galaaz 0.4.5 → 0.4.6

data/blogs/gknit/gknit.tex

@@ -1,745 +0,0 @@
-\documentclass[]{article}
-\usepackage{lmodern}
-\usepackage{amssymb,amsmath}
-\usepackage{ifxetex,ifluatex}
-\usepackage{fixltx2e} % provides \textsubscript
-\ifnum 0\ifxetex 1\fi\ifluatex 1\fi=0 % if pdftex
-  \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
-  \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
-\else % if luatex or xelatex
-  \ifxetex
-    \usepackage{mathspec}
-  \else
-    \usepackage{fontspec}
-  \fi
-  \defaultfontfeatures{Ligatures=TeX,Scale=MatchLowercase}
-\fi
-% use upquote if available, for straight quotes in verbatim environments
-\IfFileExists{upquote.sty}{\usepackage{upquote}}{}
-% use microtype if available
-\IfFileExists{microtype.sty}{%
-\usepackage{microtype}
-\UseMicrotypeSet[protrusion]{basicmath} % disable protrusion for tt fonts
-}{}
-\usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}
-\usepackage{hyperref}
-\hypersetup{unicode=true,
-            pdftitle={gKnit - Ruby and R Knitting with Galaaz in GraalVM},
-            pdfauthor={Rodrigo Botafogo},
-            pdfborder={0 0 0},
-            breaklinks=true}
-\urlstyle{same}  % don't use monospace font for urls
-\usepackage{color}
-\usepackage{fancyvrb}
-\newcommand{\VerbBar}{|}
-\newcommand{\VERB}{\Verb[commandchars=\\\{\}]}
-\DefineVerbatimEnvironment{Highlighting}{Verbatim}{commandchars=\\\{\}}
-% Add ',fontsize=\small' for more characters per line
-\usepackage{framed}
-\definecolor{shadecolor}{RGB}{248,248,248}
-\newenvironment{Shaded}{\begin{snugshade}}{\end{snugshade}}
-\newcommand{\KeywordTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.13,0.29,0.53}{\textbf{#1}}}
-\newcommand{\DataTypeTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.13,0.29,0.53}{#1}}
-\newcommand{\DecValTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.00,0.00,0.81}{#1}}
-\newcommand{\BaseNTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.00,0.00,0.81}{#1}}
-\newcommand{\FloatTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.00,0.00,0.81}{#1}}
-\newcommand{\ConstantTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.00,0.00,0.00}{#1}}
-\newcommand{\CharTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.31,0.60,0.02}{#1}}
-\newcommand{\SpecialCharTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.00,0.00,0.00}{#1}}
-\newcommand{\StringTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.31,0.60,0.02}{#1}}
-\newcommand{\VerbatimStringTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.31,0.60,0.02}{#1}}
-\newcommand{\SpecialStringTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.31,0.60,0.02}{#1}}
-\newcommand{\ImportTok}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\CommentTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.56,0.35,0.01}{\textit{#1}}}
-\newcommand{\DocumentationTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.56,0.35,0.01}{\textbf{\textit{#1}}}}
-\newcommand{\AnnotationTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.56,0.35,0.01}{\textbf{\textit{#1}}}}
-\newcommand{\CommentVarTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.56,0.35,0.01}{\textbf{\textit{#1}}}}
-\newcommand{\OtherTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.56,0.35,0.01}{#1}}
-\newcommand{\FunctionTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.00,0.00,0.00}{#1}}
-\newcommand{\VariableTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.00,0.00,0.00}{#1}}
-\newcommand{\ControlFlowTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.13,0.29,0.53}{\textbf{#1}}}
-\newcommand{\OperatorTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.81,0.36,0.00}{\textbf{#1}}}
-\newcommand{\BuiltInTok}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\ExtensionTok}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\PreprocessorTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.56,0.35,0.01}{\textit{#1}}}
-\newcommand{\AttributeTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.77,0.63,0.00}{#1}}
-\newcommand{\RegionMarkerTok}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\InformationTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.56,0.35,0.01}{\textbf{\textit{#1}}}}
