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dirwatch 0.0.6 → 0.0.7

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data/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.3.0/gems/parser-2.4.0.2/lib/parser/lexer.rl DELETED Viewed

@@ -1,2265 +0,0 @@
-%%machine lex; # % fix highlighting
-#
-# === BEFORE YOU START ===
-#
-# Read the Ruby Hacking Guide chapter 11, available in English at
-# http://whitequark.org/blog/2013/04/01/ruby-hacking-guide-ch-11-finite-state-lexer/
-#
-# Remember two things about Ragel scanners:
-#
-#   1) Longest match wins.
-#
-#   2) If two matches have the same length, the first
-#      in source code wins.
-#
-# General rules of making Ragel and Bison happy:
-#
-#  * `p` (position) and `@te` contain the index of the character
-#    they're pointing to ("current"), plus one. `@ts` contains the index
-#    of the corresponding character. The code for extracting matched token is:
-#
-#       @source_buffer.slice(@ts...@te)
-#
-#  * If your input is `foooooooobar` and the rule is:
-#
-#       'f' 'o'+
-#
-#    the result will be:
-#
-#       foooooooobar
-#       ^ ts=0   ^ p=te=9
-#
-#  * A Ragel lexer action should not emit more than one token, unless
-#    you know what you are doing.
-#
-#  * All Ragel commands (fnext, fgoto, ...) end with a semicolon.
-#
-#  * If an action emits the token and transitions to another state, use
-#    these Ragel commands:
-#
-#       emit($whatever)
-#       fnext $next_state; fbreak;
-#
-#    If you perform `fgoto` in an action which does not emit a token nor
-#    rewinds the stream pointer, the parser's side-effectful,
-#    context-sensitive lookahead actions will break in a hard to detect
-#    and debug way.
-#
-#  * If an action does not emit a token:
-#
-#       fgoto $next_state;
-#
-#  * If an action features lookbehind, i.e. matches characters with the
-#    intent of passing them to another action:
-#
-#       p = @ts - 1
-#       fgoto $next_state;
-#
-#    or, if the lookbehind consists of a single character:
-#
-#       fhold; fgoto $next_state;
-#
-#  * Ragel merges actions. So, if you have `e_lparen = '(' %act` and
-#    `c_lparen = '('` and a lexer action `e_lparen | c_lparen`, the result
-#    _will_ invoke the action `act`.
-#
-#    e_something stands for "something with **e**mbedded action".
-#
-#  * EOF is explicit and is matched by `c_eof`. If you want to introspect
-#    the state of the lexer, add this rule to the state:
-#
-#       c_eof => do_eof;
-#
-#  * If you proceed past EOF, the lexer will complain:
-#
-#       NoMethodError: undefined method `ord' for nil:NilClass
-#
-class Parser::Lexer
-  %% write data nofinal;
-  # %
-  ESCAPES = {
-    ?a.ord => "\a", ?b.ord  => "\b", ?e.ord => "\e", ?f.ord => "\f",
-    ?n.ord => "\n", ?r.ord  => "\r", ?s.ord => "\s", ?t.ord => "\t",
-    ?v.ord => "\v", ?\\.ord => "\\"
-  }.freeze
-  REGEXP_META_CHARACTERS = Regexp.union(*"\\$()*+.<>?[]^{|}".chars).freeze
-  RBRACE_OR_RBRACK = %w"} ]".freeze
-  attr_reader   :source_buffer
-  attr_accessor :diagnostics
-  attr_accessor :static_env
-  attr_accessor :force_utf32
-  attr_accessor :cond, :cmdarg, :in_kwarg
-  attr_accessor :tokens, :comments
-  def initialize(version)
-    @version    = version
-    @static_env = nil
-    @tokens     = nil
-    @comments   = nil
-    reset
-  end
-  def reset(reset_state=true)
-    # Ragel state:
-    if reset_state
-      # Unit tests set state prior to resetting lexer.
-      @cs     = self.class.lex_en_line_begin
-      @cond   = StackState.new('cond')
-      @cmdarg = StackState.new('cmdarg')
-      @cond_stack   = []
-      @cmdarg_stack = []
-    end
-    @force_utf32   = false # Set to true by some tests
-    @source_pts    = nil # @source as a codepoint array
-    @p             = 0   # stream position (saved manually in #advance)
-    @ts            = nil # token start
-    @te            = nil # token end
-    @act           = 0   # next action
-    @stack         = []  # state stack
-    @top           = 0   # state stack top pointer
-    # Lexer state:
-    @token_queue   = []
-    @literal_stack = []
-    @eq_begin_s    = nil # location of last encountered =begin
-    @sharp_s       = nil # location of last encountered #
-    @newline_s     = nil # location of last encountered newline
-    @num_base      = nil # last numeric base
-    @num_digits_s  = nil # starting position of numeric digits
-    @num_suffix_s  = nil # starting position of numeric suffix
-    @num_xfrm      = nil # numeric suffix-induced transformation
-    @escape_s      = nil # starting position of current sequence
-    @escape        = nil # last escaped sequence, as string
-    @herebody_s    = nil # starting position of current heredoc line
-    # Ruby 1.9 ->() lambdas emit a distinct token if do/{ is
-    # encountered after a matching closing parenthesis.
-    @paren_nest    = 0
-    @lambda_stack  = []
-    # After encountering the closing line of <<~SQUIGGLY_HEREDOC,
-    # we store the indentation level and give it out to the parser
-    # on request. It is not possible to infer indentation level just
-    # from the AST because escape sequences such as `\ ` or `\t` are
-    # expanded inside the lexer, but count as non-whitespace for
-    # indentation purposes.
-    @dedent_level  = nil
-    # If the lexer is in `command state' (aka expr_value)
-    # at the entry to #advance, it will transition to expr_cmdarg
-    # instead of expr_arg at certain points.
-    @command_state = false
-    # True at the end of "def foo a:"
-    @in_kwarg      = false
-  end
-  def source_buffer=(source_buffer)
-    @source_buffer = source_buffer
-    if @source_buffer
-      source = @source_buffer.source
-      if defined?(Encoding) && source.encoding == Encoding::UTF_8
-        @source_pts = source.unpack('U*')
-      else
-        @source_pts = source.unpack('C*')
-      end
-      if @source_pts[0] == 0xfeff
-        # Skip byte order mark.
-        @p = 1
-      end
-    else
-      @source_pts = nil
-    end
-  end
-  def encoding
-    @source_buffer.source.encoding
-  end
-  LEX_STATES = {
-    :line_begin    => lex_en_line_begin,
-    :expr_dot      => lex_en_expr_dot,
-    :expr_fname    => lex_en_expr_fname,
-    :expr_value    => lex_en_expr_value,
-    :expr_beg      => lex_en_expr_beg,
-    :expr_mid      => lex_en_expr_mid,
-    :expr_arg      => lex_en_expr_arg,
-    :expr_cmdarg   => lex_en_expr_cmdarg,
-    :expr_end      => lex_en_expr_end,
-    :expr_endarg   => lex_en_expr_endarg,
-    :expr_endfn    => lex_en_expr_endfn,
-    :expr_labelarg => lex_en_expr_labelarg,
-    :interp_string => lex_en_interp_string,
-    :interp_words  => lex_en_interp_words,
-    :plain_string  => lex_en_plain_string,
-    :plain_words   => lex_en_plain_string,
-  }
-  def state
-    LEX_STATES.invert.fetch(@cs, @cs)
-  end
-  def state=(state)
-    @cs = LEX_STATES.fetch(state)
-  end
-  def push_cmdarg
-    @cmdarg_stack.push(@cmdarg)
-    @cmdarg = StackState.new("cmdarg.#{@cmdarg_stack.count}")
-  end
-  def pop_cmdarg
-    @cmdarg = @cmdarg_stack.pop
-  end
-  def push_cond
-    @cond_stack.push(@cond)
-    @cond = StackState.new("cond.#{@cond_stack.count}")
-  end
-  def pop_cond
-    @cond = @cond_stack.pop
-  end
-  def dedent_level
-    # We erase @dedent_level as a precaution to avoid accidentally
-    # using a stale value.
-    dedent_level, @dedent_level = @dedent_level, nil
-    dedent_level
-  end
-  # Return next token: [type, value].
-  def advance
-    if @token_queue.any?
-      return @token_queue.shift
-    end
-    # Ugly, but dependent on Ragel output. Consider refactoring it somehow.
-    klass = self.class
-    _lex_trans_keys         = klass.send :_lex_trans_keys
-    _lex_key_spans          = klass.send :_lex_key_spans
-    _lex_index_offsets      = klass.send :_lex_index_offsets
-    _lex_indicies           = klass.send :_lex_indicies
-    _lex_trans_targs        = klass.send :_lex_trans_targs
-    _lex_trans_actions      = klass.send :_lex_trans_actions
-    _lex_to_state_actions   = klass.send :_lex_to_state_actions
-    _lex_from_state_actions = klass.send :_lex_from_state_actions
-    _lex_eof_trans          = klass.send :_lex_eof_trans
-    pe = @source_pts.size + 2
-    p, eof = @p, pe
-    @command_state = (@cs == klass.lex_en_expr_value ||
-                      @cs == klass.lex_en_line_begin)
-    %% write exec;
-    # %
-    @p = p
-    if @token_queue.any?
