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-Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)                      T. Bray, Ed.
-Request for Comments: 7159                                  Google, Inc.
-Obsoletes: 4627, 7158                                         March 2014
-Category: Standards Track
-ISSN: 2070-1721
-     The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format
-Abstract
-   JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a lightweight, text-based,
-   language-independent data interchange format.  It was derived from
-   the ECMAScript Programming Language Standard.  JSON defines a small
-   set of formatting rules for the portable representation of structured
-   data.
-   This document removes inconsistencies with other specifications of
-   JSON, repairs specification errors, and offers experience-based
-   interoperability guidance.
-Status of This Memo
-   This is an Internet Standards Track document.
-   This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
-   (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
-   received public review and has been approved for publication by the
-   Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Further information on
-   Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
-   Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
-   and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
-   http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7159.
-Bray                         Standards Track                    [Page 1]
-RFC 7159                          JSON                        March 2014
-Copyright Notice
-   Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
-   document authors.  All rights reserved.
-   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
-   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
-   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
-   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
-   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
-   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
-   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
-   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
-   described in the Simplified BSD License.
-   This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF
-   Contributions published or made publicly available before November
-   10, 2008.  The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this
-   material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow
-   modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process.
-   Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling
-   the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified
-   outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may
-   not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format
-   it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other
-   than English.
-Bray                         Standards Track                    [Page 2]
-RFC 7159                          JSON                        March 2014
-Table of Contents
-   1. Introduction ....................................................3
-      1.1. Conventions Used in This Document ..........................4
-      1.2. Specifications of JSON .....................................4
-      1.3. Introduction to This Revision ..............................4
-   2. JSON Grammar ....................................................4
-   3. Values ..........................................................5
-   4. Objects .........................................................6
-   5. Arrays ..........................................................6
-   6. Numbers .........................................................6
-   7. Strings .........................................................8
-   8. String and Character Issues .....................................9
-      8.1. Character Encoding .........................................9
-      8.2. Unicode Characters .........................................9
-      8.3. String Comparison ..........................................9
-   9. Parsers ........................................................10
-   10. Generators ....................................................10
-   11. IANA Considerations ...........................................10
-   12. Security Considerations .......................................11
-   13. Examples ......................................................12
-   14. Contributors ..................................................13
-   15. References ....................................................13
-      15.1. Normative References .....................................13
-      15.2. Informative References ...................................13
-   Appendix A. Changes from RFC 4627 .................................15
-1.  Introduction
-   JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a text format for the
-   serialization of structured data.  It is derived from the object
-   literals of JavaScript, as defined in the ECMAScript Programming
-   Language Standard, Third Edition [ECMA-262].
-   JSON can represent four primitive types (strings, numbers, booleans,
-   and null) and two structured types (objects and arrays).
-   A string is a sequence of zero or more Unicode characters [UNICODE].
-   Note that this citation references the latest version of Unicode
-   rather than a specific release.  It is not expected that future
-   changes in the UNICODE specification will impact the syntax of JSON.
-   An object is an unordered collection of zero or more name/value
-   pairs, where a name is a string and a value is a string, number,
-   boolean, null, object, or array.
-   An array is an ordered sequence of zero or more values.
-Bray                         Standards Track                    [Page 3]
-RFC 7159                          JSON                        March 2014
-   The terms "object" and "array" come from the conventions of
-   JavaScript.
-   JSON's design goals were for it to be minimal, portable, textual, and
-   a subset of JavaScript.
-1.1.  Conventions Used in This Document
-   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
-   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
-   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
-   The grammatical rules in this document are to be interpreted as
-   described in [RFC5234].
-1.2.  Specifications of JSON
-   This document updates [RFC4627], which describes JSON and registers
-   the media type "application/json".
-   A description of JSON in ECMAScript terms appears in Version 5.1 of
-   the ECMAScript specification [ECMA-262], Section 15.12.  JSON is also
-   described in [ECMA-404].
-   All of the specifications of JSON syntax agree on the syntactic
-   elements of the language.
-1.3.  Introduction to This Revision
-   In the years since the publication of RFC 4627, JSON has found very
-   wide use.  This experience has revealed certain patterns, which,
-   while allowed by its specifications, have caused interoperability
-   problems.
-   Also, a small number of errata have been reported (see RFC Errata IDs
-   607 [Err607] and 3607 [Err3607]).
