dec_number 0.0.0

data/ext/dec_number/decNumber/decSingle.h

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decSingle.h -- Decimal 32-bit format module header                 */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Copyright (c) IBM Corporation, 2000, 2008.  All rights reserved.   */
+/*                                                                    */
+/* This software is made available under the terms of the             */
+/* ICU License -- ICU 1.8.1 and later.                                */
+/*                                                                    */
+/* The description and User's Guide ("The decNumber C Library") for   */
+/* this software is included in the package as decNumber.pdf.  This   */
+/* document is also available in HTML, together with specifications,  */
+/* testcases, and Web links, on the General Decimal Arithmetic page.  */
+/*                                                                    */
+/* Please send comments, suggestions, and corrections to the author:  */
+/*   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   */
+/*   Mike Cowlishaw, IBM Fellow                                       */
+/*   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+#if !defined(DECSINGLE)
+  #define DECSINGLE
+
+  #define DECSINGLENAME       "decSingle"             /* Short name   */
+  #define DECSINGLETITLE      "Decimal 32-bit datum"  /* Verbose name */
+  #define DECSINGLEAUTHOR     "Mike Cowlishaw"        /* Who to blame */
+
+  /* parameters for decSingles */
+  #define DECSINGLE_Bytes    4     /* length                          */
+  #define DECSINGLE_Pmax     7     /* maximum precision (digits)      */
+  #define DECSINGLE_Emin   -95     /* minimum adjusted exponent       */
+  #define DECSINGLE_Emax    96     /* maximum adjusted exponent       */
+  #define DECSINGLE_EmaxD    3     /* maximum exponent digits         */
+  #define DECSINGLE_Bias   101     /* bias for the exponent           */
+  #define DECSINGLE_String  16     /* maximum string length, +1       */
+  #define DECSINGLE_EconL    6     /* exponent continuation length    */
+  #define DECSINGLE_Declets  2     /* count of declets                */
+  /* highest biased exponent (Elimit-1) */
+  #define DECSINGLE_Ehigh (DECSINGLE_Emax + DECSINGLE_Bias - (DECSINGLE_Pmax-1))
+
+  /* Required includes                                                */
+  #include "decContext.h"
+  #include "decQuad.h"
+  #include "decDouble.h"
+
+  /* The decSingle decimal 32-bit type, accessible by all sizes */
+  typedef union {
+    uint8_t   bytes[DECSINGLE_Bytes];   /* fields: 1, 5, 6, 20 bits */
+    uint16_t shorts[DECSINGLE_Bytes/2];
+    uint32_t  words[DECSINGLE_Bytes/4];
+    } decSingle;
+
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+  /* Routines -- implemented as decFloat routines in common files     */
+  /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+  /* Utilities (binary argument(s) or result, extractors, etc.) */
+  extern decSingle * decSingleFromBCD(decSingle *, int32_t, const uint8_t *, int32_t);
+  extern decSingle * decSingleFromPacked(decSingle *, int32_t, const uint8_t *);
+  extern decSingle * decSingleFromPackedChecked(decSingle *, int32_t, const uint8_t *);
+  extern decSingle * decSingleFromString(decSingle *, const char *, decContext *);
+  extern decSingle * decSingleFromWider(decSingle *, const decDouble *, decContext *);
+  extern int32_t     decSingleGetCoefficient(const decSingle *, uint8_t *);
+  extern int32_t     decSingleGetExponent(const decSingle *);
+  extern decSingle * decSingleSetCoefficient(decSingle *, const uint8_t *, int32_t);
+  extern decSingle * decSingleSetExponent(decSingle *, decContext *, int32_t);
+  extern void        decSingleShow(const decSingle *, const char *);
+  extern int32_t     decSingleToBCD(const decSingle *, int32_t *, uint8_t *);
+  extern char      * decSingleToEngString(const decSingle *, char *);
+  extern int32_t     decSingleToPacked(const decSingle *, int32_t *, uint8_t *);
+  extern char      * decSingleToString(const decSingle *, char *);
+  extern decDouble * decSingleToWider(const decSingle *, decDouble *);
+  extern decSingle * decSingleZero(decSingle *);
+
+  /* (No Arithmetic routines for decSingle) */
+
+  /* Non-computational */
+  extern uint32_t     decSingleRadix(const decSingle *);
+  extern const char * decSingleVersion(void);
+
+  /* decNumber conversions; these are implemented as macros so as not  */
+  /* to force a dependency on decimal32 and decNumber in decSingle.    */
+  /* decSingleFromNumber returns a decimal32 * to avoid warnings.      */
+  #define decSingleToNumber(dq, dn) decimal32ToNumber((decimal32 *)(dq), dn)
