastR, GraalVM, ggplot2]
+date: "2019"
+output:
+  html_document:
+    self_contained: true
+    keep_md: true
+  md_document:
+    variant: markdown_github
+  pdf_document:
+    includes:
+      in_header: "../../sty/galaaz.sty"
+    keep_tex: yes
+    number_sections: yes
+    toc: true
+    toc_depth: 2
+fontsize: 11pt
+---
 
-Galaaz is a system for tightly coupling Ruby and R. Ruby is a powerful language, with a large community, a very large set of libraries and great for web development. However, it lacks libraries for data science, statistics, scientific plotting and machine learning. On the other hand, R is considered one of the most powerful languages for solving all of the above problems. Maybe the strongest competitor to R is Python with libraries such as NumPy, Panda, SciPy, SciKit-Learn and a couple more.
 
-With Galaaz we do not intend to re-implement any of the scientific libraries in R, we allow for very tight coupling between the two languages to the point that the Ruby developer does not need to know that there is an R engine running. For this to happen we use new technologies provided by Oracle, with GraalVM, TruffleRuby and FastR:
 
-     GraalVM is a universal virtual machine for running applications written in JavaScript,
-     Python 3, Ruby, R, JVM-based languages like Java, Scala, Kotlin, and LLVM-based languages
-     such as C and C++.
 
-     GraalVM removes the isolation between programming languages and enables interoperability in a
-     shared runtime. It can run either standalone or in the context of OpenJDK, Node.js,
-     Oracle Database, or MySQL.
+# Introduction
 
-     GraalVM allows you to write polyglot applications with a seamless way to pass values from one
-     language to another. With GraalVM there is no copying or marshalling necessary as it is with
-     other polyglot systems. This lets you achieve high performance when language boundaries are
-     crossed. Most of the time there is no additional cost for crossing a language boundary at all.
+Galaaz is a system for tightly coupling Ruby and R. Ruby is a powerful language, with a large 
+community, a very large set of libraries and great for web development. However, it lacks 
+libraries for data science, statistics, scientific plotting and machine learning. On the 
+other hand, R is considered one of the most powerful languages for solving all of the above 
+problems. Maybe the strongest competitor to R is Python with libraries such as NumPy, 
+Panda, SciPy, SciKit-Learn and a couple more.
 
-     Often developers have to make uncomfortable compromises that require them to rewrite
-     their software in other languages. For example:
+# System Compatibility
 
-      * “That library is not available in my language. I need to rewrite it.” 
-      * “That language would be the perfect fit for my problem, but we cannot run it in our environment.” 
-      * “That problem is already solved in my language, but the language is too slow.”
+* Oracle Linux 7
+* Ubuntu 18.04 LTS
+* Ubuntu 16.04 LTS
+* Fedora 28
+* macOS 10.14 (Mojave)
+* macOS 10.13 (High Sierra)
 
-    With GraalVM we aim to allow developers to freely choose the right language for the task at
-    hand without making compromises.
+# Dependencies
 
-What does Galaaz mean
----------------------
+* TruffleRuby
+* FastR
 
-Galaaz is the Portuguese name for "Galahad". From Wikipedia:
 
-    Sir Galahad (/ˈɡæləhæd/; sometimes referred to as Galeas /ɡəˈliːəs/ or Galath /ˈɡæləθ/),
-    in Arthurian legend, is a knight of King Arthur's Round Table and one of the three
-    achievers of the Holy Grail. He is the illegitimate son of Sir Lancelot and Elaine of
-    Corbenic, and is renowned for his gallantry and purity as the most perfect of all knights.
-    Emerging quite late in the medieval Arthurian tradition, Sir Galahad first appears in the
-    Lancelot–Grail cycle, and his story is taken up in later works such as the Post-Vulgate
-    Cycle and Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur. His name should not be mistaken with
-    Galehaut, a different knight from Arthurian legend. 
+# Installation
 
-Galaaz Demo
-===========
+* Install GrallVM (http://www.graalvm.org/)
+* Install Ruby (gu install Ruby)
+* Install FastR (gu install R)
+* Install rake if you want to run the specs and examples (gem install rake)
 
