ffi 1.11.1

data/ext/ffi_c/libffi/README.md

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+Status
+======
+
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/libffi/libffi.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/libffi/libffi)
+[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/8lko9vagbx4w2kxq?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/atgreen/libffi)
+
+libffi-3.3-rc0 was released on April 2, 2018.  Check the libffi web
+page for updates: <URL:http://sourceware.org/libffi/>.
+
+
+What is libffi?
+===============
+
+Compilers for high level languages generate code that follow certain
+conventions. These conventions are necessary, in part, for separate
+compilation to work. One such convention is the "calling
+convention". The "calling convention" is essentially a set of
+assumptions made by the compiler about where function arguments will
+be found on entry to a function. A "calling convention" also specifies
+where the return value for a function is found.
+
+Some programs may not know at the time of compilation what arguments
+are to be passed to a function. For instance, an interpreter may be
+told at run-time about the number and types of arguments used to call
+a given function. Libffi can be used in such programs to provide a
+bridge from the interpreter program to compiled code.
+
+The libffi library provides a portable, high level programming
+interface to various calling conventions. This allows a programmer to
+call any function specified by a call interface description at run
+time.  
+
+FFI stands for Foreign Function Interface.  A foreign function
+interface is the popular name for the interface that allows code
+written in one language to call code written in another language. The
+libffi library really only provides the lowest, machine dependent
+layer of a fully featured foreign function interface. A layer must
+exist above libffi that handles type conversions for values passed
+between the two languages.
+
+
+Supported Platforms
+===================
+
+Libffi has been ported to many different platforms.
+
+At the time of release, the following basic configurations have been
+tested:
+
+| Architecture    | Operating System | Compiler                |
+| --------------- | ---------------- | ----------------------- |
+| AArch64 (ARM64) | iOS              | Clang                   |
+| AArch64         | Linux            | GCC                     |
+| Alpha           | Linux            | GCC                     |
+| Alpha           | Tru64            | GCC                     |
+| ARC             | Linux            | GCC                     |
+| ARM             | Linux            | GCC                     |
+| ARM             | iOS              | GCC                     |
+| AVR32           | Linux            | GCC                     |
+| Blackfin        | uClinux          | GCC                     |
+| HPPA            | HPUX             | GCC                     |
+| IA-64           | Linux            | GCC                     |
+| M68K            | FreeMiNT         | GCC                     |
+| M68K            | Linux            | GCC                     |
+| M68K            | RTEMS            | GCC                     |
+| M88K            | OpenBSD/mvme88k  | GCC                     |
+| Meta            | Linux            | GCC                     |
+| MicroBlaze      | Linux            | GCC                     |
+| MIPS            | IRIX             | GCC                     |
+| MIPS            | Linux            | GCC                     |
+| MIPS            | RTEMS            | GCC                     |
+| MIPS64          | Linux            | GCC                     |
+| Moxie           | Bare metal       | GCC                     |
+| Nios II         | Linux            | GCC                     |
+| OpenRISC        | Linux            | GCC                     |
+| PowerPC 32-bit  | AIX              | IBM XL C                |
+| PowerPC 64-bit  | AIX              | IBM XL C                |
+| PowerPC         | AMIGA            | GCC                     |
+| PowerPC         | Linux            | GCC                     |
+| PowerPC         | Mac OSX          | GCC                     |
+| PowerPC         | FreeBSD          | GCC                     |
+| PowerPC 64-bit  | FreeBSD          | GCC                     |
+| PowerPC 64-bit  | Linux ELFv1      | GCC                     |
+| PowerPC 64-bit  | Linux ELFv2      | GCC                     |
+| RISC-V 32-bit   | Linux            | GCC                     |
+| RISC-V 64-bit   | Linux            | GCC                     |
+| S390            | Linux            | GCC                     |
+| S390X           | Linux            | GCC                     |
+| SPARC           | Linux            | GCC                     |
+| SPARC           | Solaris          | GCC                     |
+| SPARC           | Solaris          | Oracle Solaris Studio C |
+| SPARC64         | Linux            | GCC                     |
+| SPARC64         | FreeBSD          | GCC                     |
+| SPARC64         | Solaris          | Oracle Solaris Studio C |
+| TILE-Gx/TILEPro | Linux            | GCC                     |
+| VAX             | OpenBSD/vax      | GCC                     |
+| X86             | FreeBSD          | GCC                     |
+| X86             | GNU HURD         | GCC                     |
+| X86             | Interix          | GCC                     |
+| X86             | kFreeBSD         | GCC                     |
+| X86             | Linux            | GCC                     |
+| X86             | Mac OSX          | GCC                     |
+| X86             | OpenBSD          | GCC                     |
+| X86             | OS/2             | GCC                     |
+| X86             | Solaris          | GCC                     |
+| X86             | Solaris          | Oracle Solaris Studio C |
+| X86             | Windows/Cygwin   | GCC                     |
+| X86             | Windows/MingW    | GCC                     |
+| X86-64          | FreeBSD          | GCC                     |
+| X86-64          | Linux            | GCC                     |
+| X86-64          | Linux/x32        | GCC                     |
+| X86-64          | OpenBSD          | GCC                     |
+| X86-64          | Solaris          | Oracle Solaris Studio C |
+| X86-64          | Windows/Cygwin   | GCC                     |
+| X86-64          | Windows/MingW    | GCC                     |
+| X86-64          | Mac OSX          | GCC                     |
+| Xtensa          | Linux            | GCC                     |
+
+Please send additional platform test results to
+libffi-discuss@sourceware.org.