+  #define decSingleFromNumber(dq, dn, set) decimal32FromNumber((decimal32 *)(dq), dn, set)
+
+#endif

data/ext/dec_number/decNumber/decimal128.c

@@ -0,0 +1,553 @@
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Decimal 128-bit format module                                      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Copyright (c) IBM Corporation, 2000, 2008.  All rights reserved.   */
+/*                                                                    */
+/* This software is made available under the terms of the             */
+/* ICU License -- ICU 1.8.1 and later.                                */
+/*                                                                    */
+/* The description and User's Guide ("The decNumber C Library") for   */
+/* this software is called decNumber.pdf.  This document is           */
+/* available, together with arithmetic and format specifications,     */
+/* testcases, and Web links, on the General Decimal Arithmetic page.  */
+/*                                                                    */
+/* Please send comments, suggestions, and corrections to the author:  */
+/*   mfc@uk.ibm.com                                                   */
+/*   Mike Cowlishaw, IBM Fellow                                       */
+/*   IBM UK, PO Box 31, Birmingham Road, Warwick CV34 5JL, UK         */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* This module comprises the routines for decimal128 format numbers.  */
+/* Conversions are supplied to and from decNumber and String.         */
+/*                                                                    */
+/* This is used when decNumber provides operations, either for all    */
+/* operations or as a proxy between decNumber and decSingle.          */
+/*                                                                    */
+/* Error handling is the same as decNumber (qv.).                     */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+#include <string.h>           // [for memset/memcpy]
+#include <stdio.h>            // [for printf]
+
+#define  DECNUMDIGITS 34      // make decNumbers with space for 34
+#include "decNumber.h"        // base number library
+#include "decNumberLocal.h"   // decNumber local types, etc.
+#include "decimal128.h"       // our primary include
+
+/* Utility routines and tables [in decimal64.c] */
+// DPD2BIN and the reverse are renamed to prevent link-time conflict
+// if decQuad is also built in the same executable
+#define DPD2BIN DPD2BINx
+#define BIN2DPD BIN2DPDx
+extern const uInt   COMBEXP[32], COMBMSD[32];
+extern const uShort DPD2BIN[1024];
+extern const uShort BIN2DPD[1000];      // [not used]
+extern const uByte  BIN2CHAR[4001];
+
+extern void decDigitsFromDPD(decNumber *, const uInt *, Int);
+extern void decDigitsToDPD(const decNumber *, uInt *, Int);
+
+#if DECTRACE || DECCHECK
+void decimal128Show(const decimal128 *);          // for debug
+extern void decNumberShow(const decNumber *);     // ..
+#endif
+
+/* Useful macro */
+// Clear a structure (e.g., a decNumber)
+#define DEC_clear(d) memset(d, 0, sizeof(*d))
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decimal128FromNumber -- convert decNumber to decimal128            */
+/*                                                                    */
+/*   ds is the target decimal128                                      */
+/*   dn is the source number (assumed valid)                          */
+/*   set is the context, used only for reporting errors               */
+/*                                                                    */
+/* The set argument is used only for status reporting and for the     */
+/* rounding mode (used if the coefficient is more than DECIMAL128_Pmax*/
+/* digits or an overflow is detected).  If the exponent is out of the */
+/* valid range then Overflow or Underflow will be raised.             */
+/* After Underflow a subnormal result is possible.                    */
+/*                                                                    */
+/* DEC_Clamped is set if the number has to be 'folded down' to fit,   */
+/* by reducing its exponent and multiplying the coefficient by a      */
+/* power of ten, or if the exponent on a zero had to be clamped.      */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decimal128 * decimal128FromNumber(decimal128 *d128, const decNumber *dn,
+                                  decContext *set) {
+  uInt status=0;                   // status accumulator
+  Int ae;                          // adjusted exponent
+  decNumber  dw;                   // work
+  decContext dc;                   // ..
