docspring 3.1.0 → 3.2.0

data/vendor/bundle/ruby/3.3.0/gems/rexml-3.4.0/doc/rexml/tutorial.rdoc

@@ -1,1358 +0,0 @@
-= \REXML Tutorial
-
-== Why \REXML?
-
-- Ruby's \REXML library is part of the Ruby distribution,
-  so using it requires no gem installations.
-- \REXML is fully maintained.
-- \REXML is mature, having been in use for long years.
-
-== To Include, or Not to Include?
-
-REXML is a module.
-To use it, you must require it:
-
-  require 'rexml' # => true
-
-If you do not also include it, you must fully qualify references to REXML:
-
-  REXML::Document # => REXML::Document
-
-If you also include the module, you may optionally omit <tt>REXML::</tt>:
-
-  include REXML
-  Document # => REXML::Document
-  REXML::Document # => REXML::Document
-
-== Preliminaries
-
-All examples here assume that the following code has been executed:
-
-  require 'rexml'
-  include REXML
-
-The source XML for many examples here is from file
-{books.xml}[https://www.w3schools.com/xml/books.xml] at w3schools.com.
-You may find it convenient to open that page in a new tab
-(Ctrl-click in some browsers).
-
-Note that your browser may display the XML with modified whitespace
-and without the XML declaration, which in this case is:
-
-  <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-
-For convenience, we capture the XML into a string variable:
-
-  require 'open-uri'
-  source_string = URI.open('https://www.w3schools.com/xml/books.xml').read
-
-And into a file:
-
-  File.write('source_file.xml', source_string)
-
-Throughout these examples, variable +doc+ will hold only the document
-derived from these sources:
-
-  doc = Document.new(source_string)
-
-== Parsing \XML \Source
-
-=== Parsing a Document
-
-Use method REXML::Document::new to parse XML source.
-
-The source may be a string:
-
-  doc = Document.new(source_string)
-
-Or an \IO stream:
-
-  doc = File.open('source_file.xml', 'r') do |io|
-    Document.new(io)
-  end
-
-Method <tt>URI.open</tt> returns a StringIO object,
-so the source can be from a web page:
-
-  require 'open-uri'
-  io = URI.open("https://www.w3schools.com/xml/books.xml")
-  io.class # => StringIO
-  doc = Document.new(io)
-
-For any of these sources, the returned object is an REXML::Document:
-
-  doc       # => <UNDEFINED> ... </>
-  doc.class # => REXML::Document
-
-Note: <tt>'UNDEFINED'</tt> is the "name" displayed for a document,
-even though <tt>doc.name</tt> returns an empty string <tt>""</tt>.
-
-A parsed document may produce \REXML objects of many classes,
-but the two that are likely to be of greatest interest are
-REXML::Document and REXML::Element.
-These two classes are covered in great detail in this tutorial.
-
-=== Context (Parsing Options)
-
-The context for parsing a document is a hash that influences
-the way the XML is read and stored.
-
-The context entries are:
-
-- +:respect_whitespace+: controls treatment of whitespace.
-- +:compress_whitespace+: determines whether whitespace is compressed.
-- +:ignore_whitespace_nodes+: determines whether whitespace-only nodes are to be ignored.
-- +:raw+: controls treatment of special characters and entities.
-
-See {Element Context}[../context_rdoc.html].
-
-== Exploring the Document
-
-An REXML::Document object represents an XML document.
-
-The object inherits from its ancestor classes:
-
-- REXML::Child (includes module REXML::Node)
-  - REXML::Parent (includes module {Enumerable}[rdoc-ref:Enumerable]).
-    - REXML::Element (includes module REXML::Namespace).
-      - REXML::Document
-
-This section covers only those properties and methods that are unique to a document
-(that is, not inherited or included).
-
-=== Document Properties
-
-A document has several properties (other than its children);
-
-- Document type.
-- Node type.
-- Name.
-- Document.
-- XPath
-
-[Document Type]
-
-  A document may have a document type:
-
-    my_xml = '<!DOCTYPE foo>'
-    my_doc = Document.new(my_xml)
-    doc_type = my_doc.doctype
-    doc_type.class # => REXML::DocType
-    doc_type.to_s  # => "<!DOCTYPE foo>"
-
-[Node Type]
-
-  A document also has a node type (always +:document+):
-
-    doc.node_type # => :document
-
-[Name]
-
-  A document has a name (always an empty string):
-
-    doc.name # => ""
-
-[Document]
-
-  \Method REXML::Document#document returns +self+:
-
-    doc.document == doc # => true
-
-  An object of a different class (\REXML::Element or \REXML::Child)
-  may have a document, which is the document to which the object belongs;
-  if so, that document will be an \REXML::Document object.
-
-    doc.root.document.class # => REXML::Document
-
-[XPath]
-
-  \method REXML::Element#xpath returns the string xpath to the element,
-  relative to its most distant ancestor:
-
-    doc.root.class             # => REXML::Element
-    doc.root.xpath             # => "/bookstore"
-    doc.root.texts.first       # => "\n\n"
-    doc.root.texts.first.xpath # => "/bookstore/text()"
-
-  If there is no ancestor, returns the expanded name of the element:
-
-    Element.new('foo').xpath # => "foo"
-
-=== Document Children
-
-A document may have children of these types:
-
-- XML declaration.
-- Root element.
-- Text.
-- Processing instructions.
-- Comments.
-- CDATA.
