RubyGems - daru - Versions diffs - 0.1.5 → 0.1.6 - Mend

daru 0.1.5 → 0.1.6

Files changed (81) hide show

checksums.yaml +4 -4
data/.rubocop.yml +20 -7
data/CONTRIBUTING.md +1 -1
data/History.md +48 -1
data/README.md +3 -3
data/benchmarks/statistics.rb +6 -6
data/benchmarks/where_clause.rb +1 -1
data/benchmarks/where_vs_filter.rb +1 -1
data/daru.gemspec +3 -2
data/lib/daru.rb +14 -6
data/lib/daru/accessors/gsl_wrapper.rb +1 -1
data/lib/daru/accessors/nmatrix_wrapper.rb +2 -0
data/lib/daru/category.rb +1 -1
data/lib/daru/core/group_by.rb +32 -15
data/lib/daru/core/query.rb +4 -4
data/lib/daru/dataframe.rb +196 -48
data/lib/daru/date_time/index.rb +7 -5
data/lib/daru/formatters/table.rb +1 -0
data/lib/daru/index/index.rb +121 -33
data/lib/daru/index/multi_index.rb +83 -3
data/lib/daru/io/csv/converters.rb +18 -0
data/lib/daru/io/io.rb +80 -11
data/lib/daru/io/sql_data_source.rb +10 -0
data/lib/daru/iruby/templates/dataframe.html.erb +3 -50
data/lib/daru/iruby/templates/dataframe_mi.html.erb +3 -56
data/lib/daru/iruby/templates/dataframe_mi_tbody.html.erb +35 -0
data/lib/daru/iruby/templates/dataframe_mi_thead.html.erb +21 -0
data/lib/daru/iruby/templates/dataframe_tbody.html.erb +28 -0
data/lib/daru/iruby/templates/dataframe_thead.html.erb +21 -0
data/lib/daru/iruby/templates/vector.html.erb +3 -25
data/lib/daru/iruby/templates/vector_mi.html.erb +3 -34
data/lib/daru/iruby/templates/vector_mi_tbody.html.erb +26 -0
data/lib/daru/iruby/templates/vector_mi_thead.html.erb +8 -0
data/lib/daru/iruby/templates/vector_tbody.html.erb +17 -0
data/lib/daru/iruby/templates/vector_thead.html.erb +8 -0
data/lib/daru/maths/statistics/dataframe.rb +9 -11
data/lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb +139 -32
data/lib/daru/plotting/gruff/dataframe.rb +13 -15
data/lib/daru/plotting/nyaplot/category.rb +1 -1
data/lib/daru/plotting/nyaplot/dataframe.rb +4 -4
data/lib/daru/plotting/nyaplot/vector.rb +1 -2
data/lib/daru/vector.rb +169 -80
data/lib/daru/version.rb +1 -1
data/spec/category_spec.rb +19 -19
data/spec/core/group_by_spec.rb +47 -0
data/spec/core/query_spec.rb +55 -50
data/spec/daru_spec.rb +22 -0
data/spec/dataframe_spec.rb +118 -6
data/spec/date_time/index_spec.rb +34 -16
data/spec/extensions/rserve_spec.rb +1 -1
data/spec/fixtures/boolean_converter_test.csv +5 -0
data/spec/fixtures/eciresults.html +394 -0
data/spec/fixtures/empty_rows_test.csv +17 -0
data/spec/fixtures/macau.html +3691 -0
data/spec/fixtures/macd_data.csv +150 -0
data/spec/fixtures/moneycontrol.html +6812 -0
data/spec/fixtures/url_test.txt~ +0 -0
data/spec/fixtures/valid_markup.html +62 -0
data/spec/fixtures/wiki_climate.html +1243 -0
data/spec/fixtures/wiki_table_info.html +631 -0
data/spec/formatters/table_formatter_spec.rb +29 -0
data/spec/index/categorical_index_spec.rb +33 -33
data/spec/index/index_spec.rb +134 -41
data/spec/index/multi_index_spec.rb +115 -31
data/spec/io/io_spec.rb +201 -0
data/spec/io/sql_data_source_spec.rb +31 -41
data/spec/iruby/dataframe_spec.rb +17 -19
data/spec/iruby/vector_spec.rb +26 -28
data/spec/maths/statistics/vector_spec.rb +136 -14
data/spec/plotting/gruff/category_spec.rb +3 -3
data/spec/plotting/gruff/dataframe_spec.rb +14 -4
data/spec/plotting/gruff/vector_spec.rb +9 -9
data/spec/plotting/nyaplot/category_spec.rb +5 -9
data/spec/plotting/nyaplot/dataframe_spec.rb +72 -47
data/spec/plotting/nyaplot/vector_spec.rb +5 -11
data/spec/shared/vector_display_spec.rb +12 -14
data/spec/spec_helper.rb +21 -0
data/spec/support/matchers.rb +5 -0
data/spec/vector_spec.rb +222 -72
metadata +68 -23
data/spec/fixtures/stock_data.csv +0 -500

data/spec/fixtures/wiki_table_info.html ADDED

@@ -0,0 +1,631 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr">
+<head>
+<meta charset="UTF-8"/>
+<title>Table (information) - Wikipedia</title>
+<script>document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace( /(^|\s)client-nojs(\s|$)/, "$1client-js$2" );</script>
+<script>(window.RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Table_(information)","wgTitle":"Table (information)","wgCurRevisionId":767870625,"wgRevisionId":767870625,"wgArticleId":337862,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with inconsistent citation formats","Articles needing cleanup from October 2009","All articles needing cleanup","Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from October 2009","Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from October 2009","Commons category with local link same as on Wikidata","Infographics","Data modeling"],"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgMonthNamesShort":["","Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"wgRelevantPageName":"Table_(information)","wgRelevantArticleId":337862,"wgRequestId":"WLVtrApAEKoAAF5HUvAAAABX","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{}},"wgStableRevisionId":null,"wgWikiEditorEnabledModules":{"toolbar":true,"dialogs":true,"preview":false,"publish":false},"wgBetaFeaturesFeatures":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsShouldSendModuleToUser":false,"wgPopupsConflictsWithNavPopupGadget":false,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","usePageImages":true,"usePageDescriptions":true},"wgPreferredVariant":"en","wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"nearby":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true},"wgRelatedArticles":null,"wgRelatedArticlesBetaFeatureEnabled":false,"wgRelatedArticlesUseCirrusSearch":true,"wgRelatedArticlesOnlyUseCirrusSearch":false,"wgULSCurrentAutonym":"English","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCentralNoticeCookiesToDelete":[],"wgCentralNoticeCategoriesUsingLegacy":["Fundraising","fundraising"],"wgCategoryTreePageCategoryOptions":"{\"mode\":0,\"hideprefix\":20,\"showcount\":true,\"namespaces\":false}","wgWikibaseItemId":"Q496946","wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgVisualEditorToolbarScrollOffset":0,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":false});mw.loader.state({"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.site.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","noscript":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","user.tokens":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","mediawiki.legacy.shared":"ready","mediawiki.legacy.commonPrint":"ready","mediawiki.sectionAnchor":"ready","mediawiki.skinning.interface":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.site":"ready"});mw.loader.implement("user.options@0j3lz3q",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.options.set({"variant":"en"});});mw.loader.implement("user.tokens@1dqfd7l",function ( $, jQuery, require, module ) {