-\newcommand{\WarningTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.56,0.35,0.01}{\textbf{\textit{#1}}}}
-\newcommand{\AlertTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.94,0.16,0.16}{#1}}
-\newcommand{\ErrorTok}[1]{\textcolor[rgb]{0.64,0.00,0.00}{\textbf{#1}}}
-\newcommand{\NormalTok}[1]{#1}
-\usepackage{graphicx,grffile}
-\makeatletter
-\def\maxwidth{\ifdim\Gin@nat@width>\linewidth\linewidth\else\Gin@nat@width\fi}
-\def\maxheight{\ifdim\Gin@nat@height>\textheight\textheight\else\Gin@nat@height\fi}
-\makeatother
-% Scale images if necessary, so that they will not overflow the page
-% margins by default, and it is still possible to overwrite the defaults
-% using explicit options in \includegraphics[width, height, ...]{}
-\setkeys{Gin}{width=\maxwidth,height=\maxheight,keepaspectratio}
-\IfFileExists{parskip.sty}{%
-\usepackage{parskip}
-}{% else
-\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
-\setlength{\parskip}{6pt plus 2pt minus 1pt}
-}
-\setlength{\emergencystretch}{3em}  % prevent overfull lines
-\providecommand{\tightlist}{%
-  \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}
-\setcounter{secnumdepth}{5}
-% Redefines (sub)paragraphs to behave more like sections
-\ifx\paragraph\undefined\else
-\let\oldparagraph\paragraph
-\renewcommand{\paragraph}[1]{\oldparagraph{#1}\mbox{}}
-\fi
-\ifx\subparagraph\undefined\else
-\let\oldsubparagraph\subparagraph
-\renewcommand{\subparagraph}[1]{\oldsubparagraph{#1}\mbox{}}
-\fi
-
-%%% Use protect on footnotes to avoid problems with footnotes in titles
-\let\rmarkdownfootnote\footnote%
-\def\footnote{\protect\rmarkdownfootnote}
-
-%%% Change title format to be more compact
-\usepackage{titling}
-
-% Create subtitle command for use in maketitle
-\newcommand{\subtitle}[1]{
-  \posttitle{
-    \begin{center}\large#1\end{center}
-    }
-}
-
-\setlength{\droptitle}{-2em}
-
-  \title{gKnit - Ruby and R Knitting with Galaaz in GraalVM}
-    \pretitle{\vspace{\droptitle}\centering\huge}
-  \posttitle{\par}
-    \author{Rodrigo Botafogo}
-    \preauthor{\centering\large\emph}
-  \postauthor{\par}
-      \predate{\centering\large\emph}
-  \postdate{\par}
-    \date{19 October 2018}
-
-% usar portugues do Brasil
-% \usepackage[brazilian]{babel}
-\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
-
-\usepackage{geometry}
-\geometry{a4paper, top=1in}
-
-% necessários para uso com kableExtra
-\usepackage{longtable}
-\usepackage{multirow}
-\usepackage[table]{xcolor}
-\usepackage{wrapfig}
-\usepackage{float}
-\usepackage{colortbl}
-\usepackage{pdflscape}
-\usepackage{tabu}
-\usepackage{threeparttable}
-\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
-
-\usepackage{bbm}
-\usepackage{booktabs}
-\usepackage{expex}
-
-\usepackage{graphicx}
-\usepackage{fancyhdr}
-\pagestyle{fancy}
-\fancyhf{}
-
-\usepackage{lipsum}
-
-% disponibilizar o comando lastpage
-\usepackage{lastpage}
-
-% tamanho do font padrão 11pt
-\usepackage[fontsize=10pt]{scrextend}
-
-% comandos para formatar uma tabela
-\usepackage{array}
-\newcolumntype{L}[1]{>{\raggedright\let\newline\\\arraybackslash\hspace{0pt}}m{#1}}
-\newcolumntype{C}[1]{>{\centering\let\newline\\\arraybackslash\hspace{0pt}}m{#1}}
-\newcolumntype{R}[1]{>{\raggedleft\let\newline\\\arraybackslash\hspace{0pt}}m{#1}}
-
-% necessário para importar outros arquivos latex
-\usepackage{import}
-
-\newcommand{\RtoLatex}[2]{\newcommand{#1}{#2}}
-%\newcommand{\atraso}[1]{\color{red} \textbf {Tempo desde a Assinatura do Contrato: #1 dias}}
-
-\begin{document}
-\maketitle
-
-\section{Introduction}\label{introduction}
-
-The idea of ``literate programming'' was first introduced by Donald
-Knuth in the 1980's. The main intention of this approach was to develop
-software interspersing macro snippets, traditional source code, and a
-natural language such as English that could be compiled into executable
-code and at the same time easily read by a human developer. According to
-Knuth ``The practitioner of literate programming can be regarded as an
-essayist, whose main concern is with exposition and excellence of
-style.''