-
-[XML Declaration]
-
-  A document may an XML declaration, which is stored as an REXML::XMLDecl object:
-
-    doc.xml_decl       # => <?xml ... ?>
-    doc.xml_decl.class # => REXML::XMLDecl
-
-    Document.new('').xml_decl # => <?xml ... ?>
-
-    my_xml = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>"'
-    my_doc = Document.new(my_xml)
-    xml_decl = my_doc.xml_decl
-    xml_decl.to_s  # => "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8' standalone="yes"?>"
-
-  The version, encoding, and stand-alone values may be retrieved separately:
-
-    my_doc.version      # => "1.0"
-    my_doc.encoding     # => "UTF-8"
-    my_doc.stand_alone? # => "yes"
-
-[Root Element]
-
-  A document may have a single element child, called the _root_ _element_,
-  which is stored as an REXML::Element object;
-  it may be retrieved with method +root+:
-
-    doc.root           # => <bookstore> ... </>
-    doc.root.class     # => REXML::Element
-
-    Document.new('').root # => nil
-
-[Text]
-
-  A document may have text passages, each of which is stored
-  as an REXML::Text object:
-
-    doc.texts.each {|t| p [t.class, t] }
-
-  Output:
-
-    [REXML::Text, "\n"]
-
-[Processing Instructions]
-
-  A document may have processing instructions, which are stored
-  as REXML::Instruction objects:
-
-
-
-  Output:
-
-    [REXML::Instruction, <?p-i my-application ...?>]
-    [REXML::Instruction, <?p-i my-application ...?>]
-
-[Comments]
-
-  A document may have comments, which are stored
-  as REXML::Comment objects:
-
-    my_xml = <<-EOT
-      <!--foo-->
-      <!--bar-->
-    EOT
-    my_doc = Document.new(my_xml)
-    my_doc.comments.each {|c| p [c.class, c] }
-
-  Output:
-
-    [REXML::Comment, #<REXML::Comment: @parent=<UNDEFINED> ... </>, @string="foo">]
-    [REXML::Comment, #<REXML::Comment: @parent=<UNDEFINED> ... </>, @string="bar">]
-
-[CDATA]
-
-  A document may have CDATA entries, which are stored
-  as REXML::CData objects:
-
-    my_xml = <<-EOT
-      <![CDATA[foo]]>
-      <![CDATA[bar]]>
-    EOT
-    my_doc = Document.new(my_xml)
-    my_doc.cdatas.each {|cd| p [cd.class, cd] }
-
-  Output:
-
-    [REXML::CData, "foo"]
-    [REXML::CData, "bar"]
-
-The payload of a document is a tree of nodes, descending from the root element:
-
-  doc.root.children.each do |child|
-    p [child, child.class]
-  end
-
-Output:
-
-  [REXML::Text, "\n\n"]
-  [REXML::Element, <book category='cooking'> ... </>]
-  [REXML::Text, "\n\n"]
-  [REXML::Element, <book category='children'> ... </>]
-  [REXML::Text, "\n\n"]
-  [REXML::Element, <book category='web'> ... </>]
-  [REXML::Text, "\n\n"]
-  [REXML::Element, <book category='web' cover='paperback'> ... </>]
-  [REXML::Text, "\n\n"]
-
-== Exploring an Element
-
-An REXML::Element object represents an XML element.
-
-The object inherits from its ancestor classes:
-
-- REXML::Child (includes module REXML::Node)
-  - REXML::Parent (includes module {Enumerable}[rdoc-ref:Enumerable]).
-    - REXML::Element (includes module REXML::Namespace).
-
-This section covers methods:
-
-- Defined in REXML::Element itself.
-- Inherited from REXML::Parent and REXML::Child.
-- Included from REXML::Node.
-
-=== Inside the Element
-
-[Brief String Representation]
-
-  Use method REXML::Element#inspect to retrieve a brief string representation.
-
-    doc.root.inspect # => "<bookstore> ... </>"
-
-  The ellipsis (<tt>...</tt>) indicates that the element has children.
-  When there are no children, the ellipsis is omitted:
-
-    Element.new('foo').inspect # => "<foo/>"
-
-  If the element has attributes, those are also included:
-
-    doc.root.elements.first.inspect # => "<book category='cooking'> ... </>"
-
-[Extended String Representation]
-
-  Use inherited method REXML::Child.bytes to retrieve an extended
-  string representation.
-
-    doc.root.bytes # => "<bookstore>\n\n<book category='cooking'>\n  <title lang='en'>Everyday Italian</title>\n  <author>Giada De Laurentiis</author>\n  <year>2005</year>\n  <price>30.00</price>\n</book>\n\n<book category='children'>\n  <title lang='en'>Harry Potter</title>\n  <author>J K. Rowling</author>\n  <year>2005</year>\n  <price>29.99</price>\n</book>\n\n<book category='web'>\n  <title lang='en'>XQuery Kick Start</title>\n  <author>James McGovern</author>\n  <author>Per Bothner</author>\n  <author>Kurt Cagle</author>\n  <author>James Linn</author>\n  <author>Vaidyanathan Nagarajan</author>\n  <year>2003</year>\n  <price>49.99</price>\n</book>\n\n<book category='web' cover='paperback'>\n  <title lang='en'>Learning XML</title>\n  <author>Erik T. Ray</author>\n  <year>2003</year>\n  <price>39.95</price>\n</book>\n\n</bookstore>"
-
-[Node Type]
-
-  Use method REXML::Element#node_type to retrieve the node type (always +:element+):
-
-    doc.root.node_type # => :element
-
-[Raw Mode]
-
-  Use method REXML::Element#raw to retrieve whether (+true+ or +nil+)
-  raw mode is set.