+  uInt comb, exp;                  // ..
+  uInt uiwork;                     // for macros
+  uInt targar[4]={0,0,0,0};        // target 128-bit
+  #define targhi targar[3]         // name the word with the sign
+  #define targmh targar[2]         // name the words
+  #define targml targar[1]         // ..
+  #define targlo targar[0]         // ..
+
+  // If the number has too many digits, or the exponent could be
+  // out of range then reduce the number under the appropriate
+  // constraints.  This could push the number to Infinity or zero,
+  // so this check and rounding must be done before generating the
+  // decimal128]
+  ae=dn->exponent+dn->digits-1;              // [0 if special]
+  if (dn->digits>DECIMAL128_Pmax             // too many digits
+   || ae>DECIMAL128_Emax                     // likely overflow
+   || ae<DECIMAL128_Emin) {                  // likely underflow
+    decContextDefault(&dc, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL128); // [no traps]
+    dc.round=set->round;                     // use supplied rounding
+    decNumberPlus(&dw, dn, &dc);             // (round and check)
+    // [this changes -0 to 0, so enforce the sign...]
+    dw.bits|=dn->bits&DECNEG;
+    status=dc.status;                        // save status
+    dn=&dw;                                  // use the work number
+    } // maybe out of range
+
+  if (dn->bits&DECSPECIAL) {                      // a special value
+    if (dn->bits&DECINF) targhi=DECIMAL_Inf<<24;
+     else {                                       // sNaN or qNaN
+      if ((*dn->lsu!=0 || dn->digits>1)           // non-zero coefficient
+       && (dn->digits<DECIMAL128_Pmax)) {         // coefficient fits
+        decDigitsToDPD(dn, targar, 0);
+        }
+      if (dn->bits&DECNAN) targhi|=DECIMAL_NaN<<24;
+       else targhi|=DECIMAL_sNaN<<24;
+      } // a NaN
+    } // special
+
+   else { // is finite
+    if (decNumberIsZero(dn)) {               // is a zero
+      // set and clamp exponent
+      if (dn->exponent<-DECIMAL128_Bias) {
+        exp=0;                               // low clamp
+        status|=DEC_Clamped;
+        }
+       else {
+        exp=dn->exponent+DECIMAL128_Bias;    // bias exponent
+        if (exp>DECIMAL128_Ehigh) {          // top clamp
+          exp=DECIMAL128_Ehigh;
+          status|=DEC_Clamped;
+          }
+        }
+      comb=(exp>>9) & 0x18;             // msd=0, exp top 2 bits ..
+      }
+     else {                             // non-zero finite number
+      uInt msd;                         // work
+      Int pad=0;                        // coefficient pad digits
+
+      // the dn is known to fit, but it may need to be padded
+      exp=(uInt)(dn->exponent+DECIMAL128_Bias);    // bias exponent
+      if (exp>DECIMAL128_Ehigh) {                  // fold-down case
+        pad=exp-DECIMAL128_Ehigh;
+        exp=DECIMAL128_Ehigh;                      // [to maximum]
+        status|=DEC_Clamped;
+        }
+
+      // [fastpath for common case is not a win, here]
+      decDigitsToDPD(dn, targar, pad);
+      // save and clear the top digit
+      msd=targhi>>14;
+      targhi&=0x00003fff;
+
+      // create the combination field
+      if (msd>=8) comb=0x18 | ((exp>>11) & 0x06) | (msd & 0x01);
+             else comb=((exp>>9) & 0x18) | msd;
+      }
+    targhi|=comb<<26;              // add combination field ..