-
-The idea of literate programming envolved into the idea of reproducible
-research, in which all the data, software code, documentation, graphics
-etc. needed to reproduce the research and its reports could be included
-in a single document or set of documents that when distributed to peers
-could be rerun generating the same output and reports.
-
-The R community has put a great deal of effort in reproducible research.
-In 2002, Sweave was introduced and it allowed mixing R code with Latex
-generating hight quality PDF documents. Those documents could include
-the code, the result of executing the code, graphics and text. This
-contained the whole narrative to reproduce the research. But Sweave had
-many problems and in 2012, Knitr, developed by Yihui Xie from RStudio
-was released, solving many of the long lasting problems from Sweave and
-including in one single package many extensions and add-on packages that
-were necessary for Sweave.
-
-With Knitr, R markdown was also developed, an extension the the Markdown
-format. With R markdown and Knitr it is possible to generate reports in
-a multitude of formats such as HTML, markdown, Latex, PDF, dvi, etc. R
-markdown also allows the use of multiple programming languages in the
-same document. In R markdown text is interspersed with code chunks that
-can be executed and both the code as the result of executing the code
-can become part of the final report. Although R markdown allows multiple
-programming languages in the same document, only R and Python (with the
-reticulate package) can persist variables between chunks. For other
-languages, such as Ruby, every chunk will start a new process and thus
-all data is lost between chunks, unless it is somehow stored in a data
-file that is read by the next chunk.
-
-Being able to persist data between chunks is critical for literate
-programming otherwise the flow of the narrative is lost by all the
-effort of having to save data and then reload it. Probably, because of
-this impossibility, it is very rare to see any R markdown document
-document in the Ruby community.
-
-In the Python community, the same effort to have code and text in an
-integrated environment started also on the first decade of 2000. In 2006
-iPython 0.7.2 was released. In 2014, Fernando Pérez, spun off project
-Jupyter from iPython creating a web-based interactive computation
-environment. Jupyter can now be used with many languages, including Ruby
-with the iruby gem (\url{https://github.com/SciRuby/iruby}). I am not
-sure if multiple languages can be used in a Jupyter notebook.
-
-\section{gKnitting a Document}\label{gknitting-a-document}
-
-This document describes gKnit. gKnit uses Knitr and R markdown to knit a
-document in Ruby or R and output it in any of the available formats for
-R markdown. The only difference between gKnit and normal Knitr documents
-is that gKnit runs atop of GraalVM, and Galaaz (an integration library
-between Ruby and R). Another blog post on Galaaz and its integration
-with ggplot2 can be found at:
-\url{https://towardsdatascience.com/ruby-plotting-with-galaaz-an-example-of-tightly-coupling-ruby-and-r-in-graalvm-520b69e21021}.
-With Galaaz, gKnit can knit documents in Ruby and R and both Ruby and R
-execute on the same process and memory, variables, classes, etc. will be
-preserved between chunks of code.