-
-    doc.root.raw # => nil
-
-[Context]
-
-  Use method REXML::Element#context to retrieve the context hash
-  (see {Element Context}[../context_rdoc.html]):
-
-    doc.root.context # => {}
-
-=== Relationships
-
-An element may have:
-
-- Ancestors.
-- Siblings.
-- Children.
-
-==== Ancestors
-
-[Containing Document]
-
-  Use method REXML::Element#document to retrieve the containing document, if any:
-
-    ele = doc.root.elements.first   # => <book category='cooking'> ... </>
-    ele.document                    # => <UNDEFINED> ... </>
-    ele = Element.new('foo')        # => <foo/>
-    ele.document                    # => nil
-
-[Root Element]
-
-  Use method REXML::Element#root to retrieve the root element:
-
-    ele = doc.root.elements.first   # => <book category='cooking'> ... </>
-    ele.root                        # => <bookstore> ... </>
-    ele = Element.new('foo')        # => <foo/>
-    ele.root                        # => <foo/>
-
-[Root Node]
-
-  Use method REXML::Element#root_node to retrieve the most distant ancestor,
-  which is the containing document, if any, otherwise the root element:
-
-    ele = doc.root.elements.first   # => <book category='cooking'> ... </>
-    ele.root_node                   # => <UNDEFINED> ... </>
-    ele = Element.new('foo')        # => <foo/>
-    ele.root_node                   # => <foo/>
-
-[Parent]
-
-  Use inherited method REXML::Child#parent to retrieve the parent
-
-    ele = doc.root                # => <bookstore> ... </>
-    ele.parent                    # => <UNDEFINED> ... </>
-    ele = doc.root.elements.first # => <book category='cooking'> ... </>
-    ele.parent                    # => <bookstore> ... </>
-
-  Use included method REXML::Node#index_in_parent to retrieve the index
-  of the element among all of its parents children (not just the element children).
-  Note that while the index for <tt>doc.root.elements[n]</tt> is 1-based,
-  the returned index is 0-based.
-
-    doc.root.children # =>
-      # ["\n\n",
-      #  <book category='cooking'> ... </>,
-      #  "\n\n",
-      #  <book category='children'> ... </>,
-      #  "\n\n",
-      #  <book category='web'> ... </>,
-      #  "\n\n",
-      #  <book category='web' cover='paperback'> ... </>,
-      #  "\n\n"]
-    ele = doc.root.elements[1] # => <book category='cooking'> ... </>
-    ele.index_in_parent # => 2
-    ele = doc.root.elements[2]  # => <book category='children'> ... </>
-    ele.index_in_parent# => 4
-
-==== Siblings
-
-[Next Element]
-
-  Use method REXML::Element#next_element to retrieve the first following
-  sibling that is itself an element (+nil+ if there is none):
-
-    ele = doc.root.elements[1]
-    while ele do
-      p [ele.class, ele]
-      ele = ele.next_element
-    end
-    p ele
-
-  Output:
-
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='cooking'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='children'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='web'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='web' cover='paperback'> ... </>]
-
-[Previous Element]
-
-  Use method REXML::Element#previous_element to retrieve the first preceding
-  sibling that is itself an element (+nil+ if there is none):
-
-    ele = doc.root.elements[4]
-    while ele do
-      p [ele.class, ele]
-      ele = ele.previous_element
-    end
-    p ele
-
-  Output:
-
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='web' cover='paperback'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='web'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='children'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='cooking'> ... </>]
-
-[Next Node]
-
-  Use included method REXML::Node.next_sibling_node
-  (or its alias <tt>next_sibling</tt>) to retrieve the first following node
-  regardless of its class:
-
-    node = doc.root.children[0]
-    while node do
-      p [node.class, node]
-      node = node.next_sibling
-    end
-    p node
-
-  Output:
-
-    [REXML::Text, "\n\n"]
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='cooking'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Text, "\n\n"]
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='children'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Text, "\n\n"]
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='web'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Text, "\n\n"]
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='web' cover='paperback'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Text, "\n\n"]
-
-[Previous Node]
-
-  Use included method REXML::Node.previous_sibling_node
-  (or its alias <tt>previous_sibling</tt>) to retrieve the first preceding node
-  regardless of its class:
-
-    node = doc.root.children[-1]
-    while node do
-      p [node.class, node]
-      node = node.previous_sibling
-    end
-    p node
-
-  Output:
-
-    [REXML::Text, "\n\n"]
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='web' cover='paperback'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Text, "\n\n"]
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='web'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Text, "\n\n"]
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='children'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Text, "\n\n"]
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='cooking'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Text, "\n\n"]
-
-==== Children
-
-[Child Count]
-
-  Use inherited method REXML::Parent.size to retrieve the count
-  of nodes (of all types) in the element:
-
-    doc.root.size # => 9
-
-[Child Nodes]
-
-  Use inherited method REXML::Parent.children to retrieve an array
-  of the child nodes (of all types):
-
-    doc.root.children # =>
-                      # ["\n\n",
-                      #  <book category='cooking'> ... </>,
-                      #  "\n\n",
-                      #  <book category='children'> ... </>,
-                      #  "\n\n",
-                      #  <book category='web'> ... </>,