+    targhi|=(exp&0xfff)<<14;       // .. and exponent continuation
+    } // finite
+
+  if (dn->bits&DECNEG) targhi|=0x80000000; // add sign bit
+
+  // now write to storage; this is endian
+  if (DECLITEND) {
+    // lo -> hi
+    UBFROMUI(d128->bytes,    targlo);
+    UBFROMUI(d128->bytes+4,  targml);
+    UBFROMUI(d128->bytes+8,  targmh);
+    UBFROMUI(d128->bytes+12, targhi);
+    }
+   else {
+    // hi -> lo
+    UBFROMUI(d128->bytes,    targhi);
+    UBFROMUI(d128->bytes+4,  targmh);
+    UBFROMUI(d128->bytes+8,  targml);
+    UBFROMUI(d128->bytes+12, targlo);
+    }
+
+  if (status!=0) decContextSetStatus(set, status); // pass on status
+  // decimal128Show(d128);
+  return d128;
+  } // decimal128FromNumber
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decimal128ToNumber -- convert decimal128 to decNumber              */
+/*   d128 is the source decimal128                                    */
+/*   dn is the target number, with appropriate space                  */
+/* No error is possible.                                              */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decNumber * decimal128ToNumber(const decimal128 *d128, decNumber *dn) {
+  uInt msd;                        // coefficient MSD
+  uInt exp;                        // exponent top two bits
+  uInt comb;                       // combination field
+  Int  need;                       // work
+  uInt uiwork;                     // for macros
+  uInt sourar[4];                  // source 128-bit
+  #define sourhi sourar[3]         // name the word with the sign
+  #define sourmh sourar[2]         // and the mid-high word
+  #define sourml sourar[1]         // and the mod-low word
+  #define sourlo sourar[0]         // and the lowest word
+
+  // load source from storage; this is endian
+  if (DECLITEND) {
+    sourlo=UBTOUI(d128->bytes   ); // directly load the low int
+    sourml=UBTOUI(d128->bytes+4 ); // then the mid-low
+    sourmh=UBTOUI(d128->bytes+8 ); // then the mid-high
+    sourhi=UBTOUI(d128->bytes+12); // then the high int
+    }
+   else {
+    sourhi=UBTOUI(d128->bytes   ); // directly load the high int
+    sourmh=UBTOUI(d128->bytes+4 ); // then the mid-high
+    sourml=UBTOUI(d128->bytes+8 ); // then the mid-low
+    sourlo=UBTOUI(d128->bytes+12); // then the low int
+    }
+
+  comb=(sourhi>>26)&0x1f;          // combination field
+
+  decNumberZero(dn);               // clean number
+  if (sourhi&0x80000000) dn->bits=DECNEG; // set sign if negative
+
+  msd=COMBMSD[comb];               // decode the combination field
+  exp=COMBEXP[comb];               // ..
+
+  if (exp==3) {                    // is a special
+    if (msd==0) {
+      dn->bits|=DECINF;
+      return dn;                   // no coefficient needed
+      }
+    else if (sourhi&0x02000000) dn->bits|=DECSNAN;
+    else dn->bits|=DECNAN;
+    msd=0;                         // no top digit
+    }
+   else {                          // is a finite number
+    dn->exponent=(exp<<12)+((sourhi>>14)&0xfff)-DECIMAL128_Bias; // unbiased
+    }
+
+  // get the coefficient
+  sourhi&=0x00003fff;              // clean coefficient continuation
+  if (msd) {                       // non-zero msd
+    sourhi|=msd<<14;               // prefix to coefficient
+    need=12;                       // process 12 declets
+    }
+   else { // msd=0
+    if (sourhi) need=11;           // declets to process
+     else if (sourmh) need=10;
+     else if (sourml) need=7;
+     else if (sourlo) need=4;
+     else return dn;               // easy: coefficient is 0
+    } //msd=0
+
+  decDigitsFromDPD(dn, sourar, need);   // process declets
+  // decNumberShow(dn);
+  return dn;
+  } // decimal128ToNumber
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* to-scientific-string -- conversion to numeric string               */
+/* to-engineering-string -- conversion to numeric string              */
+/*                                                                    */
+/*   decimal128ToString(d128, string);                                */
+/*   decimal128ToEngString(d128, string);                             */
+/*                                                                    */
+/*  d128 is the decimal128 format number to convert                   */
+/*  string is the string where the result will be laid out            */
+/*                                                                    */
+/*  string must be at least 24 characters                             */
+/*                                                                    */
+/*  No error is possible, and no status can be set.                   */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+char * decimal128ToEngString(const decimal128 *d128, char *string){
+  decNumber dn;                         // work
+  decimal128ToNumber(d128, &dn);
+  decNumberToEngString(&dn, string);
+  return string;
+  } // decimal128ToEngString
+
+char * decimal128ToString(const decimal128 *d128, char *string){
+  uInt msd;                        // coefficient MSD
+  Int  exp;                        // exponent top two bits or full
+  uInt comb;                       // combination field
+  char *cstart;                    // coefficient start
+  char *c;                         // output pointer in string
+  const uByte *u;                  // work
+  char *s, *t;                     // .. (source, target)
+  Int  dpd;                        // ..