-Prerequisites
--------------
+# Usage
 
--   GraalVM (>= rc7)
--   TruffleRuby
--   FastR
+* Interactive shell: use 'gstudio' on the command line
 
-The following R packages will be automatically installed when necessary, but could be installed prior to the demo if desired:
+  > gstudio
 
--   ggplot2
--   gridExtra
 
-Installation of R packages requires a development environment. In Linux, the gnu compiler and tools should be enough. I am not sure what is needed on the Mac.
+```ruby
+  vec = R.c(1, 2, 3, 4)
+  puts vec
+```
 
-In order to run the 'specs' the following Ruby package is necessary:
+```
+## [1] 1 2 3 4
+```
+  
+* Run all specs
 
--   gem install rspec
+  > galaaz specs:all
+  
+* Run graphics slideshow (80+ graphics)
 
-Preparation
------------
+  > galaaz sthda:all
+  
+* Run labs from Introduction to Statistical Learning with R
 
--   gem install galaaz
+  > galaaz islr:all
 
-Running the demo
-----------------
+* See all available examples
 
-The ggplot for this demos was extracted from: <http://r-statistics.co/Top50-Ggplot2-Visualizations-MasterList-R-Code.html>.
+  > galaaz -T
+  
+  Shows a list with all available executalbe tasks.  To execute a task, substitute the
+  'rake' word in the list with 'galaaz'.  For instance, the following line shows up
+  after 'galaaz -T'
+  
+  rake master_list:scatter_plot        # scatter_plot from:....
+  
+  execute
+  
+  > galaaz master_list:scatter_plot
 
-On the console do
+# Basic Types
 
-    > galaaz master_list:scatter_plot
+## Vectors
 
-Running other demos
--------------------
+Vectors can be thought of as contiguous cells containing data. Cells are accessed through
+indexing operations such as x[5]. Galaaz has six basic (‘atomic’) vector types: logical, 
+integer, real, complex, string (or character) and raw. The modes and storage modes for the 
+different vector types are listed in the following
+table.
 
-Doing on the console
+| typeof    | mode      | storage.mode |
+|-----------|:---------:|-------------:|
+| logical   | logical   |      logical |
+| integer   | numeric   |      integer |
+| double    | numeric   |       double |
+| complex   | complex   |      comples |
+| character | character |    character |
+| raw       | raw       |          raw |
 
-    > galaaz -T
+Single numbers, such as 4.2, and strings, such as "four point two" are still vectors, of length
+1; there are no more basic types. Vectors with length zero are possible (and useful).
+String vectors have mode and storage mode "character". A single element of a character
+vector is often referred to as a character string.
 
-will show a list with all available demos. To run any of the demos in the list, substitute the call to 'rake' to 'galaaz'. For instance, one of the examples in the list is 'rake sthda:bar'. In order to run this example just do 'galaaz sthda:bar'. Doing 'galaaz sthda:all' will run all demos in the sthda cathegory. Some of the examples require 'rspec' do be available. To install 'rspec' just do 'gem install rspec'.
+To create a vector the 'c' (concatenate) method from the 'R' module should be used:
 
-The demo code
-=============
 
-The following is the Ruby code and plot for the above example. There is a small difference between the code in the example and the code bellow. If the example is ran, the plot will appear on the screen, bellow, we generate an 'svg' image and then include it in this document. In order to generate and image, the R.svg device is used. To generate the plot on the screen, use the R.awt device, as commented on the code.
+```ruby
+@vec = R.c(1, 2, 3)
+puts @vec
+```
 