-                      #  "\n\n",
-                      #  <book category='web' cover='paperback'> ... </>,
-                      #  "\n\n"]
-
-[Child at Index]
-
-  Use method REXML::Element#[] to retrieve the child at a given numerical index,
-  or +nil+ if there is no such child:
-
-    doc.root[0]  # => "\n\n"
-    doc.root[1]  # => <book category='cooking'> ... </>
-    doc.root[7]  # => <book category='web' cover='paperback'> ... </>
-    doc.root[8]  # => "\n\n"
-
-    doc.root[-1] # => "\n\n"
-    doc.root[-2] # => <book category='web' cover='paperback'> ... </>
-
-    doc.root[50] # => nil
-
-[Index of Child]
-
-  Use method REXML::Parent#index to retrieve the zero-based child index
-  of the given object, or <tt>#size - 1</tt> if there is no such child:
-
-    ele = doc.root     # => <bookstore> ... </>
-    ele.index(ele[0])  # => 0
-    ele.index(ele[1])  # => 1
-    ele.index(ele[7])  # => 7
-    ele.index(ele[8])  # => 8
-
-    ele.index(ele[-1]) # => 8
-    ele.index(ele[-2]) # => 7
-
-    ele.index(ele[50]) # => 8
-
-[Element Children]
-
-  Use method REXML::Element#has_elements? to retrieve whether the element
-  has element children:
-
-    doc.root.has_elements?                  # => true
-    REXML::Element.new('foo').has_elements? # => false
-
-  Use method REXML::Element#elements to retrieve the REXML::Elements object
-  containing the element children:
-
-    eles = doc.root.elements
-    eles      # => #<REXML::Elements:0x000001ee2848e960 @element=<bookstore> ... </>>
-    eles.size # => 4
-    eles.each {|e| p [e.class], e }
-
-  Output:
-
-    [<book category='cooking'> ... </>,
-     <book category='children'> ... </>,
-     <book category='web'> ... </>,
-     <book category='web' cover='paperback'> ... </>
-    ]
-
-Note that while in this example, all the element children of the root element are
-elements of the same name, <tt>'book'</tt>, that is not true of all documents;
-a root element (or any other element) may have any mixture of child elements.
-
-[CDATA Children]
-
-  Use method REXML::Element#cdatas to retrieve a frozen array of CDATA children:
-
-    my_xml = <<-EOT
-      <root>
-        <![CDATA[foo]]>
-        <![CDATA[bar]]>
-      </root>
-    EOT
-    my_doc = REXML::Document.new(my_xml)
-    cdatas my_doc.root.cdatas
-    cdatas.frozen?              # => true
-    cdatas.map {|cd| cd.class } # => [REXML::CData, REXML::CData]
-
-[Comment Children]
-
-  Use method REXML::Element#comments to retrieve a frozen array of comment children:
-
-    my_xml = <<-EOT
-      <root>
-        <!--foo-->
-        <!--bar-->
-      </root>
-    EOT
-    my_doc = REXML::Document.new(my_xml)
-    comments = my_doc.root.comments
-    comments.frozen?            # => true
-    comments.map {|c| c.class } # => [REXML::Comment, REXML::Comment]
-    comments.map {|c| c.to_s }  # => ["foo", "bar"]
-
-[Processing Instruction Children]
-
-  Use method REXML::Element#instructions to retrieve a frozen array
-  of processing instruction children:
-
-    my_xml = <<-EOT
-      <root>
-        <?target0 foo?>
-        <?target1 bar?>
-      </root>
-    EOT
-    my_doc = REXML::Document.new(my_xml)
-    instrs = my_doc.root.instructions
-    instrs.frozen?            # => true
-    instrs.map {|i| i.class } # => [REXML::Instruction, REXML::Instruction]
-    instrs.map {|i| i.to_s }  # => ["<?target0 foo?>", "<?target1 bar?>"]
-
-[Text Children]
-
-  Use method REXML::Element#has_text? to retrieve whether the element
-  has text children:
-
-    doc.root.has_text?                  # => true
-    REXML::Element.new('foo').has_text? # => false
-
-  Use method REXML::Element#texts to retrieve a frozen array of text children:
-
-    my_xml = '<root><a/>text<b/>more<c/></root>'
-    my_doc = REXML::Document.new(my_xml)
-    texts = my_doc.root.texts
-    texts.frozen?            # => true
-    texts.map {|t| t.class } # => [REXML::Text, REXML::Text]
-    texts.map {|t| t.to_s }  # => ["text", "more"]
-
-[Parenthood]
-
-  Use inherited method REXML::Parent.parent? to retrieve whether the element is a parent;
-  always returns +true+; only REXML::Child#parent returns +false+.
-
-     doc.root.parent? # => true
-
-=== Element Attributes
-
-Use method REXML::Element#has_attributes? to return whether the element
-has attributes:
-
-  ele = doc.root           # => <bookstore> ... </>
-  ele.has_attributes?      # => false
-  ele = ele.elements.first # => <book category='cooking'> ... </>
-  ele.has_attributes?      # => true
-
-Use method REXML::Element#attributes to return the hash
-containing the attributes for the element.
-Each hash key is a string attribute name;
-each hash value is an REXML::Attribute object.
-
-  ele = doc.root                  # => <bookstore> ... </>
-  attrs = ele.attributes          # => {}
-
-  ele = ele.elements.first        # => <book category='cooking'> ... </>
-  attrs = ele.attributes          # => {"category"=>category='cooking'}
-  attrs.size                      # => 1
-  attr_name = attrs.keys.first    # => "category"
-  attr_name.class                 # => String
-  attr_value = attrs.values.first # => category='cooking'
-  attr_value.class                # => REXML::Attribute
-
-Use method REXML::Element#[] to retrieve the string value for a given attribute,
-which may be given as either a string or a symbol:
-
-  ele = doc.root.elements.first # => <book category='cooking'> ... </>
-  attr_value = ele['category']  # => "cooking"
-  attr_value.class              # => String
-  ele['nosuch']                  # => nil
-
-Use method REXML::Element#attribute to retrieve the value of a named attribute:
-
-  my_xml = "<root xmlns:a='a' a:x='a:x' x='x'/>"
-  my_doc = REXML::Document.new(my_xml)
-  my_doc.root.attribute("x")      # => x='x'
-  my_doc.root.attribute("x", "a") # => a:x='a:x'
-
-== Whitespace
-
-Use method REXML::Element#ignore_whitespace_nodes to determine whether
-whitespace nodes were ignored when the XML was parsed;
-returns +true+ if so, +nil+ otherwise.