-      @token_queue.shift
-    elsif @cs == klass.lex_error
-      [ false, [ '$error'.freeze, range(p - 1, p) ] ]
-    else
-      eof = @source_pts.size
-      [ false, [ '$eof'.freeze,   range(eof, eof) ] ]
-    end
-  end
-  protected
-  def eof_codepoint?(point)
-    [0x04, 0x1a, 0x00].include? point
-  end
-  def version?(*versions)
-    versions.include?(@version)
-  end
-  def stack_pop
-    @top -= 1
-    @stack[@top]
-  end
-  if defined?(Encoding)
-    def encode_escape(ord)
-      ord.chr.force_encoding(@source_buffer.source.encoding)
-    end
-  else
-    def encode_escape(ord)
-      ord.chr
-    end
-  end
-  def tok(s = @ts, e = @te)
-    @source_buffer.slice(s...e)
-  end
-  def range(s = @ts, e = @te)
-    Parser::Source::Range.new(@source_buffer, s, e)
-  end
-  def emit(type, value = tok, s = @ts, e = @te)
-    token = [ type, [ value, range(s, e) ] ]
-    @token_queue.push(token)
-    @tokens.push(token) if @tokens
-    token
-  end
-  def emit_table(table, s = @ts, e = @te)
-    value = tok(s, e)
-    emit(table[value], value, s, e)
-  end
-  def emit_do(do_block=false)
-    if @cond.active?
-      emit(:kDO_COND, 'do'.freeze)
-    elsif @cmdarg.active? || do_block
-      emit(:kDO_BLOCK, 'do'.freeze)
-    else
-      emit(:kDO, 'do'.freeze)
-    end
-  end
-  def arg_or_cmdarg
-    if @command_state
-      self.class.lex_en_expr_cmdarg
-    else
-      self.class.lex_en_expr_arg
-    end
-  end
-  def emit_comment(s = @ts, e = @te)
-    if @comments
-      @comments.push(Parser::Source::Comment.new(range(s, e)))
-    end
-    if @tokens
-      @tokens.push([ :tCOMMENT, [ tok(s, e), range(s, e) ] ])
-    end
-    nil
-  end
-  def diagnostic(type, reason, arguments=nil, location=range, highlights=[])
-    @diagnostics.process(
-        Parser::Diagnostic.new(type, reason, arguments, location, highlights))
-  end
-  #
-  # === LITERAL STACK ===
-  #
-  def push_literal(*args)
-    new_literal = Literal.new(self, *args)
-    @literal_stack.push(new_literal)
-    if new_literal.words? && new_literal.backslash_delimited?
-      if new_literal.interpolate?
-        self.class.lex_en_interp_backslash_delimited_words
-      else
-        self.class.lex_en_plain_backslash_delimited_words
-      end
-    elsif new_literal.words? && !new_literal.backslash_delimited?
-      if new_literal.interpolate?
-        self.class.lex_en_interp_words
-      else
-        self.class.lex_en_plain_words
-      end
-    elsif !new_literal.words? && new_literal.backslash_delimited?
-      if new_literal.interpolate?
-        self.class.lex_en_interp_backslash_delimited
-      else
-        self.class.lex_en_plain_backslash_delimited
-      end
-    else
-      if new_literal.interpolate?
-        self.class.lex_en_interp_string
-      else
-        self.class.lex_en_plain_string
-      end
-    end
-  end
-  def literal
-    @literal_stack.last
-  end
-  def pop_literal
-    old_literal = @literal_stack.pop
-    @dedent_level = old_literal.dedent_level
-    if old_literal.type == :tREGEXP_BEG
-      # Fetch modifiers.
-      self.class.lex_en_regexp_modifiers
-    else
-      self.class.lex_en_expr_end
-    end
-  end
-  # Mapping of strings to parser tokens.
-  PUNCTUATION = {
-    '='   => :tEQL,     '&'   => :tAMPER2,  '|'   => :tPIPE,
-    '!'   => :tBANG,    '^'   => :tCARET,   '+'   => :tPLUS,
-    '-'   => :tMINUS,   '*'   => :tSTAR2,   '/'   => :tDIVIDE,
-    '%'   => :tPERCENT, '~'   => :tTILDE,   ','   => :tCOMMA,
-    ';'   => :tSEMI,    '.'   => :tDOT,     '..'  => :tDOT2,
-    '...' => :tDOT3,    '['   => :tLBRACK2, ']'   => :tRBRACK,
-    '('   => :tLPAREN2, ')'   => :tRPAREN,  '?'   => :tEH,
-    ':'   => :tCOLON,   '&&'  => :tANDOP,   '||'  => :tOROP,
-    '-@'  => :tUMINUS,  '+@'  => :tUPLUS,   '~@'  => :tTILDE,
-    '**'  => :tPOW,     '->'  => :tLAMBDA,  '=~'  => :tMATCH,
-    '!~'  => :tNMATCH,  '=='  => :tEQ,      '!='  => :tNEQ,
-    '>'   => :tGT,      '>>'  => :tRSHFT,   '>='  => :tGEQ,
-    '<'   => :tLT,      '<<'  => :tLSHFT,   '<='  => :tLEQ,
-    '=>'  => :tASSOC,   '::'  => :tCOLON2,  '===' => :tEQQ,
-    '<=>' => :tCMP,     '[]'  => :tAREF,    '[]=' => :tASET,
-    '{'   => :tLCURLY,  '}'   => :tRCURLY,  '`'   => :tBACK_REF2,
-    '!@'  => :tBANG,    '&.'  => :tANDDOT,
-  }
-  PUNCTUATION_BEGIN = {
-    '&'   => :tAMPER,   '*'   => :tSTAR,    '**'  => :tDSTAR,
-    '+'   => :tUPLUS,   '-'   => :tUMINUS,  '::'  => :tCOLON3,
-    '('   => :tLPAREN,  '{'   => :tLBRACE,  '['   => :tLBRACK,
-  }
-  KEYWORDS = {
-    'if'     => :kIF_MOD,      'unless'   => :kUNLESS_MOD,
-    'while'  => :kWHILE_MOD,   'until'    => :kUNTIL_MOD,
-    'rescue' => :kRESCUE_MOD,  'defined?' => :kDEFINED,
-    'BEGIN'  => :klBEGIN,      'END'      => :klEND,
-  }
-  KEYWORDS_BEGIN = {
-    'if'     => :kIF,          'unless'   => :kUNLESS,
-    'while'  => :kWHILE,       'until'    => :kUNTIL,
-    'rescue' => :kRESCUE,      'defined?' => :kDEFINED,
-  }
-  %w(class module def undef begin end then elsif else ensure case when
-     for break next redo retry in do return yield super self nil true
-     false and or not alias __FILE__ __LINE__ __ENCODING__).each do |keyword|
-    KEYWORDS_BEGIN[keyword] = KEYWORDS[keyword] = :"k#{keyword.upcase}"
-  end
-  %%{
-  # %
-  access @;
-  getkey (@source_pts[p] || 0);
-  # === CHARACTER CLASSES ===
-  #
-  # Pay close attention to the differences between c_any and any.
-  # c_any does not include EOF and so will cause incorrect behavior
-  # for machine subtraction (any-except rules) and default transitions
-  # for scanners.
-  action do_nl {
-    # Record position of a newline for precise location reporting on tNL
-    # tokens.
-    #
-    # This action is embedded directly into c_nl, as it is idempotent and
-    # there are no cases when we need to skip it.
-    @newline_s = p
-  }
-  c_nl       = '\n' $ do_nl;
-  c_space    = [ \t\r\f\v];
-  c_space_nl = c_space | c_nl;
-  c_eof      = 0x04 | 0x1a | 0 | zlen; # ^D, ^Z, \0, EOF
-  c_eol      = c_nl | c_eof;
-  c_any      = any - c_eof;
-  c_nl_zlen  = c_nl | zlen;
-  c_line     = any - c_nl_zlen;
-  c_unicode  = c_any - 0x00..0x7f;
-  c_upper    = [A-Z];
-  c_lower    = [a-z_]  | c_unicode;
-  c_alpha    = c_lower | c_upper;
-  c_alnum    = c_alpha | [0-9];
-  action do_eof {
-    # Sit at EOF indefinitely. #advance would return $eof each time.
-    # This allows to feed the lexer more data if needed; this is only used
-    # in tests.
-    #
-    # Note that this action is not embedded into e_eof like e_heredoc_nl and e_bs
-    # below. This is due to the fact that scanner state at EOF is observed
-    # by tests, and encapsulating it in a rule would break the introspection.
-    fhold; fbreak;
-  }
-  #
-  # === TOKEN DEFINITIONS ===
-  #
-  # All operators are punctuation. There is more to punctuation
-  # than just operators. Operators can be overridden by user;
-  # punctuation can not.
-  # A list of operators which are valid in the function name context, but
-  # have different semantics in others.