-   This document's goal is to apply the errata, remove inconsistencies
-   with other specifications of JSON, and highlight practices that can
-   lead to interoperability problems.
-2.  JSON Grammar
-   A JSON text is a sequence of tokens.  The set of tokens includes six
-   structural characters, strings, numbers, and three literal names.
-   A JSON text is a serialized value.  Note that certain previous
-   specifications of JSON constrained a JSON text to be an object or an
-Bray                         Standards Track                    [Page 4]
-RFC 7159                          JSON                        March 2014
-   array.  Implementations that generate only objects or arrays where a
-   JSON text is called for will be interoperable in the sense that all
-   implementations will accept these as conforming JSON texts.
-      JSON-text = ws value ws
-   These are the six structural characters:
-      begin-array     = ws %x5B ws  ; [ left square bracket
-      begin-object    = ws %x7B ws  ; { left curly bracket
-      end-array       = ws %x5D ws  ; ] right square bracket
-      end-object      = ws %x7D ws  ; } right curly bracket
-      name-separator  = ws %x3A ws  ; : colon
-      value-separator = ws %x2C ws  ; , comma
-   Insignificant whitespace is allowed before or after any of the six
-   structural characters.
-      ws = *(
-              %x20 /              ; Space
-              %x09 /              ; Horizontal tab
-              %x0A /              ; Line feed or New line
-              %x0D )              ; Carriage return
-3.  Values
-   A JSON value MUST be an object, array, number, or string, or one of
-   the following three literal names:
-      false null true
-   The literal names MUST be lowercase.  No other literal names are
-   allowed.
-      value = false / null / true / object / array / number / string
-      false = %x66.61.6c.73.65   ; false
-      null  = %x6e.75.6c.6c      ; null
-      true  = %x74.72.75.65      ; true
-Bray                         Standards Track                    [Page 5]
-RFC 7159                          JSON                        March 2014
-4.  Objects
-   An object structure is represented as a pair of curly brackets
-   surrounding zero or more name/value pairs (or members).  A name is a
-   string.  A single colon comes after each name, separating the name
-   from the value.  A single comma separates a value from a following
-   name.  The names within an object SHOULD be unique.
-      object = begin-object [ member *( value-separator member ) ]
-               end-object
-      member = string name-separator value
-   An object whose names are all unique is interoperable in the sense
-   that all software implementations receiving that object will agree on
-   the name-value mappings.  When the names within an object are not
-   unique, the behavior of software that receives such an object is
-   unpredictable.  Many implementations report the last name/value pair
-   only.  Other implementations report an error or fail to parse the
-   object, and some implementations report all of the name/value pairs,
-   including duplicates.
-   JSON parsing libraries have been observed to differ as to whether or
-   not they make the ordering of object members visible to calling
-   software.  Implementations whose behavior does not depend on member
-   ordering will be interoperable in the sense that they will not be
-   affected by these differences.
-5.  Arrays
-   An array structure is represented as square brackets surrounding zero
-   or more values (or elements).  Elements are separated by commas.
-   array = begin-array [ value *( value-separator value ) ] end-array
-   There is no requirement that the values in an array be of the same
-   type.
-6.  Numbers
-   The representation of numbers is similar to that used in most
-   programming languages.  A number is represented in base 10 using
-   decimal digits.  It contains an integer component that may be
-   prefixed with an optional minus sign, which may be followed by a
-   fraction part and/or an exponent part.  Leading zeros are not
-   allowed.
-   A fraction part is a decimal point followed by one or more digits.
-Bray                         Standards Track                    [Page 6]
-RFC 7159                          JSON                        March 2014
-   An exponent part begins with the letter E in upper or lower case,
-   which may be followed by a plus or minus sign.  The E and optional
-   sign are followed by one or more digits.
-   Numeric values that cannot be represented in the grammar below (such
-   as Infinity and NaN) are not permitted.
-      number = [ minus ] int [ frac ] [ exp ]
-      decimal-point = %x2E       ; .