-
-Use method REXML::Element#whitespace to determine whether whitespace
-is respected for the element; returns +true+ if so, +false+ otherwise.
-
-== Namespaces
-
-Use method REXML::Element#namespace to retrieve the string namespace URI
-for the element, which may derive from one of its ancestors:
-
-  xml_string = <<-EOT
-    <root>
-       <a xmlns='1' xmlns:y='2'>
-         <b/>
-         <c xmlns:z='3'/>
-       </a>
-    </root>
-  EOT
-  d = Document.new(xml_string)
-  b = d.elements['//b']
-  b.namespace      # => "1"
-  b.namespace('y') # => "2"
-  b.namespace('nosuch') # => nil
-
-Use method REXML::Element#namespaces to retrieve a hash of all defined namespaces
-in the element and its ancestors:
-
-  xml_string = <<-EOT
-    <root>
-       <a xmlns:x='1' xmlns:y='2'>
-         <b/>
-         <c xmlns:z='3'/>
-       </a>
-    </root>
-  EOT
-  d = Document.new(xml_string)
-  d.elements['//a'].namespaces # => {"x"=>"1", "y"=>"2"}
-  d.elements['//b'].namespaces # => {"x"=>"1", "y"=>"2"}
-  d.elements['//c'].namespaces # => {"x"=>"1", "y"=>"2", "z"=>"3"}
-
-Use method REXML::Element#prefixes to retrieve an array of the string prefixes (names)
-of all defined namespaces in the element and its ancestors:
-
-  xml_string = <<-EOT
-    <root>
-       <a xmlns:x='1' xmlns:y='2'>
-         <b/>
-         <c xmlns:z='3'/>
-       </a>
-    </root>
-  EOT
-  d = Document.new(xml_string, {compress_whitespace: :all})
-  d.elements['//a'].prefixes # => ["x", "y"]
-  d.elements['//b'].prefixes # => ["x", "y"]
-  d.elements['//c'].prefixes # => ["x", "y", "z"]
-
-== Traversing
-
-You can use certain methods to traverse children of the element.
-Each child that meets given criteria is yielded to the given block.
-
-[Traverse All Children]
-
-  Use inherited method REXML::Parent#each (or its alias #each_child) to traverse
-  all children of the element:
-
-    doc.root.each {|child| p [child.class, child] }
-
-  Output:
-
-    [REXML::Text, "\n\n"]
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='cooking'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Text, "\n\n"]
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='children'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Text, "\n\n"]
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='web'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Text, "\n\n"]
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='web' cover='paperback'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Text, "\n\n"]
-
-[Traverse Element Children]
-
-  Use method REXML::Element#each_element to traverse only the element children
-  of the element:
-
-    doc.root.each_element {|e| p [e.class, e] }
-
-  Output:
-
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='cooking'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='children'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='web'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='web' cover='paperback'> ... </>]
-
-[Traverse Element Children with Attribute]
-
-  Use method REXML::Element#each_element_with_attribute with the single argument
-  +attr_name+ to traverse each element child that has the given attribute:
-
-    my_doc = Document.new '<a><b id="1"/><c id="2"/><d id="1"/><e/></a>'
-    my_doc.root.each_element_with_attribute('id') {|e| p [e.class, e] }
-
-  Output:
-
-    [REXML::Element, <b id='1'/>]
-    [REXML::Element, <c id='2'/>]
-    [REXML::Element, <d id='1'/>]
-
-  Use the same method with a second argument +value+ to traverse
-  each element child element that has the given attribute and value:
-
-    my_doc.root.each_element_with_attribute('id', '1') {|e| p [e.class, e] }
-
-  Output:
-
-    [REXML::Element, <b id='1'/>]
-    [REXML::Element, <d id='1'/>]
-
-  Use the same method with a third argument +max+ to traverse
-  no more than the given number of element children:
-
-    my_doc.root.each_element_with_attribute('id', '1', 1) {|e| p [e.class, e] }
-
-  Output:
-
-    [REXML::Element, <b id='1'/>]
-
-  Use the same method with a fourth argument +xpath+ to traverse
-  only those element children that match the given xpath:
-
-    my_doc.root.each_element_with_attribute('id', '1', 2, '//d') {|e| p [e.class, e] }
-
-  Output:
-
-    [REXML::Element, <d id='1'/>]
-
-[Traverse Element Children with Text]
-
-  Use method REXML::Element#each_element_with_text with no arguments
-  to traverse those element children that have text:
-
-    my_doc = Document.new '<a><b>b</b><c>b</c><d>d</d><e/></a>'
-    my_doc.root.each_element_with_text {|e| p [e.class, e] }
-
-  Output:
-
-    [REXML::Element, <b> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <c> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <d> ... </>]
-
-  Use the same method with the single argument +text+ to traverse
-  those element children that have exactly that text:
-
-    my_doc.root.each_element_with_text('b') {|e| p [e.class, e] }
-
-  Output:
-
-    [REXML::Element, <b> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <c> ... </>]
-
-  Use the same method with additional second argument +max+ to traverse
-  no more than the given number of element children:
-
-    my_doc.root.each_element_with_text('b', 1) {|e| p [e.class, e] }
-
-  Output:
-
-    [REXML::Element, <b> ... </>]
-
-  Use the same method with additional third argument +xpath+ to traverse
-  only those element children that also match the given xpath:
-
-    my_doc.root.each_element_with_text('b', 2, '//c') {|e| p [e.class, e] }
-
-  Output:
-
-    [REXML::Element, <c> ... </>]
-
-[Traverse Element Children's Indexes]
-
-  Use inherited method REXML::Parent#each_index to traverse all children's indexes
-  (not just those of element children):
-
-    doc.root.each_index {|i| print i }
-
-  Output:
-
-    012345678
-
-[Traverse Children Recursively]
-
-  Use included method REXML::Node#each_recursive to traverse all children recursively:
-
-    doc.root.each_recursive {|child| p [child.class, child] }
-
-  Output:
-
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='cooking'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <title lang='en'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <author> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <year> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <price> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='children'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <title lang='en'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <author> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <year> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <price> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='web'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <title lang='en'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <author> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <author> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <author> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <author> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <author> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <year> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <price> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <book category='web' cover='paperback'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <title lang='en'> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <author> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <year> ... </>]
-    [REXML::Element, <price> ... </>]
-
-== Searching
-
-You can use certain methods to search among the descendants of an element.