-  operator_fname      = '[]' | '[]=' | '`'  | '-@' | '+@' | '~@'  | '!@' ;
-  # A list of operators which can occur within an assignment shortcut (+ → +=).
-  operator_arithmetic = '&'  | '|'   | '&&' | '||' | '^'  | '+'   | '-'  |
-                        '*'  | '/'   | '**' | '~'  | '<<' | '>>'  | '%'  ;
-  # A list of all user-definable operators not covered by groups above.
-  operator_rest       = '=~' | '!~' | '==' | '!=' | '!'   | '===' |
-                        '<'  | '<=' | '>'  | '>=' | '<=>' | '=>'  ;
-  # Note that `{` and `}` need to be referred to as e_lbrace and e_rbrace,
-  # as they are ambiguous with interpolation `#{}` and should be counted.
-  # These braces are not present in punctuation lists.
-  # A list of punctuation which has different meaning when used at the
-  # beginning of expression.
-  punctuation_begin   = '-'  | '+'  | '::' | '('  | '['  |
-                        '*'  | '**' | '&'  ;
-  # A list of all punctuation except punctuation_begin.
-  punctuation_end     = ','  | '='  | '->' | '('  | '['  | ']'   |
-                        '::' | '?'  | ':'  | '.'  | '..' | '...' ;
-  # A list of keywords which have different meaning at the beginning of expression.
-  keyword_modifier    = 'if'     | 'unless' | 'while'  | 'until' | 'rescue' ;
-  # A list of keywords which accept an argument-like expression, i.e. have the
-  # same post-processing as method calls or commands. Example: `yield 1`,
-  # `yield (1)`, `yield(1)`, are interpreted as if `yield` was a function.
-  keyword_with_arg    = 'yield'  | 'super'  | 'not'    | 'defined?' ;
-  # A list of keywords which accept a literal function name as an argument.
-  keyword_with_fname  = 'def'    | 'undef'  | 'alias'  ;
-  # A list of keywords which accept an expression after them.
-  keyword_with_value  = 'else'   | 'case'   | 'ensure' | 'module' | 'elsif' | 'then'  |
-                        'for'    | 'in'     | 'do'     | 'when'   | 'begin' | 'class' |
-                        'and'    | 'or'     ;
-  # A list of keywords which accept a value, and treat the keywords from
-  # `keyword_modifier` list as modifiers.
-  keyword_with_mid    = 'rescue' | 'return' | 'break'  | 'next'   ;
-  # A list of keywords which do not accept an expression after them.
-  keyword_with_end    = 'end'    | 'self'   | 'true'   | 'false'  | 'retry'    |
-                        'redo'   | 'nil'    | 'BEGIN'  | 'END'    | '__FILE__' |
-                        '__LINE__' | '__ENCODING__';
-  # All keywords.
-  keyword             = keyword_with_value | keyword_with_mid |
-                        keyword_with_end   | keyword_with_arg |
-                        keyword_with_fname | keyword_modifier ;
-  constant       = c_upper c_alnum*;
-  bareword       = c_alpha c_alnum*;
-  call_or_var    = c_lower c_alnum*;
-  class_var      = '@@' bareword;
-  instance_var   = '@' bareword;
-  global_var     = '$'
-      ( bareword | digit+
-      | [`'+~*$&?!@/\\;,.=:<>"] # `
-      | '-' c_alnum
-      )
-  ;
-  # Ruby accepts (and fails on) variables with leading digit
-  # in literal context, but not in unquoted symbol body.
-  class_var_v    = '@@' c_alnum+;
-  instance_var_v = '@' c_alnum+;
-  label          = bareword [?!]? ':';
-  #
-  # === NUMERIC PARSING ===
-  #
-  int_hex  = ( xdigit+ '_' )* xdigit* '_'? ;
-  int_dec  = ( digit+ '_' )* digit* '_'? ;
-  int_bin  = ( [01]+ '_' )* [01]* '_'? ;
-  flo_int  = [1-9] [0-9]* ( '_' digit+ )* | '0';
-  flo_frac = '.' ( digit+ '_' )* digit+;
-  flo_pow  = [eE] [+\-]? ( digit+ '_' )* digit+;
-  int_suffix =
-    ''   % { @num_xfrm = lambda { |chars| emit(:tINTEGER,   chars) } }
-  | 'r'  % { @num_xfrm = lambda { |chars| emit(:tRATIONAL,  Rational(chars)) } }
-  | 'i'  % { @num_xfrm = lambda { |chars| emit(:tIMAGINARY, Complex(0, chars)) } }
-  | 'ri' % { @num_xfrm = lambda { |chars| emit(:tIMAGINARY, Complex(0, Rational(chars))) } };
-  flo_pow_suffix =
-    ''   % { @num_xfrm = lambda { |chars| emit(:tFLOAT,     Float(chars)) } }
-  | 'i'  % { @num_xfrm = lambda { |chars| emit(:tIMAGINARY, Complex(0, Float(chars))) } };
-  flo_suffix =
-    flo_pow_suffix
-  | 'r'  % { @num_xfrm = lambda { |chars| emit(:tRATIONAL,  Rational(chars)) } }
-  | 'ri' % { @num_xfrm = lambda { |chars| emit(:tIMAGINARY, Complex(0, Rational(chars))) } };
-  #
-  # === ESCAPE SEQUENCE PARSING ===
-  #
-  # Escape parsing code is a Ragel pattern, not a scanner, and therefore
-  # it shouldn't directly raise errors or perform other actions with side effects.
-  # In reality this would probably just mess up error reporting in pathological
-  # cases, through.
-  # The amount of code required to parse \M\C stuff correctly is ridiculous.
-  escaped_nl = "\\" c_nl;
-  action unicode_points {
-    @escape = ""
-    codepoints  = tok(@escape_s + 2, p - 1)
-    codepoint_s = @escape_s + 2
-    codepoints.split(/[ \t]/).each do |codepoint_str|
-      codepoint = codepoint_str.to_i(16)
-      if codepoint >= 0x110000
-        diagnostic :error, :unicode_point_too_large, nil,
-                   range(codepoint_s, codepoint_s + codepoint_str.length)
-        break
-      end
-      @escape     += codepoint.chr(Encoding::UTF_8)
-      codepoint_s += codepoint_str.length + 1
-    end
-  }
-  action unescape_char {
-    codepoint = @source_pts[p - 1]
-    if (@escape = ESCAPES[codepoint]).nil?
-      @escape = encode_escape(@source_buffer.slice(p - 1))
-    end
-  }
-  action invalid_complex_escape {
-    diagnostic :fatal, :invalid_escape
-  }
-  action slash_c_char {
-    @escape = encode_escape(@escape[0].ord & 0x9f)
-  }
-  action slash_m_char {
-    @escape = encode_escape(@escape[0].ord | 0x80)
-  }
-  maybe_escaped_char = (
-        '\\' c_any      %unescape_char
-    | ( c_any - [\\] )  % { @escape = @source_buffer.slice(p - 1).chr }
-  );
-  maybe_escaped_ctrl_char = ( # why?!
-        '\\' c_any      %unescape_char %slash_c_char
-    |   '?'             % { @escape = "\x7f" }
-    | ( c_any - [\\?] ) % { @escape = @source_buffer.slice(p - 1).chr } %slash_c_char
-  );
-  escape = (
-      # \377
-      [0-7]{1,3}
-      % { @escape = encode_escape(tok(@escape_s, p).to_i(8) % 0x100) }
-      # \xff
-    | 'x' xdigit{1,2}
-        % { @escape = encode_escape(tok(@escape_s + 1, p).to_i(16)) }
-      # \u263a
-    | 'u' xdigit{4}
-      % { @escape = tok(@escape_s + 1, p).to_i(16).chr(Encoding::UTF_8) }
-      # %q[\x]
-    | 'x' ( c_any - xdigit )
-      % {
-        diagnostic :fatal, :invalid_hex_escape, nil, range(@escape_s - 1, p + 2)
-      }
-      # %q[\u123] %q[\u{12]
-    | 'u' ( c_any{0,4}  -
-            xdigit{4}   -            # \u1234 is valid
-            ( '{' xdigit{1,3}        # \u{1 \u{12 \u{123 are valid
-            | '{' xdigit [ \t}] any? # \u{1. \u{1} are valid
-            | '{' xdigit{2} [ \t}]   # \u{12. \u{12} are valid
-            )
-          )
-      % {
-        diagnostic :fatal, :invalid_unicode_escape, nil, range(@escape_s - 1, p)
-      }
-      # \u{123 456}
-    | 'u{' ( xdigit{1,6} [ \t] )*
-      ( xdigit{1,6} '}'
-        %unicode_points
-      | ( xdigit* ( c_any - xdigit - '}' )+ '}'
-        | ( c_any - '}' )* c_eof
-        | xdigit{7,}
-        ) % {
-          diagnostic :fatal, :unterminated_unicode, nil, range(p - 1, p)
-        }
-      )
-      # \C-\a \cx
-    | ( 'C-' | 'c' ) escaped_nl?
-      maybe_escaped_ctrl_char
-      # \M-a
-    | 'M-' escaped_nl?