-
-This is not a blog post on rmarkdown, and the interested user is
-directed to
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\tightlist
-\item
-  \url{https://rmarkdown.rstudio.com/} or
-\item
-  \url{https://bookdown.org/yihui/rmarkdown/} for detailed information
-  on its capabilities and use.
-\end{itemize}
-
-Here, we will describe quickly the main aspects of R markdown, so the
-user can start gKnitting Ruby and R documents quickly.
-
-\subsection{The Yaml header}\label{the-yaml-header}
-
-An R markdown document should start with a Yaml header and be stored in
-a file with `.Rmd' extension. This document has the following header for
-gKitting an HTML document.
-
-\begin{verbatim}
----
-title: "gKnit - Ruby and R Knitting with Galaaz in GraalVM"
-author: "Rodrigo Botafogo"
-tags: [Galaaz, Ruby, R, TruffleRuby, FastR, GraalVM, knitr, gknit]
-date: "29 October 2018"
-output:
-  html_document:
-    keep_md: true
----
-\end{verbatim}
-
-For more information on the options in the Yaml header, check
-\url{https://bookdown.org/yihui/rmarkdown/html-document.html}.
-
-\subsection{R Markdown formatting}\label{r-markdown-formatting}
-
-Document formating can be done with simple markups such as:
-
-\subsubsection{Headers}\label{headers}
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-# Header 1
-
-## Header 2
-
-### Header 3
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\subsubsection{Lists}\label{lists}
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-Unordered lists:
-
-* Item 1
-* Item 2
-    + Item 2a
-    + Item 2b
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-Ordered Lists
-
-1. Item 1
-2. Item 2
-3. Item 3
-    + Item 3a
-    + Item 3b
-\end{verbatim}
-
-Please, go to \url{https://rmarkdown.rstudio.com/authoring_basics.html},
-for more R markdown formating.
-
-\subsection{Code Chunks}\label{code-chunks}
-
-Running and executing Ruby and R code is actually what really interests
-us is this blog. Inserting a code chunk is done by adding code in a
-block delimited by three back ticks followed by a block with the engine
-name (r, ruby, rb, include, others), an optional chunk\_label and
-optional options, as shown bellow:
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-```{engine_name [chunk_label], [chunk_options]}
-```
-\end{verbatim}
-
-for instance, let's add an R chunk to the document labeled
-`first\_r\_chunk'. In this case, the code should not be shown in the
-document, so the option `echo=FALSE' was added.
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-```{r first_r_chunk, echo = FALSE}
-```
-\end{verbatim}
-
-A description of the available chunk options can be found in the
-documentation cited above.
-
-For including a Ruby chunk, just change the name of the engine to ruby
-as follows:
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-```{ruby first_ruby_chunk}
-```
-\end{verbatim}
-
-In this example, the ruby chunk is called `first\_ruby\_chunk'. One
-important aspect of chunk labels is that they cannot be duplicate. If a
-chunk label is duplicate, the knitting will stop with an error.
-
-\subsubsection{R chunks}\label{r-chunks}
-
-Let's now add an R chunk to this document. In this example, a vector
-`r\_vec' is created and a new function `redundat\_sum' is defined. The
-chunk specification is
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-```{r data_creation}
-r_vec <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
-
-redef_sum <- function(...) {
-  Reduce(sum, as.list(...))
-}
-```
-\end{verbatim}
-
-and this is how it will look like once executed. From now on, we will
-not show the chunk definition any longer.