-
-Use method REXML::Element#get_elements to retrieve all element children of the element
-that match the given +xpath+:
-
-  xml_string = <<-EOT
-  <root>
-    <a level='1'>
-      <a level='2'/>
-    </a>
-  </root>
-  EOT
-  d = Document.new(xml_string)
-  d.root.get_elements('//a') # => [<a level='1'> ... </>, <a level='2'/>]
-
-Use method REXML::Element#get_text with no argument to retrieve the first text node
-in the first child:
-
-  my_doc = Document.new "<p>some text <b>this is bold!</b> more text</p>"
-  text_node = my_doc.root.get_text
-  text_node.class # => REXML::Text
-  text_node.to_s  # => "some text "
-
-Use the same method with argument +xpath+ to retrieve the first text node
-in the first child that matches the xpath:
-
-  my_doc.root.get_text(1) # => "this is bold!"
-
-Use method REXML::Element#text with no argument to retrieve the text
-from the first text node in the first child:
-
-  my_doc = Document.new "<p>some text <b>this is bold!</b> more text</p>"
-  text_node = my_doc.root.text
-  text_node.class # => String
-  text_node       # => "some text "
-
-Use the same method with argument +xpath+ to retrieve the text from the first text node
-in the first child that matches the xpath:
-
-  my_doc.root.text(1) # => "this is bold!"
-
-Use included method REXML::Node#find_first_recursive
-to retrieve the first descendant element
-for which the given block returns a truthy value, or +nil+ if none:
-
-  doc.root.find_first_recursive do |ele|
-    ele.name == 'price'
-  end # => <price> ... </>
-  doc.root.find_first_recursive do |ele|
-    ele.name == 'nosuch'
-  end # => nil
-
-== Editing
-
-=== Editing a Document
-
-[Creating a Document]
-
-  Create a new document with method REXML::Document::new:
-
-    doc = Document.new(source_string)
-    empty_doc = REXML::Document.new
-
-[Adding to the Document]
-
-  Add an XML declaration with method REXML::Document#add
-  and an argument of type REXML::XMLDecl:
-
-    my_doc = Document.new
-    my_doc.xml_decl.to_s # => ""
-    my_doc.add(XMLDecl.new('2.0'))
-    my_doc.xml_decl.to_s # => "<?xml version='2.0'?>"
-
-  Add a document type with method REXML::Document#add
-  and an argument of type REXML::DocType:
-
-    my_doc = Document.new
-    my_doc.doctype.to_s # => ""
-    my_doc.add(DocType.new('foo'))
-    my_doc.doctype.to_s # => "<!DOCTYPE foo>"
-
-  Add a node of any other REXML type with method REXML::Document#add and an argument
-  that is not of type REXML::XMLDecl or REXML::DocType:
-
-    my_doc = Document.new
-    my_doc.add(Element.new('foo'))
-    my_doc.to_s # => "<foo/>"
-
-  Add an existing element as the root element with method REXML::Document#add_element:
-
-    ele = Element.new('foo')
-    my_doc = Document.new
-    my_doc.add_element(ele)
-    my_doc.root # => <foo/>
-
-  Create and add an element as the root element with method REXML::Document#add_element:
-
-    my_doc = Document.new
-    my_doc.add_element('foo')
-    my_doc.root # => <foo/>
-
-=== Editing an Element
-
-==== Creating an Element
-
-Create a new element with method REXML::Element::new:
-
-  ele = Element.new('foo') # => <foo/>
-
-==== Setting Element Properties
-
-Set the context for an element with method REXML::Element#context=
-(see {Element Context}[../context_rdoc.html]):
-
-  ele.context # => nil
-  ele.context = {ignore_whitespace_nodes: :all}
-  ele.context # => {:ignore_whitespace_nodes=>:all}
-
-Set the parent for an element with inherited method REXML::Child#parent=
-
-  ele.parent # => nil
-  ele.parent = Element.new('bar')
-  ele.parent # => <bar/>
-
-Set the text for an element with method REXML::Element#text=:
-
-  ele.text # => nil
-  ele.text = 'bar'
-  ele.text # => "bar"
-
-==== Adding to an Element
-
-Add a node as the last child with inherited method REXML::Parent#add (or its alias #push):
-
-  ele = Element.new('foo') # => <foo/>
-  ele.push(Text.new('bar'))
-  ele.push(Element.new('baz'))
-  ele.children # => ["bar", <baz/>]
-
-Add a node as the first child with inherited method REXML::Parent#unshift:
-
-  ele = Element.new('foo') # => <foo/>
-  ele.unshift(Element.new('bar'))
-  ele.unshift(Text.new('baz'))
-  ele.children # => ["bar", <baz/>]
-
-Add an element as the last child with method REXML::Element#add_element:
-
-  ele = Element.new('foo') # => <foo/>
-  ele.add_element('bar')
-  ele.add_element(Element.new('baz'))