+mw.user.tokens.set({"editToken":"+\\","patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"});/*@nomin*/;
+});mw.loader.load(["ext.cite.a11y","mediawiki.toc","mediawiki.action.view.postEdit","site","mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.user","mediawiki.hidpi","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.legacy.wikibits","mediawiki.searchSuggest","ext.gadget.teahouse","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.watchlist-notice","ext.gadget.DRN-wizard","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.extra-toolbar-buttons","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.featured-articles-links","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.head","mmv.bootstrap.autostart","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.eventLogging.subscriber","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.eventlogger","ext.uls.init","ext.uls.interface","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","skins.vector.js"]);});</script>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?debug=false&amp;lang=en&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cmediawiki.legacy.commonPrint%2Cshared%7Cmediawiki.sectionAnchor%7Cmediawiki.skinning.interface%7Cskins.vector.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector"/>
+<script async="" src="/w/load.php?debug=false&amp;lang=en&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;skin=vector"></script>
+<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?debug=false&amp;lang=en&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector"/>
+<meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.29.0-wmf.13"/>
+<meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"/>
+<meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Table-sample-appearance-default-params-values-01.gif"/>
+<link rel="alternate" href="android-app://org.wikipedia/http/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(information)"/>
+<link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&amp;action=edit"/>
+<link rel="edit" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&amp;action=edit"/>
+<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"/>
+<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"/>
+<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)"/>
+<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"/>
+<link rel="copyright" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"/>
+<link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(information)"/>
+<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"/>
+<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" />
+</head>
+<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Table_information rootpage-Table_information skin-vector action-view">        <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div>
+        <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div>
+        <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main">
+            <a id="top"></a>
+                            <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div>
+                        <div class="mw-indicators">
+</div>
+            <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Table (information)</h1>
+                                    <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+                                    <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
+                                <div id="contentSub"></div>
+                                                <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump">
+                    Jump to:                    <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>,                  <a href="#p-search">search</a>
+                </div>
+                <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote">"Tabular" redirects here. For the typewriter key, see <a href="/wiki/Tab_key" title="Tab key">tab key</a>.</div>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote"><span class="plainlinks selfreference noprint">For sortable tables in Wikipedia, see <a href="/wiki/Help:Sorting" title="Help:Sorting">Help:Sorting</a></span></div>
+<table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image">
+<div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div>
+</td>
+<td class="mbox-text"><span class="mbox-text-span">This article may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. <span class="hide-when-compact">No <a href="/wiki/Template:Cleanup/doc" title="Template:Cleanup/doc">cleanup reason</a> has been specified. Please help <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&amp;action=edit">improve this article</a> if you can.</span> <small><i>(October 2009)</i></small> <small class="hide-when-compact"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Table-sample-appearance-default-params-values-01.gif" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Table-sample-appearance-default-params-values-01.gif/300px-Table-sample-appearance-default-params-values-01.gif" width="300" height="173" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Table-sample-appearance-default-params-values-01.gif/450px-Table-sample-appearance-default-params-values-01.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Table-sample-appearance-default-params-values-01.gif 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="299" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Table-sample-appearance-default-params-values-01.gif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+An example table rendered in a web browser using HTML.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>A <b>table</b> is an arrangement of <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> in rows and columns, or possibly in a more complex structure. Tables are widely used in <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">data analysis</a>. Tables appear in print media, handwritten notes, computer software, architectural ornamentation, traffic signs, and many other places. The precise conventions and terminology for describing tables vary depending on the context. Further, tables differ significantly in variety, structure, flexibility, notation, representation and use.<sup id="cite_ref-Fink000_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fink000-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mcnabb000_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcnabb000-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morgan000_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan000-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robey000_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robey000-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zielinski000_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zielinski000-5">[5]</a></sup> In books and technical articles, tables are typically presented apart from the main text in numbered and captioned <a href="/wiki/Floating_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating block">floating blocks</a>.</p>