-      maybe_escaped_char
-      %slash_m_char
-      # \C-\M-f \M-\cf \c\M-f
-    | ( ( 'C-'   | 'c' ) escaped_nl?   '\\M-'
-      |   'M-\\'         escaped_nl? ( 'C-'   | 'c' ) ) escaped_nl?
-      maybe_escaped_ctrl_char
-      %slash_m_char
-    | 'C' c_any %invalid_complex_escape
-    | 'M' c_any %invalid_complex_escape
-    | ( 'M-\\C' | 'C-\\M' ) c_any %invalid_complex_escape
-    | ( c_any - [0-7xuCMc] ) %unescape_char
-    | c_eof % {
-      diagnostic :fatal, :escape_eof, nil, range(p - 1, p)
-    }
-  );
-  # Use rules in form of `e_bs escape' when you need to parse a sequence.
-  e_bs = '\\' % {
-    @escape_s = p
-    @escape   = nil
-  };
-  #
-  # === STRING AND HEREDOC PARSING ===
-  #
-  # Heredoc parsing is quite a complex topic. First, consider that heredocs
-  # can be arbitrarily nested. For example:
-  #
-  #     puts <<CODE
-  #     the result is: #{<<RESULT.inspect
-  #       i am a heredoc
-  #     RESULT
-  #     }
-  #     CODE
-  #
-  # which, incidentally, evaluates to:
-  #
-  #     the result is: "  i am a heredoc\n"
-  #
-  # To parse them, lexer refers to two kinds (remember, nested heredocs)
-  # of positions in the input stream, namely heredoc_e
-  # (HEREDOC declaration End) and @herebody_s (HEREdoc BODY line Start).
-  #
-  # heredoc_e is simply contained inside the corresponding Literal, and
-  # when the heredoc is closed, the lexing is restarted from that position.
-  #
-  # @herebody_s is quite more complex. First, @herebody_s changes after each
-  # heredoc line is lexed. This way, at '\n' tok(@herebody_s, @te) always
-  # contains the current line, and also when a heredoc is started, @herebody_s
-  # contains the position from which the heredoc will be lexed.
-  #
-  # Second, as (insanity) there are nested heredocs, we need to maintain a
-  # stack of these positions. Each time #push_literal is called, it saves current
-  # @heredoc_s to literal.saved_herebody_s, and after an interpolation (possibly
-  # containing another heredocs) is closed, the previous value is restored.
-  e_heredoc_nl = c_nl % {
-    # After every heredoc was parsed, @herebody_s contains the
-    # position of next token after all heredocs.
-    if @herebody_s
-      p = @herebody_s
-      @herebody_s = nil
-    end
-  };
-  action extend_string {
-    string = tok
-    # tLABEL_END is only possible in non-cond context on >= 2.2
-    if @version >= 22 && !@cond.active?
-      lookahead = @source_buffer.slice(@te...@te+2)
-    end
-    current_literal = literal
-    if !current_literal.heredoc? &&
-          (token = current_literal.nest_and_try_closing(string, @ts, @te, lookahead))
-      if token[0] == :tLABEL_END
-        p += 1
-        pop_literal
-        fnext expr_labelarg;
-      else
-        fnext *pop_literal;
-      end
-      fbreak;
-    else
-      current_literal.extend_string(string, @ts, @te)
-    end
-  }
-  action extend_string_escaped {
-    current_literal = literal
-    # Get the first character after the backslash.
-    escaped_char = @source_buffer.slice(@escape_s).chr
-    if current_literal.munge_escape? escaped_char
-      # If this particular literal uses this character as an opening
-      # or closing delimiter, it is an escape sequence for that
-      # particular character. Write it without the backslash.
-      if current_literal.regexp? && REGEXP_META_CHARACTERS.match(escaped_char)
-        # Regular expressions should include escaped delimiters in their
-        # escaped form, except when the escaped character is
-        # a closing delimiter but not a regexp metacharacter.
-        #
-        # The backslash itself cannot be used as a closing delimiter
-        # at the same time as an escape symbol, but it is always munged,
-        # so this branch also executes for the non-closing-delimiter case
-        # for the backslash.
-        current_literal.extend_string(tok, @ts, @te)
-      else
-        current_literal.extend_string(escaped_char, @ts, @te)
-      end
-    else
-      # It does not. So this is an actual escape sequence, yay!
-      if current_literal.regexp?
-        # Regular expressions should include escape sequences in their
-        # escaped form. On the other hand, escaped newlines are removed.
-        current_literal.extend_string(tok.gsub("\\\n".freeze, ''.freeze), @ts, @te)
-      else
-        current_literal.extend_string(@escape || tok, @ts, @te)
-      end
-    end
-  }
-  # Extend a string with a newline or a EOF character.
-  # As heredoc closing line can immediately precede EOF, this action
-  # has to handle such case specially.
-  action extend_string_eol {
-    current_literal = literal
-    if @te == pe
-      diagnostic :fatal, :string_eof, nil,
-                 range(current_literal.str_s, current_literal.str_s + 1)
-    end
-    if current_literal.heredoc?
-      line = tok(@herebody_s, @ts).gsub(/\r+$/, ''.freeze)
-      if version?(18, 19, 20)
-        # See ruby:c48b4209c
-        line = line.gsub(/\r.*$/, ''.freeze)
-      end
-      # Try ending the heredoc with the complete most recently
-      # scanned line. @herebody_s always refers to the start of such line.
-      if current_literal.nest_and_try_closing(line, @herebody_s, @ts)
-        # Adjust @herebody_s to point to the next line.
-        @herebody_s = @te
-        # Continue regular lexing after the heredoc reference (<<END).
-        p = current_literal.heredoc_e - 1
-        fnext *pop_literal; fbreak;
-      else
-        # Calculate indentation level for <<~HEREDOCs.
-        current_literal.infer_indent_level(line)
-        # Ditto.
-        @herebody_s = @te
-      end
-    else
-      # Try ending the literal with a newline.
-      if current_literal.nest_and_try_closing(tok, @ts, @te)
-        fnext *pop_literal; fbreak;
-      end
-      if @herebody_s
-        # This is a regular literal intertwined with a heredoc. Like:
-        #
-        #     p <<-foo+"1
-        #     bar
-        #     foo
-        #     2"
-        #
-        # which, incidentally, evaluates to "bar\n1\n2".
-        p = @herebody_s - 1
-        @herebody_s = nil
-      end
-    end
-    if current_literal.words? && !eof_codepoint?(@source_pts[p])
-      current_literal.extend_space @ts, @te
-    else
-      # A literal newline is appended if the heredoc was _not_ closed
-      # this time (see fbreak above). See also Literal#nest_and_try_closing
-      # for rationale of calling #flush_string here.
-      current_literal.extend_string tok, @ts, @te
-      current_literal.flush_string
-    end
-  }
-  action extend_string_space {
-    literal.extend_space @ts, @te
-  }
-  #
-  # === INTERPOLATION PARSING ===
-  #
-  # Interpolations with immediate variable names simply call into
-  # the corresponding machine.
-  interp_var = '#' ( global_var | class_var_v | instance_var_v );
-  action extend_interp_var {
-    current_literal = literal
-    current_literal.flush_string
-    current_literal.extend_content
-    emit(:tSTRING_DVAR, nil, @ts, @ts + 1)
-    p = @ts
-    fcall expr_variable;
-  }
-  # Interpolations with code blocks must match nested curly braces, as
-  # interpolation ending is ambiguous with a block ending. So, every
-  # opening and closing brace should be matched with e_[lr]brace rules,
-  # which automatically perform the counting.
-  #
-  # Note that interpolations can themselves be nested, so brace balance
-  # is tied to the innermost literal.
-  #
-  # Also note that literals themselves should not use e_[lr]brace rules
-  # when matching their opening and closing delimiters, as the amount of
-  # braces inside the characters of a string literal is independent.
-  interp_code = '#{';
-  e_lbrace = '{' % {
-    @cond.push(false); @cmdarg.push(false)
-    current_literal = literal
-    if current_literal
-      current_literal.start_interp_brace
-    end
-  };
-  e_rbrace = '}' % {
-    current_literal = literal
-    if current_literal
-      if current_literal.end_interp_brace_and_try_closing
-        if version?(18, 19)
-          emit(:tRCURLY, '}'.freeze, p - 1, p)
-        else
-          emit(:tSTRING_DEND, '}'.freeze, p - 1, p)
-        end
-        if current_literal.saved_herebody_s
-          @herebody_s = current_literal.saved_herebody_s
-        end
-        fhold;
-        fnext *stack_pop;
-        fbreak;
-      end
-    end
-  };
-  action extend_interp_code {
-    current_literal = literal
-    current_literal.flush_string
-    current_literal.extend_content
-    emit(:tSTRING_DBEG, '#{'.freeze)
-    if current_literal.heredoc?
-      current_literal.saved_herebody_s = @herebody_s
-      @herebody_s = nil
-    end
-    current_literal.start_interp_brace
-    fcall expr_value;
-  }
-  # Actual string parsers are simply combined from the primitives defined
-  # above.