-  ele.children # => [<bar/>, <baz/>]
-
-Add a text node as the last child with method REXML::Element#add_text:
-
-  ele = Element.new('foo') # => <foo/>
-  ele.add_text('bar')
-  ele.add_text(Text.new('baz'))
-  ele.children # => ["bar", "baz"]
-
-Insert a node before a given node with method REXML::Parent#insert_before:
-
-  ele = Element.new('foo') # => <foo/>
-  ele.add_text('bar')
-  ele.add_text(Text.new('baz'))
-  ele.children    # => ["bar", "baz"]
-  target = ele[1] # => "baz"
-  ele.insert_before(target, Text.new('bat'))
-  ele.children    # => ["bar", "bat", "baz"]
-
-Insert a node after a given node with method REXML::Parent#insert_after:
-
-  ele = Element.new('foo') # => <foo/>
-  ele.add_text('bar')
-  ele.add_text(Text.new('baz'))
-  ele.children    # => ["bar", "baz"]
-  target = ele[0] # => "bar"
-  ele.insert_after(target, Text.new('bat'))
-  ele.children    # => ["bar", "bat", "baz"]
-
-Add an attribute with method REXML::Element#add_attribute:
-
-  ele = Element.new('foo') # => <foo/>
-  ele.add_attribute('bar', 'baz')
-  ele.add_attribute(Attribute.new('bat', 'bam'))
-  ele.attributes # => {"bar"=>bar='baz', "bat"=>bat='bam'}
-
-Add multiple attributes with method REXML::Element#add_attributes:
-
-  ele = Element.new('foo') # => <foo/>
-  ele.add_attributes({'bar' => 'baz', 'bat' => 'bam'})
-  ele.add_attributes([['ban', 'bap'], ['bah', 'bad']])
-  ele.attributes # => {"bar"=>bar='baz', "bat"=>bat='bam', "ban"=>ban='bap', "bah"=>bah='bad'}
-
-Add a namespace with method REXML::Element#add_namespace:
-
-  ele = Element.new('foo') # => <foo/>
-  ele.add_namespace('bar')
-  ele.add_namespace('baz', 'bat')
-  ele.namespaces # => {"xmlns"=>"bar", "baz"=>"bat"}
-
-==== Deleting from an Element
-
-Delete a specific child object with inherited method REXML::Parent#delete:
-
-  ele = Element.new('foo') # => <foo/>
-  ele.add_element('bar')
-  ele.add_text('baz')
-  ele.children             # => [<bar/>, "baz"]
-  target = ele[1]          # => "baz"
-  ele.delete(target)       # => "baz"
-  ele.children             # => [<bar/>]
-  target = ele[0]          # => <baz/>
-  ele.delete(target)       # => <baz/>
-  ele.children             # => []
-
-Delete a child at a specific index with inherited method REXML::Parent#delete_at:
-
-  ele = Element.new('foo') # => <foo/>
-  ele.add_element('bar')
-  ele.add_text('baz')
-  ele.children             # => [<bar/>, "baz"]
-  ele.delete_at(1)
-  ele.children             # => [<bar/>]
-  ele.delete_at(0)
-  ele.children             # => []
-
-Delete all children meeting a specified criterion with inherited method
-REXML::Parent#delete_if:
-
-  ele = Element.new('foo') # => <foo/>
-  ele.add_element('bar')
-  ele.add_text('baz')
-  ele.add_element('bat')
-  ele.add_text('bam')
-  ele.children             # => [<bar/>, "baz", <bat/>, "bam"]
-  ele.delete_if {|child| child.instance_of?(Text) }
-  ele.children # => [<bar/>, <bat/>]
-
-Delete an element at a specific 1-based index with method REXML::Element#delete_element:
-
-  ele = Element.new('foo') # => <foo/>
-  ele.add_element('bar')
-  ele.add_text('baz')
-  ele.add_element('bat')
-  ele.add_text('bam')
-  ele.children             # => [<bar/>, "baz", <bat/>, "bam"]
-  ele.delete_element(2)    # => <bat/>
-  ele.children             # => [<bar/>, "baz", "bam"]
-  ele.delete_element(1)    # => <bar/>
-  ele.children             # => ["baz", "bam"]
-
-Delete a specific element with the same method:
-
-  ele = Element.new('foo')   # => <foo/>
-  ele.add_element('bar')
-  ele.add_text('baz')
-  ele.add_element('bat')
-  ele.add_text('bam')
-  ele.children               # => [<bar/>, "baz", <bat/>, "bam"]
-  target = ele.elements[2]   # => <bat/>
-  ele.delete_element(target) # => <bat/>
-  ele.children               # => [<bar/>, "baz", "bam"]
-
-Delete an element matching an xpath using the same method:
-
-  ele = Element.new('foo')    # => <foo/>
-  ele.add_element('bar')
-  ele.add_text('baz')
-  ele.add_element('bat')
-  ele.add_text('bam')
-  ele.children                # => [<bar/>, "baz", <bat/>, "bam"]
-  ele.delete_element('./bat') # => <bat/>
-  ele.children                # => [<bar/>, "baz", "bam"]
-  ele.delete_element('./bar') # => <bar/>
-  ele.children                # => ["baz", "bam"]
-
-Delete an attribute by name with method REXML::Element#delete_attribute:
-
-  ele = Element.new('foo') # => <foo/>