+<p></p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc">
+<div id="toctitle">
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+</div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Basic_description"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Basic description</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Simple_table"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Simple table</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Multi-dimensional_table"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Multi-dimensional table</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Wide_and_Narrow_Tables"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Wide and Narrow Tables</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Generic_representation"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Generic representation</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Specific_uses"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Specific uses</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Publishing"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Publishing</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Mathematics"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mathematics</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Natural_sciences"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Natural sciences</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Information_technology"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Information technology</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Software_applications"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Software applications</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Software_development"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Software development</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Historical_relationship_to_furniture"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Historical relationship to furniture</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p></p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Basic_description">Basic description</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Basic description">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>A table consists of an ordered arrangement of <b>rows</b> and <b>columns</b>. This is a simplified description of the most basic kind of table. Certain considerations follow from this simplified description:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>the term <b><a href="/wiki/Row_(database)" title="Row (database)">row</a></b> has several common synonyms (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Record_(computer_science)" title="Record (computer science)">record</a>, k-<a href="/wiki/Tuple" title="Tuple">tuple</a>, n-tuple, vector);</li>
+<li>the term <b>column</b> has several common synonyms (e.g., field, parameter, property, attribute);</li>
+<li>a column is usually identified by a name;</li>
+<li>a column name can consist of a word, phrase or a numerical index;</li>
+<li>the intersection of a row and a column is a <a href="/wiki/Table_cell" title="Table cell">cell</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The elements of a table may be grouped, segmented, or arranged in many different ways, and even nested <a href="/wiki/Recursion" title="Recursion">recursively</a>. Additionally, a table may include <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annotations" class="mw-redirect" title="Annotations">annotations</a>, a header,<sup id="cite_ref-header_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-header-6">[6]</a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Page_footer" title="Page footer">footer</a> or other ancillary features.<sup id="cite_ref-Zielinski000_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zielinski000-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Simple_table">Simple table</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Simple table">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>The following illustrates a simple table with three columns and seven rows. The first row is not counted, because it is only used to display the column names. This is called a "header row".</p>
+<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center">
+<caption>Age table</caption>
+<tr>
+<th>First name</th>
+<th>Last name</th>
+<th>Age</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Tinu</td>
+<td>Elejogun</td>
+<td>14</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Blaszczyk</td>
+<td>Kostrzewski</td>
+<td>25</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lily</td>
+<td>McGarrett</td>
+<td>16</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Olatunkboh</td>
+<td>Chijiaku</td>
+<td>22</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Adrienne</td>
+<td>Anthoula</td>
+<td>22</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Axelia</td>
+<td>Athanasios</td>
+<td>22</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Jon-Kabat</td>
+<td>Zinn</td>
+<td>22</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Multi-dimensional_table">Multi-dimensional table</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Multi-dimensional table">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright">