-``` truby
-require 'galaaz'
-require 'ggplot'
+```
+## [1] 1 2 3
+```
 
-# load package and data
-R.options(scipen: 999)  # turn-off scientific notation like 1e+48
-R.theme_set(R.theme_bw)  # pre-set the bw theme.
-
-midwest = ~:midwest
-# midwest <- read.csv("http://goo.gl/G1K41K")  # bkup data source
-
-# R.awt  # run the awt device if the plot should show on the screen
-R.svg    # run the svg device if an image should be generated
-
-# Scatterplot
-gg = midwest.ggplot(E.aes(x: :area, y: :poptotal)) + 
-     R.geom_point(E.aes(col: :state, size: :popdensity)) + 
-     R.geom_smooth(method: "loess", se: false) + 
-     R.xlim(R.c(0, 0.1)) + 
-     R.ylim(R.c(0, 500000)) + 
-     R.labs(subtitle: "Area Vs Population", 
-            y: "Population", 
-            x: "Area", 
-            title: "Scatterplot", 
-            caption: "Source: midwest")
-
-R.png('midwest.png')     # this line is not necessary with the awt device
-puts gg
+Lets take a look at the type, mode and storage.mode of our vector @vec.  In order to print
+this out, we are creating a data frame 'df' and printing it out.  A data frame, for those
+not familiar with it, it basically a table.  Here we create the data frame and add the 
+column name by passing named parameters for each column, such as 'typeof:', 'mode:' and
+'storage__mode'.  You should also note here that the double underscore is converted to a '.'.
+
+In R, the method used to create a data frame is 'data.frame', in Galaaz we use 'data__frame'.
 
-R.dev__off               # R.dev__off turns off the device.  If using awt, the plot
-                         # window will be closed
+
+```ruby
+df = R.data__frame(typeof: @vec.typeof, mode: @vec.mode, storage__mode: @vec.storage__mode)
+puts df
 ```
 
-<img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/3999729/46742999-87bc2480-cc7e-11e8-9f16-31c3437e4a58.PNG" alt="Midwest Plot" style="width:70.0%" />
-
-In R, the code to generate this plot is the following
-
-``` r
-# install.packages("ggplot2")
-# load package and data
-options(scipen=999)  # turn-off scientific notation like 1e+48
-library(ggplot2)
-theme_set(theme_bw())  # pre-set the bw theme.
-data("midwest", package = "ggplot2")
-# midwest <- read.csv("http://goo.gl/G1K41K")  # bkup data source
-
-# Scatterplot
-gg <- ggplot(midwest, aes(x=area, y=poptotal)) + 
-      geom_point(aes(col=state, size=popdensity)) + 
-      geom_smooth(method="loess", se=F) + 
-      xlim(c(0, 0.1)) + 
-      ylim(c(0, 500000)) + 
-      labs(subtitle="Area Vs Population", 
-           y="Population", 
-           x="Area", 
-           title="Scatterplot", 
-           caption = "Source: midwest")
-
-plot(gg)
+```
+##    typeof    mode storage.mode
+## 1 integer numeric      integer
 ```
 
-Note that both codes are very similar. The Ruby code requires the use of "R." before calling any functions, for instance R function 'geom\_point' becomes 'R.geom\_point' in Ruby. R named parameters such as (col = state, size = popdensity), become in Ruby (col: :state, size: :popdensity).
+If you want to create a vector with floating point numbers, then we need at least one of the
+vector's element to be a float, such as 1.0.  R users should be careful, since in R a number
+like '1' is converted to float and to have an integer the R developer will use '1L'. Galaaz
+follows normal Ruby rules and the number 1 is an integer and 1.0 is a float.
 
-One last point that needs to be observed is the call to the 'aes' function. In Ruby instead of doing 'R.aes', we use 'E.aes'. The explanation of why E.aes is needed is an advanced topic in R and depends on what is know as Non-standard Evaluation (NSE) in R. In short, function 'aes' is lazily evaluated in R, i.e., in R when calling geom\_point(aes(col=state, size=popdensity)), function geom\_point receives as argument something similar to a string containing 'aes(col=state, size=popdensity)', and the aes function will be evaluated inside the geom\_point function. In Ruby, there is no Lazy evaluation and doing R.aes would try to evaluate aes immediately. In order to delay the evaluation of function aes we need to use E.aes. The interested reader on NSE in R is directed to <http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Computing-on-the-language.html>.
 
-An extension to the example
-===========================
+```ruby
+@vec = R.c(1.0, 2, 3)
+puts @vec
+```
 
-If both codes are so similar, then why would one use Ruby instead of R and what good is galaaz after all?
+```
+## [1] 1 2 3
+```
 
-Ruby is a modern OO language with numerous very useful constructs such as classes, modules, blocks, procs, etc. The example above focus on the coupling of both languages, and does not show the use of other Ruby constructs. In the following example, we will show a more complex example using other Ruby constructs. This is certaily not a very well written and robust Ruby code, but it give the idea of how Ruby and R are stronglyg coupled.
 