-      digit1-9 = %x31-39         ; 1-9
-      e = %x65 / %x45            ; e E
-      exp = e [ minus / plus ] 1*DIGIT
-      frac = decimal-point 1*DIGIT
-      int = zero / ( digit1-9 *DIGIT )
-      minus = %x2D               ; -
-      plus = %x2B                ; +
-      zero = %x30                ; 0
-   This specification allows implementations to set limits on the range
-   and precision of numbers accepted.  Since software that implements
-   IEEE 754-2008 binary64 (double precision) numbers [IEEE754] is
-   generally available and widely used, good interoperability can be
-   achieved by implementations that expect no more precision or range
-   than these provide, in the sense that implementations will
-   approximate JSON numbers within the expected precision.  A JSON
-   number such as 1E400 or 3.141592653589793238462643383279 may indicate
-   potential interoperability problems, since it suggests that the
-   software that created it expects receiving software to have greater
-   capabilities for numeric magnitude and precision than is widely
-   available.
-   Note that when such software is used, numbers that are integers and
-   are in the range [-(2**53)+1, (2**53)-1] are interoperable in the
-   sense that implementations will agree exactly on their numeric
-   values.
-Bray                         Standards Track                    [Page 7]
-RFC 7159                          JSON                        March 2014
-7.  Strings
-   The representation of strings is similar to conventions used in the C
-   family of programming languages.  A string begins and ends with
-   quotation marks.  All Unicode characters may be placed within the
-   quotation marks, except for the characters that must be escaped:
-   quotation mark, reverse solidus, and the control characters (U+0000
-   through U+001F).
-   Any character may be escaped.  If the character is in the Basic
-   Multilingual Plane (U+0000 through U+FFFF), then it may be
-   represented as a six-character sequence: a reverse solidus, followed
-   by the lowercase letter u, followed by four hexadecimal digits that
-   encode the character's code point.  The hexadecimal letters A though
-   F can be upper or lower case.  So, for example, a string containing
-   only a single reverse solidus character may be represented as
-   "\u005C".
-   Alternatively, there are two-character sequence escape
-   representations of some popular characters.  So, for example, a
-   string containing only a single reverse solidus character may be
-   represented more compactly as "\\".
-   To escape an extended character that is not in the Basic Multilingual
-   Plane, the character is represented as a 12-character sequence,
-   encoding the UTF-16 surrogate pair.  So, for example, a string
-   containing only the G clef character (U+1D11E) may be represented as
-   "\uD834\uDD1E".
-      string = quotation-mark *char quotation-mark
-      char = unescaped /
-          escape (
-              %x22 /          ; "    quotation mark  U+0022
-              %x5C /          ; \    reverse solidus U+005C
-              %x2F /          ; /    solidus         U+002F
-              %x62 /          ; b    backspace       U+0008
-              %x66 /          ; f    form feed       U+000C
-              %x6E /          ; n    line feed       U+000A
-              %x72 /          ; r    carriage return U+000D
-              %x74 /          ; t    tab             U+0009
-              %x75 4HEXDIG )  ; uXXXX                U+XXXX
-      escape = %x5C              ; \
-      quotation-mark = %x22      ; "
-      unescaped = %x20-21 / %x23-5B / %x5D-10FFFF
-Bray                         Standards Track                    [Page 8]
-RFC 7159                          JSON                        March 2014
-8.  String and Character Issues
-8.1.  Character Encoding
-   JSON text SHALL be encoded in UTF-8, UTF-16, or UTF-32.  The default
-   encoding is UTF-8, and JSON texts that are encoded in UTF-8 are
-   interoperable in the sense that they will be read successfully by the
-   maximum number of implementations; there are many implementations
-   that cannot successfully read texts in other encodings (such as
-   UTF-16 and UTF-32).
-   Implementations MUST NOT add a byte order mark to the beginning of a
-   JSON text.  In the interests of interoperability, implementations
-   that parse JSON texts MAY ignore the presence of a byte order mark
-   rather than treating it as an error.
-8.2.  Unicode Characters
-   When all the strings represented in a JSON text are composed entirely
-   of Unicode characters [UNICODE] (however escaped), then that JSON
-   text is interoperable in the sense that all software implementations
-   that parse it will agree on the contents of names and of string
-   values in objects and arrays.
-   However, the ABNF in this specification allows member names and
-   string values to contain bit sequences that cannot encode Unicode
-   characters; for example, "\uDEAD" (a single unpaired UTF-16
-   surrogate).  Instances of this have been observed, for example, when
-   a library truncates a UTF-16 string without checking whether the
-   truncation split a surrogate pair.  The behavior of software that
-   receives JSON texts containing such values is unpredictable; for
-   example, implementations might return different values for the length
-   of a string value or even suffer fatal runtime exceptions.