+<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rollup_table.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rollup_table.png/220px-Rollup_table.png" width="220" height="111" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rollup_table.png/330px-Rollup_table.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rollup_table.png/440px-Rollup_table.png 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="288" /></a>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Rollup_table.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
+An example of a table containing rows with summary information. The summary information consists of subtotals that are combined from previous rows within the same column.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The concept of <b>dimension</b> is also a part of basic terminology.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> Any "simple" table can be represented as a "multi-dimensional" table by <a href="/wiki/Database_normalization" title="Database normalization">normalizing</a> the data values into ordered <a href="/wiki/Hierarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchies">hierarchies</a>. A common example of such a table is a <a href="/wiki/Multiplication_table" title="Multiplication table">multiplication table</a>.</p>
+<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center">
+<caption style="white-space:nowrap">Multiplication table</caption>
+<tr>
+<th>×</th>
+<th>1</th>
+<th>2</th>
+<th>3</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>1</td>
+<td>1</td>
+<td>2</td>
+<td>3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>2</td>
+<td>2</td>
+<td>4</td>
+<td>6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>3</td>
+<td>3</td>
+<td>6</td>
+<td>9</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>In multi-dimensional tables, each cell in the body of the table (and the value of that cell) relates to the values at the beginnings of the column (i.e. the header), the row, and other structures in more complex tables. This is an <a href="/wiki/Injective_function" title="Injective function">injective relation</a>: each combination of the values of the headers row (row 0, for lack of a better term) and the headers column (column 0 for lack of a better term) is related to a unique cell in the table:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Column 1 and row 1 will only correspond to cell (1,1);</li>
+<li>Column 1 and row 2 will only correspond to cell (2,1) etc.</li>
+</ul>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Wide_and_Narrow_Tables">Wide and Narrow Tables</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Wide and Narrow Tables">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Tables can be described as wide or narrow in format.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Generic_representation">Generic representation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Generic representation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>As a communication tool, a table allows a form of <a href="/wiki/Generalization" title="Generalization">generalization</a> of information from an unlimited number of different social or scientific contexts. It provides a familiar way to convey information that might otherwise not be obvious or readily understood.</p>
+<p>For example, in the following diagram, two alternate representations of the same information are presented side by side. On the left is the NFPA 704 standard "<a href="/wiki/Fire_diamond" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire diamond">fire diamond</a>" with example values indicated and on the right is a simple table displaying the same values, along with additional information. Both representations convey essentially the same information, but the tabular representation is arguably more comprehensible to someone who is not familiar with the NFPA 704 standard. The tabular representation may not, however, be ideal for every circumstance (for example because of space limitations, or safety reasons).</p>
+<table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; text-align:center;">
+<caption><a href="/wiki/Fire_diamond" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire diamond">Fire diamond</a></caption>
+<tr>
+<td>Standard Representation</td>
+<td>Tabular Representation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align:center;">
+<div style="width:100%; background:transparent;">
+<div id="container" style="margin:0 auto; width:82px; font-family:sans-serif">
+<div id="on_image_elements" class="nounderlines" style="background:transparent; float:left; font-size:20px; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; position:relative; height:80px; width:80px; padding:1px;">
+<div id="diamond_image_and_mw_ImageMap" style="position:absolute; height:80px; width:80px;">
+<div class="noresize"><map name="ImageMap_1_2091049178" id="ImageMap_1_2091049178">
+<area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="40,0,60,20,40,40,20,20" alt="Flammability code 2: Must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperature before ignition can occur. Flash point between 38 and 93 °C (100 and 200 °F). E.g., diesel fuel" title="Flammability code 2: Must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperature before ignition can occur. Flash point between 38 and 93 °C (100 and 200 °F). E.g., diesel fuel" />
+<area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="20,20,40,40,20,60,0,40" alt="Health code 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g., chlorine gas" title="Health code 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g., chlorine gas" />
+<area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="60,20,80,40,60,60,40,40" alt="Reactivity code 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g., calcium" title="Reactivity code 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g., calcium" />
+<area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="40,40,60,60,40,80,20,60" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" width="80" height="80" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" usemap="#ImageMap_1_2091049178" /></div>
+</div>
+<div style="width:12px; text-align:center; position:absolute; top:12px; left:35px;"><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span style="color:black;" title="Flammability code 2: Must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperature before ignition can occur. Flash point between 38 and 93 °C (100 and 200 °F). E.g., diesel fuel">2</span></a></div>