-
-\begin{Shaded}
-\begin{Highlighting}[]
-\NormalTok{r_vec <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{2}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{3}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{4}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{5}\NormalTok{)}
-
-\NormalTok{redef_sum <-}\StringTok{ }\ControlFlowTok{function}\NormalTok{(...) \{}
-  \KeywordTok{Reduce}\NormalTok{(sum, }\KeywordTok{as.list}\NormalTok{(...))}
-\NormalTok{\}}
-\end{Highlighting}
-\end{Shaded}
-
-We can, possibly in another chunk, access the vector and call the
-function as follows:
-
-\begin{Shaded}
-\begin{Highlighting}[]
-\KeywordTok{print}\NormalTok{(r_vec)}
-\end{Highlighting}
-\end{Shaded}
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-## [1] 1 2 3 4 5
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\begin{Shaded}
-\begin{Highlighting}[]
-\KeywordTok{print}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{redef_sum}\NormalTok{(r_vec))}
-\end{Highlighting}
-\end{Shaded}
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-## [1] 15
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\subsubsection{Ruby chunks}\label{ruby-chunks}
-
-In the same way that an R chunk was created, let's now create a Ruby
-chunk. One important aspect of Ruby is that in Ruby every evaluation of
-a chunk occurs on its own local scope, so, creating a variable in a
-chunk will be out of scope in the next chunk. To make sure that
-variables are available between chunks, they should be made global.
-
-In this chunk, variable `\$a', `\$b' and `\$c' are standard Ruby
-variables and `\$vec' and `\$vec2' are two vectors created by a call to
-FastR. It should be clear that there is no requirement in gknit to call
-or use R functions. gKnit will knit standard Ruby code, or even general
-text without code.
-
-\begin{Shaded}
-\begin{Highlighting}[]
-\DataTypeTok{$a}\NormalTok{ = [}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{2}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{3}\NormalTok{]}
-\DataTypeTok{$b}\NormalTok{ = }\StringTok{"US$ 250.000"}
-\DataTypeTok{$c}\NormalTok{ = }\StringTok{"Inline text in a Heading"}
-
-\DataTypeTok{$vec}\NormalTok{ = R.c(}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{2}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{3}\NormalTok{)}
-\DataTypeTok{$vec2}\NormalTok{ = R.c(}\DecValTok{10}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{20}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{30}\NormalTok{)}
-\end{Highlighting}
-\end{Shaded}
-
-In this next block, variables `\$a', `\$vec' and `\$vec2' are used and
-printed.
-
-\begin{Shaded}
-\begin{Highlighting}[]
-\NormalTok{puts }\DataTypeTok{$a}
-\NormalTok{puts }\DataTypeTok{$vec}\NormalTok{ * }\DataTypeTok{$vec2}
-\end{Highlighting}
-\end{Shaded}
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-## 1
-## 2
-## 3
-## [1] 10 40 90
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\subsubsection{Accessing R from Ruby}\label{accessing-r-from-ruby}
-
-One of the nice aspects of Galaaz on GraalVM, is that variables and
-functions defined in R, can be easily accessed from Ruby. This next
-chunk, reads data from R and uses the `redef\_fun' function defined
-previously. To access an R variable from Ruby the `\textasciitilde{}'
-function shoud be applied to the Ruby symbol representing the R
-variable. Since the R variable is called `r\_vec', in Ruby, the symbol
-to acess it is `:r\_vec' and thus `\textasciitilde{}:r\_vec' retrieves
-the value of the variable.
-
-\begin{Shaded}
-\begin{Highlighting}[]
-\NormalTok{puts ~}\StringTok{:r_vec}
-\end{Highlighting}
-\end{Shaded}
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-## [1] 1 2 3 4 5
-\end{verbatim}
-
-In order to call an R function, the `R.' module is used as follows
-
-\begin{Shaded}
-\begin{Highlighting}[]
-\NormalTok{puts R.redef_sum(}\DataTypeTok{$vec}\NormalTok{)}
-\end{Highlighting}
-\end{Shaded}
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-## [1] 6
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\subsubsection{Inline Ruby code}\label{inline-ruby-code}
-
-Knitr allows inserting R inline by adding `r code` . Unfortunately, this
-is not possible with Ruby code as there is no provision in knitr for
-adding this kind of inline engine. However, gKnit allows adding inline
-Ruby code with the `rb' engine. The following text will create and
-inline Ruby text:
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-This is some text with inline Ruby accessing variable \$b which has value:
-```{rb puts $b}
-```
-and is followed by some other text!