-  interp_words := |*
-      interp_code => extend_interp_code;
-      interp_var  => extend_interp_var;
-      e_bs escape => extend_string_escaped;
-      c_space+    => extend_string_space;
-      c_eol       => extend_string_eol;
-      c_any       => extend_string;
-  *|;
-  interp_string := |*
-      interp_code => extend_interp_code;
-      interp_var  => extend_interp_var;
-      e_bs escape => extend_string_escaped;
-      c_eol       => extend_string_eol;
-      c_any       => extend_string;
-  *|;
-  plain_words := |*
-      e_bs c_any  => extend_string_escaped;
-      c_space+    => extend_string_space;
-      c_eol       => extend_string_eol;
-      c_any       => extend_string;
-  *|;
-  plain_string := |*
-      '\\' c_nl   => extend_string_eol;
-      e_bs c_any  => extend_string_escaped;
-      c_eol       => extend_string_eol;
-      c_any       => extend_string;
-  *|;
-  interp_backslash_delimited := |*
-      interp_code => extend_interp_code;
-      interp_var  => extend_interp_var;
-      c_eol       => extend_string_eol;
-      c_any       => extend_string;
-  *|;
-  plain_backslash_delimited := |*
-      c_eol       => extend_string_eol;
-      c_any       => extend_string;
-  *|;
-  interp_backslash_delimited_words := |*
-      interp_code => extend_interp_code;
-      interp_var  => extend_interp_var;
-      c_space+    => extend_string_space;
-      c_eol       => extend_string_eol;
-      c_any       => extend_string;
-  *|;
-  plain_backslash_delimited_words := |*
-      c_space+    => extend_string_space;
-      c_eol       => extend_string_eol;
-      c_any       => extend_string;
-  *|;
-  regexp_modifiers := |*
-      [A-Za-z]+
-      => {
-        unknown_options = tok.scan(/[^imxouesn]/)
-        if unknown_options.any?
-          diagnostic :error, :regexp_options,
-                     { :options => unknown_options.join }
-        end
-        emit(:tREGEXP_OPT)
-        fnext expr_end; fbreak;
-      };
-      any
-      => {
-        emit(:tREGEXP_OPT, tok(@ts, @te - 1), @ts, @te - 1)
-        fhold; fgoto expr_end;
-      };
-  *|;
-  #
-  # === WHITESPACE HANDLING ===
-  #
-  # Various contexts in Ruby allow various kinds of whitespace
-  # to be used. They are grouped to clarify the lexing machines
-  # and ease collection of comments.
-  # A line of code with inline #comment at end is always equivalent
-  # to a line of code ending with just a newline, so an inline
-  # comment is deemed equivalent to non-newline whitespace
-  # (c_space character class).
-  w_space =
-      c_space+
-    | '\\' e_heredoc_nl
-    ;
-  w_comment =
-      '#'     %{ @sharp_s = p - 1 }
-      # The (p == pe) condition compensates for added "\0" and
-      # the way Ragel handles EOF.
-      c_line* %{ emit_comment(@sharp_s, p == pe ? p - 2 : p) }
-    ;
-  w_space_comment =
-      w_space
-    | w_comment
-    ;
-  # A newline in non-literal context always interoperates with
-  # here document logic and can always be escaped by a backslash,
-  # still interoperating with here document logic in the same way,
-  # yet being invisible to anything else.
-  #
-  # To demonstrate:
-  #
-  #     foo = <<FOO \
-  #     bar
-  #     FOO
-  #      + 2
-  #
-  # is equivalent to `foo = "bar\n" + 2`.
-  w_newline =
-      e_heredoc_nl;
-  w_any =
-      w_space
-    | w_comment
-    | w_newline
-    ;
-  #
-  # === EXPRESSION PARSING ===
-  #
-  # These rules implement a form of manually defined lookahead.
-  # The default longest-match scanning does not work here due
-  # to sheer ambiguity.
-  ambiguous_fid_suffix =         # actual    parsed
-      [?!]    %{ tm = p }      | # a?        a?
-      [?!]'=' %{ tm = p - 2 }    # a!=b      a != b
-  ;
-  ambiguous_ident_suffix =       # actual    parsed
-      ambiguous_fid_suffix     |
-      '='     %{ tm = p }      | # a=        a=
-      '=='    %{ tm = p - 2 }  | # a==b      a == b
-      '=~'    %{ tm = p - 2 }  | # a=~b      a =~ b
-      '=>'    %{ tm = p - 2 }  | # a=>b      a => b
-      '==='   %{ tm = p - 3 }    # a===b     a === b
-  ;
-  ambiguous_symbol_suffix =      # actual    parsed
-      ambiguous_ident_suffix |
-      '==>'   %{ tm = p - 2 }    # :a==>b    :a= => b
-  ;
-  # Ambiguous with 1.9 hash labels.
-  ambiguous_const_suffix =       # actual    parsed
-      '::'    %{ tm = p - 2 }    # A::B      A :: B
-  ;
-  # Resolving kDO/kDO_COND/kDO_BLOCK ambiguity requires embedding
-  # @cond/@cmdarg-related code to e_lbrack, e_lparen and e_lbrace.
-  e_lbrack = '[' % {
-    @cond.push(false); @cmdarg.push(false)
-  };
-  # Ruby 1.9 lambdas require parentheses counting in order to
-  # emit correct opening kDO/tLBRACE.
-  e_lparen = '(' % {
-    @cond.push(false); @cmdarg.push(false)
-    @paren_nest += 1
-  };
-  e_rparen = ')' % {
-    @paren_nest -= 1
-  };
-  # Ruby is context-sensitive wrt/ local identifiers.
-  action local_ident {
-    emit(:tIDENTIFIER)
-    if !@static_env.nil? && @static_env.declared?(tok)
-      fnext expr_endfn; fbreak;
-    else
-      fnext *arg_or_cmdarg; fbreak;
-    end
-  }
-  # Variable lexing code is accessed from both expressions and
-  # string interpolation related code.
-  #
-  expr_variable := |*
-      global_var
-      => {
-        if    tok =~ /^\$([1-9][0-9]*)$/
-          emit(:tNTH_REF, tok(@ts + 1).to_i)
-        elsif tok =~ /^\$([&`'+])$/
-          emit(:tBACK_REF)
-        else
-          emit(:tGVAR)
-        end
-        fnext *stack_pop; fbreak;
-      };
-      class_var_v
-      => {
-        if tok =~ /^@@[0-9]/
-          diagnostic :error, :cvar_name, { :name => tok }
-        end
-        emit(:tCVAR)
-        fnext *stack_pop; fbreak;
-      };
-      instance_var_v
-      => {
-        if tok =~ /^@[0-9]/
-          diagnostic :error, :ivar_name, { :name => tok }
-        end
-        emit(:tIVAR)
-        fnext *stack_pop; fbreak;
-      };
-  *|;
-  # Literal function name in definition (e.g. `def class`).
-  # Keywords are returned as their respective tokens; this is used
-  # to support singleton def `def self.foo`. Global variables are
-  # returned as `tGVAR`; this is used in global variable alias
-  # statements `alias $a $b`. Symbols are returned verbatim; this
-  # is used in `alias :a :"b#{foo}"` and `undef :a`.
-  #
-  # Transitions to `expr_endfn` afterwards.
-  #
-  expr_fname := |*
-      keyword
-      => { emit_table(KEYWORDS_BEGIN);
-           fnext expr_endfn; fbreak; };
-      constant
-      => { emit(:tCONSTANT)
-           fnext expr_endfn; fbreak; };
-      bareword [?=!]?
-      => { emit(:tIDENTIFIER)
-           fnext expr_endfn; fbreak; };
-      global_var
-      => { p = @ts - 1
-           fnext expr_end; fcall expr_variable; };
-      # If the handling was to be delegated to expr_end,
-      # these cases would transition to something else than
-      # expr_endfn, which is incorrect.
-      operator_fname      |
-      operator_arithmetic |
-      operator_rest
-      => { emit_table(PUNCTUATION)
-           fnext expr_endfn; fbreak; };
-      '::'
-      => { fhold; fhold; fgoto expr_end; };
-      ':'
-      => { fhold; fgoto expr_beg; };
-      '%s' c_any
-      => {
-        if version?(23)
-          type, delimiter = tok[0..-2], tok[-1].chr
-          fgoto *push_literal(type, delimiter, @ts);
-        else
-          p = @ts - 1
-          fgoto expr_end;
-        end
-      };
-      w_any;
-      c_any
-      => { fhold; fgoto expr_end; };
-      c_eof => do_eof;
-  *|;
-  # After literal function name in definition. Behaves like `expr_end`,
-  # but allows a tLABEL.
-  #
-  # Transitions to `expr_end` afterwards.
-  #
-  expr_endfn := |*
-      label ( any - ':' )
-      => { emit(:tLABEL, tok(@ts, @te - 2), @ts, @te - 1)
-           fhold; fnext expr_labelarg; fbreak; };
-      w_space_comment;
-      c_any
-      => { fhold; fgoto expr_end; };
-      c_eof => do_eof;
-  *|;
-  # Literal function name in method call (e.g. `a.class`).