+<div style="width:13px; text-align:center; position:absolute; top:31px; left:15px;"><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704"><span style="color:black;" title="Health code 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g., chlorine gas">3</span></a></div>
+<div style="width:13px; text-align:center; position:absolute; top:31px; left:54px;"><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span style="color:black;" title="Reactivity code 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g., calcium">1</span></a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</td>
+<td>
+<table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center">
+<caption style="white-space:nowrap">Risk levels of hazardous materials in this facility</caption>
+<tr>
+<th>Health Risk</th>
+<th>Flammability</th>
+<th>Reactivity</th>
+<th>Special</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Level 3</td>
+<td>Level 2</td>
+<td>Level 1</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Specific_uses">Specific uses</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Specific uses">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>There are several specific situations in which tables are routinely used as a matter of custom or formal convention.</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Publishing">Publishing</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Publishing">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<ul>
+<li>Cross-reference (<a href="/wiki/Table_of_contents" title="Table of contents">Table of contents</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mathematics">Mathematics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Mathematics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_table" title="Mathematical table">Mathematical table</a></div>
+<ul>
+<li>Arithmetic <a href="/wiki/Multiplication_table" title="Multiplication table">Multiplication table</a></li>
+<li>Logic <a href="/wiki/Truth_table" title="Truth table">Truth table</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Natural_sciences">Natural sciences</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Natural sciences">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<ul>
+<li>Chemistry (<a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a>)</li>
+<li>Oceanography (<a href="/wiki/Tide_table" title="Tide table">tide table</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Information_technology">Information technology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Information technology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+<p>Tables are both supported by software applications and used in software development.</p>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Software_applications">Software applications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Software applications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
+<p>Modern software applications give users the ability to generate, format, and edit tables and tabular data for a wide variety of uses, for example:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Word_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Word processing">word processing</a> applications;</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">spreadsheet</a> applications;</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation software">presentation software</a>;</li>
+<li>tables specified in <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> or another <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup language</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Software_development">Software development</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Software development">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
+<p>Tables have uses in software development for both high-level specification and low-level implementation. Usage in software specification can encompass ad hoc inclusion of simple <a href="/wiki/Decision_table" title="Decision table">decision tables</a> in textual documents through to the use of tabular specification methodologies, examples of which include SCR<sup id="cite_ref-Heitmeyer000_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heitmeyer000-8">[8]</a></sup> and Statestep.<sup id="cite_ref-Breen000_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breen000-9">[9]</a></sup> Proponents of tabular techniques, among whom <a href="/wiki/David_Parnas" title="David Parnas">David Parnas</a> is prominent, emphasize their understandability, as well as the quality and cost advantages of a format allowing systematic inspection,<sup id="cite_ref-Janicki000_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janicki000-10">[10]</a></sup> while corresponding shortcomings experienced with a graphical notation were cited in motivating the development of at least two tabular approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-Breen000_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breen000-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leveson000_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leveson000-11">[11]</a></sup></p>
+<p>At a programming level, software may be implemented using constructs generally represented or understood as tabular, whether to store data (perhaps to <a href="/wiki/Memoization" title="Memoization">memoize</a> earlier results), for example, in <a href="/wiki/Array_data_structure" title="Array data structure">arrays</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hash_table" title="Hash table">hash tables</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Control_table" title="Control table">control tables</a> determining the flow of program execution in response to various events or inputs.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_relationship_to_furniture">Historical relationship to furniture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Historical relationship to furniture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<p>In medieval <a href="/wiki/Counting_house" title="Counting house">counting houses</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Table_(furniture)" title="Table (furniture)">tables</a> were covered with a piece of <a href="/wiki/Check_(fabric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Check (fabric)">checkered</a> cloth, to count money. <i><a href="/wiki/Exchequer" title="Exchequer">Exchequer</a></i> is an archaic term for the English institution which accounted for money owed to the <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a>. Thus the <a href="/wiki/Checkerboard" title="Checkerboard">checkerboard</a> tables of stacks of coins are a concrete realization of this <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a>.