+  Int  pre, e;                     // ..
+  uInt uiwork;                     // for macros
+
+  uInt sourar[4];                  // source 128-bit
+  #define sourhi sourar[3]         // name the word with the sign
+  #define sourmh sourar[2]         // and the mid-high word
+  #define sourml sourar[1]         // and the mod-low word
+  #define sourlo sourar[0]         // and the lowest word
+
+  // load source from storage; this is endian
+  if (DECLITEND) {
+    sourlo=UBTOUI(d128->bytes   ); // directly load the low int
+    sourml=UBTOUI(d128->bytes+4 ); // then the mid-low
+    sourmh=UBTOUI(d128->bytes+8 ); // then the mid-high
+    sourhi=UBTOUI(d128->bytes+12); // then the high int
+    }
+   else {
+    sourhi=UBTOUI(d128->bytes   ); // directly load the high int
+    sourmh=UBTOUI(d128->bytes+4 ); // then the mid-high
+    sourml=UBTOUI(d128->bytes+8 ); // then the mid-low
+    sourlo=UBTOUI(d128->bytes+12); // then the low int
+    }
+
+  c=string;                        // where result will go
+  if (((Int)sourhi)<0) *c++='-';   // handle sign
+
+  comb=(sourhi>>26)&0x1f;          // combination field
+  msd=COMBMSD[comb];               // decode the combination field
+  exp=COMBEXP[comb];               // ..
+
+  if (exp==3) {
+    if (msd==0) {                  // infinity
+      strcpy(c,   "Inf");
+      strcpy(c+3, "inity");
+      return string;               // easy
+      }
+    if (sourhi&0x02000000) *c++='s'; // sNaN
+    strcpy(c, "NaN");              // complete word
+    c+=3;                          // step past
+    if (sourlo==0 && sourml==0 && sourmh==0
+     && (sourhi&0x0003ffff)==0) return string; // zero payload
+    // otherwise drop through to add integer; set correct exp
+    exp=0; msd=0;                  // setup for following code
+    }
+   else exp=(exp<<12)+((sourhi>>14)&0xfff)-DECIMAL128_Bias; // unbiased
+
+  // convert 34 digits of significand to characters
+  cstart=c;                        // save start of coefficient
+  if (msd) *c++='0'+(char)msd;     // non-zero most significant digit
+
+  // Now decode the declets.  After extracting each one, it is
+  // decoded to binary and then to a 4-char sequence by table lookup;
+  // the 4-chars are a 1-char length (significant digits, except 000
+  // has length 0).  This allows us to left-align the first declet
+  // with non-zero content, then remaining ones are full 3-char
+  // length.  We use fixed-length memcpys because variable-length
+  // causes a subroutine call in GCC.  (These are length 4 for speed
+  // and are safe because the array has an extra terminator byte.)
+  #define dpd2char u=&BIN2CHAR[DPD2BIN[dpd]*4];                   \
+                   if (c!=cstart) {memcpy(c, u+1, 4); c+=3;}      \
+                    else if (*u)  {memcpy(c, u+4-*u, 4); c+=*u;}
+  dpd=(sourhi>>4)&0x3ff;                     // declet 1
+  dpd2char;
+  dpd=((sourhi&0xf)<<6) | (sourmh>>26);      // declet 2
+  dpd2char;
+  dpd=(sourmh>>16)&0x3ff;                    // declet 3
+  dpd2char;
+  dpd=(sourmh>>6)&0x3ff;                     // declet 4
+  dpd2char;
+  dpd=((sourmh&0x3f)<<4) | (sourml>>28);     // declet 5
+  dpd2char;
+  dpd=(sourml>>18)&0x3ff;                    // declet 6
+  dpd2char;
+  dpd=(sourml>>8)&0x3ff;                     // declet 7
+  dpd2char;
+  dpd=((sourml&0xff)<<2) | (sourlo>>30);     // declet 8
+  dpd2char;
+  dpd=(sourlo>>20)&0x3ff;                    // declet 9
+  dpd2char;
+  dpd=(sourlo>>10)&0x3ff;                    // declet 10
+  dpd2char;
+  dpd=(sourlo)&0x3ff;                        // declet 11
+  dpd2char;
+
+  if (c==cstart) *c++='0';         // all zeros -- make 0
+
+  if (exp==0) {                    // integer or NaN case -- easy
+    *c='\0';                       // terminate
+    return string;
+    }
+
+  /* non-0 exponent */
+  e=0;                             // assume no E
+  pre=c-cstart+exp;
+  // [here, pre-exp is the digits count (==1 for zero)]
+  if (exp>0 || pre<-5) {           // need exponential form
+    e=pre-1;                       // calculate E value
+    pre=1;                         // assume one digit before '.'