+
+Installing libffi
+=================
+
+First you must configure the distribution for your particular
+system. Go to the directory you wish to build libffi in and run the
+"configure" program found in the root directory of the libffi source
+distribution.  Note that building libffi requires a C99 compatible
+compiler.
+
+If you're building libffi directly from git hosted sources, configure
+won't exist yet; run ./autogen.sh first.  This will require that you
+install autoconf, automake and libtool.
+
+You may want to tell configure where to install the libffi library and
+header files. To do that, use the ``--prefix`` configure switch.  Libffi
+will install under /usr/local by default. 
+
+If you want to enable extra run-time debugging checks use the the
+``--enable-debug`` configure switch. This is useful when your program dies
+mysteriously while using libffi. 
+
+Another useful configure switch is ``--enable-purify-safety``. Using this
+will add some extra code which will suppress certain warnings when you
+are using Purify with libffi. Only use this switch when using 
+Purify, as it will slow down the library.
+
+If you don't want to build documentation, use the ``--disable-docs``
+configure switch.
+
+It's also possible to build libffi on Windows platforms with
+Microsoft's Visual C++ compiler.  In this case, use the msvcc.sh
+wrapper script during configuration like so:
+
+    path/to/configure CC=path/to/msvcc.sh CXX=path/to/msvcc.sh LD=link CPP="cl -nologo -EP"
+
+For 64-bit Windows builds, use ``CC="path/to/msvcc.sh -m64"`` and
+``CXX="path/to/msvcc.sh -m64"``.  You may also need to specify
+``--build`` appropriately.
+
+It is also possible to build libffi on Windows platforms with the LLVM
+project's clang-cl compiler, like below:
+
+    path/to/configure CC="path/to/msvcc.sh -clang-cl" CXX="path/to/msvcc.sh -clang-cl" LD=link CPP="clang-cl -EP"
+
+When building with MSVC under a MingW environment, you may need to
+remove the line in configure that sets 'fix_srcfile_path' to a 'cygpath'
+command.  ('cygpath' is not present in MingW, and is not required when
+using MingW-style paths.)
+
+SPARC Solaris builds require the use of the GNU assembler and linker.
+Point ``AS`` and ``LD`` environment variables at those tool prior to
+configuration.
+
+For iOS builds, the ``libffi.xcodeproj`` Xcode project is available.
+
+Configure has many other options. Use ``configure --help`` to see them all.
+
+Once configure has finished, type "make". Note that you must be using
+GNU make.  You can ftp GNU make from ftp.gnu.org:/pub/gnu/make .
+
+To ensure that libffi is working as advertised, type "make check".
+This will require that you have DejaGNU installed.
+
+To install the library and header files, type ``make install``.
+
+
+History
+=======
+
+See the git log for details at http://github.com/libffi/libffi.
+
+    3.3 TBD
+        Add RISC-V support.
+        New API in support of GO closures.
+        Default to Microsoft's 64 bit long double ABI with Visual C++.
+          GNU compiler uses 80 bits (128 in memory) FFI_GNUW64 ABI.
+	Many new tests cases and bug fixes.
+    
+    3.2.1 Nov-12-14
+        Build fix for non-iOS AArch64 targets.
+    
+    3.2 Nov-11-14
+        Add C99 Complex Type support (currently only supported on
+          s390).
+        Add support for PASCAL and REGISTER calling conventions on x86
+          Windows/Linux.
+        Add OpenRISC and Cygwin-64 support.
+        Bug fixes.
+    
+    3.1 May-19-14
+        Add AArch64 (ARM64) iOS support.
+        Add Nios II support.
+        Add m88k and DEC VAX support.