</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" width="40" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></a></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/table" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:table">table</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_data_type" title="Abstract data type">Abstract data type</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Column_(database)" title="Column (database)">Column (database)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Information_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Information graphics">Information graphics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Reference_table" title="Reference table">Reference table</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Row_(database)" title="Row (database)">Row (database)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Table_(database)" title="Table (database)">Table (database)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/HTML_element#Tables" title="HTML element">Table (HTML)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tensor" title="Tensor">Tensor</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_variables" title="Dependent and independent variables">Dependent and independent variables</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-Fink000-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fink000_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Fink, Arlene (2005). <i>How to Conduct Surveys</i>. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4129-1423-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4129-1423-X">1-4129-1423-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATable+%28information%29&amp;rft.aufirst=Arlene&amp;rft.aulast=Fink&amp;rft.btitle=How+to+Conduct+Surveys&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1-4129-1423-X&amp;rft.place=Thousand+Oaks&amp;rft.pub=Sage+Publications&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Mcnabb000-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mcnabb000_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">McNabb, David (2002). <i>Research Methods in Public Administration and Nonprofit Management</i>. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-0957-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7656-0957-6">0-7656-0957-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATable+%28information%29&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=McNabb&amp;rft.btitle=Research+Methods+in+Public+Administration+and+Nonprofit+Management&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-7656-0957-6&amp;rft.place=Armonk&amp;rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Morgan000-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morgan000_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Morgan, George (2004). <i>Spss for Introductory Statistics</i>. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-4789-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8058-4789-8">0-8058-4789-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATable+%28information%29&amp;rft.aufirst=George&amp;rft.aulast=Morgan&amp;rft.btitle=Spss+for+Introductory+Statistics&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8058-4789-8&amp;rft.place=Hillsdale&amp;rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Robey000-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robey000_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Robey, David (2000). <i>Sound and Structure in the Divine Comedy</i>. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-818498-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-818498-0">0-19-818498-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATable+%28information%29&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Robey&amp;rft.btitle=Sound+and+Structure+in+the+Divine+Comedy&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-818498-0&amp;rft.place=Oxford+Oxfordshire&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Zielinski000-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zielinski000_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zielinski000_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Zielinski, Krzysztof (2006). <i>Software Engineering: Evolution and Emerging Technologies</i>. Amsterdam: IOS Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58603-559-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58603-559-2">1-58603-559-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATable+%28information%29&amp;rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&amp;rft.aulast=Zielinski&amp;rft.btitle=Software+Engineering%3A+Evolution+and+Emerging+Technologies&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1-58603-559-2&amp;rft.place=Amsterdam&amp;rft.pub=IOS+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-header-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-header_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see e.g., <a href="/wiki/Page_header" title="Page header">Page header</a> or <a href="/wiki/Header_(computing)" title="Header (computing)">Header (computing)</a></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The concept of "dimension" is often applied to tables in different contexts and with different meanings. For example, what is described as a "Simple Table" in this article is alternatively described as a "two dimensional array". This is distinct from "multi-dimensional table" as presented in this article.