+    } // exponential form
+
+  /* modify the coefficient, adding 0s, '.', and E+nn as needed */
+  s=c-1;                           // source (LSD)
+  if (pre>0) {                     // ddd.ddd (plain), perhaps with E
+    char *dotat=cstart+pre;
+    if (dotat<c) {                 // if embedded dot needed...
+      t=c;                              // target
+      for (; s>=dotat; s--, t--) *t=*s; // open the gap; leave t at gap
+      *t='.';                           // insert the dot
+      c++;                              // length increased by one
+      }
+
+    // finally add the E-part, if needed; it will never be 0, and has
+    // a maximum length of 4 digits
+    if (e!=0) {
+      *c++='E';                    // starts with E
+      *c++='+';                    // assume positive
+      if (e<0) {
+        *(c-1)='-';                // oops, need '-'
+        e=-e;                      // uInt, please
+        }
+      if (e<1000) {                // 3 (or fewer) digits case
+        u=&BIN2CHAR[e*4];          // -> length byte
+        memcpy(c, u+4-*u, 4);      // copy fixed 4 characters [is safe]
+        c+=*u;                     // bump pointer appropriately
+        }
+       else {                      // 4-digits
+        Int thou=((e>>3)*1049)>>17; // e/1000
+        Int rem=e-(1000*thou);      // e%1000
+        *c++='0'+(char)thou;
+        u=&BIN2CHAR[rem*4];        // -> length byte
+        memcpy(c, u+1, 4);         // copy fixed 3+1 characters [is safe]
+        c+=3;                      // bump pointer, always 3 digits
+        }
+      }
+    *c='\0';                       // add terminator
+    //printf("res %s\n", string);
+    return string;
+    } // pre>0
+
+  /* -5<=pre<=0: here for plain 0.ddd or 0.000ddd forms (can never have E) */
+  t=c+1-pre;
+  *(t+1)='\0';                          // can add terminator now
+  for (; s>=cstart; s--, t--) *t=*s;    // shift whole coefficient right
+  c=cstart;
+  *c++='0';                             // always starts with 0.
+  *c++='.';
+  for (; pre<0; pre++) *c++='0';        // add any 0's after '.'
+  //printf("res %s\n", string);
+  return string;
+  } // decimal128ToString
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* to-number -- conversion from numeric string                        */
+/*                                                                    */
+/*   decimal128FromString(result, string, set);                       */
+/*                                                                    */
+/*  result  is the decimal128 format number which gets the result of  */
+/*          the conversion                                            */
+/*  *string is the character string which should contain a valid      */
+/*          number (which may be a special value)                     */
+/*  set     is the context                                            */
+/*                                                                    */
+/* The context is supplied to this routine is used for error handling */
+/* (setting of status and traps) and for the rounding mode, only.     */
+/* If an error occurs, the result will be a valid decimal128 NaN.     */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decimal128 * decimal128FromString(decimal128 *result, const char *string,
+                                  decContext *set) {
+  decContext dc;                             // work
+  decNumber dn;                              // ..