-Let's imagine that we work in a corporation that has its plot themes. So, it has defined a 'CorpTheme' module. Plots in this corporation should not have grids, numbers in labels should not use scientific notation and the prefered color is blue.
+```ruby
+df = R.data__frame(typeof: @vec.typeof, mode: @vec.mode, storage__mode: @vec.storage__mode)
+outputs df.kable.kable_styling
+```
 
-``` truby
-# corp_theme.rb
-# defines the corporate theme for all plots
-    
-module CorpTheme
+<table class="table" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
+ <thead>
+  <tr>
+   <th style="text-align:left;"> typeof </th>
+   <th style="text-align:left;"> mode </th>
+   <th style="text-align:left;"> storage.mode </th>
+  </tr>
+ </thead>
+<tbody>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> double </td>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> numeric </td>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> double </td>
+  </tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+In this next example we try to create a vector with a variable 'hello' that has not yet
+being defined.  This will raise an exception that is printed out.  We get two return blocks,
+the first with a message explaining what went wrong and the second with the full backtrace
+of the error.
+
+
+```ruby
+vec = R.c(1, hello, 5)
+```
 
-  #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  # Defines the plot theme (visualization).  In this theme we remove major and minor
-  # grids, borders and background.  We also turn-off scientific notation.
-  #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  
-  def self.global_theme
-    
-    R.options(scipen: 999)  # turn-off scientific notation like 1e+48
-    
-    # remove major grids
-    global_theme = R.theme(panel__grid__major: E.element_blank())
-    # remove minor grids
-    global_theme = global_theme + R.theme(panel__grid__minor: E.element_blank)
-    # remove border
-    global_theme = global_theme + R.theme(panel__border: E.element_blank)
-    # remove background
-    global_theme = global_theme + R.theme(panel__background: E.element_blank)
-    # Change axis font
-    global_theme = global_theme +
-                   R.theme(axis__text: E.element_text(size: 8, color: "#000080"))
-    # change color of axis titles
-    global_theme = global_theme +
-                   R.theme(axis__title: E.element_text(
-                             color: "#000080", 
-                             face: "bold",
-                             size: 8,
-                             hjust: 1))
-  end
-   
-end
+```
+## Message:
+##  undefined local variable or method `hello' for RubyChunk:Class
 ```
 
-We now define a ScatterPlot class:
+```
+## Message:
+##  (eval):1:in `exec_ruby'
+## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/util/exec_ruby.rb:137:in `instance_eval'
+## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/util/exec_ruby.rb:137:in `exec_ruby'
+## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/gknit/ruby_engine.rb:55:in `block in initialize'
+## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/R_interface/ruby_callback.rb:77:in `call'
+## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/R_interface/ruby_callback.rb:77:in `callback'
+## (eval):3:in `function(...) {\n          rb_method(...)'
+## unknown.r:1:in `in_dir'
+## unknown.r:1:in `block_exec'
+## /home/rbotafogo/lib/graalvm-ce-1.0.0-rc12/jre/languages/R/library/knitr/R/block.R:91:in `call_block'
+## /home/rbotafogo/lib/graalvm-ce-1.0.0-rc12/jre/languages/R/library/knitr/R/block.R:6:in `process_group.block'
+## /home/rbotafogo/lib/graalvm-ce-1.0.0-rc12/jre/languages/R/library/knitr/R/block.R:3:in `<no source>'
+## unknown.r:1:in `withCallingHandlers'
+## unknown.r:1:in `process_file'
+## unknown.r:1:in `<no source>'
+## unknown.r:1:in `<no source>'
+## <REPL>:4:in `<repl wrapper>'
+## <REPL>:1
+```
 
-``` truby
-# ScatterPlot.rb
-# creates a scatter plot and allow some configuration
-    
-class ScatterPlot
 
-  attr_accessor :title
-  attr_accessor :subtitle
-  attr_accessor :caption
-  attr_accessor :x_label
-  attr_accessor :y_label
-  
-  #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  # Initialize the plot with the data and the x and y variables
-  #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-  def initialize(data, x:, y:)
-    @data = data
-    @x = x
-    @y = y
-  end
-
-  #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  # Define groupings by color and size
-  #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-  def group_by(color:, size:)
-    @color_by = color
-    @size_by = size
-  end
-
-  #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  # Add a smoothing line, and if confidence is true the add a confidence interval, if
-  # false does not add the confidence interval
-  #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-  def add_smoothing_line(method:, confidence: true)
-    @method = method
-    @confidence = confidence
-  end
-  
-  #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  # Creates the graph title, properly formated for this theme
-  # @param title [String] The title to add to the graph
-  # @return textGrob that can be included in a graph
-  #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-  def graph_params(title: "", subtitle: "", caption: "", x_label: "", y_label: "")
-    R.labs(
-      title: title, 
-      subtitle: subtitle, 
-      caption: caption,
-      y_label: y_label, 
-      x_label: x_label, 
-    )
-  end
-
-  #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  # Prepare the plot's points
-  #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-  def points
-    params = {}
-    params[:col] = @color_by if @color_by
-    params[:size] = @size_by if @size_by
-    R.geom_point(E.aes(params))
-  end
-      
-  #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  # Plots the scatterplot
-  #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-  def plot(device = 'awt')
-    device == 'awt' ? R.awt : R.svg
-   
-    gg = @data.ggplot(E.aes(x: @x, y: @y)) +
-      points + 
-      R.geom_smooth(method: @method, se: @confidence) +
-      R.xlim(R.c(0, 0.1)) +
-      R.ylim(R.c(0, 500000)) + 
-      graph_params(title: @title,
-                   subtitle: @subtitle, 
-                   y_label: @y_label, 
-                   x_label: @x_label, 
-                   caption: @caption) +
-      CorpTheme.global_theme
-
-    R.png('scatter_plot.png') if !(device == 'awt')
-    puts gg
-    R.dev__off
-    
-  end
-  
-end
+```ruby
+outputs (~:mtcars).kable.kable_styling
 ```
 