</span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Heitmeyer000-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heitmeyer000_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Heitmeyer, Constance L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&amp;metadataPrefix=html&amp;identifier=ADA465161">"Software Cost Reduction"</a>. Washington D.C.: Naval Research Laboratory</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATable+%28information%29&amp;rft.atitle=Software+Cost+Reduction&amp;rft.aufirst=Constance+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Heitmeyer&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foai.dtic.mil%2Foai%2Foai%3Fverb%3DgetRecord%26metadataPrefix%3Dhtml%26identifier%3DADA465161&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Breen000-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Breen000_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Breen000_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Breen, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mbreen.com/experience.pdf">"Experience of using a lightweight formal specification method for a commercial embedded system product line"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Requirements Engineering Journal</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 161–172. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00766-004-0209-1">10.1007/s00766-004-0209-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATable+%28information%29&amp;rft.atitle=Experience+of+using+a+lightweight+formal+specification+method+for+a+commercial+embedded+system+product+line&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.aulast=Breen&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmbreen.com%2Fexperience.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00766-004-0209-1&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Requirements+Engineering+Journal&amp;rft.pages=161-172&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=10" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Janicki000-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Janicki000_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Janicki, Ryszard; Parnas, David Lorge; Zucker, Jeffery (1997). "Tabular representations in relational documents". In Brink, C.; Kahl, W.; Schmidt, G. <i>Relational Methods in Computer Science</i>. Springer Verlag. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-211-82971-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-211-82971-7">3-211-82971-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATable+%28information%29&amp;rft.atitle=Tabular+representations+in+relational+documents&amp;rft.aufirst=Ryszard&amp;rft.aulast=Janicki&amp;rft.au=Parnas%2C+David+Lorge&amp;rft.au=Zucker%2C+Jeffery&amp;rft.btitle=Relational+Methods+in+Computer+Science&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=3-211-82971-7&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+<li id="cite_note-Leveson000-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leveson000_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Leveson, Nancy G.; Heimdahl, Mats P. E.; Reese, Jon Damon (1999). "Designing Specification Languages for Process-Control Systems: Lessons Learned and Steps to the Future". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umsec.umn.edu/sites/all/files/publications/draft4.pdf"><i>Seventh ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on the Foundations on Software Engineering</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1145%2F318773.318937">10.1145/318773.318937</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATable+%28information%29&amp;rft.atitle=Designing+Specification+Languages+for+Process-Control+Systems%3A+Lessons+Learned+and+Steps+to+the+Future&amp;rft.aufirst=Nancy+G.&amp;rft.au=Heimdahl%2C+Mats+P.+E.&amp;rft.aulast=Leveson&amp;rft.au=Reese%2C+Jon+Damon&amp;rft.btitle=Seventh+ACM+SIGSOFT+Symposium+on+the+Foundations+on+Software+Engineering&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umsec.umn.edu%2Fsites%2Fall%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fdraft4.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F318773.318937&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tables_(information)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tables (information)">Tables (information)</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li>
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+<li><a href="/wiki/Biological_data_visualization" title="Biological data visualization">Biological data visualization</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_imaging" title="Chemical imaging">Chemical imaging</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Crime_mapping" title="Crime mapping">Crime mapping</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Data_visualization" title="Data visualization">Data visualization</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(computer_graphics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visualization (computer graphics)">Educational visualization</a></li>
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+<li><a href="/wiki/Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">Visual culture</a></li>
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+<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
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+<li><a href="/wiki/Chart" title="Chart">Chart</a></li>
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+<li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Engineering drawing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Graph_of_a_function" title="Graph of a function">Graph of a function</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideogram</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">Map</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Plot_(graphics)" title="Plot (graphics)">Plot</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Schematic" title="Schematic">Schematic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">Statistical graphics</a></li>
+<li><strong class="selflink">Table</strong></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing#Technical_drawings_.28the_document.29" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawings</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Technical_illustration" title="Technical illustration">Technical illustration</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">User interface</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<tr style="height:2px">