-\end{verbatim}
-
-The result of executing the above ckunk is the following sentence with
-inline Ruby code
-
-This is some text with inline Ruby accessing variable \$b which has
-value: US\$ 250.000 and is followed by some other text!
-
-In an inline block, it is possible to execute multiple Ruby statements
-by adding a semicolom between them:
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-Multiple statements in the 'rb' engine use semicolom:
-```{rb puts $a, puts $b}
-```
-\end{verbatim}
-
-Multiple statements in the `rb' engine use semicolom: 1 2 3 US\$ 250.000
-
-\subsubsection{Inline text in a Heading}\label{inline-text-in-a-heading}
-
-Sometimes one wants to add an inline text in a heading. To do that in
-Ruby the whole heading needs to be returned by the inline Ruby engine.
-For example the heading above, was created by the following chunk:
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-```{rb puts "### #{$c}"}
-```
-\end{verbatim}
-
-Remember that variable `\$\c' was defined in a previous Ruby chunk and
-is now being used to create the section heading for this section.
-
-\subsubsection{Including Ruby files}\label{including-ruby-files}
-
-R is a language that was created to be easy and fast for statisticians
-to use. It was not a language to be used for developing large systems.
-Of course, there are large systems and libraries in R, but the focus of
-the language is for developing statistical models and distribute that to
-peers.
-
-Ruby on the other hand, is a language for large software development.
-Systems written in Ruby will have dozens or hundreds of files. In order
-to document a large system with literate programming we cannot expect
-the developer to add all the files in a single `.Rmd' file. gKnit
-provides the `include' chunk engine to include a Ruby file as if it had
-being typed in the `.Rmd' file.
-
-To include a file the following chunk should be created, whre is the
-name of the file to be include and where the extension, if it is `.rb',
-does not need to be added. If the `relative' option is not included,
-then it is treated as TRUE. When `relative' is true, `require\_relative'
-semantics is used to load the file, when false, Ruby's \$LOAD\_PATH is
-searched to find the file and it is 'require'd.
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-```{include <filename>, relative = <TRUE/FALSE>}
-```
-\end{verbatim}
-
-Here we include file `model.rb' which is in the same directory of this
-blog. This code uses R `caret' package to split a dataset in a train and
-test sets.
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-```{include model}
-```
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-require 'galaaz'
-
-# Loads the R 'caret' package.  If not present, installs it 
-R.install_and_loads 'caret'
-
-class Model
-  
-  attr_reader :data
-  attr_reader :test
-  attr_reader :train
-
-  #==========================================================
-  #
-  #==========================================================
-  
-  def initialize(data, percent_train:, seed: 123)
-
-    R.set__seed(seed)
-    @data = data
-    @percent_train = percent_train
-    @seed = seed
-    
-  end
-
-  #==========================================================
-  #
-  #==========================================================
-
-  def partition(field)
-
-    train_index =
-      R.createDataPartition(@data.send(field), p: @percet_train,
-                            list: false, times: 1)
-    @train = @data[train_index, :all]
-    @test = @data[-train_index, :all]
-    
-  end
-  
-end
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\begin{Shaded}
-\begin{Highlighting}[]
-\NormalTok{mtcars = ~}\StringTok{:mtcars}
-\NormalTok{model = }\DataTypeTok{Model}\NormalTok{.new(mtcars, }\StringTok{percent_train: }\FloatTok{0.8}\NormalTok{)}
-\NormalTok{model.partition(}\StringTok{:mpg}\NormalTok{)}
-\NormalTok{puts model.train.head}
-\NormalTok{puts model.test.head}
-\end{Highlighting}
-\end{Shaded}
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-##                    mpg cyl  disp  hp drat    wt  qsec vs am gear carb
