galaaz 0.4.5 → 0.4.6

data/blogs/manual/manual.md

@@ -0,0 +1,751 @@
+---
+title: "Galaaz Manual"
+subtitle: "How to tightly couple Ruby and R in GraalVM"
+author: "Rodrigo Botafogo"
+tags: [Galaaz, Ruby, R, TruffleRuby, FastR, GraalVM, ggplot2]
+date: "2019"
+output:
+  html_document:
+    self_contained: true
+    keep_md: true
+  md_document:
+    variant: markdown_github
+  pdf_document:
+    includes:
+      in_header: "../../sty/galaaz.sty"
+    keep_tex: yes
+    number_sections: yes
+    toc: true
+    toc_depth: 2
+fontsize: 11pt
+---
+
+
+
+
+# Introduction
+
+Galaaz is a system for tightly coupling Ruby and R. Ruby is a powerful language, with a large 
+community, a very large set of libraries and great for web development. However, it lacks 
+libraries for data science, statistics, scientific plotting and machine learning. On the 
+other hand, R is considered one of the most powerful languages for solving all of the above 
+problems. Maybe the strongest competitor to R is Python with libraries such as NumPy, 
+Panda, SciPy, SciKit-Learn and a couple more.
+
+# System Compatibility
+
+* Oracle Linux 7
+* Ubuntu 18.04 LTS
+* Ubuntu 16.04 LTS
+* Fedora 28
+* macOS 10.14 (Mojave)
+* macOS 10.13 (High Sierra)
+
+# Dependencies
+
+* TruffleRuby
+* FastR
+
+
+# Installation
+
+* Install GrallVM (http://www.graalvm.org/)
+* Install Ruby (gu install Ruby)
+* Install FastR (gu install R)
+* Install rake if you want to run the specs and examples (gem install rake)
+
+# Usage
+
+* Interactive shell: use 'gstudio' on the command line
+
+  > gstudio
+
+
+```ruby
+  vec = R.c(1, 2, 3, 4)
+  puts vec
+```
+
+```
+## [1] 1 2 3 4
+```
+  
+* Run all specs
+
+  > galaaz specs:all
+  
+* Run graphics slideshow (80+ graphics)
+
+  > galaaz sthda:all
+  
+* Run labs from Introduction to Statistical Learning with R
+
+  > galaaz islr:all
+
+* See all available examples
+
+  > galaaz -T
+  
+  Shows a list with all available executalbe tasks.  To execute a task, substitute the
+  'rake' word in the list with 'galaaz'.  For instance, the following line shows up
+  after 'galaaz -T'
+  
+  rake master_list:scatter_plot        # scatter_plot from:....
+  
+  execute
+  
+  > galaaz master_list:scatter_plot
+
+# Basic Types
+
+## Vectors
+
+Vectors can be thought of as contiguous cells containing data. Cells are accessed through
+indexing operations such as x[5]. Galaaz has six basic (‘atomic’) vector types: logical, 
+integer, real, complex, string (or character) and raw. The modes and storage modes for the 
+different vector types are listed in the following
+table.
+
+| typeof    | mode      | storage.mode |
+|-----------|:---------:|-------------:|
+| logical   | logical   |      logical |
+| integer   | numeric   |      integer |
+| double    | numeric   |       double |
+| complex   | complex   |      comples |
+| character | character |    character |
+| raw       | raw       |          raw |
+
+Single numbers, such as 4.2, and strings, such as "four point two" are still vectors, of length
+1; there are no more basic types. Vectors with length zero are possible (and useful).
+String vectors have mode and storage mode "character". A single element of a character
+vector is often referred to as a character string.
+
+To create a vector the 'c' (concatenate) method from the 'R' module should be used:
+
+
+```ruby
+@vec = R.c(1, 2, 3)
+puts @vec
+```
+
+```
+## [1] 1 2 3
+```
+
+Lets take a look at the type, mode and storage.mode of our vector @vec.  In order to print
+this out, we are creating a data frame 'df' and printing it out.  A data frame, for those
+not familiar with it, it basically a table.  Here we create the data frame and add the 
+column name by passing named parameters for each column, such as 'typeof:', 'mode:' and
+'storage__mode'.  You should also note here that the double underscore is converted to a '.'.
+
+In R, the method used to create a data frame is 'data.frame', in Galaaz we use 'data__frame'.