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+<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bertin" title="Jacques Bertin">Jacques Bertin</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Card" title="Stuart Card">Stuart Card</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._DeFanti" title="Thomas A. DeFanti">Thomas A. DeFanti</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Friendly" title="Michael Friendly">Michael Friendly</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_Furnas" title="George Furnas">George Furnas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Holmes" title="Nigel Holmes">Nigel Holmes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alan_MacEachren" title="Alan MacEachren">Alan MacEachren</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Jock_D._Mackinlay" title="Jock D. Mackinlay">Jock D. Mackinlay</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maltz" title="Michael Maltz">Michael Maltz</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_H._McCormick" title="Bruce H. McCormick">Bruce H. McCormick</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Minard" title="Charles Joseph Minard">Charles Joseph Minard</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Gaspard Monge</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_A._Pickover" title="Clifford A. Pickover">Clifford A. Pickover</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/William_Playfair" title="William Playfair">William Playfair</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet">Adolphe Quetelet</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Robertson" title="George G. Robertson">George G. Robertson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Robinson" title="Arthur H. Robinson">Arthur H. Robinson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_J._Rosenblum" title="Lawrence J. Rosenblum">Lawrence J. Rosenblum</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shneiderman" title="Ben Shneiderman">Ben Shneiderman</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Edward Tufte</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fernanda_Vi%C3%A9gas" title="Fernanda Viégas">Fernanda Viégas</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Wainer" title="Howard Wainer">Howard Wainer</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
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+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chartjunk" title="Chartjunk">Chartjunk</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Computer graphics</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics_(computer_science)" title="Computer graphics (computer science)">in computer science</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Graph_drawing" title="Graph drawing">Graph drawing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_organizer" title="Graphic organizer">Graphic organizer</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_science" title="Imaging science">Imaging science</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Infographic" title="Infographic">Information graphics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mental_image" title="Mental image">Mental visualisation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Misleading_graph" title="Misleading graph">Misleading graph</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Patent_drawing" title="Patent drawing">Patent drawing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_modelling" title="Scientific modelling">Scientific modelling</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">Spatial analysis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Visual_analytics" title="Visual analytics">Visual analytics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Volume_cartography" title="Volume cartography">Volume cartography</a></li>
+</ul>
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+                        <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_(%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="جدول (معلومات) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabulka_(informace)" title="Tabulka (informace) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabel" title="Tabel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabelle" title="Tabelle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabel" title="Tabel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabelo" title="Tabelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_(%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="جدول (اطلاعات) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tableau_(statistique)" title="Tableau (statistique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taabyl" title="Taabyl – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C" title="표 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="सारणी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabella" title="Tabella – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%94" title="טבלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Кестелеу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="စာရင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabel" title="Tabel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB_(%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1)" title="テーブル (情報) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabell" title="Tabell – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabell" title="Tabell – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabell" title="Tabell – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabela" title="Tabela – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabela" title="Tabela – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabel" title="Tabel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wachuchasqa" title="Wachuchasqa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(information)" title="Table (information) – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabu%C4%BEka" title="Tabuľka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabell" title="Tabell – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வரிசைப் பட்டியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ตาราง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Таблиця – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2" title="טאבעלע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC" title="表格 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li>                 </ul>
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