-And this is the final code for making the scatter plot with the midwest data
-
-``` truby
-require 'galaaz'
+<table class="table" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
+ <thead>
+  <tr>
+   <th style="text-align:left;">   </th>
+   <th style="text-align:right;"> mpg </th>
+   <th style="text-align:right;"> cyl </th>
+   <th style="text-align:right;"> disp </th>
+   <th style="text-align:right;"> hp </th>
+   <th style="text-align:right;"> drat </th>
+   <th style="text-align:right;"> wt </th>
+   <th style="text-align:right;"> qsec </th>
+   <th style="text-align:right;"> vs </th>
+   <th style="text-align:right;"> am </th>
+   <th style="text-align:right;"> gear </th>
+   <th style="text-align:right;"> carb </th>
+  </tr>
+ </thead>
+<tbody>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Mazda RX4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 21.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 160.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 110 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.90 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.620 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 16.46 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Mazda RX4 Wag </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 21.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 160.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 110 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.90 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.875 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 17.02 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Datsun 710 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 22.8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 108.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 93 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.85 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.320 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 18.61 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Hornet 4 Drive </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 21.4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 258.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 110 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.08 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.215 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 19.44 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Hornet Sportabout </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 18.7 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 360.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 175 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.15 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.440 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 17.02 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Valiant </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 18.1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 225.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 105 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.76 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.460 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 20.22 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Duster 360 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 14.3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 360.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 245 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.21 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.570 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 15.84 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Merc 240D </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 24.4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 146.7 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 62 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.69 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.190 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 20.00 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Merc 230 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 22.8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 140.8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 95 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.92 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.150 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 22.90 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Merc 280 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 19.2 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 167.6 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 123 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.92 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.440 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 18.30 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Merc 280C </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 17.8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 167.6 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 123 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.92 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.440 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 18.90 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Merc 450SE </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 16.4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 275.8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 180 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.07 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4.070 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 17.40 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Merc 450SL </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 17.3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 275.8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 180 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.07 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.730 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 17.60 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Merc 450SLC </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 15.2 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 275.8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 180 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.07 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.780 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 18.00 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cadillac Fleetwood </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 10.4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 472.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 205 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.93 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 5.250 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 17.98 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Lincoln Continental </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 10.4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 460.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 215 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.00 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 5.424 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 17.82 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Chrysler Imperial </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 14.7 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 440.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 230 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.23 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 5.345 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 17.42 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Fiat 128 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 32.4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 78.7 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 66 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4.08 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.200 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 19.47 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Honda Civic </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 30.4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 75.7 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 52 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4.93 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.615 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 18.52 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Toyota Corolla </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 33.9 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 71.1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 65 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4.22 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.835 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 19.90 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Toyota Corona </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 21.5 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 120.1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 97 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.70 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.465 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 20.01 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Dodge Challenger </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 15.5 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 318.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 150 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.76 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.520 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 16.87 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> AMC Javelin </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 15.2 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 304.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 150 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.15 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.435 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 17.30 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Camaro Z28 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 13.3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 350.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 245 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.73 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.840 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 15.41 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pontiac Firebird </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 19.2 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 400.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 175 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.08 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.845 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 17.05 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Fiat X1-9 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 27.3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 79.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 66 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4.08 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.935 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 18.90 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Porsche 914-2 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 26.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 120.3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 91 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4.43 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.140 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 16.70 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 5 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Lotus Europa </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 30.4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 95.1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 113 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.77 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.513 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 16.90 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 5 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Ford Pantera L </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 15.8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 351.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 264 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4.22 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.170 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 14.50 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 5 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Ferrari Dino </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 19.7 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 145.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 175 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.62 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.770 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 15.50 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 5 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Maserati Bora </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 15.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 301.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 335 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.54 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.570 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 14.60 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 5 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Volvo 142E </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 21.4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 121.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 109 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4.11 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.780 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 18.60 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
+  </tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+
+## Graphics with ggplot
+
+
+```ruby
 require 'ggplot'
 