-8.3.  String Comparison
-   Software implementations are typically required to test names of
-   object members for equality.  Implementations that transform the
-   textual representation into sequences of Unicode code units and then
-   perform the comparison numerically, code unit by code unit, are
-   interoperable in the sense that implementations will agree in all
-   cases on equality or inequality of two strings.  For example,
-   implementations that compare strings with escaped characters
-   unconverted may incorrectly find that "a\\b" and "a\u005Cb" are not
-   equal.
-Bray                         Standards Track                    [Page 9]
-RFC 7159                          JSON                        March 2014
-9.  Parsers
-   A JSON parser transforms a JSON text into another representation.  A
-   JSON parser MUST accept all texts that conform to the JSON grammar.
-   A JSON parser MAY accept non-JSON forms or extensions.
-   An implementation may set limits on the size of texts that it
-   accepts.  An implementation may set limits on the maximum depth of
-   nesting.  An implementation may set limits on the range and precision
-   of numbers.  An implementation may set limits on the length and
-   character contents of strings.
-10.  Generators
-   A JSON generator produces JSON text.  The resulting text MUST
-   strictly conform to the JSON grammar.
-11.  IANA Considerations
-   The MIME media type for JSON text is application/json.
-   Type name:  application
-   Subtype name:  json
-   Required parameters:  n/a
-   Optional parameters:  n/a
-   Encoding considerations:  binary
-   Security considerations:  See [RFC7159], Section 12.
-   Interoperability considerations:  Described in [RFC7159]
-   Published specification:  [RFC7159]
-   Applications that use this media type:
-      JSON has been used to exchange data between applications written
-      in all of these programming languages: ActionScript, C, C#,
-      Clojure, ColdFusion, Common Lisp, E, Erlang, Go, Java, JavaScript,
-      Lua, Objective CAML, Perl, PHP, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Scala, and
-      Scheme.
-Bray                         Standards Track                   [Page 10]
-RFC 7159                          JSON                        March 2014
-   Additional information:
-      Magic number(s): n/a
-      File extension(s): .json
-      Macintosh file type code(s): TEXT
-   Person & email address to contact for further information:
-      IESG
-      <iesg@ietf.org>
-   Intended usage:  COMMON
-   Restrictions on usage:  none
-   Author:
-      Douglas Crockford
-      <douglas@crockford.com>
-   Change controller:
-      IESG
-      <iesg@ietf.org>
-   Note:  No "charset" parameter is defined for this registration.
-      Adding one really has no effect on compliant recipients.
-12.  Security Considerations
-   Generally, there are security issues with scripting languages.  JSON
-   is a subset of JavaScript but excludes assignment and invocation.
-   Since JSON's syntax is borrowed from JavaScript, it is possible to
-   use that language's "eval()" function to parse JSON texts.  This
-   generally constitutes an unacceptable security risk, since the text
-   could contain executable code along with data declarations.  The same
-   consideration applies to the use of eval()-like functions in any
-   other programming language in which JSON texts conform to that
-   language's syntax.
-Bray                         Standards Track                   [Page 11]
-RFC 7159                          JSON                        March 2014
-13.  Examples
-   This is a JSON object:
-      {
-        "Image": {
-            "Width":  800,
-            "Height": 600,
-            "Title":  "View from 15th Floor",
-            "Thumbnail": {
-                "Url":    "http://www.example.com/image/481989943",
-                "Height": 125,
-                "Width":  100
-            },
-            "Animated" : false,
-            "IDs": [116, 943, 234, 38793]
-          }
-      }
-   Its Image member is an object whose Thumbnail member is an object and
-   whose IDs member is an array of numbers.
-   This is a JSON array containing two objects:
-      [
-        {
-           "precision": "zip",
-           "Latitude":  37.7668,
-           "Longitude": -122.3959,
-           "Address":   "",
-           "City":      "SAN FRANCISCO",
-           "State":     "CA",
-           "Zip":       "94107",
-           "Country":   "US"
-        },
-        {
-           "precision": "zip",
-           "Latitude":  37.371991,
-           "Longitude": -122.026020,
-           "Address":   "",
-           "City":      "SUNNYVALE",
-           "State":     "CA",
-           "Zip":       "94085",
-           "Country":   "US"
-        }
-      ]
-Bray                         Standards Track                   [Page 12]
-RFC 7159                          JSON                        March 2014
-   Here are three small JSON texts containing only values:
-   "Hello world!"