+
+
+```ruby
+df = R.data__frame(typeof: @vec.typeof, mode: @vec.mode, storage__mode: @vec.storage__mode)
+puts df
+```
+
+```
+##    typeof    mode storage.mode
+## 1 integer numeric      integer
+```
+
+If you want to create a vector with floating point numbers, then we need at least one of the
+vector's element to be a float, such as 1.0.  R users should be careful, since in R a number
+like '1' is converted to float and to have an integer the R developer will use '1L'. Galaaz
+follows normal Ruby rules and the number 1 is an integer and 1.0 is a float.
+
+
+```ruby
+@vec = R.c(1.0, 2, 3)
+puts @vec
+```
+
+```
+## [1] 1 2 3
+```
+
+
+```ruby
+df = R.data__frame(typeof: @vec.typeof, mode: @vec.mode, storage__mode: @vec.storage__mode)
+outputs df.kable.kable_styling
+```
+
+<table class="table" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
+ <thead>
+  <tr>
+   <th style="text-align:left;"> typeof </th>
+   <th style="text-align:left;"> mode </th>
+   <th style="text-align:left;"> storage.mode </th>
+  </tr>
+ </thead>
+<tbody>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> double </td>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> numeric </td>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> double </td>
+  </tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+In this next example we try to create a vector with a variable 'hello' that has not yet
+being defined.  This will raise an exception that is printed out.  We get two return blocks,
+the first with a message explaining what went wrong and the second with the full backtrace
+of the error.
+
+
+```ruby
+vec = R.c(1, hello, 5)
+```
+
+```
+## Message:
+##  undefined local variable or method `hello' for RubyChunk:Class
+```
+
+```
+## Message:
+##  (eval):1:in `exec_ruby'
+## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/util/exec_ruby.rb:137:in `instance_eval'
+## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/util/exec_ruby.rb:137:in `exec_ruby'
+## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/gknit/ruby_engine.rb:55:in `block in initialize'
+## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/R_interface/ruby_callback.rb:77:in `call'
+## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/R_interface/ruby_callback.rb:77:in `callback'
+## (eval):3:in `function(...) {\n          rb_method(...)'
+## unknown.r:1:in `in_dir'
+## unknown.r:1:in `block_exec'
+## /home/rbotafogo/lib/graalvm-ce-1.0.0-rc12/jre/languages/R/library/knitr/R/block.R:91:in `call_block'
+## /home/rbotafogo/lib/graalvm-ce-1.0.0-rc12/jre/languages/R/library/knitr/R/block.R:6:in `process_group.block'
+## /home/rbotafogo/lib/graalvm-ce-1.0.0-rc12/jre/languages/R/library/knitr/R/block.R:3:in `<no source>'
+## unknown.r:1:in `withCallingHandlers'
+## unknown.r:1:in `process_file'
+## unknown.r:1:in `<no source>'
+## unknown.r:1:in `<no source>'
+## <REPL>:4:in `<repl wrapper>'
+## <REPL>:1
+```
+
+
+```ruby
+outputs (~:mtcars).kable.kable_styling
+```
+
+<table class="table" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
+ <thead>
+  <tr>
+   <th style="text-align:left;">   </th>
+   <th style="text-align:right;"> mpg </th>
+   <th style="text-align:right;"> cyl </th>
+   <th style="text-align:right;"> disp </th>
+   <th style="text-align:right;"> hp </th>
+   <th style="text-align:right;"> drat </th>
+   <th style="text-align:right;"> wt </th>
+   <th style="text-align:right;"> qsec </th>
+   <th style="text-align:right;"> vs </th>
+   <th style="text-align:right;"> am </th>
+   <th style="text-align:right;"> gear </th>
+   <th style="text-align:right;"> carb </th>
+  </tr>
+ </thead>
+<tbody>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Mazda RX4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 21.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 160.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 110 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.90 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.620 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 16.46 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Mazda RX4 Wag </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 21.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 160.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 110 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.90 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.875 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 17.02 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Datsun 710 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 22.8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 108.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 93 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.85 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.320 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 18.61 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Hornet 4 Drive </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 21.4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 258.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 110 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.08 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.215 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 19.44 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Hornet Sportabout </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 18.7 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 360.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 175 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.15 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.440 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 17.02 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Valiant </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 18.1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 225.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 105 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.76 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.460 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 20.22 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Duster 360 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 14.3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 360.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 245 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.21 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.570 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 15.84 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Merc 240D </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 24.4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 146.7 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 62 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.69 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.190 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 20.00 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Merc 230 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 22.8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 140.8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 95 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.92 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.150 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 22.90 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Merc 280 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 19.2 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 167.6 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 123 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.92 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.440 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 18.30 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Merc 280C </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 17.8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 167.6 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 123 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.92 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.440 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 18.90 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Merc 450SE </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 16.4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 275.8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 180 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.07 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4.070 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 17.40 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Merc 450SL </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 17.3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 275.8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 180 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.07 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.730 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 17.60 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Merc 450SLC </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 15.2 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 275.8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 180 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.07 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.780 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 18.00 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cadillac Fleetwood </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 10.4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 472.