-  #
-  # Transitions to `expr_arg` afterwards.
-  #
-  expr_dot := |*
-      constant
-      => { emit(:tCONSTANT)
-           fnext *arg_or_cmdarg; fbreak; };
-      call_or_var
-      => { emit(:tIDENTIFIER)
-           fnext *arg_or_cmdarg; fbreak; };
-      bareword ambiguous_fid_suffix
-      => { emit(:tFID, tok(@ts, tm), @ts, tm)
-           fnext *arg_or_cmdarg; p = tm - 1; fbreak; };
-      # See the comment in `expr_fname`.
-      operator_fname      |
-      operator_arithmetic |
-      operator_rest
-      => { emit_table(PUNCTUATION)
-           fnext expr_arg; fbreak; };
-      w_any;
-      c_any
-      => { fhold; fgoto expr_end; };
-      c_eof => do_eof;
-  *|;
-  # The previous token emitted was a `tIDENTIFIER` or `tFID`; no space
-  # is consumed; the current expression is a command or method call.
-  #
-  expr_arg := |*
-      #
-      # COMMAND MODE SPECIFIC TOKENS
-      #
-      # cmd (1 + 2)
-      # See below the rationale about expr_endarg.
-      w_space+ e_lparen
-      => {
-        if version?(18)
-          emit(:tLPAREN2, '('.freeze, @te - 1, @te)
-          fnext expr_value; fbreak;
-        else
-          emit(:tLPAREN_ARG, '('.freeze, @te - 1, @te)
-          fnext expr_beg; fbreak;
-        end
-      };
-      # meth(1 + 2)
-      # Regular method call.
-      e_lparen
-      => { emit(:tLPAREN2, '('.freeze)
-           fnext expr_beg; fbreak; };
-      # meth [...]
-      # Array argument. Compare with indexing `meth[...]`.
-      w_space+ e_lbrack
-      => { emit(:tLBRACK, '['.freeze, @te - 1, @te)
-           fnext expr_beg; fbreak; };
-      # cmd {}
-      # Command: method call without parentheses.
-      w_space* e_lbrace
-      => {
-        if @lambda_stack.last == @paren_nest
-          p = @ts - 1
-          fgoto expr_end;
-        else
-          emit(:tLCURLY, '{'.freeze, @te - 1, @te)
-          fnext expr_value; fbreak;
-        end
-      };
-      #
-      # AMBIGUOUS TOKENS RESOLVED VIA EXPR_BEG
-      #
-      # a??
-      # Ternary operator
-      '?' c_space_nl
-      => {
-        # Unlike expr_beg as invoked in the next rule, do not warn
-        p = @ts - 1
-        fgoto expr_end;
-      };
-      # a ?b, a? ?
-      # Character literal or ternary operator
-      w_space* '?'
-      => { fhold; fgoto expr_beg; };
-      # a %{1}, a %[1] (but not "a %=1=" or "a % foo")
-      # a /foo/ (but not "a / foo" or "a /=foo")
-      # a <<HEREDOC
-      w_space+ %{ tm = p }
-      ( [%/] ( c_any - c_space_nl - '=' ) # /
-      | '<<'
-      )
-      => {
-        if tok(tm, tm + 1) == '/'.freeze
-          # Ambiguous regexp literal.
-          diagnostic :warning, :ambiguous_literal, nil, range(tm, tm + 1)
-        end
-        p = tm - 1
-        fgoto expr_beg;
-      };
-      # x *1
-      # Ambiguous splat, kwsplat or block-pass.
-      w_space+ %{ tm = p } ( '+' | '-' | '*' | '&' | '**' )
-      => {
-        diagnostic :warning, :ambiguous_prefix, { :prefix => tok(tm, @te) },
-                   range(tm, @te)
-        p = tm - 1
-        fgoto expr_beg;
-      };
-      # x ::Foo
-      # Ambiguous toplevel constant access.
-      w_space+ '::'
-      => { fhold; fhold; fgoto expr_beg; };
-      # x:b
-      # Symbol.
-      w_space* ':'
-      => { fhold; fgoto expr_beg; };
-      w_space+ label
-      => { p = @ts - 1; fgoto expr_beg; };
-      #
-      # AMBIGUOUS TOKENS RESOLVED VIA EXPR_END
-      #
-      # a ? b
-      # Ternary operator.
-      w_space+ %{ tm = p } '?' c_space_nl
-      => { p = tm - 1; fgoto expr_end; };
-      # x + 1: Binary operator or operator-assignment.
-      w_space* operator_arithmetic
-                  ( '=' | c_space_nl )?    |
-      # x rescue y: Modifier keyword.
-      w_space* keyword_modifier            |
-      # a &. b: Safe navigation operator.
-      w_space* '&.'                        |
-      # Miscellanea.
-      w_space* punctuation_end
-      => {
-        p = @ts - 1
-        fgoto expr_end;
-      };
-      w_space;
-      w_comment
-      => { fgoto expr_end; };
-      w_newline
-      => { fhold; fgoto expr_end; };
-      c_any
-      => { fhold; fgoto expr_beg; };
-      c_eof => do_eof;
-  *|;
-  # The previous token was an identifier which was seen while in the
-  # command mode (that is, the state at the beginning of #advance was
-  # expr_value). This state is very similar to expr_arg, but disambiguates
-  # two very rare and specific condition:
-  #   * In 1.8 mode, "foo (lambda do end)".
-  #   * In 1.9+ mode, "f x: -> do foo do end end".
-  expr_cmdarg := |*
-      w_space+ e_lparen
-      => {
-        emit(:tLPAREN_ARG, '('.freeze, @te - 1, @te)
-        if version?(18)
-          fnext expr_value; fbreak;
-        else
-          fnext expr_beg; fbreak;
-        end
-      };
-      w_space* 'do'
-      => {
-        if @cond.active?
-          emit(:kDO_COND, 'do'.freeze, @te - 2, @te)
-        else
-          emit(:kDO, 'do'.freeze, @te - 2, @te)
-        end
-        fnext expr_value; fbreak;
-      };
-      c_any             |
-      # Disambiguate with the `do' rule above.
-      w_space* bareword |
-      w_space* label
-      => { p = @ts - 1
-           fgoto expr_arg; };
-      c_eof => do_eof;
-  *|;
-  # The rationale for this state is pretty complex. Normally, if an argument
-  # is passed to a command and then there is a block (tLCURLY...tRCURLY),
-  # the block is attached to the innermost argument (`f` in `m f {}`), or it
-  # is a parse error (`m 1 {}`). But there is a special case for passing a single
-  # primary expression grouped with parentheses: if you write `m (1) {}` or
-  # (2.0 only) `m () {}`, then the block is attached to `m`.
-  #
-  # Thus, we recognize the opening `(` of a command (remember, a command is
-  # a method call without parens) as a tLPAREN_ARG; then, in parser, we recognize
-  # `tLPAREN_ARG expr rparen` as a `primary_expr` and before rparen, set the
-  # lexer's state to `expr_endarg`, which makes it emit the possibly following
-  # `{` as `tLBRACE_ARG`.
-  #
-  # The default post-`expr_endarg` state is `expr_end`, so this state also handles
-  # `do` (as `kDO_BLOCK` in `expr_beg`).
-  expr_endarg := |*
-      e_lbrace
-      => {
-        if @lambda_stack.last == @paren_nest
-          @lambda_stack.pop
-          emit(:tLAMBEG, '{'.freeze)
-        else
-          emit(:tLBRACE_ARG, '{'.freeze)
-        end
-        fnext expr_value;
-      };
-      'do'
-      => { emit_do(true)
-           fnext expr_value; fbreak; };
-      w_space_comment;
-      c_any
-      => { fhold; fgoto expr_end; };
-      c_eof => do_eof;
-  *|;
-  # The rationale for this state is that several keywords accept value
-  # (i.e. should transition to `expr_beg`), do not accept it like a command
-  # (i.e. not an `expr_arg`), and must behave like a statement, that is,
-  # accept a modifier if/while/etc.
-  #
-  expr_mid := |*
-      keyword_modifier
-      => { emit_table(KEYWORDS)
-           fnext expr_beg; fbreak; };
-      bareword
-      => { p = @ts - 1; fgoto expr_beg; };
-      w_space_comment;
-      w_newline
-      => { fhold; fgoto expr_end; };
-      c_any
-      => { fhold; fgoto expr_beg; };
-      c_eof => do_eof;
-  *|;
-  # Beginning of an expression.
-  #
-  # Don't fallthrough to this state from `c_any`; make sure to handle
-  # `c_space* c_nl` and let `expr_end` handle the newline.
-  # Otherwise code like `f\ndef x` gets glued together and the parser
-  # explodes.