+        Add support for stdcall, thiscall, and fastcall on non-Windows
+          32-bit x86 targets such as Linux.
+        Various Android, MIPS N32, x86, FreeBSD and UltraSPARC IIi
+          fixes.
+        Make the testsuite more robust: eliminate several spurious
+          failures, and respect the $CC and $CXX environment variables.
+        Archive off the manually maintained ChangeLog in favor of git
+          log.
+    
+    3.0.13 Mar-17-13
+        Add Meta support.
+        Add missing Moxie bits.
+        Fix stack alignment bug on 32-bit x86.
+        Build fix for m68000 targets.
+        Build fix for soft-float Power targets.
+        Fix the install dir location for some platforms when building
+          with GCC (OS X, Solaris).
+        Fix Cygwin regression.
+    
+    3.0.12 Feb-11-13
+        Add Moxie support.
+        Add AArch64 support.
+        Add Blackfin support.
+        Add TILE-Gx/TILEPro support.
+        Add MicroBlaze support.
+        Add Xtensa support.
+        Add support for PaX enabled kernels with MPROTECT.
+        Add support for native vendor compilers on
+          Solaris and AIX.
+        Work around LLVM/GCC interoperability issue on x86_64.
+    
+    3.0.11 Apr-11-12
+        Lots of build fixes.
+        Add support for variadic functions (ffi_prep_cif_var).
+        Add Linux/x32 support.
+        Add thiscall, fastcall and MSVC cdecl support on Windows.
+        Add Amiga and newer MacOS support.
+        Add m68k FreeMiNT support.
+        Integration with iOS' xcode build tools.
+        Fix Octeon and MC68881 support.
+        Fix code pessimizations.
+    
+    3.0.10 Aug-23-11
+        Add support for Apple's iOS.
+        Add support for ARM VFP ABI.
+        Add RTEMS support for MIPS and M68K.
+        Fix instruction cache clearing problems on
+          ARM and SPARC.
+        Fix the N64 build on mips-sgi-irix6.5.
+        Enable builds with Microsoft's compiler.
+        Enable x86 builds with Oracle's Solaris compiler.
+        Fix support for calling code compiled with Oracle's Sparc
+          Solaris compiler.
+        Testsuite fixes for Tru64 Unix.
+        Additional platform support.
+    
+    3.0.9 Dec-31-09
+        Add AVR32 and win64 ports.  Add ARM softfp support.
+        Many fixes for AIX, Solaris, HP-UX, *BSD.
+        Several PowerPC and x86-64 bug fixes.
+        Build DLL for windows.
+    
+    3.0.8 Dec-19-08
+        Add *BSD, BeOS, and PA-Linux support.
+    
+    3.0.7 Nov-11-08
+        Fix for ppc FreeBSD.
+        (thanks to Andreas Tobler)
+    
+    3.0.6 Jul-17-08
+        Fix for closures on sh.
+        Mark the sh/sh64 stack as non-executable.
+        (both thanks to Kaz Kojima)
+    
+    3.0.5 Apr-3-08
+        Fix libffi.pc file.
+        Fix #define ARM for IcedTea users.
+        Fix x86 closure bug.
+    
+    3.0.4 Feb-24-08
+        Fix x86 OpenBSD configury.
+    
+    3.0.3 Feb-22-08
+        Enable x86 OpenBSD thanks to Thomas Heller, and
+          x86-64 FreeBSD thanks to Björn König and Andreas Tobler.
+        Clean up test instruction in README.
+    
+    3.0.2 Feb-21-08
+        Improved x86 FreeBSD support.
+        Thanks to Björn König.
+    
+    3.0.1 Feb-15-08
+        Fix instruction cache flushing bug on MIPS.
+        Thanks to David Daney.
+    
+    3.0.0 Feb-15-08
+        Many changes, mostly thanks to the GCC project.
+        Cygnus Solutions is now Red Hat.
+    
+      [10 years go by...]
+    
+    1.20 Oct-5-98
+        Raffaele Sena produces ARM port.
+    
+    1.19 Oct-5-98
+        Fixed x86 long double and long long return support.
+        m68k bug fixes from Andreas Schwab.
+        Patch for DU assembler compatibility for the Alpha from Richard
+          Henderson.
+    
+    1.18 Apr-17-98
+        Bug fixes and MIPS configuration changes.
+    
+    1.17 Feb-24-98
+        Bug fixes and m68k port from Andreas Schwab. PowerPC port from
+        Geoffrey Keating. Various bug x86, Sparc and MIPS bug fixes.
+    
+    1.16 Feb-11-98
+        Richard Henderson produces Alpha port.
+    
+    1.15 Dec-4-97
+        Fixed an n32 ABI bug. New libtool, auto* support.