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 205 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.93 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 5.250 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 17.98 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Lincoln Continental </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 10.4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 460.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 215 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.00 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 5.424 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 17.82 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Chrysler Imperial </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 14.7 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 440.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 230 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.23 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 5.345 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 17.42 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Fiat 128 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 32.4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 78.7 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 66 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4.08 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.200 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 19.47 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Honda Civic </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 30.4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 75.7 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 52 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4.93 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.615 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 18.52 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Toyota Corolla </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 33.9 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 71.1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 65 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4.22 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.835 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 19.90 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Toyota Corona </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 21.5 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 120.1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 97 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.70 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.465 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 20.01 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Dodge Challenger </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 15.5 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 318.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 150 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.76 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.520 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 16.87 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> AMC Javelin </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 15.2 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 304.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 150 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.15 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.435 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 17.30 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Camaro Z28 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 13.3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 350.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 245 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.73 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.840 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 15.41 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pontiac Firebird </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 19.2 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 400.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 175 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.08 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.845 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 17.05 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Fiat X1-9 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 27.3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 79.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 66 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4.08 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.935 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 18.90 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Porsche 914-2 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 26.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 120.3 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 91 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4.43 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.140 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 16.70 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 5 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Lotus Europa </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 30.4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 95.1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 113 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.77 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.513 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 16.90 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 5 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Ford Pantera L </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 15.8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 351.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 264 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4.22 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.170 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 14.50 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 5 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Ferrari Dino </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 19.7 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 145.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 175 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.62 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.770 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 15.50 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 5 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Maserati Bora </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 15.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 301.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 335 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.54 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.570 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 14.60 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 5 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td style="text-align:left;"> Volvo 142E </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 21.4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 121.0 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 109 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4.11 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.780 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 18.60 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
+   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
+  </tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+
+## Graphics with ggplot
+
+
+```ruby
+require 'ggplot'
+
+R.theme_set R.theme_bw
+
+# Data Prep
+mtcars = ~:mtcars
+mtcars.car_name = R.rownames(:mtcars)
+# compute normalized mpg 
+mtcars.mpg_z = ((mtcars.mpg - mtcars.mpg.mean)/mtcars.mpg.sd).round 2
+mtcars.mpg_type = mtcars.mpg_z < 0 ? "below" : "above"
+mtcars = mtcars[mtcars.mpg_z.order, :all]
+# convert to factor to retain sorted order in plot
+mtcars.car_name = mtcars.car_name.factor levels: mtcars.car_name
+
+# Diverging Barcharts
+gg = mtcars.ggplot(E.aes(x: :car_name, y: :mpg_z, label: :mpg_z)) + 
+     R.geom_bar(E.aes(fill: :mpg_type), stat: 'identity',  width: 0.5) +
+     R.scale_fill_manual(name: "Mileage", 
+                         labels: R.c("Above Average", "Below Average"), 
+                         values: R.c("above": "#00ba38", "below": "#f8766d")) + 
+     R.labs(subtitle: "Normalised mileage from 'mtcars'", 
+            title: "Diverging Bars") + 
+     R.coord_flip()
+
+puts gg
+```
+
+
+![](/home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/blogs/manual/manual_files/figure-html/diverging_bar.png)<!-- -->
+
+
+[TO BE CONTINUED...]
+
+
+# Contributing
+
+
+* Fork it
+* Create your feature branch (git checkout -b my-new-feature)
+* Write Tests!
+* Commit your changes (git commit -am 'Add some feature')
+* Push to the branch (git push origin my-new-feature)
+* Create new Pull Request
+