-  #
-  expr_beg := |*
-      # +5, -5, -  5
-      [+\-] w_any* [0-9]
-      => {
-        emit(:tUNARY_NUM, tok(@ts, @ts + 1), @ts, @ts + 1)
-        fhold; fnext expr_end; fbreak;
-      };
-      # splat *a
-      '*'
-      => { emit(:tSTAR, '*'.freeze)
-           fbreak; };
-      #
-      # STRING AND REGEXP LITERALS
-      #
-      # /regexp/oui
-      # /=/ (disambiguation with /=)
-      '/' c_any
-      => {
-        type = delimiter = tok[0].chr
-        fhold; fgoto *push_literal(type, delimiter, @ts);
-      };
-      # %<string>
-      '%' ( any - [A-Za-z] )
-      => {
-        type, delimiter = @source_buffer.slice(@ts).chr, tok[-1].chr
-        fgoto *push_literal(type, delimiter, @ts);
-      };
-      # %w(we are the people)
-      '%' [A-Za-z]+ c_any
-      => {
-        type, delimiter = tok[0..-2], tok[-1].chr
-        fgoto *push_literal(type, delimiter, @ts);
-      };
-      '%' c_eof
-      => {
-        diagnostic :fatal, :string_eof, nil, range(@ts, @ts + 1)
-      };
-      # Heredoc start.
-      # <<END  | <<'END'  | <<"END"  | <<`END`  |
-      # <<-END | <<-'END' | <<-"END" | <<-`END` |
-      # <<~END | <<~'END' | <<~"END" | <<~`END`
-      '<<' [~\-]?
-        ( '"' ( c_line - '"' )* '"'
-        | "'" ( c_line - "'" )* "'"
-        | "`" ( c_line - "`" )* "`"
-        | bareword ) % { heredoc_e      = p }
-        c_line* c_nl % { new_herebody_s = p }
-      => {
-        tok(@ts, heredoc_e) =~ /^<<(-?)(~?)(["'`]?)(.*)\3$/
-        indent      = !$1.empty? || !$2.empty?
-        dedent_body = !$2.empty?
-        type        =  $3.empty? ? '<<"'.freeze : ('<<'.freeze + $3)
-        delimiter   =  $4
-        if dedent_body && version?(18, 19, 20, 21, 22)
-          emit(:tLSHFT, '<<'.freeze, @ts, @ts + 2)
-          p = @ts + 1
-          fnext expr_beg; fbreak;
-        else
-          fnext *push_literal(type, delimiter, @ts, heredoc_e, indent, dedent_body);
-          @herebody_s ||= new_herebody_s
-          p = @herebody_s - 1
-        end
-      };
-      #
-      # SYMBOL LITERALS
-      #
-      # :"bar", :'baz'
-      ':' ['"] # '
-      => {
-        type, delimiter = tok, tok[-1].chr
-        fgoto *push_literal(type, delimiter, @ts);
-      };
-      ':' bareword ambiguous_symbol_suffix
-      => {
-        emit(:tSYMBOL, tok(@ts + 1, tm), @ts, tm)
-        p = tm - 1
-        fnext expr_end; fbreak;
-      };
-      ':' ( bareword | global_var | class_var | instance_var |
-            operator_fname | operator_arithmetic | operator_rest )
-      => {
-        emit(:tSYMBOL, tok(@ts + 1), @ts)
-        fnext expr_end; fbreak;
-      };
-      #
-      # AMBIGUOUS TERNARY OPERATOR
-      #
-      # Character constant, like ?a, ?\n, ?\u1000, and so on
-      # Don't accept \u escape with multiple codepoints, like \u{1 2 3}
-      '?' ( e_bs ( escape - ( '\u{' (xdigit+ [ \t]+)+ xdigit+ '}' ))
-          | (c_any - c_space_nl - e_bs) % { @escape = nil }
-          )
-      => {
-        value = @escape || tok(@ts + 1)
-        if version?(18)
-          if defined?(Encoding)
-            emit(:tINTEGER, value.dup.force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)[0].ord)
-          else
-            emit(:tINTEGER, value[0].ord)
-          end
-        else
-          emit(:tCHARACTER, value)
-        end
-        fnext expr_end; fbreak;
-      };
-      '?' c_space_nl
-      => {
-        escape = { " "  => '\s', "\r" => '\r', "\n" => '\n', "\t" => '\t',
-                   "\v" => '\v', "\f" => '\f' }[@source_buffer.slice(@ts + 1)]
-        diagnostic :warning, :invalid_escape_use, { :escape => escape }, range
-        p = @ts - 1
-        fgoto expr_end;
-      };
-      '?' c_eof
-      => {
-        diagnostic :fatal, :incomplete_escape, nil, range(@ts, @ts + 1)
-      };
-      # f ?aa : b: Disambiguate with a character literal.
-      '?' [A-Za-z_] bareword
-      => {
-        p = @ts - 1
-        fgoto expr_end;
-      };
-      #
-      # KEYWORDS AND PUNCTUATION
-      #
-      # a({b=>c})
-      e_lbrace
-      => {
-        if @lambda_stack.last == @paren_nest
-          @lambda_stack.pop
-          emit(:tLAMBEG, '{'.freeze)
-        else
-          emit(:tLBRACE, '{'.freeze)
-        end
-        fbreak;
-      };
-      # a([1, 2])
-      e_lbrack
-      => { emit(:tLBRACK, '['.freeze)
-           fbreak; };
-      # a()
-      e_lparen
-      => { emit(:tLPAREN, '('.freeze)
-           fbreak; };
-      # a(+b)
-      punctuation_begin
-      => { emit_table(PUNCTUATION_BEGIN)
-           fbreak; };
-      # rescue Exception => e: Block rescue.
-      # Special because it should transition to expr_mid.
-      'rescue' %{ tm = p } '=>'?
-      => { emit(:kRESCUE, 'rescue'.freeze, @ts, tm)
-           p = tm - 1
-           fnext expr_mid; fbreak; };
-      # if a: Statement if.
-      keyword_modifier
-      => { emit_table(KEYWORDS_BEGIN)
-           fnext expr_value; fbreak; };
-      #
-      # RUBY 1.9 HASH LABELS
-      #
-      label ( any - ':' )
-      => {
-        fhold;
-        if version?(18)
-          ident = tok(@ts, @te - 2)
-          emit((@source_buffer.slice(@ts) =~ /[A-Z]/) ? :tCONSTANT : :tIDENTIFIER,
-               ident, @ts, @te - 2)
-          fhold; # continue as a symbol
-          if !@static_env.nil? && @static_env.declared?(ident)
-            fnext expr_end;
-          else
-            fnext *arg_or_cmdarg;
-          end
-        else
-          emit(:tLABEL, tok(@ts, @te - 2), @ts, @te - 1)
-          fnext expr_labelarg;
-        end
-        fbreak;
-      };
-      #
-      # CONTEXT-DEPENDENT VARIABLE LOOKUP OR COMMAND INVOCATION
-      #
-      # foo= bar:  Disambiguate with bareword rule below.
-      bareword ambiguous_ident_suffix |
-      # def foo:   Disambiguate with bareword rule below.
-      keyword
-      => { p = @ts - 1
-           fgoto expr_end; };
-      # a = 42;     a [42]: Indexing.
-      # def a; end; a [42]: Array argument.
-      call_or_var
-      => local_ident;
-      #
-      # WHITESPACE
-      #
-      w_any;
-      e_heredoc_nl '=begin' ( c_space | c_nl_zlen )
-      => { p = @ts - 1
-           fgoto line_begin; };
-      #
-      # DEFAULT TRANSITION
-      #
-      # The following rules match most binary and all unary operators.
-      # Rules for binary operators provide better error reporting.
-      operator_arithmetic '='    |
-      operator_rest              |
-      punctuation_end            |
-      c_any
-      => { p = @ts - 1; fgoto expr_end; };
-      c_eof => do_eof;
-  *|;
-  # Special newline handling for "def a b:"
-  #
-  expr_labelarg := |*
-    w_space_comment;
-    w_newline
-    => {
-      if @in_kwarg
-        fhold; fgoto expr_end;
-      else
-        fgoto line_begin;
-      end
-    };
-    c_any
-    => { fhold; fgoto expr_beg; };
-    c_eof => do_eof;
-  *|;
-  # Like expr_beg, but no 1.9 label or 2.2 quoted label possible.
-  #
-  expr_value := |*
-      # a:b: a(:b), a::B, A::B
-      label (any - ':')
-      => { p = @ts - 1
-           fgoto expr_end; };
-      # "bar", 'baz'
-      ['"] # '
-      => {
-        fgoto *push_literal(tok, tok, @ts);
-      };
-      w_space_comment;
-      w_newline
-      => { fgoto line_begin; };
-      c_any
-      => { fhold; fgoto expr_beg; };
-      c_eof => do_eof;
-  *|;
-  expr_end := |*
-      #
-      # STABBY LAMBDA
-      #
-      '->'
-      => {
-        emit(:tLAMBDA, '->'.freeze, @ts, @ts + 2)
-        @lambda_stack.push @paren_nest
-        fnext expr_endfn; fbreak;
-      };
-      e_lbrace | 'do'
-      => {
-        if @lambda_stack.last == @paren_nest
-          @lambda_stack.pop
-          if tok == '{'.freeze
-            emit(:tLAMBEG, '{'.freeze)
-          else # 'do'
-            emit(:kDO_LAMBDA, 'do'.freeze)
-          end
-        else
-          if tok == '{'.freeze
-            emit(:tLCURLY, '{'.freeze)
-          else # 'do'
-            emit_do
-          end
-        end
-        fnext expr_value; fbreak;
-      };
-      #
-      # KEYWORDS
-      #
-      keyword_with_fname
-      => { emit_table(KEYWORDS)
-           fnext expr_fname; fbreak; };
-      'class' w_any* '<<'
-      => { emit(:kCLASS, 'class'.freeze, @ts, @ts + 5)
-           emit(:tLSHFT, '<<'.freeze,    @te - 2, @te)
-           fnext expr_value; fbreak; };
-      # a if b:c: Syntax error.