+    
+    1.14 May-13-97
+        libtool is now used to generate shared and static libraries.
+        Fixed a minor portability problem reported by Russ McManus
+        <mcmanr@eq.gs.com>.
+    
+    1.13 Dec-2-96
+        Added --enable-purify-safety to keep Purify from complaining
+          about certain low level code.
+        Sparc fix for calling functions with < 6 args.
+        Linux x86 a.out fix.
+    
+    1.12 Nov-22-96
+        Added missing ffi_type_void, needed for supporting void return 
+          types. Fixed test case for non MIPS machines. Cygnus Support 
+          is now Cygnus Solutions. 
+    
+    1.11 Oct-30-96
+        Added notes about GNU make.
+    
+    1.10 Oct-29-96
+        Added configuration fix for non GNU compilers.
+    
+    1.09 Oct-29-96
+        Added --enable-debug configure switch. Clean-ups based on LCLint 
+        feedback. ffi_mips.h is always installed. Many configuration 
+        fixes. Fixed ffitest.c for sparc builds.
+    
+    1.08 Oct-15-96
+        Fixed n32 problem. Many clean-ups.
+    
+    1.07 Oct-14-96
+        Gordon Irlam rewrites v8.S again. Bug fixes.
+    
+    1.06 Oct-14-96
+        Gordon Irlam improved the sparc port. 
+    
+    1.05 Oct-14-96
+        Interface changes based on feedback.
+    
+    1.04 Oct-11-96
+        Sparc port complete (modulo struct passing bug).
+    
+    1.03 Oct-10-96
+        Passing struct args, and returning struct values works for
+        all architectures/calling conventions. Expanded tests.
+    
+    1.02 Oct-9-96
+        Added SGI n32 support. Fixed bugs in both o32 and Linux support.
+        Added "make test".
+    
+    1.01 Oct-8-96
+        Fixed float passing bug in mips version. Restructured some
+        of the code. Builds cleanly with SGI tools.
+    
+    1.00 Oct-7-96
+        First release. No public announcement.
+
+Authors & Credits
+=================
+
+libffi was originally written by Anthony Green <green@moxielogic.com>.
+
+The developers of the GNU Compiler Collection project have made
+innumerable valuable contributions.  See the ChangeLog file for
+details.
+
+Some of the ideas behind libffi were inspired by Gianni Mariani's free
+gencall library for Silicon Graphics machines.
+
+The closure mechanism was designed and implemented by Kresten Krab
+Thorup.
+
+Major processor architecture ports were contributed by the following
+developers:
+
+    aarch64             Marcus Shawcroft, James Greenhalgh
+    alpha               Richard Henderson
+    arm                 Raffaele Sena
+    blackfin            Alexandre Keunecke I. de Mendonca
+    cris                Simon Posnjak, Hans-Peter Nilsson
+    frv                 Anthony Green
+    ia64                Hans Boehm
+    m32r                Kazuhiro Inaoka
+    m68k                Andreas Schwab
+    m88k                Miod Vallat
+    microblaze          Nathan Rossi
+    mips                Anthony Green, Casey Marshall
+    mips64              David Daney
+    moxie               Anthony Green
+    nios ii             Sandra Loosemore
+    openrisc            Sebastian Macke
+    pa                  Randolph Chung, Dave Anglin, Andreas Tobler
+    powerpc             Geoffrey Keating, Andreas Tobler,
+                        David Edelsohn, John Hornkvist
+    powerpc64           Jakub Jelinek
+    s390                Gerhard Tonn, Ulrich Weigand
+    sh                  Kaz Kojima
+    sh64                Kaz Kojima
+    sparc               Anthony Green, Gordon Irlam
+    tile-gx/tilepro     Walter Lee
+    vax                 Miod Vallat
+    x86                 Anthony Green, Jon Beniston
+    x86-64              Bo Thorsen
+    xtensa              Chris Zankel
+
+Jesper Skov and Andrew Haley both did more than their fair share of
+stepping through the code and tracking down bugs.
+
+Thanks also to Tom Tromey for bug fixes, documentation and
+configuration help.
+
+Thanks to Jim Blandy, who provided some useful feedback on the libffi
+interface.
+
+Andreas Tobler has done a tremendous amount of work on the testsuite.
+
+Alex Oliva solved the executable page problem for SElinux.
+
+The list above is almost certainly incomplete and inaccurate.  I'm
+happy to make corrections or additions upon request.
+
+If you have a problem, or have found a bug, please send a note to the
+author at green@moxielogic.com, or the project mailing list at
+libffi-discuss@sourceware.org.