-## Datsun 710        22.8   4 108.0  93 3.85 2.320 18.61  1  1    4    1
-## Hornet 4 Drive    21.4   6 258.0 110 3.08 3.215 19.44  1  0    3    1
-## Hornet Sportabout 18.7   8 360.0 175 3.15 3.440 17.02  0  0    3    2
-## Merc 240D         24.4   4 146.7  62 3.69 3.190 20.00  1  0    4    2
-## Merc 280          19.2   6 167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.30  1  0    4    4
-## Merc 280C         17.8   6 167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.90  1  0    4    4
-##                mpg cyl  disp  hp drat    wt  qsec vs am gear carb
-## Mazda RX4     21.0   6 160.0 110 3.90 2.620 16.46  0  1    4    4
-## Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0   6 160.0 110 3.90 2.875 17.02  0  1    4    4
-## Valiant       18.1   6 225.0 105 2.76 3.460 20.22  1  0    3    1
-## Duster 360    14.3   8 360.0 245 3.21 3.570 15.84  0  0    3    4
-## Merc 230      22.8   4 140.8  95 3.92 3.150 22.90  1  0    4    2
-## Merc 450SE    16.4   8 275.8 180 3.07 4.070 17.40  0  0    3    3
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\subsubsection{Documenting Gems}\label{documenting-gems}
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-# Copyright (c) 2017 Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This
-# code is released under a tri EPL/GPL/LGPL license. You can use it,
-# redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the:
-#
-# Eclipse Public License version 1.0, or
-# GNU General Public License version 2, or
-# GNU Lesser General Public License version 2.1.
-
-warn "#{File.basename(__FILE__)}: warning: callcc is obsolete; use Fiber instead"
-
-class Continuation
-  def initialize
-    @fiber = Fiber.current
-  end
-
-  def call
-    if Fiber.current != @fiber
-      raise 'continuation called across fiber'
-    end
-    raise 'Continuations are unsupported on TruffleRuby'
-  end
-end
-
-module Kernel
-  def callcc
-    yield Continuation.new
-  end
-  module_function :callcc
-end
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\subsection{Converting to PDF}\label{converting-to-pdf}
-
-One of the beauties of knitr is that the same input can be converted to
-many different outputs. One very useful format, is, of course, PDF. In
-order to converted an R markdown file to PDF it is necessary to have
-LaTeX installed on the system. We will not explain here how to install
-LaTeX as there are plenty of documents on the web showing how to
-proceed.
-
-gKnit comes with a simple LaTeX style file for gknitting this blog as a
-PDF document. Here is the Yaml header to generate this blog in PDF
-format instead of HTML:
-
-\begin{verbatim}
----
-title: "gKnit - Ruby and R Knitting with Galaaz in GraalVM"
-author: "Rodrigo Botafogo"
-tags: [Galaaz, Ruby, R, TruffleRuby, FastR, GraalVM, knitr, gknit]
-date: "29 October 2018"
-output:
-  pdf_document:
-    includes:
-      in_header: ["../../sty/galaaz.sty"]
-    number_sections: yes
----
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\section{Conclusion}\label{conclusion}
-
-\section{Installing gKnit}\label{installing-gknit}
-
-\subsection{Prerequisites}\label{prerequisites}
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\tightlist
-\item
-  GraalVM (\textgreater{}= rc7)
-\item
-  TruffleRuby
-\item
-  FastR
-\end{itemize}
-
-The following R packages will be automatically installed when necessary,
-but could be installed prior to using gKnit if desired:
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\tightlist
-\item
-  ggplot2
-\item
-  gridExtra
-\item
-  knitr
-\end{itemize}
-
-Installation of R packages requires a development environment and can be
-time consuming. In Linux, the gnu compiler and tools should be enough. I
-am not sure what is needed on the Mac.
-
-\subsection{Preparation}\label{preparation}
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\tightlist
-\item
-  gem install galaaz
-\end{itemize}
-
-\subsection{Usage}\label{usage}
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\tightlist
-\item
-  gknit {[}filename{]}
-\end{itemize}
-
-
-\end{document}