+
+  decContextDefault(&dc, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL128); // no traps, please
+  dc.round=set->round;                         // use supplied rounding
+
+  decNumberFromString(&dn, string, &dc);     // will round if needed
+  decimal128FromNumber(result, &dn, &dc);
+  if (dc.status!=0) {                        // something happened
+    decContextSetStatus(set, dc.status);     // .. pass it on
+    }
+  return result;
+  } // decimal128FromString
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decimal128IsCanonical -- test whether encoding is canonical        */
+/*   d128 is the source decimal128                                    */
+/*   returns 1 if the encoding of d128 is canonical, 0 otherwise      */
+/* No error is possible.                                              */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+uInt decimal128IsCanonical(const decimal128 *d128) {
+  decNumber dn;                         // work
+  decimal128 canon;                      // ..
+  decContext dc;                        // ..
+  decContextDefault(&dc, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL128);
+  decimal128ToNumber(d128, &dn);
+  decimal128FromNumber(&canon, &dn, &dc);// canon will now be canonical
+  return memcmp(d128, &canon, DECIMAL128_Bytes)==0;
+  } // decimal128IsCanonical
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decimal128Canonical -- copy an encoding, ensuring it is canonical  */
+/*   d128 is the source decimal128                                    */
+/*   result is the target (may be the same decimal128)                */
+/*   returns result                                                   */
+/* No error is possible.                                              */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+decimal128 * decimal128Canonical(decimal128 *result, const decimal128 *d128) {
+  decNumber dn;                         // work
+  decContext dc;                        // ..
+  decContextDefault(&dc, DEC_INIT_DECIMAL128);
+  decimal128ToNumber(d128, &dn);
+  decimal128FromNumber(result, &dn, &dc);// result will now be canonical
+  return result;
+  } // decimal128Canonical
+
+#if DECTRACE || DECCHECK
+/* Macros for accessing decimal128 fields.  These assume the argument
+   is a reference (pointer) to the decimal128 structure, and the
+   decimal128 is in network byte order (big-endian) */
+// Get sign
+#define decimal128Sign(d)       ((unsigned)(d)->bytes[0]>>7)
+
+// Get combination field
+#define decimal128Comb(d)       (((d)->bytes[0] & 0x7c)>>2)
+
+// Get exponent continuation [does not remove bias]
+#define decimal128ExpCon(d)     ((((d)->bytes[0] & 0x03)<<10)         \
+                              | ((unsigned)(d)->bytes[1]<<2)          \
+                              | ((unsigned)(d)->bytes[2]>>6))
+
+// Set sign [this assumes sign previously 0]
+#define decimal128SetSign(d, b) {                                     \
+  (d)->bytes[0]|=((unsigned)(b)<<7);}
+
+// Set exponent continuation [does not apply bias]
+// This assumes range has been checked and exponent previously 0;
+// type of exponent must be unsigned
+#define decimal128SetExpCon(d, e) {                                   \
+  (d)->bytes[0]|=(uByte)((e)>>10);                                    \
+  (d)->bytes[1] =(uByte)(((e)&0x3fc)>>2);                             \
+  (d)->bytes[2]|=(uByte)(((e)&0x03)<<6);}
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* decimal128Show -- display a decimal128 in hexadecimal [debug aid]  */
+/*   d128 -- the number to show                                       */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+// Also shows sign/cob/expconfields extracted
+void decimal128Show(const decimal128 *d128) {
+  char buf[DECIMAL128_Bytes*2+1];
+  Int i, j=0;
+
+  if (DECLITEND) {
+    for (i=0; i<DECIMAL128_Bytes; i++, j+=2) {
+      sprintf(&buf[j], "%02x", d128->bytes[15-i]);
+      }
+    printf(" D128> %s [S:%d Cb:%02x Ec:%02x] LittleEndian\n", buf,
+           d128->bytes[15]>>7, (d128->bytes[15]>>2)&0x1f,
+           ((d128->bytes[15]&0x3)<<10)|(d128->bytes[14]<<2)|
+           (d128->bytes[13]>>6));
+    }
+   else {
+    for (i=0; i<DECIMAL128_Bytes; i++, j+=2) {
+      sprintf(&buf[j], "%02x", d128->bytes[i]);
+      }
+    printf(" D128> %s [S:%d Cb:%02x Ec:%02x] BigEndian\n", buf,
+           decimal128Sign(d128), decimal128Comb(d128),
+           decimal128ExpCon(d128));
+    }
+  } // decimal128Show
+#endif