-  ele.add_attributes({'bar' => 'baz', 'bam' => 'bat'})
-  ele.attributes           # => {"bar"=>bar='baz', "bam"=>bam='bat'}
-  ele.delete_attribute('bam')
-  ele.attributes           # => {"bar"=>bar='baz'}
-
-Delete a namespace with method REXML::Element#delete_namespace:
-
-  ele = Element.new('foo') # => <foo/>
-  ele.add_namespace('bar')
-  ele.add_namespace('baz', 'bat')
-  ele.namespaces           # => {"xmlns"=>"bar", "baz"=>"bat"}
-  ele.delete_namespace('xmlns')
-  ele.namespaces           # => {} # => {"baz"=>"bat"}
-  ele.delete_namespace('baz')
-  ele.namespaces # => {}   # => {}
-
-Remove an element from its parent with inherited method REXML::Child#remove:
-
-  ele = Element.new('foo')    # => <foo/>
-  parent = Element.new('bar') # => <bar/>
-  parent.add_element(ele)     # => <foo/>
-  parent.children.size        # => 1
-  ele.remove                  # => <foo/>
-  parent.children.size        # => 0
-
-==== Replacing Nodes
-
-Replace the node at a given 0-based index with inherited method REXML::Parent#[]=:
-
-  ele = Element.new('foo') # => <foo/>
-  ele.add_element('bar')
-  ele.add_text('baz')
-  ele.add_element('bat')
-  ele.add_text('bam')
-  ele.children             # => [<bar/>, "baz", <bat/>, "bam"]
-  ele[2] = Text.new('bad') # => "bad"
-  ele.children             # => [<bar/>, "baz", "bad", "bam"]
-
-Replace a given node with another node with inherited method REXML::Parent#replace_child:
-
-  ele = Element.new('foo') # => <foo/>
-  ele.add_element('bar')
-  ele.add_text('baz')
-  ele.add_element('bat')
-  ele.add_text('bam')
-  ele.children             # => [<bar/>, "baz", <bat/>, "bam"]
-  target = ele[2]          # => <bat/>
-  ele.replace_child(target, Text.new('bah'))
-  ele.children             # => [<bar/>, "baz", "bah", "bam"]
-
-Replace +self+ with a given node with inherited method REXML::Child#replace_with:
-
-  ele = Element.new('foo') # => <foo/>
-  ele.add_element('bar')
-  ele.add_text('baz')
-  ele.add_element('bat')
-  ele.add_text('bam')
-  ele.children             # => [<bar/>, "baz", <bat/>, "bam"]
-  target = ele[2]          # => <bat/>
-  target.replace_with(Text.new('bah'))
-  ele.children             # => [<bar/>, "baz", "bah", "bam"]
-
-=== Cloning
-
-Create a shallow clone of an element with method REXML::Element#clone.
-The clone contains the name and attributes, but not the parent or children:
-
-  ele = Element.new('foo')
-  ele.add_attributes({'bar' => 0, 'baz' => 1})
-  ele.clone # => <foo bar='0' baz='1'/>
-
-Create a shallow clone of a document with method REXML::Document#clone.
-The XML declaration is copied; the document type and root element are not cloned:
-
-  my_xml = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE foo><root/>'
-  my_doc = Document.new(my_xml)
-  clone_doc = my_doc.clone
-
-  my_doc.xml_decl         # => <?xml ... ?>
-  clone_doc.xml_decl      # => <?xml ... ?>
-
-  my_doc.doctype.to_s     # => "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>"
-  clone_doc.doctype.to_s  # => ""
-
-  my_doc.root             # => <root/>
-  clone_doc.root          # => nil
-
-Create a deep clone of an element with inherited method REXML::Parent#deep_clone.
-All nodes and attributes are copied:
-
-  doc.to_s.size   # => 825
-  clone  = doc.deep_clone
-  clone.to_s.size # => 825
-
-== Writing the Document
-
-Write a document to an \IO stream (defaults to <tt>$stdout</tt>)
-with method REXML::Document#write:
-
-  doc.write
-
-Output:
-
-  <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
-  <bookstore>
-
-  <book category='cooking'>
-    <title lang='en'>Everyday Italian</title>
-    <author>Giada De Laurentiis</author>
-    <year>2005</year>
-    <price>30.00</price>
-  </book>
-
-  <book category='children'>
-    <title lang='en'>Harry Potter</title>
-    <author>J K. Rowling</author>
-    <year>2005</year>
-    <price>29.99</price>
-  </book>
-
-  <book category='web'>
-    <title lang='en'>XQuery Kick Start</title>
-    <author>James McGovern</author>
-    <author>Per Bothner</author>
-    <author>Kurt Cagle</author>
-    <author>James Linn</author>
-    <author>Vaidyanathan Nagarajan</author>
-    <year>2003</year>
-    <price>49.99</price>
-  </book>
-
-  <book category='web' cover='paperback'>
-    <title lang='en'>Learning XML</title>
-    <author>Erik T. Ray</author>
-    <year>2003</year>
-    <price>39.95</price>
-  </book>
-
-  </bookstore>