-sp = ScatterPlot.new(~:midwest, x: :area, y: :poptotal)
-sp.title = "Midwest Dataset - Scatterplot"
-sp.subtitle = "Area Vs Population"
-sp.caption = "Source: midwest"
-sp.x_label = "Area"
-sp.y_label = "Population"
-sp.group_by(color: :state, size: :popdensity)    # try sp.group_by(color: :state)
-# available methods: "lm", "glm", "loess", "gam"
-sp.add_smoothing_line(method: "glm") 
-sp.plot('svg')
-
-# require input from the user so that the script does not end removing the plot from
-# the screen
+R.theme_set R.theme_bw
+
+# Data Prep
+mtcars = ~:mtcars
+mtcars.car_name = R.rownames(:mtcars)
+# compute normalized mpg 
+mtcars.mpg_z = ((mtcars.mpg - mtcars.mpg.mean)/mtcars.mpg.sd).round 2
+mtcars.mpg_type = mtcars.mpg_z < 0 ? "below" : "above"
+mtcars = mtcars[mtcars.mpg_z.order, :all]
+# convert to factor to retain sorted order in plot
+mtcars.car_name = mtcars.car_name.factor levels: mtcars.car_name
+
+# Diverging Barcharts
+gg = mtcars.ggplot(E.aes(x: :car_name, y: :mpg_z, label: :mpg_z)) + 
+     R.geom_bar(E.aes(fill: :mpg_type), stat: 'identity',  width: 0.5) +
+     R.scale_fill_manual(name: "Mileage", 
+                         labels: R.c("Above Average", "Below Average"), 
+                         values: R.c("above": "#00ba38", "below": "#f8766d")) + 
+     R.labs(subtitle: "Normalised mileage from 'mtcars'", 
+            title: "Diverging Bars") + 
+     R.coord_flip()
+
+puts gg
 ```
 
-![Midwest Plot with 'glm' function and modified theme](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/3999729/47120345-a903ae80-d244-11e8-9be3-a0db13cf51ab.PNG)
+
+![](/home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/blogs/manual/manual_files/figure-html/diverging_bar.png)<!-- -->
+
+
+[TO BE CONTINUED...]
+
+
+# Contributing
+
+
+* Fork it
+* Create your feature branch (git checkout -b my-new-feature)
+* Write Tests!
+* Commit your changes (git commit -am 'Add some feature')
+* Push to the branch (git push origin my-new-feature)
+* Create new Pull Request
+