-      keyword_modifier
-      => { emit_table(KEYWORDS)
-           fnext expr_beg; fbreak; };
-      # elsif b:c: elsif b(:c)
-      keyword_with_value
-      => { emit_table(KEYWORDS)
-           fnext expr_value; fbreak; };
-      keyword_with_mid
-      => { emit_table(KEYWORDS)
-           fnext expr_mid; fbreak; };
-      keyword_with_arg
-      => {
-        emit_table(KEYWORDS)
-        if version?(18) && tok == 'not'.freeze
-          fnext expr_beg; fbreak;
-        else
-          fnext expr_arg; fbreak;
-        end
-      };
-      '__ENCODING__'
-      => {
-        if version?(18)
-          emit(:tIDENTIFIER)
-          unless !@static_env.nil? && @static_env.declared?(tok)
-            fnext *arg_or_cmdarg;
-          end
-        else
-          emit(:k__ENCODING__, '__ENCODING__'.freeze)
-        end
-        fbreak;
-      };
-      keyword_with_end
-      => { emit_table(KEYWORDS)
-           fbreak; };
-      #
-      # NUMERIC LITERALS
-      #
-      ( '0' [Xx] %{ @num_base = 16; @num_digits_s = p } int_hex
-      | '0' [Dd] %{ @num_base = 10; @num_digits_s = p } int_dec
-      | '0' [Oo] %{ @num_base = 8;  @num_digits_s = p } int_dec
-      | '0' [Bb] %{ @num_base = 2;  @num_digits_s = p } int_bin
-      | [1-9] digit* '_'? %{ @num_base = 10; @num_digits_s = @ts } int_dec
-      | '0'   digit* '_'? %{ @num_base = 8;  @num_digits_s = @ts } int_dec
-      ) %{ @num_suffix_s = p } int_suffix
-      => {
-        digits = tok(@num_digits_s, @num_suffix_s)
-        if digits.end_with? '_'.freeze
-          diagnostic :error, :trailing_in_number, { :character => '_'.freeze },
-                     range(@te - 1, @te)
-        elsif digits.empty? && @num_base == 8 && version?(18)
-          # 1.8 did not raise an error on 0o.
-          digits = '0'.freeze
-        elsif digits.empty?
-          diagnostic :error, :empty_numeric
-        elsif @num_base == 8 && (invalid_idx = digits.index(/[89]/))
-          invalid_s = @num_digits_s + invalid_idx
-          diagnostic :error, :invalid_octal, nil,
-                     range(invalid_s, invalid_s + 1)
-        end
-        if version?(18, 19, 20)
-          emit(:tINTEGER, digits.to_i(@num_base), @ts, @num_suffix_s)
-          p = @num_suffix_s - 1
-        else
-          @num_xfrm.call(digits.to_i(@num_base))
-        end
-        fbreak;
-      };
-      flo_frac flo_pow?
-      => {
-        diagnostic :error, :no_dot_digit_literal
-      };
-      flo_int [eE]
-      => {
-        if version?(18, 19, 20)
-          diagnostic :error,
-                     :trailing_in_number, { :character => tok(@te - 1, @te) },
-                     range(@te - 1, @te)
-        else
-          emit(:tINTEGER, tok(@ts, @te - 1).to_i, @ts, @te - 1)
-          fhold; fbreak;
-        end
-      };
-      flo_int flo_frac [eE]
-      => {
-        if version?(18, 19, 20)
-          diagnostic :error,
-                     :trailing_in_number, { :character => tok(@te - 1, @te) },
-                     range(@te - 1, @te)
-        else
-          emit(:tFLOAT, tok(@ts, @te - 1).to_f, @ts, @te - 1)
-          fhold; fbreak;
-        end
-      };
-      flo_int
-      ( flo_frac? flo_pow %{ @num_suffix_s = p } flo_pow_suffix
-      | flo_frac          %{ @num_suffix_s = p } flo_suffix
-      )
-      => {
-        digits = tok(@ts, @num_suffix_s)
-        if version?(18, 19, 20)
-          emit(:tFLOAT, Float(digits), @ts, @num_suffix_s)
-          p = @num_suffix_s - 1
-        else
-          @num_xfrm.call(digits)
-        end
-        fbreak;
-      };
-      #
-      # STRING AND XSTRING LITERALS
-      #
-      # `echo foo`, "bar", 'baz'
-      '`' | ['"] # '
-      => {
-        type, delimiter = tok, tok[-1].chr
-        fgoto *push_literal(type, delimiter, @ts, nil, false, false, true);
-      };
-      #
-      # CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES
-      #
-      constant
-      => { emit(:tCONSTANT)
-           fnext *arg_or_cmdarg; fbreak; };
-      constant ambiguous_const_suffix
-      => { emit(:tCONSTANT, tok(@ts, tm), @ts, tm)
-           p = tm - 1; fbreak; };
-      global_var | class_var_v | instance_var_v
-      => { p = @ts - 1; fcall expr_variable; };
-      #
-      # METHOD CALLS
-      #
-      '.' | '&.' | '::'
-      => { emit_table(PUNCTUATION)
-           fnext expr_dot; fbreak; };
-      call_or_var
-      => local_ident;
-      bareword ambiguous_fid_suffix
-      => {
-        if tm == @te
-          # Suffix was consumed, e.g. foo!
-          emit(:tFID)
-        else
-          # Suffix was not consumed, e.g. foo!=
-          emit(:tIDENTIFIER, tok(@ts, tm), @ts, tm)
-          p = tm - 1
-        end
-        fnext expr_arg; fbreak;
-      };
-      #
-      # OPERATORS
-      #
-      ( e_lparen
-      | operator_arithmetic
-      | operator_rest
-      )
-      => { emit_table(PUNCTUATION)
-           fnext expr_beg; fbreak; };
-      e_rbrace | e_rparen | ']'
-      => {
-        emit_table(PUNCTUATION)
-        @cond.lexpop; @cmdarg.lexpop
-        if RBRACE_OR_RBRACK.include?(tok)
-          fnext expr_endarg;
-        else # )
-          # fnext expr_endfn; ?
-        end
-        fbreak;
-      };
-      operator_arithmetic '='
-      => { emit(:tOP_ASGN, tok(@ts, @te - 1))
-           fnext expr_beg; fbreak; };
-      '?'
-      => { emit(:tEH, '?'.freeze)
-           fnext expr_value; fbreak; };
-      e_lbrack
-      => { emit(:tLBRACK2, '['.freeze)
-           fnext expr_beg; fbreak; };
-      punctuation_end
-      => { emit_table(PUNCTUATION)
-           fnext expr_beg; fbreak; };
-      #
-      # WHITESPACE
-      #
-      w_space_comment;
-      w_newline
-      => { fgoto leading_dot; };
-      ';'
-      => { emit(:tSEMI, ';'.freeze)
-           fnext expr_value; fbreak; };
-      '\\' c_line {
-        diagnostic :error, :bare_backslash, nil, range(@ts, @ts + 1)
-        fhold;
-      };
-      c_any
-      => {
-        diagnostic :fatal, :unexpected, { :character => tok.inspect[1..-2] }
-      };
-      c_eof => do_eof;
-  *|;
-  leading_dot := |*
-      # Insane leading dots:
-      # a #comment
-      #  .b: a.b
-      c_space* %{ tm = p } ('.' | '&.')
-      => { p = tm - 1; fgoto expr_end; };
-      any
-      => { emit(:tNL, nil, @newline_s, @newline_s + 1)
-           fhold; fnext line_begin; fbreak; };
-  *|;
-  #
-  # === EMBEDDED DOCUMENT (aka BLOCK COMMENT) PARSING ===
-  #
-  line_comment := |*
-      '=end' c_line* c_nl_zlen
-      => {
-        emit_comment(@eq_begin_s, @te)
-        fgoto line_begin;
-      };
-      c_line* c_nl;
-      c_line* zlen
-      => {
-        diagnostic :fatal, :embedded_document, nil,
-                   range(@eq_begin_s, @eq_begin_s + '=begin'.length)
-      };
-  *|;
-  line_begin := |*
-      w_any;
-      '=begin' ( c_space | c_nl_zlen )
-      => { @eq_begin_s = @ts
-           fgoto line_comment; };
-      '__END__' ( c_eol - zlen )
-      => { p = pe - 3 };
-      c_any
-      => { fhold; fgoto expr_value; };
-      c_eof => do_eof;
-  *|;
-  }%%
-  # %
-end