-   42
-   true
-14.  Contributors
-   RFC 4627 was written by Douglas Crockford.  This document was
-   constructed by making a relatively small number of changes to that
-   document; thus, the vast majority of the text here is his.
-15.  References
-15.1.  Normative References
-   [IEEE754]  IEEE, "IEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic", IEEE
-              Standard 754, August 2008,
-              <http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/754/>.
-   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
-              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
-   [RFC5234]  Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
-              Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008.
-   [UNICODE]  The Unicode Consortium, "The Unicode Standard",
-              <http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/>.
-15.2.  Informative References
-   [ECMA-262] Ecma International, "ECMAScript Language Specification
-              Edition 5.1", Standard ECMA-262, June 2011,
-              <http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/
-              Ecma-262.htm>.
-   [ECMA-404] Ecma International, "The JSON Data Interchange Format",
-              Standard ECMA-404, October 2013,
-              <http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/
-              Ecma-404.htm>.
-   [Err3607]  RFC Errata, Errata ID 3607, RFC 3607,
-              <http://www.rfc-editor.org>.
-Bray                         Standards Track                   [Page 13]
-RFC 7159                          JSON                        March 2014
-   [Err607]   RFC Errata, Errata ID 607, RFC 607,
-              <http://www.rfc-editor.org>.
-   [RFC4627]  Crockford, D., "The application/json Media Type for
-              JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)", RFC 4627, July 2006.
-Bray                         Standards Track                   [Page 14]
-RFC 7159                          JSON                        March 2014
-Appendix A.  Changes from RFC 4627
-   This section lists changes between this document and the text in RFC
-   4627.
-   o  Changed the title and abstract of the document.
-   o  Changed the reference to [UNICODE] to be not version specific.
-   o  Added a "Specifications of JSON" section.
-   o  Added an "Introduction to This Revision" section.
-   o  Changed the definition of "JSON text" so that it can be any JSON
-      value, removing the constraint that it be an object or array.
-   o  Added language about duplicate object member names, member
-      ordering, and interoperability.
-   o  Clarified the absence of a requirement that values in an array be
-      of the same JSON type.
-   o  Applied erratum #607 from RFC 4627 to correctly align the artwork
-      for the definition of "object".
-   o  Changed "as sequences of digits" to "in the grammar below" in the
-      "Numbers" section, and made base-10-ness explicit.
-   o  Added language about number interoperability as a function of
-      IEEE754, and added an IEEE754 reference.
-   o  Added language about interoperability and Unicode characters and
-      about string comparisons.  To do this, turned the old "Encoding"
-      section into a "String and Character Issues" section, with three
-      subsections: "Character Encoding", "Unicode Characters", and
-      "String Comparison".
-   o  Changed guidance in the "Parsers" section to point out that
-      implementations may set limits on the range "and precision" of
-      numbers.
-   o  Updated and tidied the "IANA Considerations" section.
-   o  Made a real "Security Considerations" section and lifted the text
-      out of the previous "IANA Considerations" section.
-Bray                         Standards Track                   [Page 15]
-RFC 7159                          JSON                        March 2014
-   o  Applied erratum #3607 from RFC 4627 by removing the security
-      consideration that begins "A JSON text can be safely passed" and
-      the JavaScript code that went with that consideration.
-   o  Added a note to the "Security Considerations" section pointing out
-      the risks of using the "eval()" function in JavaScript or any
-      other language in which JSON texts conform to that language's
-      syntax.
-   o  Added a note to the "IANA Considerations" clarifying the absence
-      of a "charset" parameter for the application/json media type.
-   o  Changed "100" to 100 and added a boolean field, both in the first
-      example.
-   o  Added examples of JSON texts with simple values, neither objects
-      nor arrays.
-   o  Added a "Contributors" section crediting Douglas Crockford.
-   o  Added a reference to RFC 4627.
-   o  Moved the ECMAScript reference from Normative to Informative and
-      updated it to reference ECMAScript 5.1, and added a reference to
-      ECMA 404.
-Author's Address
-   Tim Bray (editor)
-   Google, Inc.
-   EMail: tbray@textuality.com
-Bray                         Standards Track                   [Page 16]